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Purpose: This study examined the relationship of prematch travel and in-camp training on ensuing physical and technical match performance of footballers (soccer) competing for a national team. Methods: Match running and technical performance data were obtained from 68 national-team footballers competing in international matches (N = 108). Match performance data were aligned with the confirmed travel durations, time-zone change, travel direction, and time between arrival and kickoff for the travel to the match. In addition, in-camp training load from the 3 days prior to national-team matches was also collated. Linear mixed models assessed relationships between travel and training measures with physical and technical match performance outcomes. Results: Travel variables explained little variance in outcomes (R2 =.02–.16). Traveling eastward was associated with an increase in total (P =.042) and very high-speed distance (P =.030) in matches and a 5% decrease in pass accuracy (P =.012). Greater time-zone difference was associated with increased match decelerations (P =.027), while arriving later for matches was associated with increased total (P =.041) tackles. Increases in training high-speed distance were associated with increases in match high-speed distance (P =.004) and number of decelerations (P <.001). An increase in training total distance was associated with a decrease in match decelerations (P =.002). Conclusions: Prematch travel appeared to have minimal effects on physical and technical performance in this national team. Training loads prior to matches may have some relationship with match running performance, and, thus, readiness to train should be a priority for athletes arriving in national-team camps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To analyze the positional distances covered above generic and individualized speed thresholds within the most demanding phases of match play. Categorized by position, 17 English Premier League players' match data were analyzed over 2 consecutive seasons (2019–20 and 2020–21). The most demanding phases of play were determined using a rolling average across 4 periods of 1, 3, 5, and 10 minutes. Distance covered in the time above the standard speed of 5.5 m/s was analyzed, with individualized metrics based on the maximal aerobic speed (MAS) test data. Results: Central defenders displayed lower values for high-intensity periods when compared with fullbacks, midfielders, and wide midfielders for both generic and individualized metrics. MAS during 1-minute periods was significantly higher for forwards when compared with central defenders (82.9 [18.9] vs 67.5 [14.8] for maximum high-speed running [HSR] and 96.0 [15.9] vs 75.7 [13.8] HSR for maximum MAS activity). The maximum effect size differences between the central midfielders, wide midfielders, and fullbacks for HSR and MAS measures under the maximum HSR criterion was 0.28 and 0.18 for the 1-minute period, 0.36 and 0.19 for the 3-minute period, 0.46 and 0.31 for the 5-minute period, and 0.49 and 0.315 for the 10-minute period. Conclusions: Individualized speed metrics may provide a more precise and comparable measure than generic values. Data appear to be consistent across playing positions except for central defenders. This information may allow practitioners to directly compare individualized physical outputs of non–central defenders during the most demanding phases of play regardless of the players' positional group. This may provide coaches with important information regarding session design, training load, and fatigue monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to profile the physical-performance related match-data of players (n = 3211) in five leagues (Bundesliga: BU, Ligue1: L1, La-Liga: LL, Premier-League: PL, and Serie-A: SA), regarding five positions: central-defender (CD), fullback (FB), central-midfielder (CM), winger (WN), and forward (FW). The physical-variables were: total-distance (TD), distance at 15–20 km·h−1 (RUNd), distance and efforts at 20–25 km·h−1 (nHSR, HSRd) and > 25 km·h−1 (nSPR, SPRd), accelerations at 1.5–3.0 m·s−2 (mACC), and > 3.0 m·s−2 (hACC), decelerations at −1.5/-3.0 m·s−2 (mDEC), and <-3 m·s−2 (hDEC), and peak-velocity (VMAX). Principal-Component (PC), Cluster and a Mixed-Model analysis were implemented. Results: 1) two PC (explained variance > 75%) grouped variables related to the amount of activity (PC1 = TD, RUNd, nHSR, HSRd,m ACC and mDEC) and intensity (PC2 = nSPR, SPRd, VMAX, hACC and hDEC); 2) CD and CM, in any league, were mainly grouped in clusters 1 and 4, respectively, while the rest FB, FW and WN, were distributed in clusters 3 and 5; 3) the SA and PL leagues, the FW, FB and WN positions and clusters 4 and 5 were profiles closest to the intensity. Knowing physical profiles could be useful both for the recruitment department of the club and for the analysts in those teams that take part in international competitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aims of this study were to: a) examine the relationships between high-intensity distances covered above generic and relative speed thresholds in English Premier League (EPL) matches across two consecutive seasons and b) analyze the effects of playing position and team possession. Sixteen elite male soccer players (seven defenders, six midfielders and three forwards) participated in this study (age 27.8 ± 3.5 years, height 183.7 ± 5.4 cm, body mass 83.9 ± 7.1 kg). An Optical Tracking System was used to collect the following variables: total distance covered; high-speed running distance (HSRD) (> 5.5 m/s); high-intensity running distance (HIRD) (5.5--7 m/s); sprint distance (> 7 m/s); total distance covered above Maximal Aerobic Speed (MAS); distance covered > 85% peak speed (PS); and distance > 30% Anaerobic Speed Reserve (ASR). All measures were analyzed as whole match totals and as distances covered in the periods of the team in possession (TIP), opponent team in possession (OTIP), and ball out of play (BOP). Analysis by position based on defenders, midfielders and forwards was also performed. Distance > 30% ASR was almost perfectly correlated with HSRD (r = 0.98), while distances > MAS were highly correlated with both HIRD (r = 0.91) and HSRD (r = 0.91), and distance > 85% PS were highly correlated with SD (r = 0.70). Although the generic and relative speed thresholds show almost perfect correlation, the differences between HSRD, HIRD and distance > MAS indicate that players may be exposed to more HIRD when using relative thresholds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of triaxial accelerometers into Global Positioning Systems (GPS) has significantly advanced our understanding of accelerations in sports. However, inter-positional differences are unknown. This study aimed to explore the variability of acceleration and deceleration (Acc) distribution curves according to players' positions during soccer matches. Thirty-seven male players from a national-level Portuguese club were monitored using 10 Hz GPS with an embedded accelerometer during the 2021/2022 season. Resultant Acc was obtained from the x (lateral), y (frontal/back), and z (vertical) axes and expressed in gravitational units (g). Statistical Parametric Mapping was employed to compare playing positions: central defenders (CD), fullbacks (FB), central midfielders (CM), wide midfielders (WM), and strikers (ST). All positions exhibited a decreasing Acc distribution curve, very similar in shape, with a high frequency of events in the lower ranges (i.e., 0 to 1 g) and a lower frequency of events in the higher values (2 to 10 g). Post hoc comparisons revealed significant differences between all positions, except between FB and WM. Out of 1000 points in the curve, CD had 540, 535, 414, and 264 different points compared to FB, CM, WM, and ST, respectively. These findings indicate that players in different positions face distinct demands during matches, emphasizing the need for position-specific Acc analysis and training programming. By analyzing Acc as a continuous variable, this study highlights the importance of individualized monitoring to ensure the comprehensive and precise tracking of all player activities, without overlooking or omitting critical information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between physical performance tests and on-ice external load from simulated games (scrimmages) in ice hockey. Methods: A total of 14 players completed a physical performance test battery consisting of 30-m sprint test—run and 30-m sprint test—skate (including 10-m split times and maximum speed), countermovement jump, standing long jump, bench press, pull-ups, and trap bar deadlift and participated in 4 scrimmages. External load variables from scrimmages included total distance; peak speed; slow (< 11.0 km/h), moderate (11.0–16.9 km/h), high (17.0–23.9 km/h), and sprint (> 24.0 km/h) speed skating distance; number of sprints; PlayerLoad™; number of high-intensity events (> 2.5 m/s); accelerations; decelerations; and changes of direction. Bayesian pairwise correlation analyses were performed to assess the relationship between physical performance tests and external load performance variables. Results: The results showed strong evidence (Bayes factor > 10) for associations between pull-ups and high-intensity events (τ =.61) and between maximum speed skate and peak speed (τ =.55). There was moderate evidence (Bayes factor >3 to <10) for 6 associations: both maximum speed skate (τ =.44) and countermovement jump (τ =.44) with sprint speed skating distance, countermovement jump with number of sprints (τ =.46), pull-ups with changes of direction (τ =.50), trap bar with peak speed (τ =.45), and body mass with total distance (τ =.49). Conclusion: This study found physical performance tests to be associated with some of the external load variables from scrimmages. Nevertheless, the majority of correlations did not display meaningful associations, possibly being influenced by the selection of physical performance tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of this systematic review is to provide an evidence-based synthesis of the literature on the topic of technical and tactical competencies of tennis players and to answer the following research questions: (1) What is the state of the art of research on technical and tactical competencies (i.e., skills and knowledge) and tennis; (2) What are the most important topics related to technical and tactical competencies in tennis players. Methods: Electronic searches were conducted in Web of Science, PubMED and SPORTDiscus (August to September 2023). This systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. To reduce risk, all published literature was searched and primary studies were included. The search terms included skills or competencies, match or play, player and tennis and excluded studies on non-competitive tennis players--notation analysis, AI method, systematic review and validation of tools. Results and discussion: Of the 390 publications found in these searches, 13 articles were considered relevant and included in this study. They were divided into three categories: (1) technical-tactical skills, (2) match situations and (3) match performance. There was clear evidence that there is a test instrument for analyzing tactical-technical skills that has sufficient reliability and validity and is of practical value to tennis coaches. The development of tacticaltechnical skills is influenced by method (variability between/within skills), conditions (court size, ball type) and areas of development (situational awareness, anticipation, decision making). There are differences in match and stroke performance between different quality groups (professionals, juniors), which can also be influenced by mental strength. For a comprehensive study of tennis players' abilities, the use of modern technologies is possible and necessary in the future. Future research should focus on the creation of competency models for the playing level of tennis players, which could include at least three key elements: (1) key competencies, (2) description of standards, (3) evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficiency in one against one (1v1) game situations of Polish national team soccer players and their opponents in 12 matches of the group stage in 4 consecutive cup finals at the European Championship in the years 2008–2021. Material and methods: Audio-visual records of matches were analysed and data about the game were recorded on a self-developed observation sheet. Activity, effectiveness and reliability of individual offensive and defensive actions were assessed in the context of implementation of the game objectives. Results: It was found that the Polish players were involved in 245 duels per match, with average reliability of 53%, higher than among players of the opposing teams (47%). They engaged more often in defensive actions and executed them more efficiently than offensive actions (53% and 46%, respectively), and the efficiency of those activities was higher in each next final tournament – 50%, 53% and 57% respectively, except Euro 2020 (52%). Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that success in competition is determined by high reliability in one against one game, exceeding 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined relationships among players’ physical characteristics, match external loads, and heart rate recovery (HRR) during match substitutions in a congested fixture of an overseas futsal training camp. Eleven under-20 national futsal players’ anthropometric characteristics (age, body height, body mass, % fat, and % muscle) and physical fitness [HRmax, VO2max, maximal aerobic speed (MAS) during the 30–15 intermittent fitness test (IFT)] were determined. Additionally, locomotion profiles during field play and HRR sitting on the bench were recorded during five matches. A repeated-measures analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used for statistical analysis. The results revealed that the overall observed correlations among anthropometry, body composition, physical fitness, and HRR were inconsistent across all the matches and substitutions. However, the numbers of moderate (1.00–1.99 m/s²), moderate-to-high (2.00–2.99 m/s²), and high (3.00–50.00 m/s²) intensities of acceleration presented negative correlations in the last match (r < −0.76; p < 0.05). HRR during match substitutions may have been influenced by uncontrolled factors across all the match play and recovery. HRR measures may be affected mainly by fatigue caused by the accumulation of accelerations throughout a congested fixture during a congested-schedule of a futsal training camp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maximum strength has a strong influence on speed-strength performances such as sprints and jumps. Important for sports practice is whether these findings are also reflected in game performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the influence of maximum strength and power performance on linear on-ice skating performance in testing and during game play. A cross-sectional study was conducted, and 24 highly trained male youth ice hockey players participated. Jump performances (countermovement jump [CMJ], drop jumps), maximum strength (1 repetition maximum [1RM] squat and isometric trap bar pull [ITBP]), and on-ice linear sprints (15 m [LS15], 30 m [LS30], flying 15 m [FLY15]) were measured. Match performances (among others: peak skating speed) were collected of 4 regular league games using a local positioning system. Correlation coefficient and explained variance were calculated (p # 0.05). Correlations between maximum strength and jump with on-ice linear sprint performance showed 1-35% explained variance. Correlations between "off ice" test (CMJ, relative 1RM) and game data (peak skating speed) showed 22-30% explained variance, respectively, while ITBP and DJ missed significant level. Between linear sprint and game performance showed 15-59% explained variance. In this study, a clear influence of 1RM in squatting and CMJ performance on on-ice linear sprint as well as in-game peak skating speed was observed. These findings show that strength and jumping performance can be valuable tests within a comprehensive test battery and indicate the relevance of strength and jumping tasks within the regular exercise program to improve in-game skating performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficiency in one against one (1v1) game situations of Polish national team soccer players and their opponents in 12 matches of the group stage in 4 consecutive cup finals at the European Championship in the years 2008–2021. Material and methods: Audio-visual records of matches were analysed and data about the game were recorded on a self-developed observation sheet. Activity, effectiveness and reliability of individual offensive and defensive actions were assessed in the context of implementation of the game objectives. Results: It was found that the Polish players were involved in 245 duels per match, with average reliability of 53%, higher than among players of the opposing teams (47%). They engaged more often in defensive actions and executed them more efficiently than offensive actions (53% and 46%, respectively), and the efficiency of those activities was higher in each next final tournament – 50%, 53% and 57% respectively, except Euro 2020 (52%). Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that success in competition is determined by high reliability in one against one game, exceeding 50%.

The aims of this study were to: a) examine the relationships between high-intensity distances covered above generic and relative speed thresholds in English Premier League (EPL) matches across two consecutive seasons and b) analyze the effects of playing position and team possession. Sixteen elite male soccer players (seven defenders, six midfielders and three forwards) participated in this study (age 27.8 ± 3.5 years, height 183.7 ± 5.4 cm, body mass 83.9 ± 7.1 kg). An Optical Tracking System was used to collect the following variables: total distance covered; high-speed running distance (HSRD) (> 5.5 m/s); high-intensity running distance (HIRD) (5.5–7 m/s); sprint distance (> 7 m/s); total distance covered above Maximal Aerobic Speed (MAS); distance covered > 85% peak speed (PS); and distance > 30% Anaerobic Speed Reserve (ASR). All measures were analyzed as whole match totals and as distances covered in the periods of the team in possession (TIP), opponent team in possession (OTIP), and ball out of play (BOP). Analysis by position based on defenders, midfielders and forwards was also performed. Distance > 30% ASR was almost perfectly correlated with HSRD ( r = 0.98), while distances > MAS were highly correlated with both HIRD ( r = 0.91) and HSRD ( r = 0.91), and distance > 85% PS were highly correlated with SD ( r = 0.70). Although the generic and relative speed thresholds show almost perfect correlation, the differences between HSRD, HIRD and distance > MAS indicate that players may be exposed to more HIRD when using relative thresholds.

This study investigated the understanding and conceptualization of cognitive fatigue in a tennis context and its application among high-performance tennis coaches (HPTC). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eighteen HPTC in Australia to gather insights into their knowledge of cognitive load and fatigue. Through an interpretive qualitative case study approach, five themes were identified: 'Definitions of cognitive load', 'Definitions of cognitive fatigue', 'Development of cognitive fatigue', 'Management of cognitive fatigue' and 'Perceptions of training to prevent cognitive fatigue'. While coaches demonstrated some awareness of cognitive fatigue in their athletes, variations were observed in the strategies employed to manage and alleviate cognitive fatigue. This study bas identified the need for better: 1) coach education on cognitive load and cognitive fatigue, 2) training techniques to ameliorate state cognitive fatigue, 3) measurement tools to track athlete cognitive load and state changes in cognitive fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe aim of this systematic review is to provide an evidence-based synthesis of the literature on the topic of technical and tactical competencies of tennis players and to answer the following research questions: (1) What is the state of the art of research on technical and tactical competencies (i.e., skills and knowledge) and tennis; (2) What are the most important topics related to technical and tactical competencies in tennis players.MethodsElectronic searches were conducted in Web of Science, PubMED and SPORTDiscus (August to September 2023). This systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. To reduce risk, all published literature was searched and primary studies were included. The search terms included skills or competencies, match or play, player and tennis and excluded studies on non-competitive tennis players—notation analysis, AI method, systematic review and validation of tools.Results and discussionOf the 390 publications found in these searches, 13 articles were considered relevant and included in this study. They were divided into three categories: (1) technical-tactical skills, (2) match situations and (3) match performance. There was clear evidence that there is a test instrument for analyzing tactical-technical skills that has sufficient reliability and validity and is of practical value to tennis coaches. The development of tactical-technical skills is influenced by method (variability between/within skills), conditions (court size, ball type) and areas of development (situational awareness, anticipation, decision making). There are differences in match and stroke performance between different quality groups (professionals, juniors), which can also be influenced by mental strength. For a comprehensive study of tennis players’ abilities, the use of modern technologies is possible and necessary in the future. Future research should focus on the creation of competency models for the playing level of tennis players, which could include at least three key elements: (1) key competencies, (2) description of standards, (3) evidence.

Study aim: The aim of this study was to explore empathy and mental toughness as predictors of match performance of young basketball players.

The incorporation of triaxial accelerometers into Global Positioning Systems (GPS) has significantly advanced our understanding of accelerations in sports. However, inter-positional differences are unknown. This study aimed to explore the variability of acceleration and deceleration (Acc) distribution curves according to players’ positions during soccer matches. Thirty-seven male players from a national-level Portuguese club were monitored using 10 Hz GPS with an embedded accelerometer during the 2021/2022 season. Resultant Acc was obtained from the x (lateral), y (frontal/back), and z (vertical) axes and expressed in gravitational units (g). Statistical Parametric Mapping was employed to compare playing positions: central defenders (CD), fullbacks (FB), central midfielders (CM), wide midfielders (WM), and strikers (ST). All positions exhibited a decreasing Acc distribution curve, very similar in shape, with a high frequency of events in the lower ranges (i.e., 0 to 1 g) and a lower frequency of events in the higher values (2 to 10 g). Post hoc comparisons revealed significant differences between all positions, except between FB and WM. Out of 1000 points in the curve, CD had 540, 535, 414, and 264 different points compared to FB, CM, WM, and ST, respectively. These findings indicate that players in different positions face distinct demands during matches, emphasizing the need for position-specific Acc analysis and training programming. By analyzing Acc as a continuous variable, this study highlights the importance of individualized monitoring to ensure the comprehensive and precise tracking of all player activities, without overlooking or omitting critical information.

Background: Sports scientists have studied in-season training periodization with elite soccer teams obtaining some calculations such as relative accumulated load. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is scarce literature about training programs related to the loads imposed during matches in non-starter vs. starter players during different in-season periods. Objective: The main aim of the present study was to compare accumulative match and training load rates and the corresponding training/match ratio (TMr) between non-starters and starters players of an Argentine professional soccer team during two in-season periods (regular competition period vs. match congested period). Methods: Ten players were considered starters if they started the match and completed at least 60 min in three consecutive matches while the other 10 were classified as non-starters (most of the matches played as substitute players) over two 8-week periods. The external load of each player during typical practice sessions and official matches was monitored by GPS. Data on total distance (TD), high-intensity load rate (distance covered at speed > 14.9 km/h per minute, HILR) and high-speed load rate (distance covered at speed > 19.9 km/h per minute, HSLR), number of runs during the load rates (#HILR and #HSLR), high-intensity accelerations and decelerations (> 2.5 m/s², HIA; < –2.5 m/s², HID) and high metabolic load distance (HMLD) were monitored. An individual TMr was calculated for each external load measure. Results: There were no significant differences in accumulative match and training load rates between non-starters and starters. Regarding TMr, non-starters presented a lower value in HILR (–12.9%, p = .039), #HILR (–7.7%, p = .032), and HMLD (–9.8%, p = .024). Conclusions: The main finding of this study showed that non-starters did not present an improvement or deterioration in physical performance in the main physical metrics analysed, compared to starter players in both periods. In addition, non-starters presented lower values of TMr for high-intensity patterns during the regular period. This could be attributed to the fact that non-starting players have achieved higher performance in various physical metrics, compared to players who were substituted or completed the entire match. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The importance of soccer referees is widely accepted by international soccer organizations and governing bodies, although there is little research summarizing and appraising the literature on soccer referees. The aim of this study was to systematically review the information related to physical demands, nutrition and physiological profiling of soccer referees. Methods Conforming with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, searches of three electronic databases (Web of Sciences, PubMed and Scopus) were conducted on 24 April 2022. The following search terms were used: (Soccer OR football AND refer*) AND (physical OR physiolo* OR load* OR “body composition” OR “fat mass” OR “fat free mass” OR “body size” OR “nutrition*” OR “nutritional assessment” OR “nutritional intake” OR “macronutrient*” OR “micronutrient*”). The inclusion criteria of the manuscripts written in English were that articles with male and/or female soccer referees and included relevant data concerning performance, physical testing, nutrition, body composition, body size and/or physiology of soccer referees. The tools developed by the National Institute of Health were used to assess risk of bias according to the study design. Results In total, 110 manuscripts were included in the present review. Match activities of soccer referees and assistant referees are not comparable. Variation in performance is influenced by competitive level and competitive schedules. Additionally, match performance is often used to validate field protocols. The associations between match indicators and field protocols were not constant across the included studies, particularly in short-maximal tests. An age decline in physical performance was not conclusive. Body size did not discriminate between referees and assistant referees, as well as referees of different competitive levels. Few studies focused on nutritional guidelines among referees, particularly exercise energy expenditure. Energy intake was comparable across studies, but referees did not follow the daily dietary recommendations. Aerobic output was frequently assessed, and it was not comparable to the values for soccer players. Conclusions Although there are decreases in the running profiles of older referees, they maintain the same distances from the ball, and thus, age per se should not be used to define participation at the international level. The assessment of physical fitness warrants future consideration given the levels of fatigue that are apparent at the end of matches. In order to attain ideal levels of body composition, future studies need to provide guidelines for daily energy expenditure and nutritional intake. Trial registration: The protocol was published in INPLASY (International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) with the registration number 202280052 and https://doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.005 .

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine relationships of external load variables between beach and indoor volleyball amongst individual positions on the team. The movements of eight beach and fourteen indoor female volleyball players were recorded during elite playoff matches; in total, 2,336 three-dimensional trajectories were analyzed. Time-outs and intervals between rallies or sets were excluded from active play time. In both beach and indoor volleyball, 80% of rallies lasted up to 10 s, and players covered 4.5 to 10 m of court during 60% of rally play. Differences in dependent variables of external load were found between independent variables of sports and player positions (p < 0.05). The distance covered in beach volleyball rallies and Player Load™ parameters was significantly higher by up to 23%. The unstable court surface with sand in beach volleyball elevated explosive Player Load™ (accelerations in all three orthogonal planes of motion higher than 3.5 m/s3) in beach volleyball players compared to those of players on stable flooring in indoor. While beach volleyball blocker and defender positions showed no significant difference in parameters between each other, they differed in all parameters when compared to player positions in indoor volleyball. Indoor blocker and libero reached higher loads than setter, outside and opposite positions in various parameters. Factors that influence external load include the larger relative court areas covered by each player in beach volleyball, complexity of players’ roles, and game strategy. This data adds to the knowledge of elite match demands in female volleyball. Specified agility-drill distances and times are essential for training optimization and must be supported by scientific observation. Researchers, coaches, and conditioning specialists should find this helpful for achieving a higher degree of training regulation.

Purpose: To develop position-specific career performance trajectories and determine the age of peak performance of professional Australian Football players. Methods: Match performance data (Australian Football League [AFL] Player Rank) were collected for Australian Football players drafted via the AFL National Draft between 1999 and 2015 (N = 207). Players were subdivided into playing positions: forwards (n = 60; age 23 [3] y), defenders (n = 71; age 24 [4] y), midfielders (n = 58; age 24 [4] y), and ruckmen (n = 18; age 24 [3] y). Linear mixed models were fitted to the data to estimate individual career trajectories. Results: Forwards, midfielders, and defenders experienced peak match performance earlier than ruckmen (24–25 vs 27 y). Midfielders demonstrated the greatest between-subjects variability (intercept 0.580, age 0.0286) in comparison with ruckmen, who demonstrated the least variability (intercept 0.112, age 0.005) in AFL Player Rank throughout their careers. Age had the greatest influence on the career trajectory of midfielders (β [SE] = 0.226 [0.025], T = 9.10, P <.01) and the least effect on ruckmen (β [SE] = 0.114 [0.049], T = 2.30, P =.02). Conclusions: Professional Australian Football players peak in match performance between 24 and 27 years of age with age, having the greatest influence on the match performance of midfielders and the least on ruckmen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The importance of soccer referees is widely accepted by international soccer organizations and governing bodies, although there is little research summarizing and appraising the literature on soccer referees. The aim of this study was to systematically review the information related to physical demands, nutrition and physiological profiling of soccer referees. Methods: Conforming with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, searches of three electronic databases (Web of Sciences, PubMed and Scopus) were conducted on 24 April 2022. The following search terms were used: (Soccer OR football AND refer*) AND (physical OR physiolo* OR load* OR "body composition" OR "fat mass" OR "fat free mass" OR "body size" OR "nutrition*" OR "nutritional assessment" OR "nutritional intake" OR "macronutrient*" OR "micronutrient*"). The inclusion criteria of the manuscripts written in English were that articles with male and/or female soccer referees and included relevant data concerning performance, physical testing, nutrition, body composition, body size and/or physiology of soccer referees. The tools developed by the National Institute of Health were used to assess risk of bias according to the study design. Results: In total, 110 manuscripts were included in the present review. Match activities of soccer referees and assistant referees are not comparable. Variation in performance is influenced by competitive level and competitive schedules. Additionally, match performance is often used to validate field protocols. The associations between match indicators and field protocols were not constant across the included studies, particularly in short-maximal tests. An age decline in physical performance was not conclusive. Body size did not discriminate between referees and assistant referees, as well as referees of different competitive levels. Few studies focused on nutritional guidelines among referees, particularly exercise energy expenditure. Energy intake was comparable across studies, but referees did not follow the daily dietary recommendations. Aerobic output was frequently assessed, and it was not comparable to the values for soccer players. Conclusions: Although there are decreases in the running profiles of older referees, they maintain the same distances from the ball, and thus, age per se should not be used to define participation at the international level. The assessment of physical fitness warrants future consideration given the levels of fatigue that are apparent at the end of matches. In order to attain ideal levels of body composition, future studies need to provide guidelines for daily energy expenditure and nutritional intake. Trial registration: The protocol was published in INPLASY (International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) with the registration number 202280052 and https://doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.005. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Match-related technical performance is one of the most important factors for success in modern soccer. Aim of Study. This study aimed to try to determine which of the attacking and goal scoring, passing and organizing and defending variables contributed to the success of the national teams participating in the Qatar 2022 FIFA World Cup to qualify for the knockout stage. Material and Methods. The sample consisted of 48 group stage matches. The data were collected from the Whoscord website, which is based on the OPTA system. Results. Results showed that there are statistically significant differences between qualified and eliminated teams in goal efficiency and pass accuracy (p < 0.05). However, the effect size was moderate in variables of goal efficiency (ES = 0.74), pass accuracy (ES = = 0.78), total passes (ES = 0.69), and short passes (ES = 0.62). Other variables have small or trivial effect. Conclusions. In conclusion, goal efficiency, pass accuracy are the important success factors in stage group of 2022 World Cup. Therefore, coaches must focus heavily on these variables in their training in order to succeed in qualifying for the knockout stage in the upcoming World Cup tournaments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to determine the physical-tactical profiles of elite football teams and individual players according to final league rankings. A total of 50 English Premier League matches (n = 100 match and 583 player observations) were analysed by coding the player's physical-tactical actions through synchronising tracking data and video. Final league rankings were categorised into Tiers: (A) 1st-5th ranking (n = 25), (B) 6th-10th ranking (n = 26), (C) 11th-15th ranking (n = 26), and (D) 16th-20th ranking (n = 23). One-way analyses of variance were used to compare match performances between different Tiers, and effect size (ES) was determined for the meaningfulness of the difference. Tier A teams covered 39-51% more high-intensity distance for 'Move to Receive/Exploit Space' (ES: 1.3-1.6, P < 0.01) and 'Run with Ball' (ES: 0.9-1.0, P < 0.05) than Tier C and D, and 23-94% more distance for 'Over/Underlap' (ES: 1.0, P < 0.01), 'Run in Behind/Penetrate' (ES: 0.7, P < 0.05), and 'Break into Box' (ES: 0.9, P < 0.05) compared to Tier C. Central and Wide Defensive Players in Tier A covered 65-551% more high-intensity 'Move to Receive/Exploit Space' distance compared to other Tiers (ES: 0.6-1.0, P < 0.01). Moreover, the additional options within the physical-tactical actions and zonal differences unveiled more meaningful insights into 'HOW' the top Tier teams physically and tactically perform. Thus, the amalgamated physical-tactical data help improve our understanding of a team's playing style relative to their competitive standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to determine the physical-tactical profiles of elite football teams and individual players according to final league rankings. A total of 50 English Premier League matches (n = 100 match and 583 player observations) were analysed by coding the player’s physical-tactical actions through synchronising tracking data and video. Final league rankings were categorised into Tiers: (A) 1st–5th ranking (n = 25), (B) 6th–10th ranking (n = 26), (C) 11th–15th ranking (n = 26), and (D) 16th–20th ranking (n = 23). One-way analyses of variance were used to compare match performances between different Tiers, and effect size (ES) was determined for the meaningfulness of the difference. Tier A teams covered 39–51% more high-intensity distance for ‘Move to Receive/Exploit Space’ (ES: 1.3–1.6, P < 0.01) and ‘Run with Ball’ (ES: 0.9–1.0, P < 0.05) than Tier C and D, and 23–94% more distance for ‘Over/Underlap’ (ES: 1.0, P < 0.01), ‘Run in Behind/Penetrate’ (ES: 0.7, P < 0.05), and ‘Break into Box’ (ES: 0.9, P < 0.05) compared to Tier C. Central and Wide Defensive Players in Tier A covered 65–551% more high-intensity ‘Move to Receive/Exploit Space’ distance compared to other Tiers (ES: 0.6–1.0, P < 0.01). Moreover, the additional options within the physical-tactical actions and zonal differences unveiled more meaningful insights into ‘HOW’ the top Tier teams physically and tactically perform. Thus, the amalgamated physical-tactical data help improve our understanding of a team’s playing style relative to their competitive standard.

The present study aimed to contextualise physical metrics with tactical actions according to general and specialised tactical roles. A total of 244 English Premier League players were analysed by coding player’s physical-tactical actions via the fusion of tracking data and video. Data were analysed across 5 general (Central Defensive Players = CDP, Wide Defensive Players = WDP, Central Midfield Players = CMP, Wide Offensive Players = WOP, Central Offensive Players = COP) and 11 specialised positions (Centre Backs = CB, Full-Backs = FB, Wing-Backs = WB, Box-to-Box Midfielders = B2BM, Central Defensive Midfielders = CDM, Central Attacking Midfielders = CAM, Wide Midfielders = WM, Wide Forwards = WF, Centre Forwards = CF). COP covered more distance at high-intensity (> 19.8 km· h-1) when performing actions such as ‘Break into Box’, Run in Behind/Penetrate’, and ‘Close Down/Press’ than other positions (ES: 0.6–5.2, P < 0.01). WOP covered more high-intensity ‘Run with Ball’ distance (ES: 0.7–1.7, P < 0.01) whereas WDP performed more ‘Over/Underlap’ distance than other positions (ES: 0.9–1.4, P < 0.01). CDP and WDP covered more high-intensity ‘Covering’ distances than other positions (ES: 0.4–2.4, P < 0.01). Nonetheless, data demonstrated that implementing specialised positional analysis relative to a generalised approach is more sensitive in measuring physical-tactical performances of players with the latter over or underestimating the match demands of the players compared to the former. A contextualised analysis may assist coaches and practitioners when designing position or even player-specific training drills since the data provides unique physical-tactical trends across specialised roles.

This study aimed to examine the position-specific evolution of technical and physical parameters in the Spanish LaLiga over an eight-season period. Match performance data of players were analysed for eight consecutive seasons from 2012/2013 to 2019/2020. A total of 32,775 individual match observations were analysed using a computerised tracking system (TRACAB, Chyronhego, New York, USA). The players were classified into five positional roles: central defenders (CD; match observations = 9,089), external defenders (ED; match observations = 7,876), central midfielders (CM; match observations = 8,276), external midfielders (EM; match observations = 3,949), and forwards (F; match observations = 3,585). Generalised linear models were used to analyse the differences in players' match performance according to the season and playing position. Total distance decreased by 3.2% in the final season versus the first season (p < 0.01, effect size = 0.37) in all playing positions. The number of efforts made at high-intensity running (HIR) increased across the eight seasons (ranging from 14.6% in ED to 9.2% in EM). However, whereas CD (+8.2%), ED (+9.5%), CM (+9.3%), and F (+8.0%) increased HIR distance from 2012 to 2020, no significant differences were found for EM (+1.7%). Overall, no differences were found in the number of total passes, short passes, long passes, and pass accuracy. Interestingly, CD increased the number of total passes (30.60%), short passes (31.5%), and long passes (26.5%). Finally, players performed 46.0% less tackles, 40.8% less clearances, and 10.0% more interceptions over the eight-season period. These findings may be useful for position-specific technical and physical training and talent identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In elite soccer, many teams routinely use positional games (PGs) in their practice sessions, striving to simulate competition situations, although some debate exists about the application's usefulness. Objective: The main aim of this descriptive study was to compare the physical demands among three different formats of PGs within the competitive profile. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted with 19 Argentinian professional soccer players (age 23.7 ± 4.7 years, body mass 73.6 ± 7.0 kg, height 177.2 ± 5.6 cm). External load was monitored by GPS (Catapult?) during typical practice sessions with PGs designs (7 vs. 7 + 1 Floater [F], 9 vs. 9 + 2F + 2 goalkeepers [GK], 10 vs. 10 + 1F + 2GK) and during 10 official matches. Data on total distance (TD), player-load (PL), HILR (distance covered at speed > 14.9 km/h per minute), HSSL (distance covered at speed > 19.9 km/h per minute), number of runs during HILR and HSSL, very high-intensity accelerations (> 3.5 m/s2; VHIA) and decelerations (< -3.5 m/s2; VHID) and maximal speed (MS) were measured. In addition, rates of perceived exertion (RPE) were also monitored. Results: The mean values of TD and PL were similar to those of match status in every format. With respect to HILR and HSSL, the average values were significantly lower than those obtained in matches for 7 vs. 7 + 1F and 9 vs. 9 + 2F + 2GK formats (p < .001). The MS was the other variable in the study that differed notably from the values obtained during matches in each format (p < .001). The VHIA values were significantly higher than matches in 7 vs. 7 + 1F, while VHID presented statistical differences in both formats, 7 vs. 7 + 1F and 10 vs. 10 + 1F + 2GK. Regarding RPE, 10 vs. 10 + 1F + 2GK was the only format without statistical difference in comparison with matches (p < .001). Conclusions: The findings suggest that smaller-sized PGs could be used to stimulate intensity in terms of acceleration/deceleration demands, whereas larger-sized PGs are the optimum format to reach a similar performance in a competitive situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to contextualise physical metrics with tactical actions according to general and specialised tactical roles. A total of 244 English Premier League players were analysed by coding player's physical-tactical actions via the fusion of tracking data and video. Data were analysed across 5 general (Central Defensive Players = CDP, Wide Defensive Players = WDP, Central Midfield Players = CMP, Wide Offensive Players = WOP, Central Offensive Players = COP) and 11 specialised positions (Centre Backs = CB, Full-Backs = FB, Wing-Backs = WB, Box-to-Box Midfielders = B2BM, Central Defensive Midfielders = CDM, Central Attacking Midfielders = CAM, Wide Midfielders = WM, Wide Forwards = WF, Centre Forwards = CF). COP covered more distance at high-intensity (> 19.8 km ⋅ h-1) when performing actions such as 'Break into Box', Run in Behind/Penetrate', and 'Close Down/Press' than other positions (ES: 0.6--5.2, P < 0.01). WOP covered more high-intensity 'Run with Ball' distance (ES: 0.7--1.7, P < 0.01) whereas WDP performed more 'Over/Underlap' distance than other positions (ES: 0.9--1.4, P < 0.01). CDP and WDP covered more high-intensity 'Covering' distances than other positions (ES: 0.4--2.4, P < 0.01). Nonetheless, data demonstrated that implementing specialised positional analysis relative to a generalised approach is more sensitive in measuring physical-tactical performances of players with the latter over or underestimating the match demands of the players compared to the former. A contextualised analysis may assist coaches and practitioners when designing position or even player-specific training drills since the data provides unique physical-tactical trends across specialised roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to determine the physical-tactical trends of elite players/teams during peak 1-, 3- and 5-min periods of match-play. A total of 50 English Premier League matches (n = 583 player observations) were analysed by coding the players’ physical-tactical activities through the synchronisation of tracking data and video. The contextualised data showed that during the peak periods (i.e., the most demanding passage of play), players/teams covered the largest distances for ‘Recovery Run’ (28–37%) out of possession and ‘Support Play’ (9–13%) in possession. In the following periods, players covered less high-intensity distance versus the average with a more pronounced decline in the next 1-min period than longer duration 3- and 5-min periods (48% vs ~25–30%, ES: 0.4–0.5, P < 0.01); team data showed similar trends with different relative patterns (31% vs 17–30%, ES: 0.5–0.8, P < 0.01). After peak periods, players/teams performed 20–53% less high-intensity distances for ‘Covering’ and ‘Recovery Run’ (ES: 0.2–0.7, P < 0.01) out of possession. However, players covered 28–91% less distance for ‘Run with Ball’ (ES: 0.1–0.5, P < 0.05) when in possession. Some physical-tactical actions exhibited inconsistency in different time durations of the next periods; however, these physical-tactical data were position-specific. This may signify that each position has certain physical-tactical actions to execute even after the peak periods, especially when they are tactically required to do so. As the data demonstrates unique physical-tactical trends of players/teams during the peak and next periods of play, this could help practitioners prescribe position- and player-specific drills, and better understand transient decrements in high-intensity running after intense passages of play.

The acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) is a metric that can be used to monitor training loads during sport. Over the last decade researchers have investigated how this metric relates to injury, yet little consideration has been given to how this metric interacts with performance. Two prospective longitudinal studies were implemented investigating internal and external ACWRs and match outcome in junior tennis players. Forty-two and 24 players were recruited to participate in the internal and external load studies, respectively. Internal load was measured using session rate of perceive exertion, while external load was defined as total swing counts. The main dependent variable was tennis match performance which was extracted from the universal tennis rating website. The ACWR for internal and external load were the primary independent variables. Acute load was defined as the total load for one week, while a 4-week rolling average represented chronic load. There were no significant associations between internal (p-value = .23) or external (p-value = .81) ACWR and tennis match performance as assessed by multivariate regressions. The ACWRs in these datasets were close to 1.00, thus a balanced training load was undertaken by these athletes upon entering match play but was not related to match success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to determine the physical-tactical trends of elite players/teams during peak 1-, 3- and 5-min periods of match-play. A total of 50 English Premier League matches (n = 583 player observations) were analysed by coding the players' physical-tactical activities through the synchronisation of tracking data and video. The contextualised data showed that during the peak periods (i.e., the most demanding passage of play), players/teams covered the largest distances for 'Recovery Run' (28--37%) out of possession and 'Support Play' (9--13%) in possession. In the following periods, players covered less high-intensity distance versus the average with a more pronounced decline in the next 1-min period than longer duration 3- and 5-min periods (48% vs ~25--30%, ES: 0.4--0.5, P < 0.01); team data showed similar trends with different relative patterns (31% vs 17--30%, ES: 0.5--0.8, P < 0.01). After peak periods, players/teams performed 20--53% less high-intensity distances for 'Covering' and 'Recovery Run' (ES: 0.2--0.7, P < 0.01) out of possession. However, players covered 28--91% less distance for 'Run with Ball' (ES: 0.1--0.5, P < 0.05) when in possession. Some physical-tactical actions exhibited inconsistency in different time durations of the next periods; however, these physical-tactical data were position-specific. This may signify that each position has certain physical-tactical actions to execute even after the peak periods, especially when they are tactically required to do so. As the data demonstrates unique physical-tactical trends of players/teams during the peak and next periods of play, this could help practitioners prescribe position- and player-specific drills, and better understand transient decrements in high-intensity running after intense passages of play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Playing styles play a key role in winning soccer matches, but the technical and physical styles of play between home and away match considering team quality in the Chinese Soccer Super League (CSL) remain unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the technical and physical styles of play between home and away matches integrating with team quality in the CSL. Materials and methods: The study sample consists of 480 performance records from 240 matches during the 2019 competitive season in the CSL. These match events were collected using a semi-automatic computerized video tracking system, Amisco Pro®. A k-means cluster analysis was used to evaluate team quality and then using principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the playing styles between home and away matches according to team quality. Differences between home and away matches in terms of playing styles were analyzed using a linear mixed model. Results: Our study found that PC1 presented a positive correlation with physical-related variables such as HIRD, HIRE, HSRD, and HSRE while PC2 was positively associated with the passing-related variables such as Pass, FPass, PassAcc, and FPAcc. Therefore, PC1 typically represents intense-play styles while PC2 represents possession-play styles at home and away matches, respectively. In addition, strong teams preferred to utilize intensity play whereas medium and weak teams utilized possession play whenever playing at home or away matches. Furthermore, the first five teams in the final overall ranking in the CSL presented a compensated technical-physical playing style whereas the last five teams showed inferior performance in terms of intensity and possession play. Conclusion: Intensity or possession play was associated with the final overall ranking in the CSL, and playing styles that combine these two factors could be more liable to win the competition. Our study provides a detailed explanation for the impact of playing styles on match performances whereby coaches can adjust and combine different playing styles for ultimate success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to understand how training and playing conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic affected the performance of Euroleague Basketball players. Using a non-participant observation analysis, the study compared the seasons before the lockdown (2018–2019 and 2019–2020; pre-pandemic) with the season after restart (2020–2021; pandemic). Paired t-tests and Wilcoxon tests were applied for variables with normal and nonnormal distributions, respectively. The results revealed significant changes (p < 0.05) in several offensive and defensive performance-related variables during pandemic times (without attendance): free throw attempts, free throw percentage, turnovers, three-point attempt rate, fouls (small effect sizes, ESs), points, and possessions (trivial ES). The pre-pandemic HA (70%) significantly decreased after the lockdown, with games played with no crowd (51%; p = 0.018, large ES). The one-sample t-test showed that the HA after the COVID-19 interruption was not significantly greater than 50%, indicating that the HA did not endure during the pandemic condition. Although significant differences between home and away teams were found for most performance-related variables (excepting turnovers) in both pre-pandemic and pandemic conditions, variations of the relative HA were only significant for free throw attempts (large ES), points (medium ES), and turnovers (medium ES). The results of this study showed that performance variables were affected by the COVID-19 lockdown. Thus, these findings may help coaches, players, and referees to counteract unwanted competitive events and improve their overall performance, regardless of the contextual/situational circumstances encountered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Main purpose of this research was to investigate the changes of physical match performance in Polish Ekstraklasa across four consecutive seasons. Material and methods: A total of 949 official matches from season 2017/2018 to 2020/2021 were analyzed. Such match running performance variables as total distance, high-speed running, sprinting, and number of high-intensity runs were involved. Each season data were divided into two rounds (spring round and autumn round). Due to the pandemic of COVID-19 additional post-lockdown round (Spring I 2019/2020) occurred. Results: Comparison in the results between Spring 2017/2018 and Spring 2020/2021 indicated significant increases in total distance (2.1%, p

The aim of this study was to understand how training and playing conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic affected the performance of Euroleague Basketball players. Using a non-participant observation analysis, the study compared the seasons before the lockdown (2018–2019 and 2019–2020; pre-pandemic) with the season after restart (2020–2021; pandemic). Paired t-tests and Wilcoxon tests were applied for variables with normal and non-normal distributions, respectively. The results revealed significant changes (p < 0.05) in several offensive and defensive performance-related variables during pandemic times (without attendance): free throw attempts, free throw percentage, turnovers, three-point attempt rate, fouls (small effect sizes, ESs), points, and possessions (trivial ES). The pre-pandemic HA (70%) significantly decreased after the lockdown, with games played with no crowd (∼51%; p = 0.018, large ES). The one-sample t-test showed that the HA after the COVID-19 interruption was not significantly greater than 50%, indicating that the HA did not endure during the pandemic condition. Although significant differences between home and away teams were found for most performance-related variables (excepting turnovers) in both pre-pandemic and pandemic conditions, variations of the relative HA were only significant for free throw attempts (large ES), points (medium ES), and turnovers (medium ES). The results of this study showed that performance variables were affected by the COVID-19 lockdown. Thus, these findings may help coaches, players, and referees to counteract unwanted competitive events and improve their overall performance, regardless of the contextual/situational circumstances encountered.

The aim of the present study was to analyse the influence of congested periods of matches on the acceleration (Acc) and deceleration (Dec) profiles of elite soccer players. Twenty-three elite male professional soccer players participated in the study across 31 official matches. Assessed periods included: (i) congested periods (three to four days between games), and (ii) non-congested periods (more than four days between games). Physical activity during matches was recorded during games using a 10Hz global positioning system device, coupled with a 100 Hz accelerometer, and was analysed according to the periods. Maximal Acc- (73.2 ± 20.3 vs. 84.918.5 m), high Acc- (244.0 ± 49.5 vs. 267.0 ± 37.8 m), maximal Dec- (139.0 ± 44.8 vs. 152.039.3 m) and the total decelerating- distance (5132 ± 690 vs. 5245 ± 552 m) were lower in congested than in non-congested periods (p 0.05). It was concluded that Acc and Dec match activities were significantly affected during congested periods compared to non-congested highlighting a possible fatigue accumulation being responsible for the observed decrement in physical activity. Monitoring Acc and Dec metrics throughout particular periods of congested fixtures amongst professional soccer teams is advised and may be a way to assess physical and fatigue status.

The aim of the present study was to analyse the influence of congested periods of matches on the acceleration (Acc) and deceleration (Dec) profiles of elite soccer players. Twenty-three elite male professional soccer players participated in the study across 31 official matches. Assessed periods included: (i) congested periods (three to four days between games), and (ii) non-congested periods (more than four days between games). Physical activity during matches was recorded during games using a 10Hz global positioning system device, coupled with a 100 Hz accelerometer, and was analysed according to the periods. Maximal Acc- (73.2 ± 20.3 vs. 84.918.5 m), high Acc- (244.0 ± 49.5 vs. 267.0 ± 37.8 m), maximal Dec- (139.0 ± 44.8 vs. 152.039.3 m) and the total decelerating- distance (5132 ± 690 vs. 5245 ± 552 m) were lower in congested than in non-congested periods (p < 0.05, effect size 0.31--0.70). Neither a main effect of playing position nor a period*playing position interaction on Acc and Dec were observed (p > 0.05). It was concluded that Acc and Dec match activities were significantly affected during congested periods compared to non-congested highlighting a possible fatigue accumulation being responsible for the observed decrement in physical activity. Monitoring Acc and Dec metrics throughout particular periods of congested fixtures amongst professional soccer teams is advised and may be a way to assess physical and fatigue status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Study Aim. Despite its increasing popularity, beach handball has not been studied in terms of physiological responses. Thus the aim of this study was to demonstrate lactate and heart rate responses as well as urine specific gravity (USG) levels and fluid intakes of female university students who competed at an international beach handball tournament. Material and Methods. Five university students who are also handball players (age: 21±1,2, body weight: 56,6±6,4, height:1,61±0,06 and BMI: 21,7±1,43) voluntarily participated in this study. Heart rate (HR), lactate level (LA) and USG were measured before each and immediately after each competition and fluid intake during competition was monitored. Results: The mean values of lactate accumulation and heart rate before and after the match were 1,4 mmol and 87,3, 5,0 and 123,9, respectively. Athletes were euhydrated before the matches (USGmean=1,018) and only presented dehydration after the second match. Conclusions. Beach handball does not result in strenuous physiological effects according to heart rate and lactate responses. Their fluid intake was not enough to eliminate dehydration. Despite fluid availability during the match they presented dehydration at the second match.

Badminton, which can be played in all age groups for competition and recreation in the world, is the fastest racket sport and has taken its place in international tournaments. In this study, it was aimed to examine the competition performance of wheelchair women Badminton players participating in international competitions. The national team badminton in 19 wheelchair categories with disabilities from 17 countries participating in the 4th International Enes Cup Badminton Tournament with an average age of 36.66 ± 4.88, average height 1.68 ± 0.04, body weight average 59 ± 6.44 athlete (Russia, Japan, Thailand, France, Spain, Malaysia and Turkey) participated on a voluntary basis, Analysis studies were carried out on 7 single women's competitions. As a result of the study, it was determined that the most common type of shots in 1527 strokes performed by wheelchair single female badminton athletes was Clear and the least used stroke was Drive. (p lt;0.05). It was determined that the most striking region was the back and middle region among the 1519 hit areas performed by the athletes, while the game winning region was the front region with the highest number of 14.94% and the middle region with at least 4.17%. The game-losing hit zone, which is the game-hit hit zone, from 174 athletes performed by the athletes was analyzed as 174 hit-zone, and the game-losing hit zone was analyzed (P lt;0.05). It was determined that the game losing region was the frontal and at least the middle region with 74 of the most. It was determined that the athletes made a maximum of 36.82% back line error and at least 9.95% a side line error. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the athletes preferred the Clear stroke, the reason for this was the control of the game in wheelchair badminton players, the time saving in the chair control among rallies, and therefore the ethics of preference clear technique, which is a guaranteed hit.

Purpose: This study examined the relationship of prematch travel and in-camp training on ensuing physical and technical match performance of footballers (soccer) competing for a national team., Methods: Match running and technical performance data were obtained from 68 national-team footballers competing in international matches (N = 108). Match performance data were aligned with the confirmed travel durations, time-zone change, travel direction, and time between arrival and kickoff for the travel to the match. In addition, in-camp training load from the 3 days prior to national-team matches was also collated. Linear mixed models assessed relationships between travel and training measures with physical and technical match performance outcomes., Results: Travel variables explained little variance in outcomes (R2 = .02-.16). Traveling eastward was associated with an increase in total (P = .042) and very high-speed distance (P = .030) in matches and a 5% decrease in pass accuracy (P = .012). Greater time-zone difference was associated with increased match decelerations (P = .027), while arriving later for matches was associated with increased total (P = .041) tackles. Increases in training high-speed distance were associated with increases in match high-speed distance (P = .004) and number of decelerations (P < .001). An increase in training total distance was associated with a decrease in match decelerations (P = .002)., Conclusions: Prematch travel appeared to have minimal effects on physical and technical performance in this national team. Training loads prior to matches may have some relationship with match running performance, and, thus, readiness to train should be a priority for athletes arriving in national-team camps.

This study aimed to benchmark and analyze match performance of elite soccer players from various confederations during the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 (Men's WC) and FIFA Women's World Cup Australia and New Zealand 2023 (Women's WC). A total of 128 matches were analyzed using an optical tracking system ( n  = 1,351 player observations). Players from various national teams were categorized into their respective confederations: Europe (UEFA), South America (CONMEBOL), North/Central America and Caribbean (CONCACAF), Africa (CAF) and Asia and Oceania (AFC/OFC). Generalized Linear Mixed Models and Linear Mixed Models were employed to assess performance differences between confederations. Data revealed that CONMEBOL players in the Men's WC covered less total distance than UEFA players ( p  = 0.0396; ES = 0.6). However, no differences were found in high-intensity running and sprinting distances across confederations in both tournaments. UEFA players in both competitions typically demonstrated superior technical/tactical performances. In particular, UEFA players in the Women's World Cup made more passes, had 7-16% higher pass completion rates and achieved 10-15% greater line break completion rates compared to those from CAF, CONCACAF and AFC/OFC ( p  < 0.0001 to p  = 0.0199, ES = 0.5-1.3). These findings suggest that UEFA players may possess a tactical/technical edge in international competitions. However, caution should be exercised when interpreting data due to high variations within confederations. This is the first comprehensive study describing match performance between confederations during the Men's and Women's WC, providing valuable insights into the physical and technical/tactical aspects of elite soccer.

This study explores the influence of corona-specific training and playing conditions - especially empty stadiums - on match performance, contact behavior, and home advantage in the Bundesliga (BL) and Bundesliga 2 (BL2). We analyzed the 2017/18, 2018/19, and 2019/20 seasons and compared matches in rounds 26–34 before shutdown with "ghost" matches after restart. Results show increased running activity for high intensity distance: (+ 6.1%) and total distance covered (+ 4.3%). In BL2 in particular there were also changes in tactical aspects of the game (time in last third: –6.3%, pressure on pass receiver: –8.6%, success of attacking duels: –7.9%, share of long passes completed: + 15.6%, outplayed opponents per pass: –14.7%). Contact time to other players (< 2 m distance) was 15:35 mins per match. After restart, contact was reduced, especially when the ball was not in the last third (–11.2%). Away wins increased by +44.2% in BL and the home-away difference in yellow cards changed in favor of the away team (+31.2%) in BL2. We conclude that empty stadiums have reduced home advantage and decreased referee bias when awarding yellow cards. Player behavior might have been affected by tactical demands and/or conscious or unconscious self-protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of chronological age on acceleration and deceleration match performance in professional soccer players. A total of 5317 individual match observations were collected on 420 professional players competing in the Spanish LaLiga during the 2018–2019 season, using a multiple-camera computerised tracking system (TRACAB; ChyronHego, Melville, NY, USA). Players were classified using a k -means cluster analysis into four different age groups: 17–23 years, 24–27 years, 28–30 years, and 31–38 years. Linear mixed models were adjusted to compare the players' match performance according to their age group and playing position (central defenders, external defenders, central midfielders, external midfielders, and forwards). The results showed that players aged between 31–38 years performed a significantly less total number of accelerations (ES=0.30–0.48) and decelerations (ES=0.29–0.49) in comparison with younger players. These age-related physical performance declines were more pronounced among central defenders, central midfielders, and forwards. However, no significant effects were obtained for players' maximum acceleration and deceleration capacities. The current findings provide useful information for coaches and strength and conditioning specialists to better understand the effects of age on players' physical performance and to develop age-tailored training programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current soccer scientific literature is scarce with regard to examining the technical performance of substitute players. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the physical and technical performance of substitute players versus those who completed the entire match or were replaced and also examine the performance of substitutes across different playing positions. Method: The sample was composed of 6,631 match observations from 431 professional soccer players competing in the German Bundesliga during the season 2018–2019. These observations were divided into three groups: entire match (n = 3,807), replaced (n = 1,412), and substitutes (n = 1,412). Linear mixed models were adjusted to compare the performance of the three groups independently of playing position and separately for each position (central defenders, fullbacks, central midfielders, wide midfielders, and attackers). Results: Substitute players showed higher total distance covered (effect sizes [ES]: 0.99–1.06), number of sprints (ES: 0.60–0.64), and number of fast runs (ES: 0.83–0.91) relative to playing time than replaced and entire match players. The differences in technical performance between groups varied according to playing position. Substitute central defenders showed less possession (ES: 0.39–0.41), touches (ES: 0.47–0.57), and passes (ES: 0.54–0.59) but higher defensive performance (ES: 0.51–0.54) than replaced and entire match players. Substitutes in midfield and attack positions displayed more possession (ES: 0.22–0.47), touches (ES: 0.27–0.37), and shots (ES: 0.22–0.28) than replaced and entire match players. Conclusion: This study has shown that substitutes are able to improve the performance of the players who completed the entire match or were replaced in both physical and some technical variables depending on playing position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The current study examined the sleep, travel, and recovery responses of elite footballers during and after long-haul international air travel, with a further description of these responses over the ensuing competitive tour (including 2 matches). Methods: In an observational design, 15 elite male football players undertook 18 h of predominantly westward international air travel from the United Kingdom to South America (-4-h time-zone shift) for a 10-d tour. Objective sleep parameters, external and internal training loads, subjective player match performance, technical match data, and perceptual jet-lag and recovery measures were collected. Results: Significant differences were evident between outbound travel and recovery night 1 (night of arrival; P < .001) for sleep duration. Sleep efficiency was also significantly reduced during outbound travel compared with recovery nights 1 (P = .001) and 2 (P = .004). Furthermore, both match nights (5 and 10), showed significantly less sleep than nonmatch nights 2 to 4 and 7 to 9 (all P < .001). No significant differences were evident between baseline and any time point for all perceptual measures of jet-lag and recovery (P > .05), although large effects were evident for jet-lag on d 2 (2 d after arrival). Conclusions: Sleep duration is truncated during long-haul international travel with a 4-h time-zone delay and after night matches in elite footballers. However, this lost sleep appeared to have a limited effect on perceptual recovery, which may be explained by a westbound flight and a relatively small change in time zones, in addition to the significant increase in sleep duration on the night of arrival after the long-haul flight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study were to establish sources of variability in match physical performance of professional soccer players and provide a method for monitoring individual between-match changes. Eleven players meeting the final inclusion criteria were monitored through an entire in-season competition phase (n = 240 individual match observations). Ten Hertz global positioning systems were used to measure match total distance (TD), total high-speed running distance (≥ 21 km·h−1; HSRD), total accelerations (TAcc) and maximum running velocity (Vmax). Between-player, between-position, between-match and within-player variability were determined through linear mixed effects models. These data were then used to establish the practical significance of individual changes using a Minimum Effects Testing framework. All sources of variability were greater for HSRD (13–36%) when compared with all other metrics (<6%). Using combined between-match and within-player variability along with the smallest worthwhile change (0.2 × between-player SD), between-match individual changes of ±∼10–15% in TD, TAcc and Vmax were established as practically significant. For HSRD, these thresholds were considerably higher (≥60%). In conclusion, the ability for soccer practitioners to identify meaningful changes in match physical performance can aid decision making around player management following competition. Our study provides a method to flag changes beyond the normal match-to-match variability and by a substantial magnitude. This may have implications for recovery but should be combined with other sources of data (internal load and response) and used only as an adjunct to practitioner domain knowledge/experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]