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Maquis ecosystems are among the most uncertain and controversial vegetation types within Turkish forestry. Our review aims to describe and classify these ecosystems in Mediterranean-climate regions of Türkiye, shedding light on the evolution of their legal status in Turkish forestry since the last century. We emphasize their conservation importance and the neglect when compared to pine forests. The description and classification of maquis vary according to many studies, and even the distribution of maquis vegetation in Türkiye has not been fully clarified. Additionally, the legal status of maquis has changed many times over the years. While maquis were considered forests in the early years of the Republic of Türkiye, recent constitutional amendments allow maquis areas to be converted into agricultural land if it is deemed beneficial. Furthermore, clear-cutting is even encouraged for firefighting purposes. Given the rich ecological and biological diversity of these ecosystems and their role as carbon sink, a novel management and conservation approach for the management of maquis including conversion to Turkish pine forests, post-fire restoration, resilience and resistance to climate change should be developed.

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The present text analyzes the place of local languages in Cameroon's war of independence. Firstly, it will present the elements of local culture which structured the political communication of nationalist fighters. In the process, the text will analyze the uses and practices of vernacular languages in the maquis, in this case languages such as the Basaa, Fe'fe', Ghómala', Yámba, Ngomba and Médúmba which were the most common used ones. From the examination of archival documents, historical monographs and oral testimonies which will serve as materials for this work it emerges that local languages were used by Cameroonian nationalists in order to raise awareness among the populations as a whole (both scholars and non-literates), to express themselves outside the values and references imposed by colonization, to articulate nationalist demands with local cultures and to achieve total independence through a "decolonization of the mind". Local languages, which had a particular status compared to colonial languages, thus provided a political, symbolic and a cultural function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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There has been scant examination into how West and Central African migrants experience and respond to migration enforcement and counter-smuggling policies in the context of Algeria. In recent years, Algeria's opaque migratory policies against both irregular migrants and all mechanisms facilitating their mobility –including incarceration and removal to remote parts of the country—have intensified. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, I examine migrants' responses and encounters with the migrant community structures in Algeria. While navigating the state's punitive policies, migrants also negotiate their daily lives and immobility experiences within particular social places where they become implicated in different forms of intimate economies, care and kinship, and reciprocity. In this paper, I examine two particular ambivalent social spaces: the ghetto, and the maquis or nganda, introduced by the migrant community in the context of migration enforcement and counter-smuggling controls. I provide an understanding of the role of solidarity and support provided by these spaces, which challenges and goes beyond their conventional perception as inherently exploitative. In addition, I look closely at labour intimacies framed as 'pairing' or 'contra de décharge,' which involve the affective entanglements present in male and female migrants' mobility experiences. As the ghetto and the maquis support the migrants in mitigating the impact of the state's policies and uncertainty during their im-mobility, it is also important to take into consideration their role in reproducing vulnerabilities due to the unequal power hierarchies and gendered dynamics that characterise their structural organisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El uso de la propaganda ha sido consustancial a los conflictos armados y en el caso del movimiento guerrillero español de los años 40 también lo fue. La resistencia armada frente a la dictadura de Franco comprendió desde sus inicios que la propaganda debía ser un elemento de acompañamiento fundamental en sus acciones contra el régimen. A través de un variado repertorio de actividades propagandísticas que incluían la edición y difusión de pequeñas publicaciones periódicas, la confección de octavillas y hojas sueltas, la realización de pintadas en fechas conmemorativas o los mítines tras la toma momentánea de alguna localidad, la propaganda fue un fenómeno presente en todo momento en la actividad del maquis. Por otro lado, el régimen franquista también utilizó la propaganda de forma sistemática en su lucha contra las partidas guerrilleras. No solo silenció sus actividades en la prensa, utilizando la censura como herramienta habitual, sino que también supo emplear el terror y la represión como instrumentos de persuasión dirigidos contra los miembros de las guerrillas, pero también contra la población susceptible de prestarles apoyo. La criminalización y el intento de despojar de cualquier sentido político a la lucha guerrillera fueron algunas de sus armas en este campo.

Carpobrotus acinaciformis and C. edulis are well-known invasive alien plants native to South Africa, whose detrimental effects on native communities are widely documented in the Mediterranean basin and thus largely managed in coastal ecosystems. Most of the literature on these species focuses on their impacts on habitats of sandy coastal dunes, while the effects of Carpobrotus spp. invasion on other habitats such as rocky cliffs and coastal scrubs and garrigues are almost neglected. We present a study case conducted on a small Mediterranean island where Carpobrotus spp. invaded three different natural habitats listed within the Habitat Directive 92/43/CEE (Natura 2000 codes 1240, 1430, and 5320). We surveyed the presence and abundance of native species and Carpobrotus spp. on 44 permanent square plots of 4 m2 in invaded and uninvaded areas in each of the three habitats. We found impacts on plant alpha diversity (intended as the species diversity within each sampled plot) in all the habitats investigated in terms of a decrease in species richness, Shannon index, and abundance. Invaded communities also showed a severe change in species composition with a strong homogenization of the floras of the three habitats. Finally, the negative effect of invasion emerged even through the analyses of beta diversity (expressing the species diversity among sampled plots of the same habitat type), with Carpobrotus spp. replacing a large set of native species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé : La littérature perçue comme sensorium de la vie en société a très vite mis au cœur de ses préoccupations l’interdépendance entre la culture et la nature. Cette interaction entre l’homme et son environnement dans un processus écologique d’adaptation et de survie est étudiée depuis le 20ème siècle par des anthropologues tels que Marvin Harris (1979), Hubert Zapf (2002) et des critiques littéraires notamment Evi Zemanek (1979) ou Marina Salles (2006), et plus récemment Sara Buekens (2015) dans les genres de littérature pastorale, la poésie de la nature ou les récits de campagnes ou de villages. Aujourd’hui, l’intérêt autour de cette thématique s’accroît dans les milieux scientifiques et universitaires. À travers l’écologie culturelle, encore appelée aussi écopoétique (Zemanek 1979) comme grille d’analyse permettant de concevoir la culture à partir des conditions écologiques, le présent travail se donne pour mission de s’intéresser aux romans évoquant le nationalisme camerounais comme principal thème. Ce moment historique du Cameroun baptisé par la rhétorique dominante de guerre du maquis. L’occasion se prête alors de comprendre la culture, la mentalité en général des combattants afin de saisir en même temps l’ouverture mutuelle et la reconnexion symbolique entre l’humain et l’environnement de façon holistique.

Essential forest ecosystem services can be assessed by better understanding the diversity of vegetation, specifically those of Mediterranean region. A species level classification of maquis would be useful in understanding vegetation structure and dynamics, which would be an indicator of degradation or succession in the region. Although remote sensing was regularly used for classification in the region, maquis are simply represented as one to three categories based on density or height. To fill this gap, we test the capability of Sentinel-2 imagery, together with selected ancillary variables, for an accurate mapping of the dominant maquis formations. We applied Recursive Feature Selection procedure and used a Random Forest classifier. The algorithm is tested using ground truth collected from site and reached 78% and 93% overall accuracy at species level and physiognomic level, respectively. Our results suggest species level characterization of dominant maquis is possible with Sentinel-2 spatial resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, nitrogen fluxes or flows in litterfall, nitrogen stocks and available nitrogen in soils of two plots representing evergreen broadleaf and Bulgarian fir forests were assessed. Both plots are in good quality sites and for this reason, the litterfall quantities and nitrogen fluxes were relatively high. The woody litterfall flux of nitrogen was significantly higher in the fir forest than in the evergreen broadleaf one. The total nitrogen stock was higher in the soil under the fir forest. However, the percentage of the available nitrogen (ammonium + nitrates) was significantly higher in the upper 20 cm soil layer of the evergreen broadleaf forest in spite of the higher average C/N ratios in the foliar litterfall of the broadleaf forest and insignificant difference of the C/N ratios in all soil layers of the two ecosystems. The microclimatic conditions (higher soil temperatures in the evergreen broadleaf forest) is probable possible cause for this difference. The available nitrogen in the soils and its retranslocation from senescing leaves cover the nitrogen requirements of trees. It is hypothesized that trees may also take up nitrogen from deeper soil layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En els còmics publicats a Espanya al llarg d’aquests darrers anys, es representa amb més freqüència la retirada de les tropes republicanes i de la població civil entre les acaballes del 1938 i els primers mesos del 1939. Títols com ara Los surcos del azar, Exilio, Las serpientes ciegas, El arte de volar, ‘Winnipeg’: el barco de Neruda, Un largo silencio i Deportado 4443 en són una bona mostra. El contingut temàtic dels volums que tractem —més de trenta— abraça, a més de la retirada al segon exili, la resistència armada a la dictadura des de fora i dins del país i els camps de concentració francesos i els d’extermini nazis. Oferim una panoràmica descriptiva i temàtica del nostre corpus d’obres amb algunes anotacions sobre els seus trets generals i el llenguatge graficoliterari que utilitzen.

Carpobrotus acinaciformis and C. edulis are well-known invasive alien plants native to South Africa, whose detrimental effects on native communities are widely documented in the Mediterranean basin and thus largely managed in coastal ecosystems. Most of the literature on these species focuses on their impacts on habitats of sandy coastal dunes, while the effects of Carpobrotus spp. invasion on other habitats such as rocky cliffs and coastal scrubs and garrigues are almost neglected. We present a study case conducted on a small Mediterranean island where Carpobrotus spp. invaded three different natural habitats listed within the Habitat Directive 92/43/CEE (Natura 2000 codes 1240, 1430, and 5320). We surveyed the presence and abundance of native species and Carpobrotus spp. on 44 permanent square plots of 4 m2 in invaded and uninvaded areas in each of the three habitats. We found impacts on plant alpha diversity (intended as the species diversity within each sampled plot) in all the habitats investigated in terms of a decrease in species richness, Shannon index, and abundance. Invaded communities also showed a severe change in species composition with a strong homogenization of the floras of the three habitats. Finally, the negative effect of invasion emerged even through the analyses of beta diversity (expressing the species diversity among sampled plots of the same habitat type), with Carpobrotus spp. replacing a large set of native species.

La nécessité pour les enseignes de distribution de se différencier de leurs concurrents en influençant la fidélité des consommateurs a érigé l’atmosphère perçue au point de vente en une variable stratégique. À travers cette recherche, nous essayons de démontrer que l’atmosphère perçue au point de vente peut constituer une stratégie de fidélisation des consommateurs dans les maquis (établissements de vente de boissons à consommer sur place).La recherche s’est réalisée selon une méthode mixte: d’abord, nous avons effectué une étude qualitative à travers des entretiens semi-directifs dans la commune de Yopougon (Abidjan). Ensuite, nous avons fait une étude quantitative en interrogeant à travers un questionnaire, 800 consommateurs dans les points de vente de boissons à consommer sur place à Abidjan (les dix communes de la ville) et nous avons terminé par des entretiens approfondis avec des consommateurs par rapport aux résultats obtenus.Les résultats de cette recherche indiquent de façon générale que les dimensions ambiance (la musique diffusée intelligemment), cadre physique (la propreté du lieu, la qualité de l’air, l’impression de sécurité, l’aménagement, la décoration, la facilité de circulation) et sociale (l’accueil réservé, la serviabilité, la convivialité) de l’atmosphère perçue aux points de vente de boissons à consommer sur place (maquis) influencent positivement la fidélité du consommateur.

La ocupación nazi de Francia dio lugar a uno de los debates más importantes dentro del trotskismo francés y de la IV Internacional: la cuestión nacional europea y las demandas democráticas. El problema nacional tuvo diferentes manifestaciones en distintos países, y a lo largo de Europa produjo el surgimiento de movimientos de resistencia contra los ocupantes. Los trotskistas franceses no fueron ajenos a dicho fenómeno y el debate sobre si debían integrarse a los maquis demostró ser fundamental para la posibilidad de que se produjese una revolución socialista una vez finalizada la guerra. Intentaremos demostrar que la posición de los trotskistas franceses sobre la resistencia distaba de ser unívoca. A partir de la masificación de los movimientos partisanos en Italia y Francia, la mayoría de la dirección del Parti Ouvrier Internationaliste, con Marcel Hic a la cabeza, desarrolló una política favorable hacia los maquis, encontrando una fuerte oposición dentro del partido y del Secretariado Provisional Europeo de la IV Internacional. Los esfuerzos de integración a la resistencia de algunos líderes del POI quedaron truncos tras la redada sufrida por el partido a manos de la Gestapo en octubre de 1943. A mediados de 1945, surgió una nueva oportunidad para los trotskistas franceses con la participación de André Calvès en un maquis comunista, pero dicha oportunidad se perdió debido a la política adoptada por la nueva sección francesa, el Parti Communiste Internationaliste.

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Mediterranean maquis is a complex and widespread ecosystem in the region, intrinsically prone to fire. Many species have developed specific adaptation traits to cope with fire, ensuring resistance and resilience. Due to the recent changes in socio-economy and land uses, fires are more and more frequent in the urban-rural fringe and in the coastlines, both now densely populated. The detection of fires and the monitoring of vegetation regrowth is thus of primary interest for local management and for understanding the ecosystem dynamics and processes, also in the light of the recurrent droughts induced by climate change. Among the main objectives of the COSMO-SkyMed radar constellation mission there is the monitoring of environmental hazards; the very high revisiting time of this mission is optimal for post-hazard response activities. However, very few studies exploited such data for fire and vegetation monitoring. In this research, Cosmo-SkyMed is used in a Mediterranean protected area covered by maquis to detect the burnt area extension and to conduct a mid-term assessment of vegetation regrowth. The positive results obtained in this research highlight the importance of the very high-resolution continuous acquisitions and the multi-polarization information provided by COSMO-SkyMed for monitoring fire impacts on vegetation.

The potential impacts of species colonization on the structure and functioning of ecosystems are poorly understood. We propose a novel approach for understanding the consequences of habitat colonization, highlighting the influence of colonists on the availability of limiting resources to resident species. We studied how colonization of dry oak woodlands by pines (Pinus halepensis) is affecting water stress of resident oaks (Quercus calliprinos). We monitored predawn leaf water potential (PLWP) of oaks monthly for 2 years. Using maximum likelihood and multi-model inference, we evaluated how the PLWP of oaks was affected by pine colonists. The influence of colonizing pines on PLWP of resident oaks varied in time and space from negative to positive depending on season, oak size, pine size, and proximity to pines presence. The water stress of oaks increased along the dry season (− 1.5 to − 4.5 MPa), with small oaks becoming more severely stressed than large ones (up to 60% difference). During the dry season, neighboring pine colonists increased the water stress of oaks (up to − 0.4 MPa difference), but during the wet season, they reduced the water stress mainly for large oaks. Our findings indicate that pine colonization differentially affects water limitation for resident oaks with implications for future development and regeneration. The influence of pine colonists shifted from positive to negative along an increasing water stress gradient, contrary to predictions by the stress gradient hypothesis. Our work demonstrates how colonization by non-resident species can influence key ecosystem processes through the redistribution of limiting resources. Identifying these processes is fundamental for understanding the consequences of colonization, mitigating these influences, and predicting future change in the structure and function of ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The lateral saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks,l, is the soil property that mostly governs subsurface flow in hillslopes. Determinations of Ks,l at the hillslope scale are expected to yield valuable information for interpreting and modeling hydrological processes since soil heterogeneities are functionally averaged in this case. However, these data are rare since the experiments are quite difficult and costly. In this investigation, that was carried out in Sardinia (Italy), large-scale determinations of Ks,l were done in two adjacent hillslopes covered by a Mediterranean maquis and grass, respectively, with the following objectives: i) to evaluate the effect of land use change on Ks,l, and ii) to compare estimates of Ks,l obtained under natural and artificial rainfall conditions. Higher Ks,l values were obtained under the maquis than in the grassed soil since the soil macropore network was better connected in the maquis soil. The lateral conductivity increased sharply close to the soil surface. The sharp increase of Ks,l started at a larger depth for the maquis soil than the grassed one. The Ks,l values estimated during artificial rainfall experiments agreed with those obtained during the natural rainfall periods. For the grassed site, it was possible to detect a stabilization of Ks,l in the upper soil layer, suggesting that flow transport capacity of the soil pore system did not increase indefinitely. This study highlighted the importance of the experimental determination of Ks,l at the hillslope scale for subsurface modeling, and also as a benchmark for developing appropriate sampling methodologies based on near-point estimation of Ks,l.

The effects of conventional and organic (manure) fertilization on soils of vineyards were examined in the area of Nemea in southern Greece. The soil properties of the adjacent natural environment (maquis), which served as a control (considering the land use changes as treatments), were also examined and compared with those of the vineyards. The null hypothesis was that there was no difference among them. The results rejected the null hypothesis. It was found that the maquis top soil had the highest C concentration than both types of vineyards and the organic vineyard had significantly higher C concentration than the conventional one. The organic soil N followed the same pattern. The vine leaves (blades) in the conventional vineyards had significantly higher concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn. The average values of Mg and Zn concentrations in leaves in the organic vineyards were below the suggested ranges for nutrient sufficiency in vines and for this reason a foliar application of Mg and Zn is recommended for the organic vineyards. The average berry yield was significantly higher in the conventional vineyards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The structure of gnaphosid assemblages was primarily determined by elevation. • Abundance decreased and diversity increased with increasing grazing intensity. • Overgrazing favours sparse populations of mostly rare, opportunistic species. • Overgrazing causes low temporal co-occurrence probably due to resource limitation. • Ground spiders are good indicators of grazing on species and assemblage level. The phryganic and maquis shrublands form the most typical vegetal formations in the Eastern Mediterranean that since thousands of years have been subject to various types of anthropogenic disturbance, including grazing. We studied the impact of sheep and goat grazing on 50 assemblages of ground spiders (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) in phryganic, maquis and forest habitats from zero to 2000 m elevation on Crete, Greece using pitfall traps for one year at each sampling site. In total, 58 gnaphosid species and 16,592 individuals were collected. Cretan endemic Gnaphosidae were negatively affected by intensive grazing and, contrary to findings on other taxa studied on the island, they were sparse and rare throughout the study area. The species composition of gnaphosid assemblages was primarily determined by elevation. Trachyzelotes lyonneti , Urozelotes rusticus , Zelotes scrutatus , Anagraphis pallens and Berinda amabilis proved to be significant indicators of overgrazing. The vast majority of spiders belonging to synanthropic and nationally red-listed species were found in overgrazed sites. Despite theoretical expectations, while the average activity density decreased, the number of species, evenness, rarity, taxonomic, temporal and functional diversity (FRic) indices increased with increasing grazing intensity. This was mainly due to the nature of disturbance itself, which probably allows equibalanced low abundances of indigenous or synanthropic species, rather than overdominance of few, thus partly refuting the opportunistic species hypothesis (OSH). Ground spider assemblages in overgrazed sites comprised sparse populations of mostly rare, opportunistic species with different combinations of life-history traits that partly replace other species more commonly found in the less degraded sites. Species of these assemblages shorten their phenologies to minimize temporal co-occurrence with each other due to resource limitation. These distinct community patterns highlight ground spiders as good indicators of grazing pressure on Crete, on species and assemblage level. To conserve the indigenous and potentially endangered invertebrate fauna, the spatiotemporal discontinuity of grazing including rested patches is important in order to maintain spatial variability and possibly lead to habitat restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study covers the investigation of the forest, maquis, and coastal vegetation of Karpaz Peninsula (Northern Cyprus Island). Study area: The study area falls under the influence of low--rainy temperate and low--rainy--warm Mediterranean climates. Methods: The vegetation data were sampled according to the Braun- Blanquet approach, and classified by means of the TWINSPAN numerical method. For the visualization of similarity between the associations, Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) was used, and species composition of each phytosociological unit was provided in synoptic tables. Redundancy analysis (RDA) was utilized in order to show ecological and structural differences between vegetation types. Results and Conclusions: Six associations, six sub-associations, and one plant group have been delineated for the study area. The new association Cupresso sempervirentis-Pinetum brutiae has been defined in the forest vegetation. Four new subassociations for the Ephedro campylopodae-Juniperetum lyciae characterizing maquis vegetation have been defined; teucrietosum canescentis, micromerietosum nervosae, piptatheretosum thomasii, and convolvuletosum oleifolii. The coniferous forests and maquis vegetation types are included in the alliance Ceratonio-Pistacion lentisci, order Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni, and class Quercetea ilicis. The analyzed coastal dune communities are represented by the perennial psammophilous coastal dunes vegetation (Ammophiletea), phrygana vegetation in semi stable dunes (Ononido-Rosmarinetea), coastal cliff vegetation (Crithmo-Staticetea), and coastal maquis vegetation (Ceratonio-Pistacion lentisci) characterizing stabilized shrubs in back dunes. Monitoring and conservancy measures are recommended for Karpas Peninsula for the preserving of these different communities that also host many endemic species against especially agriculture, tourism and urban expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Militant communiste, à l’initiative d’un des premiers maquis de France, organisateur de la libération de Limoges, Georges Guingouin apparaît comme l’un des chefs les plus prestigieux de la Résistance intérieure française. Pourtant, il fut confronté après la guerre à de terribles épreuves, victime de règlements de comptes et d’une machination qui faillit lui coûter la vie. Après une longue période d’oubli, plusieurs publications et une réalisation audiovisuelle ont fait récemment ressurgir la mémoire de cet homme d’exception, dont elle restituent, dans des registres très différents et malgré leurs imperfections, les actions et la pensée. Elles contribuent en même temps à faire vivre un « esprit de la Résistance » que notre actualité politique rend plus que jamais nécessaire.

This article analizes the representation of the historical memory of the Spanish post-Civil War in five novels of Alfons Cervera (1995-2005), republished with the title of Las voces fugitivas in 2013, paying attention to contemporary changes in the literary discourse. This change is based on the rupture of the Manichean pattern when portraying the events of the post-Civil War, expressed in Cervera’s novels through multiple points of views and narrative voices that collaborate in the creation of plural and polyphonic novels.

El presente artículo pretende esclarecer la muerte de un mítico guerrillero antifranquista desde el análisis del sumario incoado al efecto. Pedro José Marquino, más conocido por el sobrenombre de «El Francés», resultó muerto en una emboscada de la Guardia Civil el 31 de julio de 1946. Era el Jefe de la 12ª División de la 1ª Agrupación Guerrillera de Extremadura-Centro, unidad que operaba por el norte de Extremadura y sur de la provincia de Salamanca. Se trata de un personaje profusamente estudiado por la bibliografía especializada en el maquis, pero ninguna indica entre sus fuentes el proceso jurídico-militar presentado.vince. This is a character widely studied by the specialized literature in the maquis, but none indicates among its sources the process juridico-militar presented.

The watershed of the middle section of the Devoll River is located between the districts of Korçë, Pogradec, and Gramsh. The geographical location of this area, complex topography, climate characteristics, different rock substrates and soil types as well as hydrological conditions, contribute to a rich flora and diversity of natural habitats. Our main goal was the identification and mapping of Natura 2000 habitat types within the study area, based on mainly their typical plant species. The mapping was carried out during the period 2016-2018. The most representative habitats in the area are: (sub-)Mediterranean pine forests with endemic black pines (9530), Pannonian-Balkanic turkey oak-sessile oak forests (91M0), Quercus trojana woods (9250), and Quercus ilex and Quercus rotundifolia forests (9340). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mediterranean maquis is a complex and widespread ecosystem in the region, intrinsically prone to fire. Many species have developed specific adaptation traits to cope with fire, ensuring resistance and resilience. Due to the recent changes in socio-economy and land uses, fires are more and more frequent in the urban-rural fringe and in the coastlines, both now densely populated. The detection of fires and the monitoring of vegetation regrowth is thus of primary interest for local management and for understanding the ecosystem dynamics and processes, also in the light of the recurrent droughts induced by climate change. Among the main objectives of the COSMO-SkyMed radar constellation mission there is the monitoring of environmental hazards; the very high revisiting time of this mission is optimal for post-hazard response activities. However, very few studies exploited such data for fire and vegetation monitoring. In this research, Cosmo-SkyMed is used in a Mediterranean protected area covered by maquis to detect the burnt area extension and to conduct a mid-term assessment of vegetation regrowth. The positive results obtained in this research highlight the importance of the very high-resolution continuous acquisitions and the multi-polarization information provided by COSMO-SkyMed for monitoring fire impacts on vegetation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distance and dissension that characterized the relations between the internal and external resistance movements have had a deep and lasting impact on memories of the Second World War. For decades, the French 'maquis' played a central role in maintaining this dichotomy between the two Resistances. There were nonetheless links between them. The British, American and French archives reveal that some of the Free French worked tirelessly to support the internal Resistance and its maquis. Their negotiations on behalf of the internal Resistance during summit meetings are well known. This paper addresses a lower level of the hierarchy, examining how the Free French in charge of liaisons with the internal Resistance fulfilled their task. Therefore, the networks between Free France, the French maquis and the Allies are the focus of this study. By investigating the identities of those involved in this cooperation, it sheds light on the connections and solidarity which were built among the French maquis, London and Algiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The short film Zepo - an allegory of bewilderment, cruelty, horror and deceit - uses abstraction and the metaphor of silence to reveal the latent historical memory surrounding the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and subsequent dictatorship (1939-75). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Israeli Mediterranean ecosystem has a distinctive flora with high levels of plant diversity. Previous studies of soil microbial ecology from the region have paid little attention to the possibility of distinctive soil bacterial communities associated with particular habitats. This study looked at bacterial communities present in the bulk soil from the closed canopy of four indigenous plants – Quercus ithaburensis, Calicotome villosa, Sarcopoterium spinosum , and Rhamnus puncata . Soil DNA was amplified for the 16S rRNA gene and sequenced using MiSeq Illumina platform. Results indicated that the bacterial communities differed between open and closed canopy with no significant difference in community structure within closed canopy, with soil moisture and organic matter content significantly influenced the community. Only the relative abundance of Gemmatimonadetes varied significantly with the open canopy having the highest abundance, and the relative abundance of Spartobacteri a and Saprospirae was unusually high compared to other Mediterranean soils. There was no difference in OTU richness between plant species. Additionally, this study revealed that open canopy community between plants was nested within closed canopy bacterial community implying that open canopy community potentially serves as a source for the closed canopy. It is then possible that the rhizospheric influence extends beyond the root-soil interface and to the surrounding bulk soil. Overall, this study indicates that in Israeli Mediterranean ecosystems native plants extend a selection beyond the rhizosphere, and like other studies from Mediterranean ecosystems pH does not seem to play an integral role in structuring bacterial communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The study was conducted to investigate comparatively some behavior traits (grazing, resting, bipedal stance, agonistic behavior, rumination, and browsing) of Honamlı, Hair, and Saanen goat breeds in the morning and afternoon periods between April and September in maquis shrublands. A total of 30 two-year-old goats including 10 from each goat breed were used. While grazing behavior of Saanen goats was observed mostly in April and May as 75.45%-71.65% and 73.16%-78.25% for morning and afternoon in these months, respectively, these values were respectively 62.52%-64.23% and 59.94%-67.67% for Hair goats and 60.12%-62.94% and 46.42%-54.78% for Honamlı goats. It was observed that Hair goats exhibited more browsing and bipedal stance and Honamlı goats rested more and had more agonistic behaviors compared to the other breeds. Higher values were determined for rumination and standing behaviors in Saanen goats compared to the others (P < 0.05). This study has revealed that it is needed to examine factors in more detail such as grazing time, season, and condition of herbaceous plants on the basis of their effects on the interest of goats towards bushes and saplings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historical novel has been a highly cultivated genre in Catalan Young Adult Literature, but until the end of the 20th century, the topic of the Spanish Civil War was little dealt with. However, during the last twenty years many authors have chosen the Spanish Civil War and postwar period as a central topic of their literary works. The article analyzes this production taking as a starting point the revision of the interaction between reality and fiction ( the war years, the postwar repression, the exile, the concentration camps , the reprisals, the maquis etc. ). It also considers the narrative typologies, the ideology that they convey, the authorship and the paratexts of the books. Finally, the conclusions which are drawn highlight the significant role of these works in the consolidation of the novel for young adults and the vision of the conflict that they transmit, always from the point of view of the defeated and on behalf of peace, freedom, democracy and respect for the Catalan culture.

In the policy of exiting violence initiated in Algeria, after the 'black decade' of the 1990s, children born and raised in the maquis pose a thorny problem. Rediscovered in town, with their parents, under the Reconciliation Act, the case of these children aged 10 years and older continues to pose serious questions. Despite the remarkable progress made by the policy of reconciliation, the case of these 'children without legal existence' or 'children of unknown identity' seems to have been at least neglected. The record of these children is a sort of blind spot, and their case poses a number of problems, starting with their identification and the establishment of their filiations. Their difficult reintegration into a society ill prepared to integrate them could constitute a sort of time bomb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the morpho-anatomical features of the ectomycorrhizas (ECMs) formed by Lactifluus rugatus on Cistus, a genus of about 20 species of woody shrubs typical of the Mediterranean maquis. The description of L. rugatus mycorrhizas on Cistus is the first ECM description of a species belonging to Lactifluus subgen. Pseudogymnocarpi. The ECM identity was verified through molecular tools. Anatomically, the characteristic of L. rugatus mycorrhiza is the presence of abundant, long "bottle-shaped" cystidia on mantle surface. Indeed, the overwhelming majority of milkcap mycorrhizas are acystidiate. This is the third Lactarius/Lactifluus mycorrhiza to have been described associated with Cistus, the others being Lactarius cistophilus and L. tesquorum. The phylogenetic distance between all these taxa is reflected by the diversity of the principal features of their ECMs, which share host-depending ECM features known for Cistus, but are otherwise distinguishable on the host roots. Comparison of Lactifluus rugatus ECM with those formed by L. vellereus and L. piperatus on Fagus reveals elevated intrageneric diversity of mycorrhizal structures. Such a diversity is supported by analysis of ITS sequences of relevant species within European Lactifluus species. Our study extends knowledge of Cistus mycorrhizal biology and confirms the informative value of mycorrhizal structures in understanding phylogenetic relationships in ECM fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cinema, both as documental source and as a part of History, provides a specific point of view on the “Maquis” subject. The present manuscript focus on the evolution of this character since the fifties until nowadays, which has changed accordingly to the different political landscapes that had gone through Spain: during early Franquism their image starts as wrong and regretted individuals that yields to partizans and assasins; in the late Franquism their image achieved a reasonable recognisement. The study of the Censorship files during this period illustrates how the paths followed by the projects about these guerrilla were. During the Transition, the Maquis turn up sometimes into survivals, even in heroes. Most directors have claim a place in history for the fight of this antifranquism guerrilla, first biased to pass through the franquism censorship and lately in the Democracy in a plain way.

El laberinto del fauno (2006) de Guillermo del Toro es una película con dos planos que se entrecruzan constantemente: el real, que se corresponde con la España de posguerra de 1944, en el que unos militares capitaneados por Vidal persiguen sin piedad a los maquis de la zona, y el imaginario, ideado por Ofelia en paralelo como evasión ante los acontecimientos negativos que vive o que la rodean. Cuando la maldad circundante es extrema, huir a un mundo de fantasía se convierte en una salida para sobrevivir, pero sólo es una solución parcial, porque la realidad negativa irrumpirá con mayor o menor medida en ese mundo imaginario y no siempre se podrá evitar. Guillermo del Toro plantea una ficción que tiene su origen en la maldad, pero adquiere una forma mucho más cercana a lo contrario, un cuento de hadas, sin embargo, no todo va a ser bondad en ese mundo inicialmente idílico.

Türkiye Holarktik flora alemi içerisinde yer alıp üç fitocoğrafik bölgeye ayrılmaktadır. Bu fitocoğrafik bölgelerin önemli bir kısmıAkdeniz flora bölgesine dahildir. Ilıman ve yağışlıkışlar, sıcak ve kurak yazlarla karakterize edilen Akdeniz iklimi sklerofil karakterde bitki örtüsünün gelişmesine imkan sağlamıştır. Maki ve garig bitkileri bu iklim kuşağıiçerisinde önemli topluluklar oluşturur. Maki Akdeniz iklim koşullarında doğal olarak yetişen bir bitki topluluğudur. Makinin orman oluşturma özelliği yoktur. Kızılçam ormanının antropojenik etkilerle tahrip edildiği alanlara yerleşen maki sekonder makidir. Akdeniz havzasında yayılışgösteren sklerofil bitkiler ana kaya ve topraközelliklerinden çok iklimsel dinamizm gösterir. İklim özellikleri incelendiğinde yıllık ortalama sıcaklık 12-18 °C civarındadır. Yağışların yaklaşık yarısıkasım ve mayıs ayların da arasında düşmektedir. Bu aylar arasında düşen yağışlar yer yer 1000 mm ulaşır. Özellikle yaz döneminin kurak geçmesi bu bölgede kuraklığa dayanıklıbir vejetasyon tipinin gelişmesine imkân sağlamıştır. Akdeniz fitocoğrafik bölgesinin jeolojik yapısınıvolkanik, metamorfik ve tortul kayaçlar oluşturur. En yaygın kaya grubu Mesozoyik ve Tersiyerde oluşmuşkireçtaşlarıdır. Ayrıca çeşitli jeolojik dönemlerde oluşmuş, serpantin, gre, gabro, peridotit, şist, mikaşist, gnays, marn, bazalt, andezit, dolorit, spilit ve porfirit gibi kayaçlara da rastlanmaktadır. Toprak istekleri bakımından benzer özellik gösterseler de makiler az kireçli, garigler ise kireçli topraklarıtercih eder. Maki bitkileri yatay yönde Akdeniz iklim etkisinin görüldüğü iç kesimlere kadar sokulabilirken, dikey yönde Akdeniz kıyılarında 700-800 m’lere, Ege kıyılarında 400-600 m’ye ve Marmara kıyılarında 300-400 m’ye kadar çıkabilmektedir. Maki bitkileri içerisinde Fabaceace, Lamiaceae ve Ericaceae familyalarına ait türlerin çoğunlukta olduğu görülür. Colutea melanocalyx Boiss. Heldr. ssp. melanocalyx, Dorystoechas hastata Boiss. Heldr. ex Bentham, Lavandula stoechasL. cariensis Boiss. Rozeria,Quercus auceri Jaub. et Spach. gibi maki bitkileri ise Türkiye için endemik türlerdir.

En un estudio sobre el cine español de la Transición (1973-1984) desde la perspectiva de su capacidad para mostrar la historia y la realidad española contemporánea era indispensable profundizar en la figura del director Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón, pues es autor de algunas de las películas más significativas de ese período. A pesar de que de este cineasta se valora más la dimensión poética o metafórica de su lenguaje cinematográfico, teníamos la intuición de que su obra posee unas fuertes raíces en la sociedad española y en su historia desde la Guerra Civil. Nos interesaba poner en relación el realismo de estas raíces con la vertiente más poética o fabuladora de una filmografía siempre esquiva a las categorizaciones. A partir de un trabajo de análisis de cada una de las películas (Sánchez Noriega, ed., 2014) hemos realizado una aproximación transversal para indagar en las constantes de esta filmografía, constantes que se aprehenden mejor –a nuestro juicio- desde esta “dialéctica realidad / fabulación”. A fin de mitigar la subjetividad inherente a un discurso de este tipo, además de nuestros análisis fílmicos hemos tenido en cuenta ensayos de estudiosos y los propios testimonios del cineasta. Hay que subrayar como ejes de este discurso fílmico el realismo muy matizado por distorsiones que proporcionan al cine de Gutiérrez Aragón una notable cualidad poética; la memoria familiar desde la infancia y los espacios naturales vinculados a ella; la representación del marco social y político desde la España franquista de los cuarenta a las tensiones de la transición a la democracia; y la construcción de los personajes donde son relevantes la figura del traidor/ héroe y el tema de la adquisición del conocimiento y el adoctrinamiento.