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This study investigates the leadership styles of maritime instructors at Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College and their impact, focusing on transactional, transformational, and authentic leadership styles. It aims to explore the demographic characteristics of instructors; the leadership styles used onboard ships, the perceived leadership styles in the academic classroom from students' perspectives, barriers to integrating these leadership styles, and the relationship between leadership styles and integration barriers. A descriptive correlational research design was utilized to examine the relationship between instructor demographics, leadership styles, and the challenges of integrating these styles into academic classrooms. Data was collected through a questionnaire administered to maritime instructors and students at the college. The questionnaire includes items on demographics, leadership styles, and perceived barriers. Statistical analysis, including descriptive and inferential statistics, analyzes the data and determines the relationships between variables. The research instruments undergo validation through expert review, pilot testing, and face and content validity considerations. The study's conclusions highlight the leadership styles of maritime instructors, student perceptions, integration barriers, discrepancies between self-assessments and student assessments, and the relationship between leadership styles and barriers. Maritime instructors employ transactional, transformational, and authentic leadership styles, but improvements in communication and addressing certain issues are needed. Students have a positive perception of their instructors, recognizing empowering behaviors. Integration barriers include resistance, training gaps, cultural influences, and policies. Aligning instructors' and students' perceptions is crucial. Increasing the prominence of leadership styles reduces barriers. Recommendations include student engagement, reflection for instructors, investing in training and resources, supporting instructors, advocating for policy changes, and further research. These insights aim to enhance leadership development and education in the maritime industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a comprehensive Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) and Social Cost-Benefit Analysis (S-CBA) conducted as part of a research project, studying biofuel production for the maritime and aviation sectors, from various types of non-food waste biomasses. The inclusion of social considerations complements and expands on the environmental and economic ones. The importance of social group criteria was determined through expert questionnaires, leading to the identification of social impacts groups and social criteria from stakeholders across participating countries. The results successfully identified and quantified social impacts, and align with those reported in similar cases in relevant literature. Social Cost-Benefits, monetarizing social factors, demonstrated several social benefits, including reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions. However, it also highlighted social costs, such as Economic Costs associated with the initial investment. The study revealed critical social hotspots within the impact categories, making significant strides in understanding the social impacts of biofuel production, providing valuable insights for decision-makers, and contributing to the broader goal of sustainable and socially responsible biofuel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, vessels have become increasingly digitized, reflecting broader societal trends. As a result, maritime operations have become an attractive target for cyber threat actors. Despite the limited cybersecurity training seafarers receive, they are expected to operate within technologically advanced environments. The importance of cybersecurity awareness is evident, but the extent of seafarers' knowledge in this area remains uncertain. This article investigates three primary aspects: (1) the current state of cybersecurity onboard cargo vessels, (2) seafarers' cybersecurity awareness, and (3) potential improvements in seafarers' cybersecurity awareness. To accomplish this, a literature review is conducted to collect and analyze current research, supplemented by a questionnaire survey targeting Turkish seafarers. Our findings support increased investment in awareness and training programs, including organizational-wide cybersecurity awareness efforts, more frequent training, mandatory training for all seafarers through the Standards of Training Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW), and the appointment of a cybersecurity Officer (CySO) to ensure satisfactory cybersecurity levels onboard. Since this article focuses on high-level topics by assessing the general state of maritime cybersecurity and seafarers' cybersecurity awareness, it does not delve into detailed considerations of awareness and training programs. Nevertheless, it lays the foundation for future research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the factors influencing the probability of fatality in various types of maritime accidents, including grounding, capsizing, sinking, man overboard incidents, and fatal falls, with a focus on several contributing factors—alcohol consumption, meteorological conditions, and visibility. Through comprehensive analysis, the alcohol consumption was examined in order to show how it impairs judgment and physical abilities, significantly increasing the risk of fatal outcomes in these accidents. The paper explores the interplay between alcohol consumption and other contributing factors, such as time of day (daytime/night) and weather conditions, providing a comprehensive understanding of how these variables collectively influence fatality rates in EU maritime transportation. The findings underscore the critical need for stringent alcohol regulations and enhanced safety protocols to mitigate the heightened risks associated with alcohol-impaired maritime operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces and solves a real-world problem that arises at container ports, namely the double stack railcar allocation problem. The key challenge in the double stack railcar allocation problem is to balance the number of containers loaded and the railcar usage, while respecting the loading constraints for double stack trains. To capture the key characteristics of the double stack railcar allocation problem, an integer linear optimization model is presented. The model is found to be computationally prohibitive for a state-of-the-art off-the-shelf solver (CPLEX). Hence, a tailored solution method is proposed that manages to drastically reduce the computation times, sometimes by more than 99%. In a detailed case study, insights into the double stack railcar allocation problem are revealed and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extension of existing container terminals or the creation of new ones introduces new logistical challenges, including topographic issues and increased distances between the quays and storage yards located several kilometers away from the quay (dry port). These challenges are complex to evaluate analytically and directly impact the acceleration, deceleration, and average speed of a truck which in turn affect the productivity and synchronization of the overall terminal logistics. This paper proposes a transportation simulation model that incorporates detailed descriptions of the topographical and geometrical restrictions. Our simulation model evaluates various scenarios for container transportation logistics, including varying road design terminals and truck fleet size to enhance productivity. A case study from a potential container terminal on Canada's St. Lawrence River is used to demonstrate the simulation model. Several scenarios with different designs are tested and the simulation provides numerical results for supporting decision makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The People's Republic of China (PRC)'s rapid development of military maritime capabilities, and their harnessing under strong personalist paramount leader Xi Jinping to address ambitious national goals, is one of the most important subjects concerning great power security in the international system today. Understanding the key dynamics is thus inherently important. This article surveys Chinese-language publications, U.S. government analyses, and related research, and applies it to a larger framework that addresses both conceptual and empirical issues, considers comparative cases, and offers suggestions for further examination. Its findings are relevant to scholars and practitioners alike: China's military maritime power radiates outward, backstopped by a land-based "anti-Navy." Its Navy focuses on proximate seas--supported by Coast Guard, Maritime Militia, and survey vessel fleets; and extends into the farthest oceans. China's sea forces and the strategy informing them has become progressively less distinctive with time and distance--trends continuing today. Herein lies one of the greatest strengths, and limitations, of Beijing's dramatic military maritime development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maritime countries, including Indonesia, have indicated their interest in developing a national ocean policy and blue economy plan to boost economic growth while promoting sustainability in and from oceanic activities. In 2017, the Government of Indonesia published the Indonesian Ocean Policy (IOP), the first of its kind since independence, and subsequently developed a series of blue economy documents as an integral part of its national development agenda whilst also indicating its support for the global sustainability objectives stipulated in the 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, development obstacles such as: declining ocean health; climate crises; fragmented ocean management; inadequate infrastructure and technology; limited data support; low sustainable investment; and the blurred definition of the blue economy, pose risks to successful outcomes of sustainable ocean development in Indonesia. When unaddressed, these challenges can inhibit the policy's effectiveness in delivering its intended outcomes. This qualitative study explores Indonesia's interests in sustainable ocean development and how it pursues them while advancing economic objectives and commitments towards SDGs and net zero emission targets. The study finds that maintaining ocean health and ensuring sustainable use of ocean resources are Indonesia's most vital interests for sustainable ocean development. The national ocean policy and the blue economy have been employed as two successive and simultaneous avenues to pursue Indonesia's maritime interests. Unfortunately, to date, both approaches have yet to obtain maturity and ocean affairs are overshadowed by other national development priorities. By focusing on ocean governance and its development in the contemporary context, this article sheds light on the important role of policymaking in modern-day ocean governance. A cautious approach to policy design is crucial to avoid common pitfalls in sustainable ocean development, such as weak implementation strategies and the consequent failure to meet core sustainability objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined the potential changing roles of ports in terms of diversifying their revenue through the expansion of new markets in the Port of Ngqura. This is by means of the production and sales of renewable hydrogen as marine fuel produced from a wavefarm in Nelson Mandela Bay. A key objective of the study was to conduct a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of the feasible hydrogen production technologies based on the analysis performed, including alkaline electrolysis of seawater and renewable-powered electrolysis of seawater. The produced hydrogen aligns with global decarbonisation of ships and ports and will be used to supply the port with electricity, serve to refuel tugboats, and provide green hydrogen bunkering fuel for commercial shipping vessels. The Port of Ngqura is geographically well positioned to lead the production of zero carbon shipping fuel. This work considers the CAPEX and OPEX of a hydrogen plant using electrolysers and evaluates the current cost of production and selling price of hydrogen. The primary aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of hydrogen production through electrolysis of seawater at the Port of Ngqura. Through assessing resource and technological options, determining advantageous economic assumptions, and identifying existing limitations and potential opportunities, a feasibility study was conducted with special consideration of the site characteristics of Ngqura. The output of this study is a model that simulates the production, storage, and transportation of hydrogen gas from the Port of Ngqura, which was further used to analyse different case study scenarios. This approach directly addresses the main goal of the study. The results found showed that with wave energy convertors in a row of three next to each other, the energy produced by the wave farm was 2.973 TJ per month, which is equivalent to 18.58 tons of produced hydrogen when considering the lower heating value of hydrogen and assuming that hydrogen production efficiency is 75%. The anticipated hydrogen fuel will be able to refuel a tugboat with green hydrogen from the energy produced by the wave farm each month. It is predicted that the price of hydrogen is expected to drop, and the price of fossil fuel will gradually increase in the coming years. The fact that coal electricity can be produced on demand and wind and solar energy are weather dependent as a result lacks the ability to achieve a constant supply. There is currently an urgent need for energy storage and the efforts to study the production of hydrogen and ammonia. Hydrogen is still predicted to be more expensive than coal electricity; however, from this, maybe a critical cost for a kg of CO2 could be calculated, which could make hydrogen competitive. The cost of green hydrogen production from wave energy in the Port of Ngqura was calculated as R96.07/kg (4.88 EUR/kg) of produced hydrogen, which is equivalent to 2.1 times the cost of the same energy supplied as Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) at current prices. Hydrogen from wave energy would thus become competitive with MDO; if a price is set for the emission of CO2, this may also offset the difference in cost between MDO and hydrogen from wave energy. The carbon price necessary to make green hydrogen competitive would be approximately R6257/tonne CO2, or 318 EUR/tonne CO2, which is around 4.5 times the current trading price of carbon in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen (H2) storage is one of the most problematic issues regarding the widespread use of hydrogen, and solid-state hydrogen storage materials are promising in this regard. Hydrogen storage by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) takes attention with its advantages and idiosyncratic properties. In this study, potentials and challenges of sodium borohydride are evaluated considering storage conditions, safety, hydrogen purity, storage capacity, efficiency, cost, and the maturity. Moreover, marine use of NaBH4 is demonstrated, and the pros and cons of the NaBH4 hydrogen storage method are stated. According to evaluations, whereas advantages can be sorted as fuel availability, fuel recyclability, mild storage conditions, exothermicity of reaction, pressure flexibility, and H2 purity, challenges can be sorted as high costs, catalyst deactivation, regeneration, and practical/technical implementation issues. The great potential of NaBH4 marine use (against road/aerial vehicles) is water availability, no need to carry all the required water for the entire journey, and reduced system weight/volume by this way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes ECS maritime disputes through two lenses: as a globally comparable case study mediated through LOS and as a distinct regional case that differs in several respects from disputes outside East Asia. This study focuses on the Senkaku/Diaoyu island dispute but also examines broader EEZ and ADIZ disputes between China, Japan, and South Korea and the Ieodo dispute between China and South Korea. It finds that global dynamics are applicable to the ECS disputes, as countries depend on LOS rules even while attempting to interpret them for unilateral advantage whenever possible, and parties avoid formal arbitration, when possible, in favor of bilateral agreements. However, regional factors impact these dynamics. The sudden and sometimes violent transition from the Sino-Centric tributary system to the Westphalian system has undermined the legitimacy of LOS and western international law regionally. Finally, the presence of China as a party to almost all ECS disputes limits the application of LOS because China's position as a near-peer competitor with the US gives it additional options to unilaterally impose its will. Unlike relatively weaker parties to these disputes, China may be less concerned about flouting LOS that it does not see as necessary for protecting its maritime claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sail training is described as an educational endeavour where participants are required to adapt to an unfamiliar physical and social environment, acquire new skills (maritime and domestic), and confront personal challenges (e.g. going aloft, dealing with seasickness). It shares many of the philosophical underpinnings of adventure education, where personal and social growth is believed to be achieved through challenge and working as a team. Sail training has a focus on educational experiences through the sea rather than for the sea—thus practitioners need a combination of maritime and people management skills. This study looks at the motivation of crew to engage in sail training, the challenges they face, and what they believe would assist them to perform their role. This study contributes to the growing research on the professional development needs of 'incidental' outdoor educators and makes recommendations to address some of the challenges they face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the potential of additive manufacturing (AM) to revolutionize the marine spare parts supply chain (SPSC). While AM has been widely explored in other industries, its application in the maritime sector remains limited. This study addresses this gap by comparing traditional and AM-integrated SPSC models using system dynamics simulation. By focusing on high- and low-value spare parts, this research highlights significant cost reductions and improved delivery times through strategic AM integration. Our findings demonstrate the potential of AM to enhance the efficiency and resilience of the maritime supply chain, particularly in remote environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In near coastal environments, nautical charts provide crucial information for navigation and routing both in real-time operations and during planning stages. The cost of data collection as well as capacity constraints in the processing pipeline make reliable bathymetric information in such areas sparse. Prioritization rules can help guide the efforts to where information is the most valuable. AIS data provide accounts of real ship movements, indicating both desirable paths and minimum depths. We propose a statistical model for combining sparse bathymetric soundings with AIS observations for improved prediction of depths for generation of feasible transportation corridors. The method relies on viewing AIS draughts as censored observations of the true depth. A case-study is performed for the southern archipelago of Gothenburg using the program R-INLA. The non-stationarity caused by having boundaries with known (zero) depth and holes (land) in the domain is handled through discretization. Varying amounts of AIS data, ranging from none to 1824 observations, are used in the experiments. Results show predicted depths within the range of data values, and that inclusion of AIS data serve to push the field down to ensure that traverseable areas are predicted as such revealing corridors in narrow passages where bathymetric soundings are lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sinking accidents can cause catastrophic losses in human, economic resources and environmental damage. Sinking accidents are one of the most common maritime accidents that occur in Indonesia. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the cause-and-effect probability of ship sinkings in Indonesian waters. Bayesian Network method and accident factor level are used to analyze the causal factors of ship sinking accidents. The results found that the Loss of Stability of the vessel is the most sensitive node. An additional take from the investigated sinking is that half of the accidents occurred on passenger vessels, and ships over 25 years old are prone to sinking due to corrosion and lack of proper maintenance. While 70.5% of accident caused by human error that is majorly triggered by unsafe acts. The real-case analysis also performed in this study reveals that eliminating Human Error and ship’s associated factors can reduce the probability of sinking by 17.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maritime industry is integral to global trade and heavily depends on precise forecasting to maintain efficiency, safety, and economic sustainability. Adopting deep learning for predictive analysis has markedly improved operational accuracy, cost efficiency, and decision-making. This technology facilitates advanced time series analysis, vital for optimizing maritime operations. This paper reviews deep learning applications in time series analysis within the maritime industry, focusing on three areas: ship operation-related, port operation-related, and shipping market-related topics. It provides a detailed overview of the existing literature on applications such as ship trajectory prediction, ship fuel consumption prediction, port throughput prediction, and shipping market prediction. The paper comprehensively examines the primary deep learning architectures used for time series forecasting in the maritime industry, categorizing them into four principal types. It systematically analyzes the advantages of deep learning architectures across different application scenarios and explores methodologies for selecting models based on specific requirements. Additionally, it analyzes data sources from the existing literature and suggests future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study conducts a systematic assessment of the literature and does a bibliometric analysis to investigate the fluctuations in the availability and need for seafarers in the marine sector. The study examines a diverse selection of publications from several subfields within the seafarer workforce domain, analysing significant patterns, difficulties, and opportunities for enhancement. The study provides insights into the scholarly landscape of seafarer workforce research by analyzing highly cited articles, prolific authors, and influential journals. The findings highlight the significant impact of technological advancements, demographic shifts, regulatory changes, and economic factors on seafarer supply and demand dynamics. The systematic review and bibliometric analysis offer valuable information for policymakers, industry stakeholders, researchers, and academicians seeking to understand and address the complexities of the seafarer workforce. The initial review of articles obtained from the pilot search informed the formulation of research questions to understand the current state, trends, impactful studies, influential authors, and areas for future exploration within the seafarer workforce literature. Keywords related to seafarers and workforce were identified and refined through a three-step process to create an optimal set of search terms. This systematic literature review has provided valuable insights into various aspects of the seafarer workforce, including trends, challenges, and potential areas for future research. By employing a rigorous methodology and analyzing relevant literature, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on seafarer supply and demand dynamics, offering a foundation for informed decision-making and further exploration in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the profound impact of waters, seas, and oceans on the historical trajectory of Southeast Asia, challenging the prevailing narratives that have often overlooked the vital contributions of the region’s seafaring ancestors. Traditionally dismissed as mere sources of inspiration, these maritime expanses were instrumental in shaping the transition from traditional kingdoms to modern nationstates in Southeast Asia. While historical theories such as the Out of Yunan and Out of Taiwan paradigms proposed by Western scholars have dominated discussions on the development of traditional civilizations in the Southeast Asian Archipelago (Nusantara), this paper advocates for a Southeast Asia-centric perspective to rectify the marginalization of historical realities. The narrative encompasses the ancient epoch and prehistoric eras marked by the migrations of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens from mainland Asia, providing a comprehensive understanding of the early evolution of maritime civilizations in the region. This exploration highlights the risks and sacrifices made by seafaring communities from B.C. to A.D., as they navigated treacherous waters and stormy weathers to ensure the legacy and continuity of future generations. Far from being trivial, their millennia-long contributions have been likened to “shipwrecks laying at the bottom of the sea in their forgotten watery graves.” By elucidating how these communities utilized seas and oceans as sources of emancipation and development, this study aims to reposition Southeast Asia as an epicentre of civilization, rivalling any in the ancient world. Ultimately, this research provides a nuanced perspective on the region’s maritime history, challenging existing paradigms and contributing to the broader international discourse on the development of civilizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The extension of existing container terminals or the creation of new ones introduces new logistical challenges, including topographic issues and increased distances between the quays and storage yards located several kilometers away from the quay (dry port). These challenges are complex to evaluate analytically and directly impact the acceleration, deceleration, and average speed of a truck which in turn affect the productivity and synchronization of the overall terminal logistics. This paper proposes a transportation simulation model that incorporates detailed descriptions of the topographical and geometrical restrictions. Our simulation model evaluates various scenarios for container transportation logistics, including varying road design terminals and truck fleet size to enhance productivity. A case study from a potential container terminal on Canada’s St. Lawrence River is used to demonstrate the simulation model. Several scenarios with different designs are tested and the simulation provides numerical results for supporting decision makers.

Hydrogen (H2) storage is one of the most problematic issues regarding the widespread use of hydrogen, and solid-state hydrogen storage materials are promising in this regard. Hydrogen storage by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) takes attention with its advantages and idiosyncratic properties. In this study, potentials and challenges of sodium borohydride are evaluated considering storage conditions, safety, hydrogen purity, storage capacity, efficiency, cost, and the maturity. Moreover, marine use of NaBH4 is demonstrated, and the pros and cons of the NaBH4 hydrogen storage method are stated. According to evaluations, whereas advantages can be sorted as fuel availability, fuel recyclability, mild storage conditions, exothermicity of reaction, pressure flexibility, and H2 purity, challenges can be sorted as high costs, catalyst deactivation, regeneration, and practical/technical implementation issues. The great potential of NaBH4 marine use (against road/aerial vehicles) is water availability, no need to carry all the required water for the entire journey, and reduced system weight/volume by this way.

As carbon neutrality gains momentum, industries worldwide are navigating the challenges and opportunities posed by sustainability goals. This article delves into the strategies undertaken by airlines and maritime companies to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 in the European Union (EU). The aim of the research is to explore how the aviation and maritime industries in Europe can effectively transition towards carbon neutrality by 2050, considering their similar technological challenges and opportunities. The objective of this research was to identify and compare currently utilized sustainability initiatives in aviation and maritime companies. The focus is on new insight from airline and maritime companies concentrating on their sustainability practices. Common hurdles, innovative solutions, and shared opportunities in the pursuit of environmental sustainability are explored.

With each passing day, maritime organisations are equipped with more technology, and these systems form a structure that creates international networks. Digitalisation will have implications and effects on value creation, business models, horizontal and vertical integration, services and work organisation. While digital technologies in the maritime sector reduce risks owing to transparency, adaptability, traceability, flexibility and scalability, can also give discernible improvements in terms of operational processes, cost reductions, etc.. In the developing maritime sector, there are a variety of digital technology-related challenges that remain to be overcome, but there is no structured overview of the main types of challenges/barriers encountered by specialists. In this study, we explore the challenges/barriers to digitalisation in the maritime sector and how these are perceived by employees in this sector. The aim of our research is to identify these challenges/barriers and understand the relationships between them. To categorise the challenges/barriers, the DEMATEL approach was used. As a result of the analysis, it is seen that the main hindrances to digitalisation in the maritime sector are the problems of complexity, integration and interoperability. In contrast, the difficulties of performance appraisal and scalability emerge as the least important issues affecting the implementation of digital technologies in this area. Our results indicate that economic problems exert a significant causal influence on the other challenges/barriers.

ABSTRACT آثار زيجريس/لادامانتيا (مرسى باجوش): إلقاء الضوء علي العلاقات البحرية القديمة على الساحل المصري للبحر الأبيض المتوسط [AR] منطقة مرسى باجوش هي عبارة عن خليج كبير يقع على ساحل البحر الأبيض المتوسط في مصر، على بعد حوالي 250 كيلومترًا غرب الإسكندرية. في العصور القديمة، كان ذلك الخليج يضم مينائي )زيجريس( و)لادامانتيا( الرومانيين. وتم ذكرهما عند الجغرافي كلوديوس بطليموس. وفي الدليل البحري الروماني المعروف باسم (( Stadiasmus Maris Magni، حيث وجه ذلك الدليل البحارة إلى الرسو في هذين الميناءين لأنهما آمنان، كما أن السفن يمكن أن تتزود فيهما بالمياه العذبة. ويعتبر مينائي )زيجريس( و)لادامانتيا( من بين كثير من المراسي الطبيعية الممتدة على طول ساحل البحر الأبيض المتوسط بين الإسكندرية والحدود الليبية. ومنذ عام 2015، يخضع خليج مرسى باجوش لمشروع للبحث الأثري تحت الماء يقوم به مركز الإسكندرية للآثار البحرية والتراث الثقافي المغمور بالمياه بجامعة الإسكندرية، بدعم من مؤسسة أونور فروست البريطانية. وقد كشف مشروع المسح الأثري لمرسى باجوش عن ثروة من المعلومات حول النشاط البحري على طول الساحل الشمالي الغربي لمصر في العصور القديمة. ومن بين الاكتشافات الأثرية عدة شواهد على حطام لسفن من العصور الهلينستية والرومانية والعثمانية، بالإضافة إلى أكبر مجموعة من مراسي السفن القديمة التي تم اكتشافها حتى الآن على الساحل الشمالي الغربي لمصر. من ثم، سوف يتناول هذا البحث مشروع المسح الأثري لمرسى باجوش، وأهم النتائج التي تم التوصل إليها حتى الآن. [EN] The site of Marsa Bagoush is a large bay located on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt, approximately 250 kilometers west of Alexandria. In antiquity, it comprised the Roman harbours of Zygris and Ladamantia. The harbours were mentioned by Claudius Ptolemaeus, and in the Roman guidebook, the Stadiasmus Maris Magni. Sailors were advised to anchor in those two harbours because they were safe and had access to fresh water. Zygris and Ladamantia are among several natural anchorages that extend along the Mediterranean coastline between Alexandria and the Libyan borders. Since 2015, the sites of Zygris and Ladamantia have been subject to an archaeological investigation conducted by the Alexandria University Centre for Maritime Archaeology and Underwater Cultural Heritage (CMAUCH), with kind support of the UK-based Honor Frost Foundation. The Marsa Bagoush Research Project (MBRP) revealed a wealth of information on ancient maritime activities along the northwest coast of Egypt. Archaeological finds include evidence of shipwrecks from the Hellenistic, Roman, and Ottoman periods, in addition to the largest collection of ancient anchors to be found on the northwest coast of Egypt. This paper will present the project, its context, goals, methods, and latest results.

Each year maritime accidents occur at sea causing human casualties. Training facilities serve to reduce the risk of human error by allowing maritime teams to train safety procedures in cooperative real-size immersive simulators. However, they are expensive and only few maritime professionals have access to such simulators. Virtual Reality (VR) can provide a digital all-immersive learning environment at a reduced cost allowing for increased access. However, a key ingredient of what makes all-immersive physical simulators effective is that they allow for multiple participants to engage in cooperative social interaction. Social interaction which allows trainees to develop skills and competencies in navigating situational awareness essential for safety training. Social interaction requires social fidelity. Moving from physical simulators into digital simulators based upon VR technology thus challenges us as HCI researchers to figure out how to design social fidelity into immersive training simulators. We explore social fidelity theoretically and technically by combining core conceptual work from CSCW research to the design experimentation of social fidelity for maritime safety training. We argue that designing for social fidelity in VR simulators requires designers to contextualize the VR experience in location, artifacts, and actors structured through dependencies in work allowing trainees to perform situational awareness, coordination, and communication which are all features of social fidelity. Further, we identify the risk of breaking the social fidelity immersion related to the intent and social state of the participants entering the simulation. Finally, we suggest that future designs of social fidelity should consider not only trainees in the design, but also the social relations created by the instructors’ guidance as part of the social fidelity immersion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maritime industry needs sustainable, low-emission fuels to reduce the environmental impact. Ammonia is one of the most promising alternative fuels because it can be produced from renewable energy, such as wind and solar. Furthermore, ammonia combustion does not emit carbon. This review article covers the advantages and disadvantages of using ammonia as a sustainable marine fuel. We start by discussing the regulations and environmental concerns of the shipping sector, which is responsible for around 2% to 3% of global energy-related CO2 emissions. These emissions may increase as the maritime industry grows at a compound annual growth rate of 4.33%. Next, we analyze the use of ammonia as a fuel in detail, which presents several challenges. These challenges include the high price of ammonia compared to other fossil fuels, the low reactivity and high toxicity of ammonia, NOx, and N2O emissions resulting from incomplete combustion, an inefficient process, and NH3 slipping. However, we emphasize how to overcome these challenges. We discuss techniques to reduce NOx and N2O emissions, co-combustion to improve reactivity, waste heat recovery strategies, the regulatory framework, and safety conditions. Finally, we address the market trends and challenges of using ammonia as a sustainable marine fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooperation in maritime transport is a research area that has attracted the interest of academics and practitioners. Most models published in the literature on marine container terminal cooperation focus on the planning level and consider TEUs handled at each terminal as the decision variable. At the tactical/operational level, the vessel provides a more realistic selection as the decision variable for cooperation. The objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of the choice of both decision variables for terminal intra-port cooperation. To do so, we present two main mathematical models for marine container terminal intra-port cooperation: volume-based and vessel-based models. For each model, two different cooperation schemes and seven different concession fee policies among terminals are considered. Based on the individual terminals' before and after cooperation profits, the models are used to quantitatively assess and compare the proposed cooperation schemes and concession fee policies as well as to estimate indicators of terminals' willingness to cooperate under each model. Results from numerical experiments using simulated data for three terminals (with high, medium, and low utilization) indicate significant differences in profit sharing and willingness to cooperate under the proposed cooperation schemes and concession fee policies between the volume- and vessel-based models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. Department of Defense's National Defense Strategy prioritises the U.S. Navy's focus on strategic competitors, equipped with long-range weapons, significant anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) systems, and substantial cyber capabilities. This paper analyses the U.S. Navy's efforts to field an energy-resilient force able to support distributed operations in a globally contested logistics environment. Specifically, it examines operational energy strategies, focusing on energy supportability and demand reduction, against the backdrop of naval power and energy system developments. Moreover, it advocates for the application of updated performance metrics to spur technological innovation and policy formulation, advance a data-driven culture, and inform pathways to support a whole-of-government approach to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper calls for a maritime turn in critical heritage theory. Drawing on recent work on ocean and maritime ontologies, it takes up the idea of the 'ocean in excess' to argue for a maritime imagination that overcomes the separation of land from water, culture from nature. The paper begins by sketching out the terracentric norms that have come to underpin critical theory around cultural heritage. From there, recent insights on ocean ontologies are cited to show how they can open up new ways of thinking about existing strands of critical heritage work. The second half of the paper turns to the issue of ocean governance and the complex politics that arise from competing ontologies. This provides the foundation for a discussion of the transoceanic heritage discourses that are now emerging, as countries seek regional, come global influence in world affairs. Understanding these and other developments requires moving beyond the earthly, such that we more robustly engage with a multivalent heritage politics that operates across air, water and land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asia-Pacific region has emerged as the central playing field of the US and China strategic competition. The US views China as the competitor undermining the US regional influence in the Asia-Pacific region. This paper explores the US-China strategic competition, layers of instability in the Asia-Pacific, and specifically the constraints for the US in its Indo-Pacific Strategy and security implications for the region. The US National Security Strategy - 2022 strategises to counterbalance China by constructing regional deterrence infrastructure by strengthening its long-standing alliances and building new partnerships such as the QUAD and AUKUS, and is also cementing ties with the ASEAN. In order to avert crisis escalation in the Asia-Pacific region, the US and China bilaterally and the regional states, as crucial stakeholders, would require to carefully manage their roles and strategies in the ongoing competition for world order determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As technology advances and digitalization becomes more prevalent in the industry, the cyber threats to maritime systems and operations have significantly increased. The maritime sector relies heavily on interconnected networks, communication systems, and sophisticated technologies for its operations, making it an attractive target for cybercriminals, nation-states, and other threat actors. Safeguarding the maritime sector against cyber threats is crucial to ensuring the safety, integrity, and efficiency of maritime operations as well as for protecting sensitive information and global trade. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has played a significant role in addressing cybersecurity issues, leading to the implementation of regulations aimed at risk reduction. This paper delves into the realm of cybersecurity within the maritime industry, offering an in-depth analysis of its various aspects through an extensive literature review based on the latest Version 2.0 of the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) functional areas. The primary objective is to establish a connection between research and NIST's functions and categories, thereby presenting a nascent perspective and identifying existing security research gaps. Through the adoption of this strategic approach, the present paper aims to cultivate a forward-looking and proactive state of maturity in anticipation of future developments within the maritime industry. The outcomes of this research can provide valuable reference points in academic discourse, potentially leading to new hypotheses, and fuel innovation in developing advanced cybersecurity measures within the maritime industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching and learning activities for early childhood students currently do not support increasing the character values of graduates, and the emphasis is still on learning whose output leads to competency according to standards. Using character-charged maritime textbooks is a solution to assist teachers in facilitating the application of character values in marine learning. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the impact of character-focused marine textbooks on students’ moral development. The method of research is quasi-experimental, with a pretest-posttest design. The sampling technique is convenience sampling. Two classes use the method, B1 for experimental purposes (with 80 students) and B2 for comparison (with 80 students). Independent T-tests were used in data analysis to compare differences in students’ average scores in the experimental and control groups before the intervention. N-Gain was used to compare the character growth of control and intervention students. The study’s findings indicate that students’ character values significantly influence adoption of morally edifying maritime textbooks. This shows increased student character values, namely responsibility, honesty, discipline, love and affection, caring, courage, independence, and hard work, after being taught using character-charged maritime textbooks. Thus, it can be concluded that character-charged maritime textbooks can significantly increase students’ character values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When Coronavirus boarded the Carnival cruise ship Ruby Princess in 2020, Australia’s leaders and the maritime industry responded with technical fixes to the most complex adaptive challenge ever to face Australian Federal and State authorities. As they struggled to make sense of the evolving pandemic, a similar situation had unfolded in the Northern Hemisphere port of Yokohama Japan, where Japanese authorities had already responded to another infected Carnival cruise ship, the Diamond Princess. All eyes should have been on the response to the Diamond Princess, and especially on the lessons learnt. In navigating complex chaotic environments, leaders need to make sense, probe and find a course of action suitable to meet the needs of a concerned community. This paper explores the evolving maritime pandemic and how Australia’s leaders attempted to navigate the challenge and the opportunity lost in experimenting to make progress against the adaptive leadership challenge, and why meta-leadership could have been exercised in response to these types of crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors present a practical framework for assessing seasonal events that may influence maritime operations, seeking to tie in discussions about climate change adoption to maritime operational assessments. Most maritime-related research tends to focus on a single event, such as a storm, but maritime systems operate within complex systems that have some predictable patterns. These predictable patterns due to natural events, such as weather and water levels, can influence operations. By contrast, other factors, such as cargo peaks or cultural activities, could also shape maritime systems. The growing focus on adopting human activities to the United Nations' Sustainability Development Goals means that system operations should consider their relationship to these broader goals. By integrating data from emergency management databases and weather information sources with other inputs, the authors, in collaboration with various stakeholder groups, created a matrix of regionally specific predictable events that may occur within a region by time of year that can be linked to the Sustainability Development Goals. The matrix was vetted to verify the information, ensuring that all perspectives were considered. The main findings were that a seasonal event matrix was not just a theoretical tool but a practical reference for examining operational patterns in a river for various uses, such as training, operational planning, and emergency response coordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a comprehensive Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) and Social Cost-Benefit Analysis (S-CBA) conducted as part of a research project, studying biofuel production for the maritime and aviation sectors, from various types of non-food waste biomasses. The inclusion of social considerations complements and expands on the environmental and economic ones. The importance of social group criteria was determined through expert questionnaires, leading to the identification of social impacts groups and social criteria from stakeholders across participating countries. The results successfully identified and quantified social impacts, and align with those reported in similar cases in relevant literature. Social Cost-Benefits, monetarizing social factors, demonstrated several social benefits, including reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions. However, it also highlighted social costs, such as Economic Costs associated with the initial investment. The study revealed critical social hotspots within the impact categories, making significant strides in understanding the social impacts of biofuel production, providing valuable insights for decision-makers, and contributing to the broader goal of sustainable and socially responsible biofuel production.

The Bay of Bengal is a vital confluence of natural diversity and human lives, renowned for its vast area, strategic location and ecological significance. In the Bay of Bengal, the maritime environment and marine resources play a critical role in sustainable development and human rights, yet it faces significant problems due to maritime environmental deterioration and human rights violations. This research paper explores safeguarding Bangladesh’s maritime environment in the Bay of Bengal while also protecting human rights in light of enormous challenges, along with the convoluted connection between international and national laws and maritime environmental protection measures, highlighting inadequacies in their application for sustainable management of marine resources and human rights. This paper examines environmental deterioration caused by pollution, rising sea levels, climate change and maritime conflicts, focusing on the impact on coastal populations and investigating humanity’s dilemma. Protection gaps and barriers to legal enforcement are examined, exposing limits in realizing maritime human rights. Their rights to health, food security and water are jeopardized by climate change and unsustainable practices. In the current laws, a hiatus exists between legal principles and their practical application. This paper has an extensive proposal multifaceted approach and consolidating fragmented laws, defining jurisdictional borders, strengthening enforcement and harmonizing national legislation with international maritime environmental and human rights standards. This paper concludes that safeguarding the Bay of Bengal is not just an environmental imperative but also a human rights obligation. To ensure the Bay of Bengal thrives as an ecological richness of maritime activities and human rights, it is essential to align the balance in the field of protecting the maritime environment and human rights.

The People’s Republic of China (PRC)‘s rapid development of military maritime capabilities, and their harnessing under strong personalist paramount leader Xi Jinping to address ambitious national goals, is one of the most important subjects concerning great power security in the international system today. Understanding the key dynamics is thus inherently important. This article surveys Chinese-language publications, U.S. government analyses, and related research, and applies it to a larger framework that addresses both conceptual and empirical issues, considers comparative cases, and offers suggestions for further examination. Its findings are relevant to scholars and practitioners alike: China’s military maritime power radiates outward, backstopped by a land-based “anti-Navy.” Its Navy focuses on proximate seas—supported by Coast Guard, Maritime Militia, and survey vessel fleets; and extends into the farthest oceans. China’s sea forces and the strategy informing them has become progressively less distinctive with time and distance—trends continuing today. Herein lies one of the greatest strengths, and limitations, of Beijing’s dramatic military maritime development.

Maritime countries, including Indonesia, have indicated their interest in developing a national ocean policy and blue economy plan to boost economic growth while promoting sustainability in and from oceanic activities. In 2017, the Government of Indonesia published the Indonesian Ocean Policy (IOP), the first of its kind since independence, and subsequently developed a series of blue economy documents as an integral part of its national development agenda whilst also indicating its support for the global sustainability objectives stipulated in the 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, development obstacles such as: declining ocean health; climate crises; fragmented ocean management; inadequate infrastructure and technology; limited data support; low sustainable investment; and the blurred definition of the blue economy, pose risks to successful outcomes of sustainable ocean development in Indonesia. When unaddressed, these challenges can inhibit the policy’s effectiveness in delivering its intended outcomes. This qualitative study explores Indonesia’s interests in sustainable ocean development and how it pursues them while advancing economic objectives and commitments towards SDGs and net zero emission targets. The study finds that maintaining ocean health and ensuring sustainable use of ocean resources are Indonesia’s most vital interests for sustainable ocean development. The national ocean policy and the blue economy have been employed as two successive and simultaneous avenues to pursue Indonesia’s maritime interests. Unfortunately, to date, both approaches have yet to obtain maturity and ocean affairs are overshadowed by other national development priorities. By focusing on ocean governance and its development in the contemporary context, this article sheds light on the important role of policymaking in modern-day ocean governance. A cautious approach to policy design is crucial to avoid common pitfalls in sustainable ocean development, such as weak implementation strategies and the consequent failure to meet core sustainability objectives.

This study delves into the profound impact of waters, seas, and oceans on the historical trajectory of Southeast Asia, challenging the prevailing narratives that have often overlooked the vital contributions of the region’s seafaring ancestors. Traditionally dismissed as mere sources of inspiration, these maritime expanses were instrumental in shaping the transition from traditional kingdoms to modern nationstates in Southeast Asia. While historical theories such as the Out of Yunan and Out of Taiwan paradigms proposed by Western scholars have dominated discussions on the development of traditional civilizations in the Southeast Asian Archipelago (Nusantara), this paper advocates for a Southeast Asia-centric perspective to rectify the marginalization of historical realities. The narrative encompasses the ancient epoch and prehistoric eras marked by the migrations of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens from mainland Asia, providing a comprehensive understanding of the early evolution of maritime civilizations in the region. This exploration highlights the risks and sacrifices made by seafaring communities from B.C. to A.D., as they navigated treacherous waters and stormy weathers to ensure the legacy and continuity of future generations. Far from being trivial, their millennia-long contributions have been likened to “shipwrecks laying at the bottom of the sea in their forgotten watery graves.” By elucidating how these communities utilized seas and oceans as sources of emancipation and development, this study aims to reposition Southeast Asia as an epicentre of civilization, rivalling any in the ancient world. Ultimately, this research provides a nuanced perspective on the region’s maritime history, challenging existing paradigms and contributing to the broader international discourse on the development of civilizations.