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This study explores the synthesis and characterization of borate glasses doped with varying concentrations of Terbium oxide (Tb 4 O 7). Using the conventional melt-quench method, we investigated the effects of Tb 4 O 7 on the physical, optical, gamma-ray shielding, and mechanical properties of the glass samples. Our findings indicate a significant increase in density with higher Tb 4 O 7 content, attributed to the high molecular weight and density of Tb 4 O 7. Optical properties assessed through UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed increased absorption intensity, a red shift in the absorption edge, and a decrease in the optical band gap, demonstrating enhanced optical absorption and refractive indices. Gamma-ray shielding effectiveness, evaluated using mass attenuation coefficients, half-value layers, and mean free paths, showed superior performance with higher Tb 4 O 7 concentrations. The effective atomic number also increased, enhancing gamma-ray attenuation capabilities. Additionally, the elastic modulus of the glasses improved with higher Tb 4 O 7 content, providing better mechanical stability. Our findings indicate that the density increased from 3.52 g/cm³ for undoped samples to 3.92 g/cm³ for the glass containing 2 mol% Tb 4 O 7. Optical absorption measurements revealed a red shift in the absorption edge from 345.46 nm to 369.54 nm, with a corresponding decrease in the optical band gap from 3.48 eV to 3.18 eV. Gamma-ray shielding performance improved significantly, with the mass attenuation coefficient (G MAC) rising from 0.115 cm2/g to 0.162 cm2/g, while the half-value layer (G HVL) decreased from 3.22 cm to 2.86 cm. Additionally, the elastic modulus increased by 11.58 % as Tb 4 O 7 content increased. These results suggest that Tb 4 O 7 -doped borate glasses significantly improve density, optical absorption, gamma-ray shielding, and mechanical strength. Finally, Increasing Tb 4 O 7 content in borate glasses substantially enhances their multifunctional properties, making them suitable for advanced radiation shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yttrium Oxide (Y 2 O 3) is a well-known material that could change the glass density and optical properties. For this reason, a set of Y2.5, Y5.0, and Y7.5 have been fabricated with a composition formula of (35-x) B 2 O 3 -20TeO 2 -10GeO 2 -35MgO-xY 2 O 3 , where x = 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5, all in mol%. A temperature of 1100 °C for 20 min was used to melt the glass, while 350 °C for 5 h was chosen for annealing. The Y7.5 sample was examined by XRD (X-ray diffraction) to ensure the glassy amorphous structure of the glasses since it contains the highest concentration of Yttrium Oxide (Y 2 O 3). Optical absorption using UV–visible was measured for all Y2.5, Y5.0, and Y7.5 samples to study their optical properties. Radiation shielding properties were investigated for all samples. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) was highest at 0.0395 MeV, with the value of 8.121 cm2/g for Y7.5, 7.927 cm2/g for Y5, and 7.716 cm2/g for Y2.5. The transmission factor (TF) at low energy levels was minimal, reaching as low as 0.0004 for Y7.5. The results highlight Y7.5 as the most effective sample for radiation shielding among all samples due to its high Y 2 O 3 content and density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One promising host for actinide radioactive wastes is orthorhombic perovskite-type oxide. Perovskite SrCeO 3 ceramic was synthesized by nitrate-fuel combustion, which includes the organic fuel glycine. Powder X-ray diffraction was utilized to determine the structural features, and γ-radiation-induced changes and shielding properties were investigated in perovskite SrCeO 3. In a mixed-phase sample, a bright sky-blue luminescence was observed, and two thermoluminescence (TL) peaks were seen in irradiated SrCeO 3 ceramic. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum in γ-irradiated SrCeO 3 ceramic had contributions from five defect centers. Center I having an isotropic g -value equal to 2.0283, is ascribed to an O− ion, while center II with an axial g -tensor with principal values g || = 2.0224 and g ⊥ = 2.0068 is determined as an O 2 − ion. O− ion relates to the TL peak at 215 °C. Center III with a g -value equal to 2.0009 is identified as an F+ center and is related to the 185 °C TL peak. The defect center associated with center IV is also identified as an F+ center. An additional defect center in the higher field region of the spectrum is assigned to an F+ center, and the center results from an F-center (oxygen vacancy with two electrons). The mass attenuation coefficients, effective atomic numbers, and half-value layer thicknesses concerning shielding property effectiveness were computed and it was found that the perovskite SrCeO 3 ceramic provided superior γ-shielding properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we explored the gamma-ray shielding properties of As2O3 glass ceramics, which were doped with varying concentrations of Ag2O within chalcogenide oxides (SeO2 and TeO2). Utilizing the Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) code for simulations, alongside the Phy-X/PSD software for theoretical validation, we aimed to understand the influence of Ag2O integration on the attenuation characteristics of these glass systems. Among the five glass compositions analyzed, ATSAg0.50, containing 0.50 mol% Ag2O, stood out due to its superior density and attenuation coefficients, suggesting enhanced shielding capabilities. Our methodology encompassed detailed assessments of linear and mass attenuation coefficients, alongside parameters like the half-value layer (HVL), mean free path (MFP), and transmission factors (TFs), across a wide photon energy spectrum. Notably, ATSAg0.50 exhibited the lowest TFs and shortest MFP, indicating its potential as an efficient shield against gamma radiation. Furthermore, its high linear attenuation coefficients across all energies emphasize the pivotal role of material composition and density in effective radiation protection. It can be concluded that ATSAg0.50 emerges as a promising candidate for gamma-ray shielding applications, balancing material efficiency with performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead-free glasses of composition, (ZnO)0.3–(V2O5)0.3-x–(B2O3)0.4–(La2O3)x; x = 0.01–0.05 were made by melt-quenching procedure. Their amorphous nature was established. FTIR studies revealed that functional groups are present in the glasses. Band (indirect) gaps obtained from UV–Vis absorption spectra, increased with increase in La2O3 content from 2.505 to 2.828 eV. Urbach energy and refractive index were decreased from 0.397 to 0.292 eV and 2.544–2.440, respectively, with La2O3. Various optical parameters have been estimated. These suggest the suitability of these glasses for photoelectronic applications. Using Phy-X/PSD and XCOM softwares, gamma- and neutron-shielding parameters were evaluated for photon energy range of 0.15–15 MeV. Mass and linear attenuation coefficients were found to increase with increase in La2O3 mole fractions. Minimum half value and tenth value layers (HVL, TVL) of the glasses at 0.015 MeV, are found to lie between 0.007 and 0.006 cm, and 0.0260 and 0.0211 cm, respectively. Maximum exposure build-up factors (EBF) at 0.4 MeV for 40 mean free path (MFP) were found in the range of 199.37–110.26 and energy absorption build-up factors (EABF) in the range of 407.98–220.11. Removal cross-sections for fast neutrons were estimated to be in the range of 0.1001–0.1036 cm−1. Radiation-shielding parameters, such as HVL, TVL, MFP, Zeff, Zeq, EBF and EABF values were found to be lesser and ΣR values were greater than reported values for several boro-vanadate glasses, commercial glasses, IL, HSC, BM, ordinary concrete and ilmenite concretes. Radiation-protection efficiency of the present glasses was found to increase with La2O3 content and decrease with photon energy. Therefore, these glasses are proposed for both gamma- and neutron-shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the interaction of photons using the WinXCom program, the parameters for the three fluorescent molecules, 5NFMOT, 4ATMBC, and 4ATMMC, the effective atomic number (Zeff), and electron density (Nel), have been determined for the energy range of 1–100 GeV using mass attenuation coefficients. The variation of μ / ρ , Zeff , and Nel values for the energies are graphically depicted for different photon interactions. The variation of both parameters, Zeff and Nel , with energy is the same. The significant fluctuation in Zeff and Nel can be attributed to the prevalence of several interaction mechanisms within that energy range. For example, photoelectric absorption takes place at energies lower than 0.01 MeV. Pair formation steadily rises and achieves a constant value at energies above 100 MeV, while Compton scattering starts at 0.01 MeV and continues until it reaches 0.05 MeV. Additionally, kerma (ka) values for a range of energies between 1 keV and 20 MeV have been found. Photoelectric absorption for kerma (ka) seems to be the predominant interaction method for fluorescent compounds. There are biological and therapeutic uses for these Zeff, Nel, and ka values. In the wide energy region, variation of photon interaction parameters with energies has been explained. The presence of several interaction modes in that energy range accounts for the significant variation in Zeff. The primary process of interaction at low energy, or at E < 0.01 MeV, is photoelectric absorption. Within the intermediate energy area, 0.01 MeV < E > 0.05 MeV, Compton scattering is the main interaction mechanism and pair production dominates above at E > 100 MeV. The absorption peak shown by kerma values in the energy range has been detected at 80 keV, where the primary interaction process seems to be photoelectric absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we have reported on the effect of the rare earth oxides on the radiation protection performance of the tellurite glasses. In order to determine the effect of rare earth oxides on the radiation shielding properties of tungsten oxide (WO3) modified tellurite glasses, three rare earth element oxides (Nd2O3, Yb2O3, and Er2O3) have been selected. The glass systems have been synthesized using the traditional melt quenching method and were doped with the different amount (1 %, 3 %, 5 %) of the oxides of rare earth elements (Nd2O3, Yb2O3, Er2O3). The linear attenuation coefficient, mass attenuation coefficient, half value layer, and effective atomic number of the synthesized samples were experimentally measured for 662, 1,173 and 1,332 keV gamma-ray energies which were emitted from 137Cs and 60Co radioactive sources. Measurements were conducted in narrow beam transmission geometry using a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector. In addition, all these parameters were calculated theoretically using the WinXCOM program in the energy region of 0.015–15 MeV. The addition of different types and amounts of rare earth oxides to the tellurite glass system was found to significantly enhance the radiation protection performance of the glasses. In particular, it was found that the radiation shielding characteristics of the glasses improved with increasing amount of rare earth doping, the TWYb5 glass system had the best radiation shielding properties, and there was a trend among the doped rare earth oxides in the form of Yb > Er > Nd according to their radiation shielding performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocrystalline calcium titanate (CaTiO3) doped with cerium ions (0.02 mol%) was synthesized via hydrothermal method and its luminescent properties were studied for gamma dosimetry. For the synthesized samples, the best luminescent response was achieved after annealing at 700 °C for 8 h. The synthesis was confirmed via XRD technique yielding the cyrstallite size of 22 nm for the most intense peak (121). The surface morphology was studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) yielding the grain size of 12 µm. The strong IR absorptions appeared at 700 cm−1 and 712 cm−1 attributed to bending mode of vibrations changing angle between Ti–O–Ti for CaTiO3 and CaTiO3:Ce respectively, as confirmed via Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. Thermoluminescent (TL) response of undoped and doped samples was studied by Mikrolab RA94 TLD Reader-Analyzer having heating rate 10 °C/s, for absorbed doses 0–20 mGy from 137Cs γ-source having a dose rate 100 mSv/h. The found values at 662 keV for the photon-sensing parameters, i.e., mass attenuation coefficients (μ/ρ), mass-energy attenuation coefficient (μen/ρ), effective atomic number for photon interaction (Zeff,PI) and effective atomic number for total photon energy absorption (Zeff,PEA) were 0.07030882 cm2/g, 0.0280245 cm2/g, 13.9 and 13.4 respectively. Thus, synthesized nanophosphor has shown excellent thermoluminescent dosimetric response for gamma radiation sensing in the selected dose range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights With the increasing complexity of radiation environments, the development of effective shielding materials against 222Rn and gamma radiation is critical for ensuring human health and safety. This study utilized a two‐step hydrothermal method to synthesize Gd₂O(CO₃)₂@bismuth‐based metal–organic frameworks (Bi‐MOFs)/graphene nanoplatelets (GBG) composite fillers, followed by melt blending and hot‐press molding to develop GBG/polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) composites aimed at shielding against 222Rn and gamma radiation. The successful synthesis and structural integrity of the composites were confirmed using various characterization techniques, including x‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy. The experimental results indicate that the GBG composite filler exhibits superior enhancement in 222Rn shielding capabilities, with the 222Rn diffusion coefficient of GBG/PMMA‐20 composites reduced to 1.41 × 10−13 m2/s, a 98.6% decrease compared to pure PMMA (1.04 × 10−11 m2/s). Furthermore, the GBG demonstrates outstanding improvements in gamma‐ray shielding performance, with the mass attenuation coefficient of GBG/PMMA‐50 reaching 2.70 cm2/g for 59.5 keV gamma rays, nearly 16 times higher than that of pure PMMA (0.16 cm2/g). Additionally, thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the introduction of GBG fillers significantly improves the thermal stability of the PMMA composites. This work could offer an innovative approach to the design of 222Rn and gamma radiation shielding materials. Developed a novel composite for enhanced 222Rn and gamma radiation shielding. Introduced Gd‐based fillers to enhance gamma radiation attenuation in PMMA composites. Achieved superior thermal stability in PMMA composites compared to pure PMMA. Materials designed for application in high‐radiation environments, including mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Based on the principles of photon and matter attenuation, lead sulphide (PbS) has the potential for applications in radiation protection owed to its elevated atomic number and density. Achieving good dispersion stability of PbS powder in highly filled composites remains a challenge due to the inherent nature. Here, we proposed a solution to these issues for highly filled rubber‐based flexible wearable composites. PbS particles were firstly synthesized and subsequently surface‐modified with a titanate coupling agent (NDZ‐201) enhanced the interfacial compatibility with the rubber‐based. Then, highly filled PbS@NDZ‐201/chloroprene rubber (CR) composites were obtained by physical blending. Test results showed that these highly filled composites exhibited even distribution of PbS granule and favorable interface compatibility. All the prepared PbS@NDZ‐201/CR composites exhibit excellent mechanical properties. In comparison to pure CR, the mechanical properties of the 70 wt% filler‐modified powder composites remained at a high level, with a tensile strength of 7.51 MPa and an elongation at break of 670.11%, represented improvements of 155% and 105%, respectively. The mass attenuation coefficient and the γ‐rays shielding coefficients of 70 wt% PbS@NDZ‐201/CR composites reached 34.15% and 36.87%, respectively. In conclusion, this method is feasible for the preparation of highly filled radiation protective rubber‐based flexible wearable materials. Introduction of PbS in the field of radiation protection. NDZ‐201 improved the interfacial compatibility of PbS with CR. The mechanical properties of the composites were improved after modification by NDZ‐201. Highly filled flexible wearable composites for radiation protection was successfully prepared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a detailed investigation into the structural, thermal, and radiation shielding properties of a new glass composition, labeled as (50-x)B 2 O 3 + 30TeO 2 + 10Bi 2 O 3 + 10CdO + x Tm 2 O 3 (where x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 mol %). Various radiation shielding parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient, linear attenuation coefficient, half-value layer, mean free path, effective atomic number, and absorbed equivalent dose rates for neutrons were determined through experimental measurements. The study also employed theoretical calculations to assess the exposure buildup factor and effective removal cross-section for neutrons. Additionally, the SRIM program was utilized to investigate mass stopping power and projected range for proton and alpha particles. The structural characteristics of the glasses were analyzed using XRD and FT-IR, while thermal properties were examined through Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). FTIR analysis revealed distinctive bands corresponding to Bi—O, B—O—B, and Te—O bonds. Glass transition temperatures (T g) increased with Tm 2 O 3 content, ranging from 422 °C to 444 °C. The radiation shielding properties of bismuth boro-tellurite glasses showed that a dose of 1.2025 μSv/h emitted from a fast neutron source was absorbed by 35.1574 % in pure glass and 40.0391 % in glass doped with 5 mol% Tm 2 O 3. Incorporating Tm 2 O 3 into the glass matrix significantly improved the shielding and thermal properties, thus enhancing their potential for advanced high-energy radiation absorption. This investigation contributes to a deeper understanding of how Tm 2 O 3 enhances the structural and thermal attributes of these glasses, positioning them as promising materials for radiation shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borophosphate host glasses doped with zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO 2), tellurium dioxide (TeO 2), or cerium oxide (CeO 2) were synthesized using rapid quenching techniques. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, along with deconvoluted FTIR spectra, were recorded in the 400–4000 cm−1 range. Using the models of Tauc and Urbach, the optical energy band gaps of these glasses were found to be 3.212, 3.289, 3.262, 3.087, and 2.475 eV respectively. Due to the incorporation of different metal ions into the prepared glasses, the density increased and the molar volume decreased, making the glass structure highly compact. Since the elastic moduli are directly related to the average cross-link density, the shear and longitudinal moduli show a forward proportionality with the average cross-link density. Detailed reporting focused on the mass attenuation coefficients (μ m) and exposure build-up factors (EBF), crucial for evaluating the shielding properties of the material within the energy range of 0.015–15 MeV and penetration depth up to 40 mean free paths (mfp). Glass samples doped with tellurium dioxide exhibited the highest gamma attenuation due to their higher effective atomic number compared to the other samples. Compared to Portland concrete, the prepared glass composites showed higher mass attenuation coefficients across the entire investigated energy range. These results suggest that although Borophosphate glasses doped with cerium oxide have preferred mechanical properties compared with the other prepared glasses, Borophosphate glasses doped with tellurium dioxide could serve as transparent shielding material for medical applications due to their higher attenuation coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, a group of different concentrations of molybdenum trioxide-doped borate-germanate-telluride glasses have been synthesized. Four glasses with a composition formula of (35-x) B 2 O 3 -20TeO 2 -10GeO 2 -35MgO-xMoO 3 where x values vary between 5 and 20 mol % have been achieved using the melt-annealing process. X-ray diffraction for the current M1 sample was utilized to prove the glassy nature. FTIR has been measured to understand the glass structure. Many functional group and vibrational bonds were observed. The optical parameters for B 2 O 3 -TeO 2 -GeO 2 -MgO-MoO 3 glass samples were calculated based on absorption spectra recorded in the 200–1100 nm wavelength range. The optical electronegativity (χ) and optical basicity (Λ) were calculated as critical parameters that can be used to evaluate the glass structure. Physical parameters like density, molar volume (V m), packing density (V t), oxygen packing density (OPD), and oxygen molar volume (OMV) were measured and calculated. Hardness (H), Poisson ratio (σ), Fractal bond conductivity (d), and elastic moduli of M1, M2, M3, and M4 glass samples were calculated. Mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) for four synthesized glass samples were reported along with linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) as a function of photon energy. Based on the transmission factor TF %, it shows extremely low percentages at the lowest energy region, dropping to less than 1 % at 0.015 MeV up to 0.08 MeV in all samples. The radiation protection efficiency (RPE) was examined to measure the samples' capacity to attenuate ionizing radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) from the semiconductor family have garnered considerable interest due to the growing popularity of optoelectronic and thermodynamical applications. Our present study has presented findings on the electronic, optical, and thermodynamic characteristics of spinel oxide MnGa2P3H4NO14; using density functional theory (DFT), we utilized first‐principles calculations carried out with the Wien 2 k software package. The calculations were performed using the generalized‐gradient‐approximation plus Hubbard potential U (GGA+U) method for the doped materials. The band structure calculation reveals that the parent compound exhibits a semiconducting nature and a direct band gap of 2.9 and 1.7 eV for spin‐up and down channels, respectively. The stability of the material is assessed by evaluating its formation energies, which reveal that spinel oxide exhibits the highest stability. The thermodynamic properties are determined using the quasiharmonic Debye model, implemented in the GIBBS 2 code. Furthermore, the quasiharmonic Debye model examines the pressure and temperature dependence of all parameters related to the investigated spinel oxides. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the radiation shielding, we computed the mass attenuation coefficient for the XCOM program that was investigated from the sample. In addition, linear attenuation, half‐value layer, and mean free path values have been evaluated. A thorough investigation into the dielectric function's optical characteristics was conducted. It has been found that the dielectric function exhibits a wide range of energy transparency. The discovery of UV‐absorbing materials with extremely narrow band gaps suggests their potential use in optoelectronic and solar cell applications. These results provide solid proof and motivation for seeking cutting‐edge optoelectronic materials and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation shielding glass is an interesting material in the field of radiation shielding due to its remarkable features. In the present paper, we investigated the physical properties of radiation-shielding glass materials that consist of sodium oxide (Na 2 O), cerium oxide (CeO 2), and iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3) incorporated into borosilicate glasses with the formula 90SiO 2 -(70-x)B 2 O 3 + 20Na 2 O–1Fe 2 O 3 -xCeO 2 (CeFeNaBS-glasses). One of the distinguishing characteristics of this glass system is its enhanced radiation shielding capabilities. The structural studies indicated a gradual rise in glass density from 1.954 to 2.658 g/cm with further CeO 2 doping. Optical studies showed that the optical band gaps went down from 3.41 eV to 3.33 eV as the amount of CeO 2 in the CeFeNaBS-glass matrix rose. The decrease in optical band gap has been correlated with the rising basicity. Also, the increased basicity behavior induces more conversion of Ce3+ to Ce4+ ions by losing a 4f electron. Moreover, with further CeO 2 additions, the glass color changed from light brown to dark brown. The presence of Ce4+ ions with further CeO 2 additions is responsible for this color transformation. The linear and non-linear refractive indices exhibit enhanced behaviors with higher CeO 2 concentrations. We used declining basicity and polarizability behaviors to describe this behavior. The incorporation of larger CeO 2 concentrations enhances the ability to improve radiation shielding properties, as demonstrated by the increased values of the mass attenuation coefficient and half-value layer, especially in the energy ranges of soft tissues X-ray and hard tissues X-ray. Hence, the investigated CeFeNaBS-glasses exhibit enhanced transparency and radiation shielding capabilities, rendering them highly suitable for implementation in this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of doping of ruthenium (Ru) on the gamma radiation shielding properties of the nickel-base superalloy UDIMET*720Li (or briefly U720Li) was investigated in this study. The U720Li alloy is widely used commercially, and three new U720Li alloys formed by adding Ru, from 1%, 3% and 6% wt., were selected for the study. The investigation of the examined U720Li alloys to reveal the gamma radiation interaction properties will be extremely useful for the applications that they are used. To evaluate the usability of any material for various purposes in different radiation applications, it is an invaluable advantage to use various radiation-matter interaction parameters measured for in-question material. These parameters hand over remarkable knowledge about the capacity to be radiation shielding material or protection ability against radiation of that material. The radiation-matter interaction parameters; linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), mean free path (MFP), half-value layer (HVL), ten-value layer (TVL), effective atomic and electron number (Zeff and Neff) and effective conductivity (Ceff) were computed using software called Phy-X/PSD for present U720Li–Ru alloys in the energy range from 0.015 to 15 MeV. Then, the obtained radiation-matter interaction parameters are comparatively discussed to evaluate the effect of Ru addition on the gamma radiation shielding capacities of the studied U720Li–Ru alloys. It has been understood that the doping of Ru has favorable effects on the radiation shielding abilities of U720Li alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the excitation of transverse optical phonons in a semiconductor sample under the action of electromagnetic pulses of arbitrary duration, in view of their passage through the interface and absorption in matter. A universal formula for the total absorption coefficient through the components of the complex refractive index of the medium is derived. The dependences of phonon excitation efficiency on the sample thickness and excitation pulse parameters are examined using the example of a GaAs sample and pulses with Gaussian envelope. The specific features of the considered process are established for the carrier frequencies of the pulse inside and outside the photonic forbidden zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the case of finite confinement potential, the average energies and corresponding wave functions for the 1s2nl configurations, in which nl = 2s, 2p, 3d, and 4f, of three‐electron GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs quantum dot with and without impurity are computed by using a new variational approach which is a combination of Quantum Genetic Algorithm procedure and Hartree–Fock–Roothaan method. Using the calculated average energies and wave functions, a detailed investigation of the linear, third‐order nonlinear and total absorption coefficients (ACs) and the refractive index changes (RICs) for the quantum dot is performed, and the obtained results are presented as a function of dot radius and photon energies. The results show that the dot radius, the impurity charge, and the height of potential barrier have a strong influence on the average energies and absorption spectra of the system. As the potential barrier height increases, the peak positions of the ACs and RICs shift toward higher energy, and there is a significant increase in the amplitudes of the absorption spectra as the potential barrier height increases. In addition, the electron wave functions begin to enter the quantum well at smaller dot radii with increasing barrier height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the structural, radiation, and optical properties of cyclosilicates minerals (CMs), providing comprehensive analyses of molar volumes, densities, band gap values, and effective atomic numbers. The structural properties were found to be dependent on the correlations with the interatomic interactions derived from the analysis of Hirshfeld topological surfaces (HTSs) and their voids. In examining a broad energy spectrum from 0.015 to 15 MeV, the study focuses on mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) and linear mass attenuation coefficient (LAC). Results show that MAC values are the highest for the BaTi(SiO3)3 crystal, highlighting its superior γ‐ray attenuation capabilities among other CMs. The study finds that Hirshfeld volume, and surface ranged between 344.21 and 2640.98 Å3 and 388.91 and 1326.97 Å2, reveals distinct electron density distribution characteristics in CM materials. The study probes the impact of HTSs on structural (113 < Vm < 686 cm3/mol), optical (1.95 < n < 2.38), and radiation shielding (13.0 < LAC < 102.0 1/cm at E = 15.0 keV) values, demonstrating that altering the O...A (A = atom in the CM crystal) interactions align with the charge density, potentially tuning other physical values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, 5, 10, and 15 wt% colemanite (Ca2B6O11‐5H2O) and 15 wt% Bi2O3 filled high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were fabricated by conventional melt extrusion processing techniques in the form of a layered structure to absorb both neutron radiation and secondary radiation resulting from neutron‐induced reactions. In the layered structure, HDPE was used to slow down neutrons, while colemanite and Bi2O3 were used to trap thermal neutrons and secondary gamma radiation respectively. The properties of the colemanite/HDPE and Bi2O3/HDPE composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x‐ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The mechanical properties (tensile and hardness) of the composites were also investigated. The results showed that the addition of colemanite and Bi2O3 particles did not significantly alter the thermal and mechanical properties of the HDPE composites. The total macroscopic cross‐section of the composites was determined using a 239Pu‐Be (α,n) neutron source, while their linear and mass attenuation coefficients were determined using a 137Cs gamma‐ray source. The material with the best neutron absorption rate is 15 wt% colemanite‐filled HDPE (2.31 ± 003 cm−1), while the best gamma‐absorbing material is 15 wt% Bi2O3 filled HDPE (0.114 cm−1). The 15 wt% colemanite, 15 wt% Bi2O3 doped HDPE layered structure has 1.72 ± 0.05 cm−1 macroscopic cross‐sections and 0.098 linear attenuation coefficient. The results show that filled colemanite HDPE composites improve neutron shielding properties and Bi2O3 filled HDPE composites provide good shielding performance for gamma rays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fricke gel dosimeters are appropriate candidates for gamma dosimetry. Polyvinyl alcohol Fricke gel dosimeters are the most recent introduced gel dosimeters which have low ion diffusion. In this work, samples of ferrous-xylenol orange-polyvinyl alcohol gel dosimeters were prepared and characterized using optical spectroscopy. Using win XCOM program and the elemental composition of the gel, the mass attenuation coefficients for photons were evaluated. The results exhibited that the prepared gel is the nearly radiological blood-, soft tissue- and water-equivalent. The 60Co gamma cell unit was used to irradiate the gel samples. A dose range response was found linear from 10 to 30 Gy and suitable for blood irradiation dosimetry. Additionally, the gel response good repeatability was confirmed by the coefficient of variation calculations. Furthermore, chemical yield of the gel was estimated to be 34.6. The good characteristics of the prepared gel make it appropriate for dosimetry of blood irradiators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many oxide additives have historically been used to enhance the radiation shielding properties of glasses, yet the potential of high-entropy oxides (HEOs), which have gained popularity in material science for their unique properties, has not been explored in this context. This study is the first to investigate the radiation shielding capabilities of Zinc-Tellurite glass infused with High Entropy Oxide (HEO), specifically utilizing the novel attributes of a synthesized TiZrNbHfTa. In this study, the nuclear shielding properties of newly fabricated Zinc-Tellurite glasses doped with TiZrNbHfTaO x with a composition (25ZnO·75TeO 2)100-x. (TiZrNbHfTaO x)x (x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 mol%) were studied. Through the synthesis of a TiZrNbHfTa HEA and its integration into glass structure, we have developed a series of novel materials with enhanced protective properties against both gamma-ray and neutron radiation. Experimental results demonstrate that the HEO-infused glass, particularly the HEC1-4 composition, significantly surpasses traditional shielding materials in neutron attenuation, evidenced by its superior effective neutron removal cross-section. Additionally, the HEC1-4 glass demonstrates improved gamma-ray shielding capabilities, with increased mass attenuation coefficients and decreased half-value layers, indicating a higher capacity for photon interaction and absorption. It can be concluded that the incorporation of High Entropy Alloys into glass matrices not only opens a new frontier in radiation shielding materials but also provides a versatile and effective solution with considerable potential for enhancing safety measures in radiation-prone environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel glass system was developed using the melt-quenching technique. The primary aim was to investigate molybdenum-rich compositions (MoO 3 > Li 2 O), with the general formula (69–2x) TeO 2 –(31+x)–MoO 3 –xLi 2 O (where x = 0, 5, 10, and 15 mol%). The physical, structural, thermal, mechanical and radiation shielding properties were evaluated. The synthesized glasses were characterized through their densities, molar volumes, and oxygen packing density, which revealed that the density and molar volume decreased as the amount of Li 2 O and MoO 3 increased in the glass structure, while the oxygen packing density increased as a function of both Li 2 O and MoO 3. Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze the glass structure, which showed a superimposed reduction of all Te units due to the formation of Te–O–Mo and a coordination change from MoO 4 to MoO 6. The interplay between Li 2 O and MoO 3 has a direct effect on the thermal stability of the glass and reveals that glasses with higher MoO 3 content and lower Li 2 O content exhibit enhanced thermal stability. The mass attenuation coefficient for the synthesized systems varied from 37.07 to 32.38 cm2 g−1 at 0.015 MeV. The fast neutrons removal cross-section exhibits a range from 0.090 to 0.096 cm−1 across all samples, while the thermal neutrons cross section values lie within the interval of 1.22–8.16 cm−1. The glass sample with the highest concentration of TeO 2 showed superior values of mass attenuation, and fast neutrons removal cross-section, along with the lowest values of half value layer and mean free path. Nevertheless, the addition of MoO 3 and Li 2 O improved thermal stability and led to adequate radiation protection levels. The results indicate the significant potential of MoO 3 -rich tellurite materials for shielding against gamma-ray and neutron radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Steatotic liver disease, characterized by a combination of metabolic dysfunction, alcohol use, or specific etiologies, is a leading cause of chronic liver disease. However, the role of metabolic dysfunction in chronic liver disease with harmful alcohol use remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in patients with harmful alcohol use.Over a 2‐year period, we registered patients with harmful alcohol use, defined by an Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test score of 8 or higher. We retrospectively analyzed background information, blood test results, ultrasound‐guided attenuation parameter (attenuation coefficient), and liver stiffness measurement. Hepatic steatosis was defined as attenuation coefficient ≥0.65 dB/cm/MHz, and fibrosis as liver stiffness measurement ≥7.5 kPa.The study included 131 patients (82% men, median age 59 years). Linear regression analysis revealed significant associations with attenuation coefficient for body mass index ≥23 (0.08, p < 0.0001) and age (−0.002, p = 0.002). Liver stiffness measurement was associated with body mass index ≥23 (2.52, p = 0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (0.02, p = 0.0189), gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase (0.008, p < 0.0001), platelet count (−0.02, p = 0.001), and prothrombin international normalized ratio (26.40, p < 0.0001). Among the four groups classified by the presence or absence of steatosis and fibrosis, patients with fibrosis, but without steatosis, demonstrated the lowest liver reserve. In contrast, patients with both steatosis and fibrosis showed higher aspartate aminotransferase and gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase levels.Body mass index is associated with both hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in patients with harmful alcohol use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead borate glass is the best radiation shielding glass when lead is in high concentration. However, it has low transparency after radiation exposure. Radiation decreases transparency due to chemical and physical changes in the glass matrix, such as creating or healing defects in the glass network. The addition of rare earth elements like cerium and dysprosium oxides to lead borate glasses can improve their transparency and durability as radiation shielding barriers. The newly manufactured glasses' optical absorption, structural, and radiation shielding properties were measured. The optical characteristics of the generated samples were examined to determine the effect of the cerium/dysprosium ratio on the structural alterations, specifically in the presence of bridging oxygen (BO) and non-bridging oxygen (NBO). Incorporating Ce3+ results in peaks at 195 nm for borate units, 225 nm for Ce3+, and a broadened peak at 393 nm due to overlapping peaks for Ce3+ and Ce4+ in the UV region. By adding Dy, multiple peaks are observed at 825, 902, 1095, 1275, and 1684 nm, corresponding to the transition from 6H15/2 ground state to 6F5/2, 6F7/2, 6F9/2, 6F11/2, and 6H11/2. The samples were also tested before and after exposure to gamma irradiation from a 60Co source at a dose of 75 kGy to assess their stability against radiation. The energy gap value during irradiation shows decreased non-bridging oxygen. The energy gap difference before and after irradiation for the M4 sample shows higher NBO to BO conversion, reducing radiation damage and improving structural stability. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was utilized to get insight into the coordination chemistry of the created glass samples. The half-value layer (HVL), radiation protection efficiency (RPE), neutron removal cross-section (FRNCS), mean free path (MFP), mass attenuation coefficients (MAC), and effective atomic numbers (Zef) of the glassy structure were calculated theoretically to assess its radiation shielding qualities. The linear attenuation coefficient order for the prepared samples was M1 > M2 > M3 > M4. The FRNCS values were 0.090, 0.083, 0.081, and 0.079 cm−1 for samples M1, M2, M3, and M4, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samples of germanium borosilicate glasses with chemical formula 50.5B2O3 + 0.5CeO2 + 10SiO2 + (20‐x) CaO + 19Na2O + XGeO2 with 0 (GeO0) ≤ X ≤ 5 (GeO5) mol% were fabricated by using the melt quenching technique. Structure, physical, and optical properties as well as radiation attenuation capacity was examined. XRD data confirmed that GeOX samples were in amorphous state. The density (ρ) of the prepared glass samples increased from 2.24 to 2.55 g/cm3, while the molar volume (Vm) slightly declined from 26.8 to 26.42 cm3/mol. The UV absorption edge shifted to a higher wavelength as the concentration of GeO2 increased. The values of direct band gap (EgDirect)$(\bm{E_g^{Direct}})$ ranged from 3.36 to 2.91 eV, and the indirect (EgIndirect)$(\bm{E_g^{Indirect}})$ ranged from 3.12 to 2.75 eV. Urbach energy (Eu) values fluctuated between 0.65 to 0.16 eV. As the Ge4+ ion increased, the glass sample's refractive index enhanced. Mass attenuation coefficients (MACs) of GeOX samples increased from 6.788 to 10.381 cm2/g at 0.015 MeV. The GeO5 sample possessed the lowest half value layer (HVL) and mean free path (MFP). Effective atomic number (Zeff) of GeOX possessed the same trend of MAC. Results confirmed that the suggested GeOX glasses can be applied in different optical and radiation attenuation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samples of germanium borosilicate glasses with chemical formula 50.5B2O3 + 0.5CeO2 + 10SiO2 + (20‐x) CaO + 19Na2O + XGeO2 with 0 (GeO0) ≤ X ≤ 5 (GeO5) mol% were fabricated by using the melt quenching technique. Structure, physical, and optical properties as well as radiation attenuation capacity was examined. XRD data confirmed that GeOX samples were in amorphous state. The density (ρ) of the prepared glass samples increased from 2.24 to 2.55 g/cm3, while the molar volume (Vm) slightly declined from 26.8 to 26.42 cm3/mol. The UV absorption edge shifted to a higher wavelength as the concentration of GeO2 increased. The values of direct band gap (EgDirect)$(\bm{E_g^{Direct}})$ ranged from 3.36 to 2.91 eV, and the indirect (EgIndirect)$(\bm{E_g^{Indirect}})$ ranged from 3.12 to 2.75 eV. Urbach energy (Eu) values fluctuated between 0.65 to 0.16 eV. As the Ge4+ ion increased, the glass sample's refractive index enhanced. Mass attenuation coefficients (MACs) of GeOX samples increased from 6.788 to 10.381 cm2/g at 0.015 MeV. The GeO5 sample possessed the lowest half value layer (HVL) and mean free path (MFP). Effective atomic number (Zeff) of GeOX possessed the same trend of MAC. Results confirmed that the suggested GeOX glasses can be applied in different optical and radiation attenuation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to evaluate the ability of cathode-ray tube funnel waste glasses (CRT-F) to shield photons (gamma and X-ray) and other forms of radiation with rest masses (i.e., neutrons and charged particles) after their Pb content was reclaimed. The lead (Pb) content of cathode-ray tube funnel waste glasses (CRT-F) was reduced using Na 2 CO 3 as the reducing agent CRT-F(Na 2 CO 3). CRT-F and CRT-F(Na 2 CO 3) were produced using the melt and quench processes using the powder of pristine funnel glass from discarded cathode ray tube glass and the reduced glass powder, respectively, as the starting materials. The X-ray fluorescence technique was adopted for determining the chemical composition of CRT-F and CRT-F(Na 2 CO 3) glasses. The parameters relating to the gamma photon, fissile neutron, moderated neutron, slow neutron, and charged radiation (β, H+, He2+, and C6+) attenuation abilities of pristine CRT-F and CRT-F(Na 2 CO 3) were evaluated. The FLUKA simulation code and XCOM were used to estimate the mass attenuation coefficient of the glasses. The stopping power (S p) and range (R) of β, H+, and He2+ were evaluated by using the NIST data-based calculators (ESTAR for β, PSTAR for H+, and ASTAR for He2+) while S p and R data for C6+ was determined using SRIM. The cross section for fast, thermal (25 meV), and slow neutrons (0.1–10 meV) was also estimated. The Pb reclamation from the CRT-F drastically increased the half value layer of photons by at least a factor of 4 at 0.1 MeV and by more than 90 % at 10 MeV. The CRT-F interacts more with fissile and thermal neutrons compared to CRT-F(Na 2 CO 3). Although, CRT-F showed a better ability to attenuate all the radiation types considered, both glasses are better absorbers of radiation (especially photons) than some common shields. The reduction of Pb weight in CRT-F resulted in a drastic reduction in the ability of the glass to attenuate radiation; the resulting glass (CRT-F(Na 2 CO 3)) is however, an environmentally safer glass shield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to determine the linear and mass attenuation coefficients of soy-lignin bonded Rhizophora spp. particleboard intended for use as a phantom material using Monte Carlo GATE simulation. At a desired density of 1.0 g · cm-3, particleboard constructed of Rhizophora spp. wood trunk bonded with soy flour and lignin was created. The sample's elemental composition was identified using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The GATE software was used to simulate the setup with the histories of 1 x 107, and comparison was made between the experimental and simulation data. The disparities between the linear and mass attenuation coefficients of the samples experimentally measured and calculated using GATE at low energy photons were quite small. The result revealed a good agreement between the experimental and simulation data, and the attenuation coefficients were in close proximity with XCOM of water. The outcome revealed GATE adequacy for validation of attenuation coefficient measurement in bioresources phantom material for medical physics application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium ortho phosphates and its derivatives (CamPn) are well known for bio bones and implants. However, still there is lot of scope and necessity of various multi-directional applications such as non-degraded, thermally stable, elastic and radiative capable bio glasses and its derivatives. In this direction, YxSb10−xCa30P60 materials are prepared and characterized by thermoluminescence, elastic and bio degradation techniques. Observed, results and studies suggests that the materials developed were transparent and glassy. Thermoluminiscence, trap-depth analysis and parameters advised that the sample code 'ξ5' found to be useful thermo-luminescent resource. Obtained range of both micro hardness and thermal stability acclaims that the samples prepared were mechanically hard. Additionally, we have reported the results of Y3+ ionic influence on vitro bio-activity studies of present glasses. Degradation results along with vitro bio-activity studies as a function of both Y2O3 and Sb2O3 concentration suggesting that the sample code 'ξ5' might be useful biocompatible resource. The deconvoluted FT-IR spectra of the glasses also studied. The optical absorption studies suggesting the sample code 'ξ5' exhibiting highest optical band gap value. Radiation shielding properties suggesting the sample code 'ξ5' exhibiting highest radiation protection efficiency and mass attenuation coefficient. CamPn and its derivatives are well known for being used in bio-bones and implants. However, there is still a lot of scope for and need for bio glasses and their derivatives that don't break down, are thermally stable, are bendable, and can radiate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the gamma-ray attenuation capabilities of ABS polymer reinforced with nano-sized yttrium particles. The analysis focuses on three key parameters: mass attenuation coefficient, half-value layer, and radiation protection efficiency. Utilizing a sol–gel process for polymer molding, various test samples were prepared and subjected to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface structure examination. Then, experimental, theoretical, and simulation approaches are used to obtain gamma-ray shielding parameters. The base and additive materials are chosen as ABS polymer and yttrium nanoparticles, respectively, and the results revealed a consistent enhancement in gamma-ray attenuation characteristics with the incorporation of yttrium nanoparticles. These findings offer valuable perspectives for advancing the development of sophisticated radiation shielding materials, presenting potential applications across diverse fields including medical imaging, industrial processes, and nuclear technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tb3+/Dy3+ co-doped Boro-Phosphate Glass (BPANZDyTb) was produced (40 B2O3 + 39P2O5 + 5 Al2O3 + 5 NaF + 10 ZnO + 0.5 Tb2O3 + 0.5 Dy2O3) using melt-quenching technique. X-ray diffraction measurements, Raman, and Fourier Transform Infrared were used to evaluate the structural behavior of the prepared glass. Powder-XRD spectra, in the 10–90° range showed that the prepared glass was amorphous. FTIR analysis reveals that the network contains a variety of structural groups, including B-O-B, BO4, BO, P-O, PO2, P-O-B, and PO4 units. The UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy was used to record and study the optical linear properties of Tb3+/Dy3+ co-doped Boro-Phosphate Glass (BPANZDyTb). The photoluminescence excitation peak was obtained at 348 nm. The emission peaks were located at 484 nm (4F9/2 → 6H15/2 → blue), 576 nm (4F9/2 → 6H13/2 → yellow), and 662 nm (4F9/2 → 6H11/2 → red). Tb3+ ions are located at 412 nm (5D3 → 7F5), 441 nm (5D3 → 7F4), 546 nm (5D4 → 7F5), and 625 nm (5D4 → 7F3). The result of CIE 1931 chromaticity coordinates indicate that the prepared glass is suitable material for cold white light emitting diode applications due to its color coordinates x = 0.3106 and y = 0.3240 and correlated color temperature (CCT) values about 6768 K. The gamma-ray parameters such as half-value layer (HVL), mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ), mean free path (MFP), and effective atomic number (Zeff) of the BPANZDyTb glass were studied using Phy-X software. The results of the gamma-ray parameter show that the Dy3+ ions and Tb3+ ions co-doped BoroPhosphate glass is an appropriate material for radiation shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the electronic and optical properties of an asymmetric double delta doped quantum wells structure formed within GaAs. The electronic structure of system is obtained within effective mass and envelope wave function approximations. Optical responses are calculated in the framework of the compact density matrix approach. The roles of distance between wells, varying one well electron concentration, as well as length parameter of position-dependent mass, on the total optical absorption coefficients and the relative refractive index changes are investigated. The findings of this study indicate that prominence of optical coefficients occurs at higher energies for position-dependent mass, compared to constant mass case. Augmented right well electron concentrations lead to blue-shifts on the optical properties not only with constant mass but also with position-dependent mass. However, the increase in the wells' separation results the absorption peaks to move towards lower energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural, mechanical and radiation shielding properties of (69-x)B 2 O 3 -20TeO 2 -10Al 2 O 3 -1HfO 2 -xPr 6 O 11 (where x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 mol %) glass system were investigated. This study introduces a novel approach by incorporating Pr 6 O 11 into glass composition, highlighting its unique contributions to enhancing elastic properties, fracture toughness, hardness, and radiation shielding abilities. Experimental measurements were conducted within the energy range of 59.54–661.62 keV and theoretical calculations are made for MAC values. The presence of Pr 6 O 11 was noted to positively influence the gamma shielding capabilities. At 59.54 keV, the addition of 0.25 mol% Pr 6 O 11 increased the mass attenuation coefficient of the glass by 2.9 %, and the addition of 1 mol% Pr 6 O 11 increased it by 29.8 %. The addition of 0.25 mol% Pr 6 O 11 increased the fast neutron removal cross section of the glass by 4.4 %. Also, it is observed that the glass with 1 mol% Pr 6 O 11 is the best shielding material against alpha and proton particles. A significant enhancement of 24.36 % in the fracture toughness value was observed, increasing from 1.059 to 1.317 MPa m1/2 at 1 mol% Pr 6 O 11. Experimental hardness values increased from 3.374 to 3.985 GPa, resulting in an improvement of 18.11 % at 1 mol% Pr 6 O 11. The thermal stability (ΔT, °C) value demonstrated a notable increase from 85 to 106, indicating a significant 24.7 % improvement at 0.25 mol% Pr 6 O 11. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Absorptive substances (AS) embedded in sea ice can alter irradiance transmission, exerting a significant influence on oceanic biogeochemical processes. Their quantification is thus essential, and a regression model based on the normalized difference index of transmittance (T(λ)) has been widely used for retrieving ice algal biomass. However, the potentials of albedo (α(λ)) and the diffuse attenuation coefficient (Kd(λ)) in AS estimation have not been explored. To fill this gap, sea ice optical properties observed in Liaodong Bay in 2009, 2010, 2013, and 2022 were used to investigate the characteristics of α(λ), T(λ), and Kd(λ) in non‐destructively estimating As through sensitivity analyses based on the Hydrolight radiative transfer model. The effects derived from AS vertical distribution, scattering coefficient and ice thickness were studied specifically. Ultimately, a significant relationship between α(λ) and the total absorption coefficient of AS was derived (R2 = 0.79) for Liaodong Bay sea ice. Sensitivity analyses revealed that it could only retrieve AS in the upper 15–20 cm, which was influenced by variations in ice thickness and scattering coefficient. In contrast, T(λ) could retrieve AS throughout the ice column and is less affected by scattering variation; but it is significantly affected by the vertical distribution of AS in the upper layer. Kd(λ) has the best potential in AS estimation, but for sea ice thinner than 30 cm, the effect of variation in ice thickness could not be neglected, similar to T(λ). Knowledge of this is helpful for the future development of AS estimation. Plain Language Summary: This study focused on the non‐destructive estimation of AS like sediment and ice algae in sea ice, which have an important impact on ecosystems because of their strong absorption of visible light. The potential of reflective and transmitted spectra in AS estimation was systematically explored for applications in different scenarios. Due to the highly variable vertical distribution of AS, scattering intensity and ice thickness, there may be various uncertainties in the AS estimation based on different optical parameters. Through radiative transfer simulations, it was found that the estimation based on reflective spectra could only estimate AS within the upper 15‐20‐cm ice layer and has relatively larger uncertainties for thin ice and under high scattering intensity. Transmitted spectra methods could estimate the AS at any depth of the ice column and were less affected by these variable physical‐optical properties, especially for the spectra of attenuation properties. But for thinner ice with thickeness less than 30 cm, the variation in ice thicknes could not be neglected, whether for reflective spectra or transmitted spectra. Key Points: A significant relationship between albedo and the absorption coefficient of absorptive substances (AS) was constructed for Liaodong Bay sea iceTransmittance is optically superior to albedo in absorptive substance estimation because it is not restricted by its depth and scatteringThe diffuse attenuation coefficient performs best in estimating AS because it is least affected by variations in sea ice [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the wide use of radioactive materials, it is important to look for locally available and inexpensive materials to serve as efficient absorbers, suitable for shielding against radiation hazards. Due to its widespread availability and affordability, natural bentonitic shale is a viable option for use as a nuclear shielding material. In this study, natural bentonitic samples were cut into cylindrical pellets of varying thicknesses. The chemical composition of the natural bentonitic shale samples was determined through the use of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. The linear and mass attenuation coefficients of bentonitic samples were evaluated using a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector at 662 keV energy of 137Cs, as well as at 1,173 keV and 1,332 keV energies of 60Co, gamma-ray sources. The experimental results indicated that bentonitic samples B3 and M2 exhibited superior shielding parameters compared to other bentonitic samples, attributable to their elevated densities. These two samples are distinguished by a high CaO content and a low AL2O3 content. Furthermore, the Half Value Layer (HVL), Tenth Value Layer (TVL), and mean free path thicknesses were calculated at these energies using linear attenuation coefficients. The theoretical mass attenuation coefficient, calculated with the assistance of the XCOM program and experimental estimates, was found to be in good agreement with the theoretical value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clay is a native building material in Sudan and is utilized by most low-income people. The radiation shielding characteristics of clay and cement were tested with a specific thickness to explore the behavior of gamma radiation through these materials. The results were compared and estimated by the Phy-X, XCOM, and Py-MLBUF software packages. Mass Attenuation Coefficient (MAC), Linear Attenuation Coefficient (LAC), Half-Value Layer (HVL), Tenth-Value Layer (TVL), Mean Free Path (MFP), and equivalent atomic number (Zeq), which describe the shielding properties of the examined materials, were all determined and compared. The comparison of calculations by software and experimental data of all selected samples showed a high degree of agreement, with discrepancies ranging between 0.01 and 5%. The experiments were carried out in a chamber close to 137Cs and 60Co sources at energies of 662, 1173, and 1332 keV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass-based materials are renowned for their application prospects in neutron and gamma-ray shielding, focusing on their dual functionality of offering radiation protection while permitting visual monitoring. These materials stand out for their excellent chemical durability, resilience against radiation-induced deterioration, high refractive indices, and superior light transmission characteristics. In this paper, the initial sections are delved into the shielding mechanisms for neutron and gamma-ray radiation, employing Monte Carlo simulations to elucidate the design principles and development strategies of these shielding materials. It is complemented by a comprehensive review of the current state of research in glass-based shielding materials. Given the environmental and health concerns associated with lead-based glasses, lead glass is being abandoned. The paper highlights the predominance of silicate, borate, and borosilicate glasses in the industry. It is demonstrated that the addition of heavy metal oxides (such as Bi2O3 and BaO) and rare earth elements (like La and Gd) to the glass matrix can significantly increase the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), reduce the half-value layer (HLV), and thereby enhance shielding effectiveness. Notably, the integration of these dopants may negatively impact the mechanical properties of materials. This paper also includes a comparison of glass-based shielding materials with alternative shielding solutions. Enhancing the multifaceted performance of glass-based shielding materials, alongside the advancement of ecofriendly and smart shielding solutions, will constitute a pivotal area of future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the radiation shielding properties of glass samples within the xGd2O3‐5SiO2‐40Na2O‐(54.5‐x) B2O3:0.5CeF3 composition, where x varies from 0 to 10 mol.%, which is coded as GSNBCX (X = 1, 2, 3, and 4). The assessment is done through comprehensive Monte Carlo simulation and Phy‐X/PSD software analyses. The primary objective of this study is to comprehensively evaluate the radiation shielding properties of glass compositions with varying Gd2O3 concentrations. This evaluation encompasses both the attenuation of gamma radiation within the broad energy range of 0.015 MeV to 15 MeV and the assessment of fast neutron removal cross sections, with a specific focus on simulations spanning energy levels from 0.5 to 10 MeV. By examining these parameters, we aim to elucidate the impact of Gd2O3 concentration on the material's overall effectiveness in radiation shielding applications. The results reveal a significant variation in the mass attenuation coefficient (μm) across the investigated glass samples. For instance, μm values range from 3.244 to 0.019 cm2·g−1 for GSNBC1, 20.471 to 0.025 cm2·g−1 for GSNBC2, 27.245 to 0.027 cm2·g−1 for GSNBC3, and 32.223 to 0.029 cm2·g−1 for GSNBC4. Notably, GSNBC4, characterized by a substantial Gd2O3 concentration (10 mol.%), exhibits the highest values of both μm and linear attenuation coefficient (μ). Furthermore, the investigation delves into the fast neutron removal cross section (FNRCS), which displays values of 0.97, 0.95, 0.094, and 0.93 cm−1, respectively. GSNBC1, marked by its elevated B2O3 content (54.5 mol.%), showcases the highest FNRCS. These findings underscore the efficacy of Gd2O3‐doped materials in shielding against gamma rays, holding promise for various applications in radiation protection, particularly in the medical and nuclear sectors. This study contributes valuable insights into developing effective radiation‐blocking materials for diverse industrial and scientific contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies, structurally analyzes, evaluates the morphology, and assesses the gamma-ray and neutron attenuation properties of a composite material composed of M-type hexaferrite BaFe 12 O 19 (BF) doped with three additional compounds: Bi 2 O 3 , V 2 O 5 , and Ce 2 O 3. X-ray diffraction revealed that the structure of BF can be indexed to a hexagonal structure, BF/Bi 2 O 3 to a tetragonal structure, BF/V 2 O 5 to a cubic structure, and BF/Ce 2 O 3 to a trigonal structure. These results were refined using PROFEX software. The Crystallite size of the nano-powders was determined by X-ray line broadening using the Williamson-Hall method. Morphology evaluations illustrated that HR-TEM images for BF, BF/Bi 2 O 3 , BF/V 2 O 5 , and BF/Ce 2 O 3 reveal high crystallinity with a polycrystalline nature. Various attenuation measurements, using the FLUKA Monte Carlo code, aimed to determine the efficacy of these dopants into m-type hexaferrite BF as potential materials for radiation shielding applications. Doping with Bi 2 O 3 into hexaferrite BF markedly enhances its attenuation properties, demonstrating superior Linear Attenuation Coefficient (LAC) values across a broad energy spectrum from 0.16 to 10 MeV. The Mass Attenuation Coefficient (MAC) analysis revealed a pivotal energy threshold at 0.3 MeV. Below this energy, BF presented the highest MAC values. Conversely, for energies equal to or greater than 0.3 MeV, BF exhibited the highest MAC values, affirming its superior gamma photon shielding efficacy. The study of the Half Value Layer (Δ 0.5) and Mean Free Path (MFP) provided additional evidence of the superior shielding performance of BF/Bi 2 O 3. The Δ 0.5 values ranged between 0.128 to 1.240 cm for BF, 0.162 to 1.430 cm for BF/V 2 O 5 , 0.163 to 1.390 cm for BF/Ce 2 O 3 , and 0.162 to 1.210 cm for BF/Bi 2 O 3 , indicating that BF/Bi 2 O 3 requires a thinner layer to halve the gamma-ray intensity, particularly at higher energies. The MFP values further support the improved shielding ability of BF/Bi 2 O 3 , with measurements showing that gamma photons travel the shortest distance before interacting with the material, thereby reducing the potential for radiation exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the influence of La 2 O 3 addition on the structural, physical, and radiation shielding properties of basalt-based glasses. Incorporating varying concentrations of La 2 O 3 (0, 10, 20, 30 wt%) into basalt glasses, we aimed to evaluate the potential of La 2 O 3 in enhancing the material's effectiveness against gamma radiation. Utilizing Ba-133 point radioactive source and Ultra Ge detector, we measured the attenuation parameters in different photon energies (81, 160, 223, 276, 302, 356, and 383 keV). The glasses exhibited an amorphous structure, as confirmed by XRD analysis, with density values ranging from 2.72 to 3.305 g/cm³, increasing with La 2 O 3 content. The microstructural analysis indicated that La3+ ions predominantly integrate into the glass matrix, enhancing the structural integrity without forming separate phase regions. Our findings demonstrate a significant improvement in radiation protection parameters, including mass attenuation coefficients and half-value layers, with higher La 2 O 3 concentrations. These outcomes were also supported by the data obtained for Z eff and EBF values of G1-G4 glasses. The mechanical properties of the glasses were also investigated with the Makishima-Mackenzie model and it was observed that the elastic moduli were also affected by the addition of La 2 O 3. The enhancements observed with La 2 O 3 additions suggest promising avenues for developing advanced shielding materials, combining the inherent advantages of basalt glasses with the high atomic weight and electron density of lanthanum compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study non-traditional glass materials, this investigation created four glass samples composed of (70-x)B 2 O 3 –20TeO 2 -10GeO 2 -xMgO, where x represents the percentage of MgO with values of 20, 25, 30, and 35 mol%. Glasses with high transparency were produced via the accepted melt quenching and annealing method. The samples underwent X-ray diffraction analysis to confirm their glassy structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was utilized to examine the glass network's various structural groups. The measuring methodology and theoretical calculations were used to calculate a range of physical and mechanical parameters. The cut-off wavelength, as well as the direct and indirect bandgap, and other optical characteristics of the S1–S4 samples were observed using optical absorption. The work utilized Phy-X to acquire the ionizing absorption parameters. The paper demonstrates various glasses' radiation shielding properties, including the effective atomic number, half- and tenth-value layers, linear attenuation coefficient, mass attenuation coefficient, and mean free path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to study the optical properties of ZnSe/ZnS non-concentric core–shell quantum dots (CSQDs). The numerical method used in this work is based on a combination of coordinate transformation and finite difference method (FDM) to solve the three dimensions of the Schrödinger equation. The optical properties are obtained using the compact density matrix formalism. The influence of different dimensions of the non-concentric CSQD, the position of a core material and the effect of different values of the incident optical intensity I on the optical properties of the CSQD are investigated. The results obtained indicate that the oscillator strength, absorption coefficient and refractive index changes are strongly dependent on the size of the CSQD. The magnitude of both the total absorption coefficient and the refractive index decreased as the incident optical intensity increased. In addition, the resonance peaks for the absorption coefficient and refractive index changes shift towards higher energies when we move from concentric to non-concentric core–shell quantum dots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines the electronic and optical properties of Rosen-Morse quantum wells, which exhibit hyperbolic and exponential potential profiles, subjected to intense laser fields and electric fields. Calculations are performed within the framework of the effective mass and parabolic band approximations. To determine the eigenvalues of electrons confined in these potentials, the diagonalization method was employed, utilizing orthonormal base functions that are solutions of an infinite square quantum well. To calculate the total absorption coefficient, including linear and nonlinear terms for transitions between the lowest two energy levels, a combination of the standard density matrix formalism and the perturbation expansion method was employed. Our results indicate that intense laser field is a valuable tool for controlling the confinement potential of low-dimensional systems, enabling the appropriate tuning of these systems. While the electric field applied only to symmetrical structures breaks the symmetry and causes the peaks in the absorption spectrum to shift to red, a blue shift of the absorption peaks was achieved with the combined effect of the selected geometric shapes of the quantum wells and the electric field. Therefore, it is hoped that the obtained results will provide important improvements in device applications with a suitable choice of both fields and structure parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study involves the investigation of the effect of the replacement of B2O3 with La2O3 on the properties of the multi-component lead Borovanadate glass. Five samples were prepared using the fast-quenching method according to the chemical formula (43-x) mole % B2O3 - x mole % La2O3- 10 mol % V2O5-12.5 mol % CaO-12.5 mol % Li2O -22 mol %PbO, where x = 0, 1, 2, 3, and 5 mol %. The amorphous character of the synthesized samples was confirmed via Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction. XRD patterns suggest a lack of long-range organized crystalline structure, but FTIR reveals various structural unit blocks. On the other side, the increment of La2O3 content caused a proportional increase in the glasses' bulk density and molar volume. UV analysis revealed that the sample with 5 mol % La2O3 had superior absorption properties compared to the other samples. All the samples were found to be effective in transmitting light within the energy range of 3.43–4.07 eV, with the La2O3-free sample demonstrating the highest level of light transmission among all the samples. The radiation shielding characteristics of the synthesized glasses were analyzed. The theoretical predictions for the mass attenuation coefficients using WinXCom agreed well with the measured values, providing validation for both the software and the experimental techniques used. This investigation found that La2O3 concentration influenced the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) at a defined energy level, with higher La2O3 resulting in higher LAC values. The study also showed that lower energy levels had better linear attenuation compared to higher ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While sustainable material systems have become paramount, recycling unused waste cathode ray tubes (CRTs) glass can possess great potential for radiation protection applications. With this motivation, the present study addressed the utilization of waste CRTs in combination with MoO3 towards a glass composition of xMoO3—(100-x)CRTs where x typifies 0, 1, 3, and 5 wt%. The glass samples coded Mo0 to Mo5 were synthesized using a traditional melting technique. After successfully preparing the glass series, some sets of characterization analyses were performed to understand physical, structural, optical, and radiation shielding properties. According to the findings, density increased from 2.92 to 2.96 g/cm3 as MoO3 was introduced into the glass network. Yet more, all glass samples exhibited an amorphous structure irrespective of varying MoO3 doping rates. On the other hand, FTIR measurements paved the way for highlighting possible vibrational modes, such as Si–O-Si and Si–O, in the structure. According to the optical properties via UV–Vis, the direct Eg values equaled 1.75, 1.69, 1.65, and 1.61 eV for Mo0 to Mo5, respectively, whereas R values ranged from 2.8534 to 2.9281. For investigating mass attenuation coefficients (MAC), the transmission measurements were performed for 30.9–383 keV photon energy ranges using radioactive source of 133-Ba and Ultra-Ge detector. The correctness of the experimental MAC values were checked with EpiXS program and MCNP codes. It is determined that the highest MAC values changing from 0.5951 cm2/g to 0.1022 cm2/g belong to Mo5 glass for 30.9–383 keV. It is also revealed that with the increasing MoO3 addition, EABF, EBF, HVL and MFP values of the Mo0-Mo5 glasses dropped and MAC, Zeff and Nel values enhanced. As a result, MoO3 substitution has improved the material characteristics of CRTs glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, gamma-ray attenuation properties as well as transmission factor values of high-density sodium metaphosphate-tungsten trioxide glasses with chemical composition of (40−x)NaPO3−xWO3-60Sb2O3: (x = 0 (S1), 5 (S2), 10 (S3), 15 (S4), 20 (S5), 30 (S6), and 40 (S7) mol%) have been investigated. MCNPX general purpose Monte Carlo code and Phy-X/PSD program were utilized for the calculation of transmission factor values and fundamental gamma-ray shielding parameters. Our findings suggest that the S7 sample (with the highest WO3 content mole%) has possessed the maximum mass attenuation coefficients (μm) at all gamma-ray energies investigated. In terms of half value layer (HVL) and mean free path (MFP), the coded glass sample S7 has achieved the minimum values. The effective atomic number (Zeff) and equivalent atomic number (Zeq) of the investigated glasses have the same trend of mass attenuation coefficient. The raising of WO3 content in mole% in glasses leads to reducing both exposure and absorption buildup factor values for all mean free path values. The minimum transmission factor (maximum attenuation) quantities were verified at a thickness of 3 cm for all investigated glasses. It can be concluded that the S7 sample exhibits superior radiation shielding characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]