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Previous research on the impact of distance on the choice between full versus shared control international market entry has produced inconsistent results. The authors suggest that the characteristics of the decision-maker may be an important boundary condition, which helps explain this inconsistency. Specifically, the authors examine how differences in decision-maker self-construal influence the effects of distance on entry mode decisions. To investigate the phenomenon, the authors use multiple methods to conduct three separate studies, including two experiments and a meta-analysis. The results offer consistent evidence that the distance–entry mode relationship is stronger for managers with an independent self-construal than for managers with an interdependent self-construal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decarbonising the transportation sector through electrification is critical to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. To explore the decarbonisation of conventional gasoline vehicle (GV) automakers in GV and/or electric vehicle (EV) production, we develop analytical models under pure subsidy, pure regulation, and hybrid subsidy-regulation policies. We first examine the monopoly GV automaker's EV market entry intention in each policy and find that it always increases with consumer range sensitivity and subsidy/regulation parameters, but decreases with product substitutability between the two vehicles. Then, we analyse the implication of policy changes on equilibrium outcomes. Our results show that although introducing regulations and removing subsidies have opposite effects on optimal production and driving range decisions, both might stimulate or restrict the GV automaker to decarbonise, depending on the unit carbon emissions of GVs and EVs. Finally, we extend the monopoly model to the duopoly case, showing that while entering the EV market hurts the EV automaker, it allows the GV automaker's carbon emissions to always decrease with GV credit coefficients. Together with sensitivity analyses on key parameters, our findings provide insights not only for GV automakers to respond to policy changes but also for governments to design incentives for EV diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at contributing to better comprehend the opportunities for innovation in the mining sector that are leveraged by local knowledge-intensive mining suppliers (KIMS) in developing mineral-rich countries. Drawing on the innovation and global value chain (GVC) bodies of literature as well as previous empirical studies on KIMS in developing mining countries, we analytically distinguish among three types of innovation approaches that local KIMS can pursue. Each of them is associated with main sources of innovation opportunities, type of inputs supplied, and prevailing market structures and entry barriers. The distinction among innovation strategies together with an analysis that combines firm- and market-level dimensions helped us to better comprehend the types of innovation opportunities that local KIMS in Argentina are adopting and the nature of challenges they encounter. The empirical analysis is based on the novel fieldwork data collected in 2019 and 2022. The findings of the paper hold significance to inform productive and innovation policies regarding the type of interventions that may be more effective for Argentina in the current technological and market circumstances that the mining industry is facing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For digital-native fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) manufacturers that sell through their own online channel and have made headway into supermarkets, brand stores can represent the next step in a multichannel distribution strategy. In this research, the authors investigate the impact of introducing a brand store on a digital-native FMCG brand's sales in its existing company-owned online channel and in independent supermarkets, as well as on the brand's supermarket distribution. By incorporating brand store sales and operational costs, this research also specifies the entry effects on the brand's top-line total brand sales and bottom-line operating profit. Based on before-and-after-with-control-group analyses of the entry of ten brand stores by a digital-native FMCG brand, the authors show that brand store entry boosts supermarket sales, partially driven by a brand store's positive effect on the number of supermarkets listing the brand. Although they cannibalize company-owned online sales, brand store entries generate an influx of own brand store sales that offset online channel losses. Still, accounting for brand stores' operational costs reveals that top-line growth is not always enough to preserve the bottom line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the liability of foreignness has been shown to present real economic barriers for foreign firms in various contexts around the globe, scholars continue to debate what drives this liability in different market contexts: lack of information due to institutional distance, lack of social embeddedness, discrimination, or something else. In this study, we propose a new theory, that in corporate lobbying within the nonmarket strategy context, the liability of foreignness is driven in no small part by a values-based ideological conflict stemming from the divide between democracy and autocracy. Private-sector firms from autocratic countries face costs of illegitimacy in Washington, D.C., and professional corporate lobbyists charge such firms a fee premium, in effect, to pay for legitimacy. We conduct an empirical study of the lobbying fees charged by professional corporate lobbyists in Washington, D.C., to their domestic and foreign firm clients, and the results strongly support the predictions of our theory. We also show that the liability of foreignness in this context endures for foreign firms from autocratic countries over the 15-year length of our sample period. Offering a new theoretical perspective as well as new empirical findings regarding the liability of foreignness, our study has practical implications for managers of foreign firms and may also generalize to other market contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An enduring trait of modern corporations is their propensity to diversify into multiple lines of business. Penrosian theories conceptualize diversification as a strategy to exploit a firm's fungible, yet "untradeable," resources and point to the redeployment of technological know-how as an important driver thereof. However, less understood are the characteristics of technological assets that underlie firms' diversification decisions and the impact that diversification has on firms' subsequent development of technologies. In this paper, we expand the existing theories in two ways. First, we argue that central to understanding firms' diversification decisions is a distinction between their technological assets that are applicable to many markets and ones that are useful in only a limited number of contexts. To this end, we develop a novel way to characterize technologies along a continuum from highly general-purpose to highly market-specific. Second, we explore empirically the idea that diversification is an adaptive learning process involving both the exploitation of existing capabilities and the creation of novel ones. Using data on three decades of patenting and diversification histories of 28,376 firms, we find that (i) a firm's possession of general-purpose technological assets is positively associated with its decision to diversify and (II) firms that enter a new industry through diversification develop technologies that are specialized to the target industry. Our findings have implications for understanding firm growth, diversification, and evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the tension between exploration and exploitation has made fundamental contributions to our understanding of firm growth via entry into new businesses. While there is consensus about the merits of balancing exploration and exploitation, there has been debate about the best means for achieving balance. In our prior analysis of firms' choices between acquisition and internal development as entry modes, we found that the role of acquisitions tends to differ inside versus outside a firm's primary business domain: firms use within-domain acquisitions largely for exploitation, while out-of-domain acquisitions support exploration. To examine these issues in greater depth, we focus here on the historical use of acquisition versus internal development by two major technology firms, Amazon and Alphabet. We show that the two firms have been remarkably different in their use of acquisitions versus internal development. Consistent with our prior analysis, Amazon has emphasized internal development but has used acquisitions to strengthen its existing businesses and to enter new products and services that were (initially) outside Amazon's primary business domain. In contrast, Alphabet has relied heavily on acquisitions to enter new businesses within its primary domain but has emphasized internal development of "moonshot" businesses outside this domain. These differences illuminate the use of acquisitions in market entry and make clear that there is no single right way to utilize acquisition versus internal development in the pursuit of balance between exploration and exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of reverse payments, which is common in the pharmaceutical industry, is relatively unpopular in other industries because of antitrust-related legal issues in various countries. In this study, we first examine a basic model with one original and one generic manufacturer, in which the original manufacturer may propose pay for delaying (P4D) entry of the generic manufacturer. We show that the original and generic manufacturers have incentives to engage in P4D, and when doing so, consumer surplus and social welfare always decline. Next, we add another original manufacturer to the basic model. If this manufacturer is a domestic firm, P4D will increase social welfare if drugs are close to homogeneous products and the additional manufacturer is efficient. However, if this manufacturer is a foreign firm, P4D will always reduce social welfare. These results suggest the need to consider whether the drug market is internationalized when deciding whether to regulate P4D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The editorial from "Strategic Organization" highlights the changes and updates within the journal, including the growth of the editorial team and the announcement of the 2025 SO!WHAT awards winners. The editorial team is seeking new members with expertise in various areas to maintain the high-quality reviewing process. The journal also provides statistics on submissions and acceptance rates, emphasizing their commitment to fair and efficient review processes. Additionally, upcoming special issues and forums are mentioned, showcasing the diverse topics covered by the journal. [Extracted from the article]

This study considers a successive Cournot oligopoly consisting of two downstream firms, an upstream incumbent, and an upstream entrant. The downstream firms decide whether their timing of setting quantity is early or late. We find that when the fixed cost of entry takes an intermediate value, and the entrant is more efficient than the incumbent, the downstream firms prefer sequential quantity competition because upstream entry reduces input price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface modification of transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) with carbazole‐based self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) is an effective method toward the formation of highly efficient hole‐selective contacts, enabling the fabrication of high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the lack of long‐term structural and performance stability of the TCO/SAM/perovskite stack endangers the market entry of PSCs. Here, it is demonstrated that these challenges can be overcome by employing dyes as multi‐functional SAMs, simultaneously facilitating charge transport, passivating interfacial defects, and acting as a "molecular adhesive" layer, preserving structural integrity of the contact stack. Particularly, the surface modification of ITO with a dye (N719) monolayer is shown to create a hole‐selective contact for the fabrication of p–i–n PSCs with power conversion efficiencies reaching 24%. The N719 SAM‐based PSCs have also shown superior stability compared to state‐of‐the‐art PSCs incorporating carbazole SAMs and polyarylamine hole‐selective contacts by preserving ≈90% of their initial PCE under continuous light and thermal stress tests for 1000 h. The robustness of the ITO/N719/perovskite stack is attributed to its low interfacial trap density, UV resilience and strong adhesion capability. These findings place dye SAMs as a promising alternative for improving the performance of next‐generation photovoltaics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study investigates the sound features of short video advertisements (ads) released by enterprises entering the social e-commerce market and tests whether they are potential drivers of enterprise performance. Based on these findings, this study provides practical references for the design of enterprise ads and short-video social e-commerce platforms. Design/methodology/approach: An integrated approach comprising machine learning algorithms and various statistical analysis techniques was employed to quantify sound features. Subsequently, we conducted correlation tests, regression analyses, and robustness tests to further verify our measurements and hypotheses. Findings: Sound features in advertisements directly influence an enterprise's market entry performance. We found that speech rate and voice quality positively affected market entry performance, while loudness and voice pitch negatively impacted performance. In addition, the tempo of the background music positively influences performance. Research implications: Operating within a cohesive research framework, this study extensively examines the effects of key sound features on enterprise performance. This study also contributes to broadening the academic literature related to the heuristic-systematic model theory and extends audio analysis methods to the social e-commerce market entry field, providing empirical evidence of the impact of sound features on the market entry performance of enterprises. Practical implications: The findings emphasize that enterprises should comprehend the role of sound features and utilize them appropriately when designing ads to be released upon entering the short video social e-commerce market. Furthermore, by considering the findings and audio analysis technologies, platforms can identify user references for sound more precisely and provide enterprises with more guidelines for sound design. Originality: This is the first empirical study to discuss the impact of sound features in short video ads on enterprises' market-entry performance. Additionally, it combines the social e-commerce platform context and expands enterprise market entry to the most popular short video market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to find sustainable food sources to feed the growing population makes the utilization of all available food resources especially important. But introducing new food is challenging and often fails. In the consumer behavior literature, food neophobia (FN), the unwillingness to try new food, has been identified as a crucial factor in understanding the adoption of new food products. However, limited research can be found on the role of FN in industrial buyers' choice of new food products. Industrial buyers are important gatekeepers for the introduction of new food products as they decide what is offered to the consumers and may stop any market entry long before a new food product reaches the consumers' attention. Thus, the understanding of the potential FN in industrial buying behavior, in different markets, is important to succeed with the introduction of new food products. In this study, we have explored FN as a potential barrier to the adoption of a new seafood product, farmed lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus), by industrial buyers in South Korea and Vietnam. The results revealed differences between the two countries' industrial buyers, with South Koreans demonstrating more FN than the Vietnamese. This contradicts with the consumer research showing that FN decreases with increased income, education, and urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to bridge the inconsistent findings gap on the use of social media technology to enhance business performance through value co-creation and market entry capability. The original premise of this research is to formulate value is co-created through interaction and relational with social media as the main process enhancing performance. Data were collected from a sample of 384 owners-managers of food and beverage businesses in Indonesia. The hypotheses were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results indicate that social media as a boost for generating experiential value and co-experiences and strengthening channel power and performance. This study has several theoretical and managerial implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relatively few people participate in the stock market. We investigate whether getting employee stocks as part of one's compensation makes people more likely to actively invest in stocks. We find the probability of actively participating in the stock market increases by 15% for those who have been given employee stocks. This lends strong support to cognitive costs in stock market entry. We further find that people predominantly increase direct stock holdings as opposed to indirect holdings via mutual funds. Despite the significant spillover effects from holding employee stocks and an overall larger fraction of individual wealth being invested into stocks, it does not result in well diversified investing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic Strategic Pricing Firms use pricing strategically to influence entry and exit of competitors. A key form of strategic pricing is limit pricing, whereby a market incumbent sets low prices to deter a potential entrant. In practice, strategic pricing takes place in dynamic, stochastic environments: An incumbent that uses prices to signal unprofitable entry, in reality, has to do so repeatedly and under changing market conditions. In "Strategic Pricing in Volatile Markets," Gryglewicz and Kolb study dynamic entry deterrence through limit pricing in markets subject to persistent demand shocks. The primary insight is that when the market is subject to persistent shocks, the incentive to signal disappears in some market conditions. In equilibrium, pricing and entry decisions exhibit path dependence, depending not only on the market's current size, but also its historical minimum. When prices are used as signals to deter entry, prices can increase for strategic reasons over an interval of time during which demand falls. We study dynamic entry deterrence through limit pricing in markets subject to persistent demand shocks. An incumbent is privately informed about its costs, high or low, and can deter a Bayesian potential entrant by setting its prices strategically. The entrant can irreversibly enter the market at any time for a fixed cost, earning a payoff that depends on the market conditions and the incumbent's unobserved type. Market demand evolves as a geometric Brownian motion. When market demand is low, entry becomes a distant threat, so there is little benefit to further deterrence, and, in equilibrium, a weak incumbent becomes tempted to reveal itself by raising its prices. We characterize a unique equilibrium in which the entrant enters when market demand is sufficiently high (relative to the incumbent's current reputation), and the weak incumbent mixes over revealing itself when market demand is sufficiently low. In this equilibrium, pricing and entry decisions exhibit path dependence, depending not only on the market's current size, but also its historical minimum. Supplemental Material: The electronic companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2021.0550. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses new data on the removal of local, sector-specific barriers to firm entry across 1,800 municipalities in Peru to estimate the impact on firm productivity and markups. New legislation in 2013 strengthened the national competition authority's mandate to enforce the elimination of local entry barriers, providing a quasi-experimental setting to identify the impact of competition on productivity within the controlled institutional environment of a single country. We find that the elimination of local entry barriers boosted productivity, pointing to the critical role of subnational market entry barriers in explaining countries' laggard productivity performances despite liberalized national regulatory environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: This article argues that strategic risk‐taking in the form of unethical behavior can lead to successful entry and that this entry can drive incumbents to either adopt similar behavior or potentially be forced out of the market. Thus, entrepreneurs can introduce innovative, but socially destructive, behavior to a market and motivate its adoption by incumbents. Empirical support is found using a policy change in the liver transplant market to identify the use and adoption of unethical misrepresentation of patient health status. This article contributes to our understanding of entrepreneurial strategy as well as the competitive dynamics between entrants and incumbents in adopting new risky innovations and, in particular, unethical behaviors. Managerial Summary: This article highlights the impact of strategic risk‐taking through unethical practices, showing how they can sometimes lead to a successful market entry. Successful entry can force existing market players to either follow suit or risk being forced out of the market. This study looks at the liver transplant market, where transplant centers took advantage of a previous policy by misrepresenting patient health status to move their patients to the top of the transplant list. The findings underscore the importance of understanding the competitive dynamics of adopting innovative yet ethically questionable strategies by both new entrants and established companies, offering valuable insights into how businesses navigate competitive pressures and ethical boundaries. It also highlights the importance of policymakers considering these competitive dynamics when setting policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a theoretical framework to address the inherent endogeneity problem in entry-timing research by distinguishing the concept of "first-mover benefits" (FMB) from "first-mover advantages" (FMA)—the former being a counterfactual and (usually) unobserved pure treatment effect, and the latter being an actual observed combination of treatment and selection effects. They differ in the baseline to which the first mover's performance is compared—either to the follower's actual performance (for FMA) or to the first mover's hypothetical performance if it had been a follower (for FMB). We consider the implications of this distinction for entry-order choices, and our formal economic model analyzes this distinction to make predictions about biases arising from using FMA as a proxy to estimate FMB, and also about how FMA, FMB, and their difference are affected by interfirm asymmetries in resources and information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global energy sector is undergoing a transformative shift driven by the urgent need to transition to clean and digital energy solutions. Start-ups are at the forefront of this transformation, providing innovative technologies to tackle critical challenges in energy production, distribution, and consumption. This study explores the influence of market entry registration procedures and regulatory frameworks on the growth and success of start-ups in the clean and digital energy sectors, highlighting their role in driving global energy transitions. This research aims to understand how procedural complexity, regulatory quality, and associated costs impact entrepreneurial activity in clean and digital energy industries. Employing a comprehensive methodology based on panel data analysis, the study examines multi-country datasets from authoritative sources, such as the International Energy Agency and the World Bank, spanning two decades. Fixed and random effects models are utilized to reveal nuanced relationships between regulatory conditions and start-up proliferation. By identifying key barriers and enablers, the research provides actionable insights into fostering an environment conducive to innovation and entrepreneurship. The findings underscore several critical aspects of market entry dynamics. Streamlined registration procedures emerge as a pivotal factor in promoting start-up growth, reducing the administrative burden and enabling quicker market access. Conversely, high capital requirements and extended registration timelines act as significant deterrents, limiting the ability of new ventures to scale effectively. Regulatory quality is shown to play a crucial role in fostering an innovation-friendly environment, with higher-quality frameworks positively correlated with entrepreneurial success. Additionally, the study reveals the synergistic effects of entrepreneurial ecosystems, where broader business activity enhances opportunities for start-up development. These results highlight the dual nature of regulatory frameworks, which can either facilitate or hinder start-up activity. While effective regulations provide necessary oversight and ensure market stability, overly burdensome procedures can stifle innovation and deter market entry. Policymakers are urged to strike a balance by simplifying procedural requirements, reducing capital thresholds, and maintaining robust regulatory oversight to foster a thriving ecosystem for clean and digital energy start-ups. The study’s contribution is particularly timely, given the accelerating pace of global energy transitions and the increasing focus on achieving sustainability goals. The actionable insights offered here can guide policymakers and stakeholders in creating regulatory environments that catalyze innovation and entrepreneurship. By enabling start-ups to navigate market entry challenges effectively, governments can harness their potential to drive technological advancements and contribute meaningfully to a sustainable energy future. Future research directions include cross-country comparative analyses to identify best practices and longitudinal studies to examine the long-term impacts of regulatory optimization on entrepreneurial ecosystems. The findings of this study provide a foundation for ongoing efforts to align regulatory practices with the goals of a decarbonized and digitally integrated energy landscape, ensuring a resilient and inclusive energy transition.

One of the oldest results in the theory of two-sided matching is the entry comparative static, which shows that under the Gale-Shapley deferred acceptance algorithm, adding a new agent to one side of the market makes all the agents on the other side weakly better off. Here, we give a new proof of the entry comparative static, by way of a well-known property of deferred acceptance called respect for improvements. Our argument extends to yield comparative static results in more general settings, such as matching with slot-specific preferences.

Research Summary: Acquisitions can shift the market structure of a digital platform in ways that affect subsequent entries and hence the platform's base of complementors. Synergies that complementor acquirers accrue can be entry‐deterring. We develop a two‐by‐two typology of acquisition synergies in a multisided platform based on the two sides of a platform market (user side or complementary‐technology side) and two sources of synergies (economies of scale or economies of scope). We then leverage over 279,000 app developers' entry decisions into product categories in Apple's iOS App Store, over 71 million customer reviews, and over 12,000 unique software development kits to construct measures of synergies. Our paper contributes to the platform literature by demonstrating the entry‐deterring effects of synergies that complementor acquirers can exploit. Managerial Summary: We develop the following typology of four types of acquisition synergies by integrating the multisidedness feature of digital platforms with the mainstream strategy research: complementary‐technology‐side economies of scope, complementary‐technology‐side economies of scale, user‐side economies of scope, and user‐side economies of scale. We show that (1) acquisition synergies are entry‐deterring, (2) synergies derived from economies of scope have stronger effects than those derived from economies of scale, and (3) synergies derived from the technology side have stronger effects than those derived from the user side. We highlight the significant competitive and regulatory implications of our findings. For example, one standard‐deviation increase in technology‐side economies of scope is associated with 55 deterred entries in 1 month or a $2.80 million potential loss in annual revenue. [Correction added on 15 July 2024, after first online publication: Research Summary and Managerial Summary have been corrected in this version.] Video abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses and shows the effects of entry into oligopoly. While entry affects prices and output, it may or may not impact welfare. However, the same in different oligopolistic set-ups has divergent and far-reaching welfare consequences. Specifically, we work with the $n$n-firm Cournot and Bertrand set-ups and evaluate the effects of entry on collusion and welfare. Entry may be a more effective policy tool to counter collusion in Bertrand than the Cournot framework. Our results are novel and of policy importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores whether pay-for-delay agreements between originator and generic pharmaceutical companies constitute anticompetitive practices under Article 101(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). These agreements, where originator firms compensate generics to delay market entry, raise concerns about competition law violations. The European Commission has investigated such cases extensively, imposing fines on companies like Generics UK, Lundbeck, and Servier. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has found certain agreements inherently restrictive, focusing on the role of value transfers. While the Commission favours case-by-case assessments, its analyses often lack depth. This research evaluates the criteria for anticompetitive behavior under Article 101 TFEU, examining key issues such as restriction by object, patents as entry barriers, and transfer value. It argues for a nuanced approach that balances legal and economic considerations to promote genuine competition and innovation in the pharmaceutical sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopolymers are promising sustainable alternatives to petrochemical polymers, but the recent increase in published research articles has not translated into marketable products. Here, we discuss barriers to market entry by exploring application-specific, ecological, and economic aspects, such as the utilization of biodegradable polymers to mitigate the accumulation of microplastics. We summarize previous studies revealing how fiber surface properties and the dwell time during fiber spinning affect degradability. We show how biopolymers can be processed on existing machines and how degradability can be tailored by changing process parameters. This novel approach, known as degradation by design, will allow us to rethink product development and ensure that biopolymers are not only able to replace petrochemical polymers but also reduce the environmental harm they cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: This study contrasts traditional entry dynamics with platform owner entry into a complementor market and examines cross‐platform complementor response to competition with the platform. Generalists experience low repositioning cost and are more likely to shift effort away, while specialists focus their effort on the focal platform. We examine Apple's "Files" app entry and find support for our hypotheses: generalists shift effort toward the competing platform, while specialists double down on the focal platform. Moreover, empirically comparing Apple's entry with that of other large firms, we find that only the platform owner elicits a strong complementor response. This article contributes to the competitive and corporate strategy literatures, underscoring how complementor heterogeneity affects cross‐platform allocation of effort when the platform owner becomes a competitor in complementor spaces. Managerial Summary: Given the growing managerial and regulatory interest in competitive arenas on digital platforms, we analyze how firms respond to competition with the platform owner. We hypothesize that platform‐enabled firms (complementors) with an outside option—those who also operate on a different platform—reposition, while firms only focused on a single platform double down. Examining the case of the "Files" app on Apple's App Store, we find support for these predictions. We also study other large firm entries on App Store (by Microsoft and SanDisk), but do not observe a meaningful response by complementors. We describe how market entry by the platform owner differs from traditional entry and argue stakeholders may benefit from a deeper understanding of the unique nature of competing with a platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite X‐ray detectors are recognized as the most promising candidates for low‐dose detectors due to their superior performance. However, it is still full of challenging in the fabrication of flat‐panel X‐ray imagers (FPXIs), primarily due to the absence of large area thick films that exhibit high uniformity and long‐term performance stability. A general synthesis route is urgently needed to grow large‐scale halide perovskite thick films directly on a pixeled thin‐film transistor (TFT) backplane with high uniformity, closing the gap between the great potential of perovskite X‐ray detectors and their entry into the market. In this work, an advanced precursor paste suitable for blade coating is developed to enable high‐throughput manufacturing of FPXIs. Highly uniform perovskite films with a thickness of 300‐micrometers are directly deposited onto pixeled TFT substrates by the blade‐coating method using the above paste, which governs a stable dark current and minimal noise of the X‐ray detectors. As a result, (BA)2(MA)9Pb10I31 perovskite X‐ray detectors achieved a high sensitivity of 15200 µC Gyair−1 cm−2 and a limit of detection (LoD) of 26.8 nGyair s−1. Moreover, FPXIs with a spatial resolution of 0.95 lp mm−1 (0.475 lp pixel−1) are obtained, which exhibits negligible signal crosstalk and excellent X‐ray imaging performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic, countries around the world have realized that improving patient access to new medicines can have a significant impact on public health and economic stability. The aim of this study was to identify new drugs that are urgently needed among those not yet available in South Korea from 2011 to 2020, and to develop strategies to improve access by analyzing the causes of delay. Through a 3-step screening process that included a literature review of new drugs, surveys of domestic clinicians and academics, and consideration of expedited review status by regulatory authorities, 34 out of 244 unreleased new drugs were prioritized for rapid introduction. Reasons for drug delays were investigated through inquiries to the marketing authorization holders of the prioritized drugs and interviews with experts on new drug introductions. Key considerations for market entry include exemption from bridging clinical trials, reimbursement listing, and maximum reimbursement price. For foreign developers without domestic subsidiaries, providing systematic support--such as clear information on Korea's regulatory standards and facilitating reliable partnership matching--could improve access to priority unintroduced new drugs. Based on the results of this study, we propose strategies to facilitate the introduction of priority new drugs in South Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While girls have better grades than boys in high school, this does not translate into better performance of young women, as compared to young men, in university. Due to the high signalling value of university grades for subsequent income and employment outcomes, this has important consequences for gender inequalities at labour market entry. However, previous studies have not yet examined the potential barriers that might limit women's ability to maintain their previous academic achievement at the university level. Drawing on the nation-wide Student Survey, this study addresses this shortcoming by investigating perceived discrimination against women and perceived competition among students as two potential correlates. Our findings first confirm that while girls have better grades in high school than boys, this has reversed at the university level. Further, high school grades are less strongly correlated with university grades for girls compared to boys. Our results highlight that young women perceive there to be more discrimination against women as well as higher levels of competition within their field of study, than do their male peers. The study further demonstrates that an increased level of perceived discrimination is strongly associated with lower university performance for young women, thereby plausibly hindering their ability to reach their full academic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how investors influence the international expansion of IT startups. The research is based on quantitative primary data collected through a comprehensive survey of leading IT startups. The findings reveal that capital providers play a dual role in facilitating entry into foreign markets. Their direct involvement includes proactive support in the internationalisation process, while indirectly, they help overcome barriers such as cultural challenges and market entry risks. Through quantitative analysis, the study highlights dynamics that continue to be essential for understanding investor strategies in today's rapidly evolving business environment. These insights are particularly relevant in the AI-driven era, where data-intensive business models and strong network effects make rapid global scaling a critical success factor. The analysis provides a unique perspective on enduring patterns that are increasingly relevant in the current context, offering valuable lessons for navigating contemporary challenges in international expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital platforms have facilitated the emergence of novel entrepreneurial opportunities that rely on a platform for market entry and access to resources. This systematic review synthesizes current knowledge on how platforms impact and shape "platform-dependent entrepreneurship" and how platform-dependent entrepreneurs (PDEs) respond to power asymmetries. The results of the review suggest that platforms lower barriers to entry but also lead to PDEs' dependence and precarity. Specifically, platform governance significantly impacts PDEs' behavior by shaping their market access, visibility, and opportunities through various mechanisms. In response, PDEs employ several strategies to preserve their autonomy, such as engaging in multi-homing, capitalizing on branding, and conducting activities outside of the platform. Thus, PDEs' entrepreneurial identity is co-constructed through the interplay of individual agencies and platform dynamics as they navigate tensions in the platform ecosystem. Based on this review, we present a research agenda for the future that has substantial implications for the theory and application of PDEs in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Digital platforms are pivotal in reshaping industries and driving the modern digital economy. From e-commerce to social media and the sharing economy, they serve as essential tools for delivering services and creating value in dynamic business ecosystems. However, their high failure rate highlights the significant challenges in their design, management, and evolution. Understanding the lifecycle of digital platforms and identifying tailored strategies for each stage are critical for their success. This study aims to identify the strategic dimensions influencing the success of digital platforms through the lens of their lifecycle. Furthermore, it introduces a morphological framework as a practical tool for analyzing and managing these dimensions. Method: The study utilized meta-synthesis and systematic literature review methods. The research began by defining its objectives and reviewing theoretical foundations concerning the lifecycle of digital platforms. Relevant articles were then selected from reputable academic databases and analyzed using open and axial coding techniques. A morphological framework was developed to synthesize and organize findings, encompassing six strategic dimensions and their correlation with different lifecycle stages. Results: The lifecycle of digital platforms is characterized by four main stages: Birth (Planning and Design): Focused on defining the platform's value proposition and initial ecosystem structure. Launch (Market Entry and Ecosystem Formation): Involving challenges like solving the "chicken-and-egg" problem to attract initial users and partners. Growth (Market Expansion and Scalability): Emphasizing user acquisition, revenue generation, and reaching critical mass for network effects. Maturity-Evolution (Renewal and Sustained Management): Centered on ecosystem reinvention and adapting to market dynamics through continuous innovation. The study identified six strategic dimensions critical to these stages: Key Objectives: From value proposition definition during the birth stage to maintaining competitive advantage in the maturity stage. Key Challenges: Addressing early-stage dilemmas like user acquisition or late-stage issues like ecosystem renewal. Strategies to Address Challenges: Subsidy-based models and aggressive pricing in early stages, and continuous innovation in the advanced stages. Core Roles: Establishing and sustaining interactions among users, developers, and partners. Value Proposition Evolution: Adapting to changing market needs and innovating services. Ecosystem Evolution: Developing networks of users and partners over time. This morphological framework offers a comprehensive tool for visualizing various strategic dimension combinations and their implications across the lifecycle stages. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of strategic alignment between strategic dimensions and the lifecycles of digital platforms. By systematically identifying and linking these dimensions, this study has provided a morphological framework to create a comprehensive view and guide owners, managers, and strategic leaders in the digital platforms industry. Additionally, in each stage of the lifecycle, according to the objectives of each stage, this study provides successfully suggested strategies to overcome key challenges in each stage of the lifecycle of digital platform businesses, which can be used as a guide for researchers, managers, and platform business owners, helping them navigate the challenges of the dynamic digital environment and achieve sustainable success. Therefore, this framework has created a structured approach to strategic alignment in digital platforms, which is crucial to overcoming their high failure rate. Finally, using this framework, strategists and platform managers can make informed decisions that take a holistic view of potential scenarios, thereby improving strategic flexibility. This structured approach is critical to maintaining competitive advantage in the digital platform space, where strategic agility and ecosystem management are key to long-term success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the transformation towards greenness, focusing on consumer environmental awareness within a circular city model characterized by elastic demand. Our findings reveal that the equilibrium investment in environmentally friendly initiatives falls short of the socially optimal level for a given market structure. The degree of excess or insufficient market entry is influenced by the level of environmental awareness. Further, we delve into the role of environmental delegation, demonstrating that heightened environmental awareness can mitigate underinvestment in the environment and reduce inefficiency in market entry. From a policy perspective, we expand our analysis to include the "Green Product Policy." This extension aims to explore the impact of such a policy on environmental awareness and assess the applicability of the "excess entry theorem" in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conditions upon which young adults enter the labor market have been demonstrated to affect various later-life employment and family formation outcomes. After the 2008–2009 Global Financial Crisis, a thick strand of the literature has shown that precarious initial employment leads to postponed childbearing and higher ultimate childlessness. However, it is not only individual conditions that matter. Broader macroeconomic conditions upon entry also matter. The "scarring" literature has illustrated the consequences of entering the labor market during a recession on later life outcomes. Speaking to both strands and using detailed employment and birth histories of labor market entrants in Germany, this paper examines the effects of initial conditions, operationalized using fixed-term employment and recession year entry, on subsequent fertility behavior. To partly address bias from endogenous selection into initial conditions, we employ a two-step estimation strategy combining a non-parametric optimal full matching step and a parametric event history modeling step using the matched data. Results suggest that entering the labor market with a fixed-term contract is persistently and negatively associated with first births up to a decade after entry, and this pattern is pronounced only among women, whereas entering during a recession has persistent negative associations only among men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A music artist whose goal is to succeed in the music market needs to understand what the opportunities are. The music market is developed and full of a wide range of music artists that meet the expectations of different consumers. Every year, new music artists enter the music market, looking for opportunities to expand the recognition of their name as a brand and of their work. The aim of this paper is to find out what are the market entry opportunities for a music artist by analysing information and scientific sources and interviewing experienced music managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve the sustainable development goals and a transition to the circular economy, we need to tackle the problem of single‐use packaging. As reusable packaging options are increasingly available, both from a technical and business perspective, most studies focus on its technical and value chain aspects while largely ignoring customer perspectives. In this paper, we present results from survey data, evaluating customer preferences on reusable food packaging of 40 food product categories, controlling for shopping preferences, personal characteristics and environmental orientation. Our results inform business strategies on market entry for a wide array of food products. Support for reusable food packaging can be mainly found among younger and environmentally conscious customers, which can be identified as first‐mover customer segments. Awareness of the waste problem and the environmental impact of packaging, most specifically on the issue of 'overpackaging' food, are shown to be positively related to interest in reusable food packaging. Promising food product markets to introduce reusable packaging are eggs, dry food products and bread‐based products. Reversely, interest in reusable food packaging is low for frozen food products, even among environmentally conscious customers. We formulate recommendations for product managers, designers and policymakers, stressing the importance of social learning by showcasing successful implementations of reusable packaging in classical grocery store outlets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of communication technology that makes online transactions easier, there is also an increased risk of disintermediation—sellers and buyers circumventing a platform to transact directly—in online two-sided marketplaces. Such disintermediation may lead to significant revenue loss for online platforms. However, it remains unclear how the characteristics of platforms affect their vulnerability to disintermediation. Using the blockade of Skype in mainland China as a natural experiment, this study examines how online communication technologies affect disintermediation and transaction outcomes in a large U.S. online freelance marketplace. The results show that restricting this alternative communication technology, which platforms struggle to monitor, reduces disintermediation by around 18%. This effect is potentially due to economic frictions in transactions, as the reduction in disintermediation is greater for high-transaction-cost jobs, such as time-sensitive jobs, communication-intensive jobs, and high-skilled jobs, as well as for cost-sensitive users, such as experienced users and personal users as opposed to enterprise users. With these results, platforms can reduce disintermediation risks when making investment and market entry decisions. This paper was accepted by D. J. Wu, information systems. Funding: This work was supported by the Strategic Management Society [SRF Dissertation Research Grant]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.02736. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay re-examines the literature on the governance of interorganizational relationships, focusing on the insights of alliance research using transaction cost economics. Despite substantial progress, challenges arise because research has not devoted attention to some mechanisms of governance (i.e., administrative controls and supporting legal institutions) compared with others (i.e., incentives). Parties can develop bespoke collaborative agreements that mix and match various mechanisms of governance along these dimensions, rather than accessing a typical bundle commonly associated with a discrete organizational form. This conclusion challenges the iconic governance continuum and surfaces new methodological opportunities for this research stream. The essay also challenges what we think we know by identifying a variety of omitted variable problems that often crop up in governance research (e.g., focusing on the cooperative context of collaboration while not attending to the competitive context, excluding critical administrative structures when studying the interplay between contracts and trust, assuming transactional attributes are exogenous rather than endogenous to a search process, failing to account for shifting institutional supports for collaboration, etc.). By clarifying what we know and do not know about alliance governance, the essay identifies some pathways for developing more reliable, cumulative knowledge on interorganizational relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a firm releases its product later than its competitor, the firm loses sales because many consumers prefer to buy the competitor's product rather than wait for the firm's product release. Therefore, in the absence of any late-mover advantages, conventional wisdom suggests that competing firms will release their products as soon as possible to avoid losing customers if they were to enter later. However, when the market evolves over time and consumers are forward-looking, we demonstrate that this intuition fails and propose a new explanation for why a firm may strategically release its product later than its competitor. Namely, a firm's late entry can help alleviate price competition due to some consumers' decisions to wait for the firm's product release instead of buying a currently available product. We show that in markets where the growth rate is sufficiently high and differentiation between firms is not too low, the firm's profit gain from alleviated price competition dominates its profit loss from reduced sales, making the firm better off by releasing its product later than the competitor. Surprisingly, when the fraction of consumers who enter the market relatively early increases, the firm may have even greater incentives to release its product late. Finally, we consider markets where firms are differentiated both horizontally and vertically, with one firm having a higher quality (or stronger brand image) than its competitor. We find that high level of vertical differentiation will induce both high- and low-quality firms to rush to the market, releasing their products in the early period. However, when vertical differentiation is moderately high, the high-quality firm may choose to release late, whereas the low-quality firm will prefer to release its product early. History: Anthony Dukes served as the senior editor for this article. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2023.0393. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Medical devices play a crucial role in human health. These are instruments, machines or even software programs used to diagnose, treat, monitor or prevent health conditions. They are designed to help improve patients' quality of life and range from simple items, such as thermometers, to more advanced technologies, such as pacemakers. In order to guarantee the safety and efficacy of medical devices intended for use on patients, the establishment of appropriate regulatory frameworks is crucial to ascertain whether devices function as intended, comply with safety standards and offer benefits that outweigh the associated risks. Depending on the country, different regulatory agencies are responsible for the evaluation of these products. The regulatory landscape for medical devices varies significantly across major markets, including the European Union, the United States of America and Japan, reflecting diverse approaches aimed at ensuring the safety and efficacy of medical technologies. However, these regulatory differences can contribute to a "medical device lag," where disparities in approval processes and market entry timelines driven by strict regulatory requirements, increasing device complexity and the lack of global harmonization, result in delays in accessing innovative technologies. These delays impact patient access to cutting-edge medical devices and competitiveness in the market. This review aims to address the regulatory framework of medical devices and the approval requirements by the European Commission (EC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Pharmaceuticals and Medical Device Agency (PMDA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeMethodology/approachFindingsOriginality/valueImplicationsThe effectiveness of channel integration performed by manufacturers in facilitating their online market entry is still an under-researched topic. This study fills the research gap by investigating and comparing the effects of channel integration strategies and their components implemented by manufacturers.A questionnaire was designed and distributed to purchasing managers in downstream dealers. The survey yielded 2051 valid responses, and data analysis employed hierarchical and polynomial regressions, along with structural equation modeling and response surface analyses.First, dealers’ dependence plays a crucial role in triggering manufacturers’ online market entry. Second, manufacturers’ channel consistency and transparency are more relevant to dealers’ active dependence, while information and interaction integration lead to dealers’ passive dependence. Third, channel ambidexterity is superior to integration ambidexterity in ensuring dealers’ dependence.Significant contributions to omnichannel integration research are made by introducing four distinct types of channel integration strategies. Enhancements to the interfirm dependence literature are achieved through a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of channel integration strategies in shaping dealers’ dependency behavior.Manufacturers should carefully evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies, avoiding a blind pursuit of all forms of channel integration ambidexterity. Strategic leverage of channel feature ambidexterity is recommended as a cornerstone for fostering dealers’ dependence and achieving success in online market entry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although economists and strategy theorists have extensively researched market entry barriers in the Western industrial market and post-entry barriers in the e-commerce market, few studies have focused on entry barriers in the context of the unique challenges in China's business landscape. In this study, a survey was conducted with 139 Chinese marketing executives of consumer goods e-commerce firms to elucidate the dimensions and relative importance of market entry barriers in China. Specifically, this study aims to explore the barriers to entry that exist in the Chinese consumer goods e-commerce market, determine their importance, and identify potential dimensions through factor analysis. Methodology/approach: This study employed an in-depth interview with nine marketing executives from China consumer goods e-commerce firms, and the instrument was revised accordingly. Then questionnaire adopted a simple random sampling method to select 300 enterprises as survey respondents. In total, 195 firms completed and returned the questionnaires by the deadline, resulting in 139 valid responses being collected. Findings: This study explores 33 entry barriers and reveals seven dimensions of China's consumer goods e-commerce market, highlighting incumbents with an absolute cost advantage barrier as the most significant barrier, and the cost of establishing a branch office as the least significant barrier, as perceived by Chinese business executives. Research implications: Extant literature has mostly confirmed the value and practical significance of market entry barriers in Western markets or industrial markets. However, there are few studies on entry barriers in China's e-commerce market, particularly in the consumer goods e-commerce market. Our research attempts to provide a theoretical basis for China's consumer goods e-commerce market entry barriers. Practical implications: Studying market entry barriers can help firms better adapt to market changes, optimize their operational modes according to market demands and norms, and enhance their competitiveness. The exploration of this research could be utilized by e-commerce businesses to become more successful or avoid failure. Originality/value/contribution: This study complements the existing research on market entry barriers in China and the West. It complements barriers to entry into the consumer e-commerce market based on the Chinese economic context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This introduction to the special issue on data integration and analytics platforms provides an overview of the current importance of these platforms, with particular reference to the market leader, Palantir Technologies. In addition to the platformization of many areas of society through the use of data integration and analytics platforms, we argue that, where Palantir platforms are used, the process of 'Palantirization' can also be observed, because Palantir as a company is characterized not only by powerful platforms, but also by particular market entry techniques and, in particular, a decidedly political stance. This, we argue, is part of the package when Palantir's platforms were adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how incumbent firms' marketing deterrence strategies, price-cuts and quality improvement, influence potential entrants' (PEs) entry timing into incumbents' markets and examine the moderating role of incumbents' market-level resources and capabilities (R&Cs). Design/methodology/approach: To test the hypotheses, an accelerated failure time model is applied to a rich data set of entry threats between 1997 and 2019 in the US airline industry. Findings: The findings show that while quality improvements delay PEs' entry, price-cuts expedite it. Furthermore, PEs are more likely to be deterred by price-cuts when incumbents possess high market-level R&Cs. However, such R&Cs do not moderate the link between incumbents' quality improvement and PEs' entry timing. Research limitations/implications: Market entry in this research is conceptualized and defined as a large resource deployment into a market and operationalized as a binary variable. However, PEs might rather choose a minor resource deployment instead to establish a foothold in new markets. It would be fruitful for future research to examine various levels of participation in a new market and examine how the incumbents' marketing deterrence strategies affect PEs' entry timing. Doing so would provide us with a deeper understanding of the difference between actual/full market entry and micro/minor market entry. Practical implications: This research examines the impact of incumbents' marketing deterrence strategies in a contingency framework and highlights the crucial role of R&Cs in implementing such deterrence strategies. Doing so provides actionable insights to managers who craft strategies to protect their markets against PEs. Originality/value: Previous research illustrates that incumbent firms commonly respond to competitors' entry threats by cutting prices and improving quality. While antecedents of these deterrence strategies have been extensively investigated, the consequences have yet to be empirically examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platform cooperatives promise to provide an alternative organizational model of worker ownership and governance to heavily criticized investor-owned gig platforms, but have until now remained relatively rare. This study examines the development of platform co-ops to gain insight into the reasons and mechanisms behind their slow but steady growth in Europe. Using desk research on 48 platform co-ops and 16 in-depth interviews with founders of platform co-ops, we build on paradox theorizing to analyze how founders of platform co-ops manage competing demands during the start-up phase. Extending recent studies on interorganizational paradoxes, we show how systemic tensions in the gig economy motivate the creation of platform co-ops as a way of coping and that interactions between tensions on different levels during actual development can result in failed market entry. Hence, this study also addresses the counter-intuitiveness to the establishment of organizations permeated with paradoxical tensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]