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Disability is a basic human condition that affects a significant proportion of the world's population, yet many disability- and accessibility-relevant issues remain pressing and insufficiently addressed. With three experiments, the current research investigates potential reasons for why marketplace disability accessibility has not been universally accepted. Potential barriers to greater accessibility in marketplaces may arise because such efforts appear at odds with other salient priorities, at micro (i.e. consumer) and macro (i.e. firm, policy, or societal) levels. In the proposed framework and resulting experiments, micro-level trade-offs prompt perceptions of personal cost and macro-level trade-offs prompt perceptions of firm morality. In turn, these perceptions mediate firm evaluations, showing that consumers at baseline respond negatively to accessibility. Critically, however, several practical interventions emerge from these processes. Marketers can mitigate consumers' negative responses to accessibility by employing simple framing choices such as emphasizing who benefits or noting what the purpose of the offering is. By demonstrating one way to better understand perceptions of the full spectrum of the consumer population, this research provides pathways for consumer researchers to further delve into disability-related research in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The grand challenges society faces compel strategy and organization scholars to engage meaningfully with practice and contribute toward solution development. As global complexities escalate, the importance of addressing these challenges intensifies. While the notion of "impact" in organization theory remains elusive, a recent surge in scholarly work highlights the tensions and challenges associated with conducting impact-driven research. In this essay, we reflect on our 15-year program of research into financial responses to disasters, illustrating the process of doing impact through activities of "translating, 'co-creating," and "performing." We show how these activities fostered the emergence of new research questions, new collaborations, and novel impacts. Based on our journey, we generate four reflexive insights. First, translating, co-creating, and performing are an iterative, rather than sequential, process in which these activities partly overlap and build cumulatively on each other. Second, a flexible yet robust impact object is crucial. Third, while co-creation is indispensable, it is also, often, contentious. Finally, impactful research necessitates humility, courage, and persistence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider production economies where multiple agents make goods according to their inherent production recipe. Daily agents bring goods to the market along with a monetary budget that they allocate across these goods in competitive bids. Goods are distributed in proportion to the bids they attract, with sellers collecting the corresponding revenues. Agents then use their acquired bundles as raw ingredients for the next day's production. We analyse a dynamic known as proportional response, where agents adjust their bids on goods proportionally to returns on past investments: a tit-for-tat like market behaviour. We show these dynamics lead to growth of the economy, whenever growth is feasible within the parameters of the model. The dynamics implicitly learn a key global feature of the network—the most efficient production cycles—through local interactions among the agents who communicate only with their immediate neighbours, with information flowing across the network edges. However, the dynamics also lead to unbounded inequality, i.e. very rich and very poor agents emerge and the gaps between their fortunes expand over time. We analyse several other phenomena, such as the existence of free-riding in star networks, where an agent may have growing fortune without participating in any efficient production cycle if they have strong enough connections with the centre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the mid-twentieth century, the pet shop was an established feature of London’s retail landscape. Pet shops presented themselves as modern, hygienic, and compassionate spaces that used the kerb appeal of furry animals to lure consumers onto their premises. This article tracks the boom in pet sales across the capital from the early nineteenth century, through street trade, markets and, increasingly, shops. Animals figured as part of the consumer culture of spectatorship and display promoted by the new department stores. Older sites of pet sale were reconfigured as tourist attractions but were simultaneously criticised by observers who argued that they were problematic for animal welfare. From the early twentieth century, traders recognised the need to counteract these narratives. Shops began to use the word ‘pet’ in their titles and marketed themselves as animal welfare friendly environments with a special appeal for children. Older forms of animal retailing remained popular, however, with markets and stalls clustering in the East End. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses the availability and quality of water sources in Ubani (urban) and Ndoro (rural) markets in Abia State, Nigeria, focusing on both physicochemical and bacteriological properties. The findings have important implications for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) practices. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining quantitative (water sampling, laboratory analysis), and qualitative (a structured questionnaire) techniques to assess water availability, quality, and usage patterns. Water samples were collected from three sources (borehole, rainfed wells, and tanker-supplied water) during dry and wet seasons. Physicochemical parameters analyzed included pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), nitrate, and Dissolved Oxygen (DO). Bacteriological assessments detected coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella spp. using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method. Sachet water was the most widely used water source, with 81.1% of respondents in Ubani and 77.1% in Ndoro relying on it, yet more than half reported difficulties in accessing water. Distances to water sources in the market varied, ranging from 250m to 1.5km. Seasonal variations in water quality were significant (p < 0.05). In Ubani market, BOD increased from 4.82 mg/L in the dry season to 9.07 mg/L in the wet season, while DO rose from 2.78 mg/L to 4.63 mg/L. Similar trends were observed in Ndoro, with BOD rising from 4.80 mg/L to 8.52 mg/L. The TDS levels in Ubani market were 174.5mg/l in the dry season and 192.63mg/l in the wet season whereas that of Ndoro market was 44mg/l and 29mg/l. The pH in Ubani was 6.68 (dry) and 6.11 (wet), while Ndoro recorded 3.96 (dry) and 4.55 (wet). Nitrate levels also fluctuated significantly between seasons. Bacteriological analysis revealed E. coli concentrations of 1.72 x 105 cfu/ml in Ubani's rainwater and Klebsiella spp. counts of 2.2 x 105 cfu/ml in Ndoro's borehole water, exceeding WHO limits. The findings of the study reveal the vulnerability of market water sources to contamination, especially during the wet season, posing public health risks. The study highlights the urgent need for water quality monitoring, treatment improvements, and public health education on safe water practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The politics of public space, such as food and retail markets, has predominantly been studied from place-based perspectives. Most studies focus on the intercultural interactions and social dynamics of inclusion and exclusion as they develop in these places. Less research attention has been devoted, however, to how questions of accessibility and emplacement are intrinsically related to everyday mobilities that surround and come together in public space. By interviewing and physically following market traders who work on the central outdoor market of a town in the Netherlands, this article approaches traders' mobilities to and away from markets as social practices that involve careful navigation. Three contrasting narratives of mobility-as-navigation are outlined, relating to the stories of the 'established', 'searching' and 'roaming' trader. The findings demonstrate that differences in navigation can be explained by the interdependencies between both individual and material/structural factors. The focus on mobility-as-navigation reveals not only the complex and sometimes contested ways in which people differently move to and away from public space, but it also shows how it leads to differentiated presence on, and access to, these places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though the Animal Protection Act of August 21, 1997 prohibits the sale of companion animals at markets, this practice is still carried out: companion animals are sold, but also animals intended for slaughter or breeding (so-called farm animals). At markets you can still buy dogs and cats, other (usually small) mammals, but also poultry and ornamental birds, live fish, including aquarium fish, reptiles and amphibians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How are moral markets organized? While previous research has shown that moral markets combine conventional and alternative elements, it has failed to explain how these hybridizations can ensure the organization of moral markets. To this end, we take an economic-sociological approach using ethnographic materials from a study of Swedish Reko-rings, a direct-to-customer market for local foods, to analyse how actors address the key coordination problems of value, competition and cooperation. The analysis shows how participants of these markets enact an 'alternative framing', emphasizing economic certainty as instrumental for moral certainty, which enables them to develop and implement 'alternativized' solutions to market coordination problems. Thereby, participants make economic and moral values certain by making the former instrumental for the latter. We advance previous research by showing that moral markets require not just hybridization, but hybridization guided by a specific economic-moral framing that enables these markets to avoid co-option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The special issue 'Rethinking Economic Planning' contributes to the emerging literature on economic planning in the age of digitalization and climate crisis. This introduction will first situate the new planning debate in the context of the historical socialist calculation debate. We will then provide an overview of the current literature on democratic economic planning, elaborate on the contributions of this special issue and its individual papers against this background, and summarize the six texts. We close with a brief section on gaps in the debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine how corporate bond fund managers manipulate portfolio risk in response to incentives. We find that liquidity risk concerns drive the allocation decisions of underperforming funds, whereas tournament incentives are of secondary importance. This leads laggard fund managers to trade off yield for liquidity while holding the exposure to other sources of risk constant. The documented derisking is stronger for managers with shorter tenure and is reinforced by a more concave flow to performance sensitivity and by periods of market stress. Derisking meaningfully supports ex post laggard fund returns. Flexible net asset values (swing pricing) may, however, reduce derisking incentives and create moral hazard. This paper was accepted by Agostino Capponi, finance. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.03406. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat, mostly as flour, was Pennsylvania's major overseas export in the eighteenth century. It mainly went to the West Indies. Poor harvests in Great Britain, Ireland, and Europe in the 1760s created a surge in demand for American wheat and flour. Baltimore merchants seized the opportunity. With better links by road to the Pennsylvania and Maryland backcountry, Baltimore emerged as a major grain shipping port. While shipments from Philadelphia and Baltimore to southern Europe were much larger, the Irish market was important for Baltimore. Philadelphia and Baltimore merchants worked in mutual dependence to exploit the expanding global market and the shift from tobacco to grain in the Chesapeake region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While financial development is often found to raise income inequality, it remains unclear whether the composition of the financial system makes a difference. In our sample of 99 countries over the period 1975–2020, increased activity of banks relative to markets in the provision of financial services is robustly associated with less inequality in the developing world yet with more inequality in developed economies. Accounting for redistribution systems does not alter this finding; banking sector concentration amplifies the effects. Results suggest that banks work at the extensive margin at earlier stages of economic development yet shift to the intensive margin at higher levels of development, where they increasingly serve the interests of the rich. Higher market power enables banks to better pursue their objectives at each of the margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an archaeological method for the detection of market exchange using pottery as an archaeologically well-visible representative of former everyday items. The assemblage from the 9th-century Moravian centre at Staré Město near Uherské Hradiště was evaluated by archaeometric methods (XRF, petrography, XRD) and resulted in the detection of a complex exchange network connecting the centre with multiple parts of its hinterland. Results thus support the previously defined hypothesis about integration of the centre into a regional market system, and helps to refine the knowledge about the degree of commercialization of the period's regional economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildlife is an important global commodity that generates significant revenue along the supply chain, including economic benefits in range states for sought‐after species. However, international trade in wild species is often associated with over‐exploitation and illegal extraction. To regulate, monitor, and ensure the sustainability of such trade, over 180 countries have ratified the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Using national data collected through CITES processes, we undertook a network analysis to evaluate the structure and dynamics of international trade in six CITES‐listed species of Colombian endemic poison frogs (Dendrobatidae). We assessed the magnitude of the international trade and the countries that were reporting legal imports/exports, both before and after Colombia allowed legal exports of these species, to examine the changes associated with Colombia's export legalization and to draw conclusions about the country's role and benefits from trade in these species. Our analyses show that, for over two decades, international trade of CITES‐listed species likely in contravention of the Convention resulted in significant exports—and likely greater financial benefits—accruing in non‐range states through reported captive breeding programs. Although the market was reconfigured when Colombia legalized the export of certain endemic frog species, non‐range states with founder stocks obtained from unknown and possibly illegal sources continue to account for a significant portion of the trade volume of some species (mostly, Phyllobates spp.). We discuss the importance of enforcing regulations and collaborations that promote better traceability of international commerce of endemic species to ensure the legitimacy of transactions, economic benefits for origin countries, and the conservation of species in the wild. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainability of fresh fruits and vegetables value chains is challenged by high levels of food loss and waste (FLW) in resource-limited economies. In Kenya, where smallholder farmers dominate the food production sector, FLW in fruits and vegetables is estimated at 30-40%. This study investigated the ecosystem of FLW solution providers in Kenya, examining the challenges faced in developing and scaling interventions, and identifying successful strategies to overcome these barriers. A qualitative approach was employed. Primary data on FLW was obtained from solution providers through key informant interviews. The FLW solution providers were categorized as either successful or partially successful based on their commercial viability and operational tenure. The study utilized purposive sampling and a structured interview guide. The study identified several key challenges faced by FLW solution providers which comprised insufficient technical knowledge in food processing and machine operation, limited financial capacity for both operation and scaling, inconsistent supply of raw materials due to seasonality, competition from established companies and artificial products, slow market penetration, and low product acceptability (for partially successful providers). Successful solution providers employed various strategies to overcome these challenges including partnering with universities, governmental and non-governmental organizations for research, development, and initial financing; undertaking comprehensive technical and commercial viability assessments before scaling; adopting product differentiation to capture diverse markets; utilizing preservation techniques like drying and establishing off-take contracts to counter supply inconsistencies and establishing stable external markets and reliable business to business models. The study also revealed the potential for gender-inclusive impact, as many solution providers tend to employ more women due to the nature of the work. The findings highlight the critical role of partnerships, comprehensive market research, and adaptive strategies in developing successful FLW solutions. The contrast between successful and partially successful solution providers underscores the importance of comprehensive planning, technical expertise, and market-oriented approaches. By learning from successful solution providers and addressing key challenges, stakeholders can create more sustainable and effective interventions to reduce FLW and improve food security and nutrition status, and enhance the livelihoods of smallholder farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrogen economy is rapidly becoming a vital component of global efforts to transition to cleaner and more sustainable energy systems. This paper examines the technological innovations driving the production, storage, distribution, and use of renewable hydrogen, highlighting its potential to significantly reduce carbon emissions in key sectors such as transportation, energy generation, and manufacturing. We explore the challenges involved in scaling hydrogen infrastructure, storing and using hydrogen, and how integrating hydrogen with renewable energy can minimize environmental impact, reduce waste, and promote a circular economy. The paper also considers interim solutions, including hythane, a blend of molecular hydrogen (H 2) and methane (CH 4), as a transitional fuel to expedite the decarbonization process. Lastly, it offers actionable recommendations for policymakers and industry leaders to accelerate the adoption of hydrogen technologies and foster global cooperation in the pursuit of a net-zero carbon future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sharing economy (SE) is a strongly contested idea, both conceptually and politically. This paper first explores multiple existing definitions, emphasizing the challenges in both conceptual and operational terms they usually entail. It is argued that most of the common definitions tend to exacerbate tensions between informativeness and veracity, resulting in the SE becoming a catch-all concept. Alternatively, it is often suggested to operationalize the concept by breaking it down among its main areas, such as consumption, knowledge, production, and finance. However, these kinds of classifications lack logical-formal consistency and substantive validity. The paper then addresses the political-normative debate by briefly presenting the three main existing perspectives on the SE: (i) as a more inclusive form of capitalism, (ii) as the advancement of the neoliberal agenda, and (iii) as a sort of emancipatory economy. The primary aim of this paper, however, is not to advocate for a singular viewpoint or scrutinize any particular author's theory, but to examine three common errors that the emancipatory conception may easily fall into: (i) overemphasizing the role of communities in economic activity, (ii) attributing an inherent collaborative propensity to individuals, and (iii) understanding markets from an a-institutional and psychological standpoint. The conclusions suggest that to truly realize the emancipatory potential of the SE, the conception should distance itself from standard economic theory and adopt a more institutional approach akin to classical political economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) is an emerging activity with extremely limited deployment to date, but which is mathematically required to achieve net (rather than true) zero or negative anthropogenic contribution to climate change. The required scale of CDR, however, depends on decisions about what activities will be allowed to emit greenhouse gases – the "residual emissions" that must be compensated via CDR. Simultaneously, CDR's availability is limited by resource needs and feasibility, much like conventional depletable resources. Governance and institutions, especially related to how CDR is allocated and paid for, will fundamentally shape CDR efforts, including by structurally incentivizing particular approaches and monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) objectives. We argue that the emerging tendency toward market-based, unconstrained, and for-profit CDR presents fundamental and predictable risks for climate and justice goals. Such a model incentivizes growth in profitable compensatory removal applications, effectively allocating limited resources based on ability to pay rather than public good, while also increasing the amount of CDR required to meet global climate targets. "Luxury" removals that could otherwise be mitigated not only displace, but actively disincentivize deployment for compensatory removals in high priority but low wealth applications, and for drawdown. Meeting these needs would likely become a socialized cost. Markets also establish unit-level property rights that require specific kinds of MRV that are misaligned with climate outcomes and face incentives for poor quality verification. We describe the need, development context, function, and resource limitations of CDR, then characterize the major challenges with the emerging unconstrained, for-profit governance model. We argue that instead implementing CDR as a centrally planned sector, with publicly deliberated and adaptable volumetric targets integrated with other climate action, could enable more just and effective outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The third expansion of the Islamic Caliphate (AD950–1450) produced the need for formalising an ethical framework to create an institutionalised approach to market regulations. During these times significant contribution to the literature was made regarding the modelling of the ethical premise of the duty to subscribe good and prohibit wrongs. It ranged from the formation of vigilante-styled civil duties to the institutionalisation of ethics in the form of the institution of hisbah, which is broadly understood as a quasi-autonomous non-governmental organisation (quango) designed to establish the ethical mandate within the medieval Muslim world. Our investigation maps the development of thoughts on embedding ethical rules in markets and within society between AD950–1450. This study explores and conceptualises the models for market regulations proposed by Al-Mawardi (d.AD1058), Al-Ghazali (d.AD1111), Ibn Taymiyya (d.AD1328), and Ibn Khaldun (d.AD1406). We formulate and compare the ethical models of these scholars in the context of their political–social positionings. The rationale for choosing these four scholars is the wide articulation and recognition of their logical ideas throughout Islamic history. This research examines the historic–ethical patterns within the corpus of Islamic thoughts that provide a discourse deixis for constructing regulatory models as conceptualised by these scholars for the institutionalised governance of markets and society in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Development Studies is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many definitions of degrowth highlight that the corresponding great and deep transformations are going to be "designed," "planned," and "democratic." However, critical issues of democratic planning have only recently begun to be discussed. Considering a range of aspects of the technical and social division of labor, the article first revisits some of the main issues of market vis-à-vis planned resource allocation in capitalist and socialist economic growth contexts. It then zooms in on goals, characteristics, and likely issues of division of labor and resource allocation in planned degrowth circumstances. I argue that degrowth societies could use three measures to reduce the complexity of the division of labor that undermined socialist planning attempts. First, degrowth societies could immediately phase out the "excess sector" of production. Second, they could develop, under consideration of their institutional national traditions, pragmatic mixes of ex ante planning (assisted by digital solutions) of the "essential" economic sector and ex post or market regulation of the "in-between" sector. Finally, a parsimonious use of digital tools is likely to be helpful in connecting different scales of governance and associated planning activities (local, national, regional, global). To democratically legitimize planning goals and processes without overburdening people, pathways may be sought that emphasize value over formal rationality, or general planning principles and strategies over concrete targets and tasks. Democratic legitimacy could further increase through a complementation of representative democracy through deliberative instruments such as citizen forums or assemblies as well as applications of the subsidiarity principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses three important pieces of work that the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) completed in the last year. First, we discuss the Microsoft / Activision Blizzard merger inquiry. We focus on the theory of harm that led to the CMA's original prohibition decision: the input foreclosure of rival downstream cloud gaming platforms. We consider some of the challenges that were posed by assessing competition in a nascent market. Second, we summarise some of the findings from the CMA's initial review into AI Foundation Models (FM). We detail the FM value chain, the economic characteristics of FMs, and the role of vertical integration and strategic partnerships in the FM ecosystem. Third, we describe the CMA's econometric analysis to estimate diversion ratios between different brands of dishwashers as part of the Arçelik/Whirlpool EMEA merger inquiry. This is an interesting example of an econometric analysis in a competition case because it was the first time in several years that the CMA used a consumer demand model; and the application of the model was novel because it relied on primary data that are collected directly from retailers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper surveys the empirical literature on causes and consequences of academic freedom that has grown up since the release of new data in 2020. The literature suggests that democracy and multi-party politics contribute to more academic freedom. However, declines in academic freedom may predict autocratisation. In addition, the literature shows that academic freedom contributes to better research, innovation and productivity growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how consumer, investor, and manager sentiment explain US stock excess returns over 23 years. Its novelty resides in integrating the sentiments of three different types of economic and financial agents. It also performs a segmented temporal analysis using rolling window techniques, to assess sentiment’s impact across different time horizons. The empirical analysis utilizes the Paris-Winsten and Newey-West estimators, along with the ARMAX model to address autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity in linear regression, providing robust standard errors and reliable statistical inferences. The autoregressive moving average models estimate excess return based on the past values, shocks, and external variables. Combining the Fama-French five-factor model with the sentiment factor enriches the analysis. The study’s findings indicate that higher consumer optimism negatively impacts excess returns, as investors may anticipate a future decline in the stock market due to an existing overheated economy. Investor sentiment exhibits mixed behavior, where higher uncertainty may increase stock returns due to previous oversold markets creating opportunities for investors or due to the closing of short positions, which will also increase stock demand. It is also related to decreased stock returns depending on the proxy used. As for managers’ sentiment, this work did not demonstrate a relevant relationship between this sentiment and stock returns. The study also reveals that the importance of sentiment determinants of those three agents changes over time. The findings support behavioral models of asset pricing, which incorporate both market fundamentals and the psychological characteristics (sentiment) of different market participants. AcknowledgmentsThis work is funded by National Funds through the FCT – Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., within the scope of the project Ref. UIDB/05583/2020. Furthermore, we would like to thank the Research Centre in Digital Services (CISeD) and the Instituto Politécnico de Viseu for their support.

Once scaled, online platforms reconfigure value to remain competitive. Reconfiguration in online platforms may take a different form than in pipelines, as online platforms are intermediaries that generate network effects among the sides they connect. They also face stiff competition from other spheres due to lower barriers to entry. Why and how do online platforms reconfigure value? By examining 13 Indian online platforms that have achieved a certain level of success (such as tipped markets, investor confidence, or profitability), this article offers four strategies for reconfiguring online platforms: enhance interactions, enhance capabilities, offer new services, and nurture new transactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patents are legal delinquents. A growing body of empirical evidence demonstrates that patents repeatedly fail to fulfill the responsibilities they have been assigned in fostering innovation. But I argue here that in their moments of misbehavior, we can catch a glimpse of the social roles patents play when no one is watching. Drawing on insights from the sociology of markets, I argue that patents are surreptitiously performing functions familiar from the grocery store, the vegetable stand, or the barber shop. I suggest that patents are calculative, not in the mathematical sense, but in the sociological sense of structuring and facilitating market relations. This approach to discovering the social roles of patents opens the door to a new examination of patent purposes, and to understanding some otherwise inexplicable characteristics of patent law.

This paper presents a review of information presented at the 11th International Abalone Symposium, held in New Zealand in February 2023, where representatives from a range of countries presented data on abalone production in their region. The total quantity of abalone produced on farms worldwide has increased significantly in recent years, whilst abalone fisheries have declined. Production from fisheries was almost 20,000 mt in the 1970s but was only about 5850 mt in 2020/21. Over the same period, farm production has increased from negligible quantities in the 1970s to 243,506 mt in 2020/21. China and South Korea produce the largest quantities of abalone. Illegal exploitation, particularly in South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, is still a significant problem. Prices paid for abalone on the world market are variable, and depend on a number of factors. China is both a major producer and consumer of abalone, and although there was a fear that over-production in China could be a threat to worldwide market prices, this has not been the experience to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past two decades, there has been a decline in the use of uniform-price auctions in favor of fixed prices in markets of peer-to-peer lending, equity crowdfunding, and initial public offerings. This article aims to analytically study why this trend might be occurring. The analysis reveals that, relative to a fixed price, a uniform-price auction leads to more herding and strategic delay of bid submission and, consequently, a smaller transaction completion probability and lower expected revenue. These predictions are consistent with the empirical regularities observed for the bidding behavior and funding outcomes on Prosper, one of the leading peer-to-peer online lending platforms, and those documented in the literature for markets of equity crowdfunding and initial public offerings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The study aims to shed light on the role of Yemeni markets in commercial activity during the era of the Rasulid State 626-858 AH/1228-1454 AD, which ruled Yemen for more than two centurieswhich is the Rasulid State.Methodology: To apply the study methodology, the study adopted the analytical method in studying the events of the study period, which formulated the role of the Rasulid State's commercial activity as well as its role in the markets inside and outside Yemen.Results: This state played a major role in stimulating trade, taking advantage of the geographical location in which it originated, which is Yemen, which made them a prosperous state. The results also showed that markets brought many merchants from different parts of the world. The country of Yemen has known seasonal commercial markets since the pre-Islamic period, as Al-Marzouqi mentioned that the Arabs had thirteen markets before Islam, of which he mentioned in Yemen the market of Al-Shihr Rabia Hadhramaut Aden and Sana'. The spread of these markets is considered a natural matter due to the commercial and agricultural activity that Yemen enjoyed, which made it necessary for it to establish markets to sell its internal and external products to obtain money.Recommendations: The study recommends the necessity of conducting many similar studies that deal with the commercial aspect and its activities through the necessary research and analysis in most Islamic countries and knowing how to reach distant countries in order to increase capital, and linking those previous economic activities to the present and taking lessons from the future.

This article argues for a revised understanding of the role of migration and migrant heritages in the framing of regeneration and gentrification in London. It does so in relation to two themes of Ruth Glass's work: first, through her work on Caribbean migrants in 1950s London in Newcomers (1960), and second, through changing meanings of 'gentrification', the term she coined in London: Aspects of Change (1964); and in addition to work by Sheila Patterson, who also contributed to London: Aspects of Change. I discuss these themes through sharing a series of practice-based artistic research projects in Brixton, London, that took place between 2011 and 2016, with a focus on Brixton Market. The work considers how the heritage of migrant communities in the area has been co-opted by those promoting regeneration plans that seek to marketise this heritage as a consumable quality, while simultaneously pushing out those who have created this culture of place, and argues for an alternative redefining of re-generation. This article further reflects on positionality, asking whether shifts in the possibilities of research methods enable us to better consider the subjectivity and role of researcher and researched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social entrepreneurial ventures generally have lower profitability owing to poor value perceptions of their offerings, which negatively impact financial sustainability. A frequent antecedent is the negative view of marketing prevalent in the sector, requiring an attitudinal transformation. This study provides one such success story that demonstrates how a deliberate marketing-driven approach allowed social entrepreneurs in Eastern India to pilot a new venture with creative offerings that detected and filled a financially viable gap in the cultural clothing market. This paper makes a case for social entrepreneurship ventures to be market savvy in order to financially nurture their social mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is the first to examine herding and reverse herding in US metropolitan housing markets based on Zillow ZIP-level house price indices. Reverse herding is found to be more prevalent than herding, which differs markedly from equity markets and outcomes derived from less granular house price indices. The results suggest that the interaction between price appreciation and overconfidence may drive reverse herding. Also, herding and reverse herding show strong dependency on market conditions. Wide spatial and temporal variation in herding and reverse herding suggests the importance of local characteristics as determinants of the rationality of market responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how the political construction of food markets acts as a strategy for collective action with regards to three rural movements in Brazil: CONTAG, the MST, and Rede Ecovida. Each used food markets to confront the effects of a regime change that occurred with the rise of a populist authoritarian government. The research for this article was conducted between October 2017 and December 2020 through documentary analysis, observation, and interviews with social leaders. The results show how, since Jair Bolsonaro's election as president, building new markets became vital to movements that sought to resist the influence of authoritarian populism as well as those that sought to dismantle public policies. A comparative analysis between the three movements also demonstrates how their diverse forms of organization and different political projects led to variations in how markets became privileged within larger political campaigns. O artigo discute a construção política de mercados alimentares como estratégia de ação coletiva de três movimentos rurais brasileiros (CONTAG, MST e Rede Ecovida) em face da mudança de regime ocasionada pela ascensão de um governo populista autoritário. A pesquisa foi realizada entre outubro de 2017 e dezembro de 2020, por meio de análise documental, observação e entrevistas com lideranças sociais. Os resultados apontam que, a partir da chegada de Jair Bolsonaro à presidência, a construção de novos mercados tornou-se um componente essencial de resistência ao populismo autoritário e ao consequente desmantelamento das políticas públicas. A análise comparativa entre os três movimentos também demonstra que seus distintos formatos organizacionais e projetos políticos repercutem em diferenças com relação aos mercados privilegiados pela ação política. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBetween the 1880s and 1950s, national mortgage markets were created in the United States and Canada. The formative role of institutions and federal governments are well understood. Personal (individual or ‘private’) lenders have been omitted from the narrative although, in the late 1940s, they still provided a quarter of residential mortgages in the United States and two fifths in Canada. Rarely targeted, they were collateral damage, especially, of state initiatives. The distinctive nature of mortgages, secured on real estate, made the creation of national markets difficult. The character of personal loans – local, non-standard, non-amortized, and often informal -- made their assimilation into any supra-local market especially challenging. Their significance declined in waves: the 1900s, 1920s, and then, under government influence, after 1945. They persist in the reduced gaps left by institutions. We should pay them more attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is creating an "accelerator state" through a multi-layered system to identify and fast track the growth of high-tech SMEs in strategic sectors. Certified high-tech SMEs enjoy unique advantages, most notably privileged access to public and private financing. An analysis of the "Little Giants" program—a central feature of the accelerator state—proves that selected firms are indeed benefiting from enhanced financing. The study also reveals flaws in its selection process. The implications for foreign actors are significant. The accelerator state aims to replace imports in key value chains, which poses a direct challenge to foreign firms. The blurred lines between state support and market forces in the scheme also make it more difficult for foreign governments to track distortionary practices and enforce fair competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the role of shared meaning for organising Alternative Food Networks (AFNs). Extant research shows that organisational elements, such as rules, and hybridisation of conventional and alternative modes of food provisioning are important for AFN organisation. Yet, they might both enable and hinder the aims of AFNs. Complementing this body of research, the article investigates how AFN participants work out the appropriate kind of organisation for realising 'a promise of difference'. Introducing Zelizer's 'relational work', the article investigates how AFN participants foster a shared meaning of participating and thereby identify what practices are appropriate for its organisation. The analysis draws on extensive ethnographic materials from Swedish REKO‐rings (a direct marketing arrangement for local foods). The findings show how the REKO‐ring participants' relational work negotiates and establishes shared meaning; what practices are appropriate and inappropriate for organising decent food provisioning. The study contributes to extant research by showing the fundamental role of shared (and discordant) meaning for the organisation of market‐based alternatives to the current food system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The claim that capitalism drives to commodify everything is widely made in late-20th century and early-21st century critical political economy and plays a central role in prominent theoretical frameworks and texts. The argument is, however, rarely articulated in any detail, and proponents do not explain why capitalism would drive to commodify not just very many things but everything. In this paper I carry out the first systematic review and critique of works making the claim. I show that the literature fails to define 'everything' and 'the commodification of everything' and identify significant weaknesses in the six implicit argumentative strategies these works employ. I also show that positions that might appear to reject the claim do not get traction on it. In the second section I reconstruct the argument by defining terms, positing six commodifying mechanisms that should emerge from capitalism's core features, and searching for 'things' the literature has ignored. The search draws especially on historical research into surprising examples of commodified violence, governance, authority and monopoly. My analysis both greatly expands the literature's theoretical and empirical scope and argues that capitalism generates de commodifying drives with respect to certain key 'things'. Capitalism does not drive towards 'the commodification of everything' under any non-trivial definition of the latter term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his article in this journal, Michael Jacobs lists the multiple overlapping crises which now affect the world. These include climate change and rising economic inequality. This comment endorses his emphasis on institutions and his call for richer institutional analyses to help develop viable policies to deal with these problems. But, on the other hand, this comment criticises his use of the term 'neoliberalism' to identify a major source of our current difficulties. Many 'neoliberals' are said to favour market solutions. But the term has become so vague that it is linked to not only economists such as Milton Friedman and Friedrich Hayek, but also to others who accept some markets in a mixed economy. Opposition to 'neoliberalism' then involves a rejection of market reforms in economies such as China and of mixed economies more generally. The word now means so many different things that it has becomes unusable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher education seems to be in a perpetual state of 'crisis'. The many hundreds of books and papers containing this specific, or other relevantly similar expressions, convey a sense of fear and angst. Yet, what are these various crises about, and which values and beliefs are seen as threatened or 'under attack'? This paper will provide an analysis of the 'crisis' literature and identify four major crisis themes – massification, marketisation, restitution and geopolitics, linked to their ideological basis and influences—including meritocracy, liberalism, restorative justice, and justice globalism. The second part of the paper analyses the massification crisis in Britain between the 1940s and the 1970s as a case example identifying how the principles of a meritocratic society played an influential role in the debate. It will be argued that the notion of 'universities in crisis' needs to be understood critically in terms of ideology and historically via the shifting and reshaping of such beliefs over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]