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Aim: To investigate the prevalence of palatogingival groove (PGG) affecting maxillary anterior teeth, bilateral occurrence, and distribution among sex in the Saudi subpopulation and to review the literature on the prevalence of PGG. Introduction: Palatogingival groove (PGG) primarily affects maxillary lateral incisors and, when present, may contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontal and endodontic lesions. Materials & methods: A total of 509 CBCT scans of Saudi patients with 2747 maxillary anterior teeth were included in the study. Patients’ information, the tooth type, the presence/absence, the unilateral/bilateral distribution, and the type of PGG according to Gu’s classification (type I, II, or III) were recorded. Results: The prevalence of the PGG in maxillary anterior teeth was 1.3%, affecting 32 (6.3%) patients. The PGGs were mostly detected in lateral incisors 25 (2.77%). The PGG was found to be unilateral in most patients (96.9%), with higher frequency in males than in females without significance for sex. Conclusion: PGG is not a rare anomaly in the Saudi population and is most frequently found in maxillary lateral incisors. Type I Gu’s classification was mostly detected.

To investigate the prevalence of palatogingival groove (PGG) affecting maxillary anterior teeth, bilateral occurrence, and distribution among sex in the Saudi subpopulation and to review the literature on the prevalence of PGG. Palatogingival groove (PGG) primarily affects maxillary lateral incisors and, when present, may contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontal and endodontic lesions. A total of 509 CBCT scans of Saudi patients with 2747 maxillary anterior teeth were included in the study. Patients' information, the tooth type, the presence/absence, the unilateral/bilateral distribution, and the type of PGG according to Gu's classification (type I, II, or III) were recorded. The prevalence of the PGG in maxillary anterior teeth was 1.3%, affecting 32 (6.3%) patients. The PGGs were mostly detected in lateral incisors 25 (2.77%). The PGG was found to be unilateral in most patients (96.9%), with higher frequency in males than in females without significance for sex. PGG is not a rare anomaly in the Saudi population and is most frequently found in maxillary lateral incisors. Type I Gu's classification was mostly detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate the effect of vertical facial patterns on the developmental relationship between the nasal bone and maxillary central incisors. Methods In this retrospective comparative study, the lateral cephalograms of 213 subjects (51 Males, 162 Females) with skeletal Class I malocclusion (aged 18–32 years) were classified into three equal groups: (1) hyperdivergent, (2) normodivergent, and (3) hypodivergent facial patterns based on the mandibular plane inclination (S–N/Go-Me). Several sets of measurements were extracted: (1) gradient and length of the nasal bone and maxillary central incisor, (2) the distance from apex and root of the nasal bone, and (3) maxillary central incisor to the true perpendicular from the digitized lateral cephalograms. The significance level was considered at P

Traumatic dental injuries are more commonly seen in children and it often results in a complicated crown fracture. This case is unique as foreign objects in the form of hand-sewing needles were accidentally lodged bilaterally in both maxillary central incisors. A 13-year-old patient was referred to the Dental Clinics at the College of Dentistry, Jazan University with a complaint of broken needles in her front teeth and a history of trauma 3 years ago. Although the patient had the habit of using a hand-sewing needle to remove the lodged food particles from the open pulp chamber, she was not able to recollect the incidence of needle separations. Radiographic examination revealed radiopaque objects in the middle third of the right maxillary central incisor (#11) and in the apical third of the left maxillary central incisor (#21). Tooth #11 was clinically diagnosed as pulp necrosis with chronic apical abscess and tooth #21 as pulp necrosis with asymptomatic apical periodontitis. The micro tweezer from the broken instrument removal kit (Zumax Medical Co.,Ltd., Jiangsu, China) was used to retrieve the separated needle pieces under the operating microscope. The open apices were managed by the formation of mineral trioxide aggregate apical plug, and the procedure of root reinforcement was achieved by bonded resin cement and fiber resin posts. Finally, teeth were restored with dual cure core build-up composite material and direct composite veneers. Recommendations are made to treat complicated crown fractures, especially in children on priority to minimize the risk of foreign object impaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of vertical facial patterns on the developmental relationship between the nasal bone and maxillary central incisors. Methods: In this retrospective comparative study, the lateral cephalograms of 213 subjects (51 Males, 162 Females) with skeletal Class I malocclusion (aged 18–32 years) were classified into three equal groups: (1) hyperdivergent, (2) normodivergent, and (3) hypodivergent facial patterns based on the mandibular plane inclination (S–N/Go-Me). Several sets of measurements were extracted: (1) gradient and length of the nasal bone and maxillary central incisor, (2) the distance from apex and root of the nasal bone, and (3) maxillary central incisor to the true perpendicular from the digitized lateral cephalograms. The significance level was considered at P < 0.05. Results: The inclination angle and length between nasal bone and maxillary central incisor were positively correlated independent of vertical facial type. The inclination angle of the nasal bone in the hypodivergent group was significantly larger than the other two vertical facial patterns. The inclination angle of the maxillary central incisor increased successively in the hyperdivergent, normodivergent, and hypodivergent groups. The length of the nasal bone in the hyperdivergent group was significantly longer than that in the hypodivergent and normodivergent groups. The maxillary central incisor length in the hyperdivergent group was significantly longer than in the hypodivergent group. Conclusion: A correlation between nasal bone and maxillary central incisors during the growth and development of the maxillofacial region was found. In Class I malocclusion subjects, hypodivergent patients were more likely to have a prominent and relatively short nasal bone and maxillary central incisors and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The knowledge of the morphology of impacted maxillary central incisors may lead to more effective treatment. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to evaluate the morphology of impacted maxillary central incisors and compare them with contralateral teeth. Material and methods: This systematic review adhered to the PRISMA statement. The literature search was carried out using PubMed (Medline database), Cochrane Library, ProQuest, Web of Science and Science Direct electronic databases with no publication date restrictions up to July 2021. Data assessing the morphology of unilaterally impacted maxillary central incisors (ICI) evaluated with CBCT were extracted, and the quality of the studies was evaluated. Crown length, root length, and root dilaceration of impacted maxillary central incisors were compared with contralateral unimpacted teeth. Results: The initial database search identified a total number of 287 studies. After applying the selection criteria, 21 articles were selected for a full-text analysis, and four retrospective studies involving 205 patients were included in the systematic review. According to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), two of included articles were graded as "Good" and the remaining two as "Fair" quality. The results showed no difference between impacted teeth and their contralateral crowns, or a minor decrease in ICI crown length (from 0.15 to 0.56 mm). The root lengths of impacted maxillary central incisors were considerably shorter than contralateral incisors (from 2.13 to 3.22 mm) and, as dental age increased, root growth decreased and the incidence of root dilaceration was more frequent. Conclusions: The root lengths of impacted maxillary central incisors were considerably shorter compared to the contralateral incisors. Root dilacerations frequency and severity increased as dental age increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the prevalence and distribution of skeletal malocclusion and axial inclination of the maxillary central incisors in short root anomaly (SRA) patients in Kunming city, to provide some reference and guidance for SRA patients′ clinical diagnosis and treatment and prevention in SRA patients. Methods A total of 1 000 cases were randomly selected from the CBCT database of patients admitted to the author′s hospital from January 2011 to July 2019, and a retrospective analysis was performed. A total of 27 patients with SRA were diagnosed (SRA group).The control group, consisted of 100 randomly selected patients from non-SRA patients. According to the clinical data and cephalometric data, skeletal malocclusion was divided into three subgroups: Class I skeletal malocclusion, Class II skeletal malocclusion and Class Ⅲ skeletal malocclusion. Additionally, the axial inclination of the central incisors was divided into three subgroups: the lingual inclination group, labial inclination group and normal inclination group. The two groups each according to sex, skeletal malocclusion and types of axial inclination of the maxillary central incisors were discussed. Results The prevalence rate of SRA in the selected population was 2.7%, and the prevalence of SRA in females was 3.67% (21/572) , which was higher than that in males by 1.4% (6/428), and was significantly different between sexes (χ2=4.562, P=0.033). There was a significant difference between SRA patients and control group in terms of skeletal malocclusion (χ2=8.710, P=0.013). Class Ⅲ skeletal malocclusion was the main type of skeletal malocclusion in SRA. There was a significant difference between SRA patients and control group in terms of the axial inclination of the maxillary central incisors (χ2=16.75,P

Aims: To calculate the relative distance between the incisive canal and maxillary central incisors using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and utilize the results in treatment planning in a clinical setting. Methods and Materials: A retrospective study was conducted on CBCT taken for other purposes in the Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Department. All the quantitative measurements were performed between the incisive canal and both maxillary central incisors using CBCT on 61 subjects. The anterior-posterior measurements were taken on both sides and the average of both values was considered for the statistical analysis. All the linear measurements were performed on the axial plane at three different vertical reference points located on the sagittal plane. Statistical Analysis: The interexaminer reliability was tested by interclass correlation coefficient using two-way mixed and absolute agreement model. The comparison of linear measurement among each level was done by “Repeated measure ANOVA” and contrast method was used for pair-wise comparison when repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) was significant. Results: The average anterior-posterior distance between the maxillary central incisor roots and the incisive canal measured was approximately 5–6 mm. The incisive canal width increases from the root apex level of maxillary central incisors (P3) to the oral opening level of the incisive canal (P1). Conclusions: The results of our study could be helpful in a clinical setting requires significant retraction of maxillary incisors or implant placement in maxillary anterior region.

Anterior teeth fracture is a common form of dental trauma that mainly affects children and adolescents. Maxillary incisors are the most commonly affected teeth. Loss of coronal tooth structure might affect esthetics and function. In recent decades, dentistry has shown many scientific and technological advances in restorative materials. However, no synthetic restorative material can replicate the natural tooth structure. Hence, the use of natural tooth as a restorative material has been suggested in literature and is termed as a biological restoration. The present case report represents the successful use of biological post and crown and was adequate with respect to adhesion, function, and esthetics with the follow-up period of 1 year. Hence, it may be concluded that the biological restoration, if feasible, is a cost-effective way to restore a damaged tooth with acceptable esthetics and tooth functions in the stomatognathic system.

Trauma to the primary teeth, particularly in the early childhood, can lead to developmental anomalies in the enamel of permanent successors. This case report presents a 10-year-old boy with a history of trauma to his maxillary anterior teeth that led to crown dilaceration and discoloration of his maxillary incisors. He was successfully managed without root canal therapy and the crowns of central incisors were temporarily reconstructed with composite resin. Regular dental fallow-ups are recommended for trauma cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of gender, shape and dimensions of the incisive papilla, with mean distance between the maxillary central incisors and the center of incisive papilla. Methods: The study was conducted on maxillary casts of 180 subjects from Bosnia and Herzegovina of both genders aged 20 to 40, with completely dental arch and different skeletal classes. The Digimizer software program was used to measure the distance from the center of the maxillary central incisors to the center of the incisive papilla and measured the length and width of the incisive papilla defining its shape. The obtained results were statistically analyzed. Results: The mean distance from the center of the incisive papilla to the center of the maxillary incisor was 11.76 ± 2.04 mm (CP-11) on the right side and 11.37 ± 1.95 mm (CP-21) on the left side. The rectangular shape of the incisive papilla is the most common in 68.89% of cases. There are differences in the shape of the incisive papilla according to gender. The independent variable of incisive papilla width as well as palate length show a statistically significant value for the distance from the center of the incisive papilla to the maxillary central incisors. Conclusion: The distance from the center of the incisive papilla to the maxillary central incisors can be explained in a high percentage by the width of the incisive papilla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The knowledge of the morphology of impacted maxillary central incisors may lead to more effective treatment. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to evaluate the morphology of impacted maxillary central incisors and compare them with contralateral teeth. Material and methods: This systematic review adhered to the PRISMA statement. The literature search was carried out using PubMed (Medline database), Cochrane Library, ProQuest, Web of Science and Science Direct electronic databases with no publication date restrictions up to July 2021. Data assessing the morphology of unilaterally impacted maxillary central incisors (ICI) evaluated with CBCT were extracted, and the quality of the studies was evaluated. Crown length, root length, and root dilaceration of impacted maxillary central incisors were compared with contralateral unimpacted teeth. Results: The initial database search identified a total number of 287 studies. After applying the selection criteria, 21 articles were selected for a full-text analysis, and four retrospective studies involving 205 patients were included in the systematic review. According to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), two of included articles were graded as “Good” and the remaining two as “Fair” quality. The results showed no difference between impacted teeth and their contralateral crowns, or a minor decrease in ICI crown length (from 0.15 to 0.56 mm). The root lengths of impacted maxillary central incisors were considerably shorter than contralateral incisors (from 2.13 to 3.22 mm) and, as dental age increased, root growth decreased and the incidence of root dilaceration was more frequent. Conclusions: The root lengths of impacted maxillary central incisors were considerably shorter compared to the contralateral incisors. Root dilacerations frequency and severity increased as dental age increased.

Usually open apex is associated with young people who develop early cavities, have a morphological anomaly or have suffered a dental trauma that prematurely halts root development The aim of this study is to assess the association of age and gender distribution of patients reported with Open apex in maxillary central incisor. The study setting is mainly a type of university based and a single centered study. This retrospective study examined the record of patients from june 2019 to april 2020 who underwent treatment at saveetha dental college, chennai. Patients' details were collected to assess the association of age and gender distribution of patients reported with Open apex in maxillary central incisor. A total of 270 patient details were evaluated. Patients were divided into 3 groups. Below 18 years, 18 to 50 years and above 50 years. Patients records were reviewed and then data was extracted. Data was recorded in excel and later exported IBM SPSS software (Version 21: IBM Corporation NY USA). Pearson chi square test was done to statistically analyze the data. Patients of all age groups were included in this study. Around 40.15% of the patients were at the age group of 10-20 years, 21.19% were between the age of 20-30 years, 22.30% were between the age group of 30-40 years and 16.36% of the patients were at the age group of 40-50 years. Around 60.2% and 39.8% reported with open apex in 11 and 21 respectively of which 51.7% male and 48.3% female patients respectively. Within the limits of this study, the age group of 10 - 20 years had been diagnosed with most number of open apices in Maxillary central incisors. Which were 65 patients (24.16%) in 11 and 43 patients (15.99%) in 22 respectively. Majority of patients with age group 10-20 years reported a higher incidence of open apex than other age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anthropometric measurements of the face can be used as a guide in selecting proper sized anterior teeth. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the interpupillary distance (IPD) and the combined mesiodistal width of maxillary central incisors (MDW of MCIs) to establish their morphometric criterion and their significance in two ethnic groups of Northeast India. Methodology: A total of 120 participants consisting of 60 indigenous students each from Assam and Meghalaya in the age group of 18–25 years were selected after taking their written consent. Standardized facial frontal photographs of all the participants were taken using a digital camera in such a manner that maxillary anterior teeth were visible. The photographs were uploaded onto the computer and saved in a file. Anthropometric measurements of IPD and combined MDW of MCIs in centimeters were made using both Adobe Photoshop® 7.0 software program and manually using a digital vernier caliper on the developed photographs to a same size of 15 cm × 10 cm. Data obtained were tabulated and analyzed using Student ”t”-test and Pearson correlation test. Results: The present study reveals a positive correlation with a high degree of statistical significance between IPD and combined mesiodistal width of maxillary central incisors among all the samples irrespective of gender and ethnicity where P < 0.01. Conclusion: IPD can be used as a guide in determining the suitable mesiodistal dimension of the maxillary central incisors.

Anterior teeth fracture is a common form of dental trauma that mainly affects children and adolescents. Maxillary incisors are the most commonly affected teeth. Loss of coronal tooth structure might affect esthetics and function. In recent decades, dentistry has shown many scientific and technological advances in restorative materials. However, no synthetic restorative material can replicate the natural tooth structure. Hence, the use of natural tooth as a restorative material has been suggested in literature and is termed as a biological restoration. The present case report represents the successful use of biological post and crown and was adequate with respect to adhesion, function, and esthetics with the follow-up period of 1 year. Hence, it may be concluded that the biological restoration, if feasible, is a cost-effective way to restore a damaged tooth with acceptable esthetics and tooth functions in the stomatognathic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anterior Crown fractures are common among school children. This will impact on their functional, aesthetic and psychological behaviour, as the aesthetic zone clinician must propose the exact and minimally invasive treatment plan. Achieving promising result in both aesthetic and strength is the greatest desire for the patient as well as for parents. This is the case of fractured permanent maxillary central incisors treated using Direct Composite Resin Restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incisive papilla has been considered a stable anatomic landmarks and various measurements from it have been considered while arranging prosthetic teeth in full dentures. Distance from incisive papilla to the incisal edges of maxillary central incisors and the canine tips have been measured in population of different race and ethnicity. The results vary as per variation of anthropometric parameters of people across the word. This study compared those distances among two prevalent ethnic population of Nepal viz. Aryans and Mongoloids. Two hundred subjects from each ethnic descendant were studied comprising 100 males and 100 females. Maxillary dentate casts were obtained. Distance from center of Incisive papilla to the incisal edges of maxillary central incisors and canine tips were measured using a Vernier's caliper. Data obtained were analyzed using a software SPSS version 11.5. Mean distance from the center of incisive papilla to the central incisors were 9.68 mm for Aryans and 8.35 mm for Mongoloids, the difference being statistically significant (p <0.001). Distance from papilla to the right canine tips were 17.04 mm for Aryans and 16.29 mm for mongoloids, and to the left canine tips were 17.02 mm for Aryans and 16.31 mm for Mongoloids. All the differences were statistically highly significant (p < 0.001). With different ethnic variation the anthropometric measurement varies similarly as these dental measurements. Hence while implementing in practice these factors need to be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brief Background This case report discusses injuries to primary maxillary anterior teeth and their subsequent effects on the succedaneous teeth. The consequences of the injuries lead to development of hypoplastic enamel. Materials and Methods Enamel hypo-plasia in young children was treated with direct light cureradiopaque composite resin (Restofill R Anabond Stedman) followed by incremental layering of Tetric N-Ceram A2 shade (Ivoclar Vivadent co.) along with fluoride varnish application (Fluor-protector, Ivoclar Vivadent co.) to prevent secondary caries development at the interface of tooth and restored resins. Discussion Hypo-plastic enamel favor us accumulation of plaque and food staining and unaesthetic appearance of permanent central incisors. Unaesthetic appearance may adversely affect the selfesteem and confidence of the child when the child is interactive with their peer groups. Summary and Conclusions Self-esteem of the child can be restored and good aesthetic results can be achieved by proper diagnosis, treatment planning and good knowledge of advanced restorative materials and techniques when applied to restore the affected abutment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endodontically treated teeth (ETT) have been problematic in most cases as a result of dental caries, fractures, previous restorations and endodontic procedures. The aim of this study is to assess the number of prefabricated fiber post placed in Maxillary central incisors with 2 or more walls present. The study setting is mainly a type of university based and a single centered study. This retrospective study examined the record of patients from june 2019 to april 2020 who underwent treatment at saveetha dental college, chennai. To evaluate the number of prefabricated fiber post placed in maxillary central incisors with 2 or more walls present in 143 case records of patients treated. Patients records were reviewed and then data was extracted. The data was recorded, tabulated and the percentage calculated. Data was recorded in excel and later exported IBM SPSS software (Version 21: IBM Corporation NY USA). Pearson chi square test was done to statistically analyze the data. Patients of all age groups were included in this study. Around 60.5% and 39.5% male and female patients respectively (Figure 1). 53.5% had 2 walls present in their Maxillary central incisors 28.9% and 17.5% had 3 and walls present respectively in their central incisor (Figure 2). 46.5 % and 53.5% had prefabricated fiber post placed in 11 and 21 respectively. ( Figure 3). (Figure 4) shows (18.42%) had 2 walls present under the age group of 30-40 years followed by (14.91%) had 3 walls present under the age group of 10 - 20 years. Above age group of 10 - 20 years had the most number of prefabricated fiber post placed in Maxillary central incisors. Which were (13.16%), (14.91%) and (10.53%) 2,3 and 4 walls respectively and is statistically significant. Majority of patients with age group 10-20yrs reported higher incidence of prefabricated fiber post placed with two or more walls present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To calculate the relative distance between the incisive canal and maxillary central incisors using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and utilize the results in treatment planning in a clinical setting.Methods and Materials: A retrospective study was conducted on CBCT taken for other purposes in the Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Department. All the quantitative measurements were performed between the incisive canal and both maxillary central incisors using CBCT on 61 subjects. The anterior-posterior measurements were taken on both sides and the average of both values was considered for the statistical analysis. All the linear measurements were performed on the axial plane at three different vertical reference points located on the sagittal plane.Statistical Analysis: The interexaminer reliability was tested by interclass correlation coefficient using two-way mixed and absolute agreement model. The comparison of linear measurement among each level was done by "Repeated measure ANOVA" and contrast method was used for pair-wise comparison when repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) was significant.Results: The average anterior-posterior distance between the maxillary central incisor roots and the incisive canal measured was approximately 5-6 mm. The incisive canal width increases from the root apex level of maxillary central incisors (P3) to the oral opening level of the incisive canal (P1).Conclusions: The results of our study could be helpful in a clinical setting requires significant retraction of maxillary incisors or implant placement in maxillary anterior region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the different forms of maxillary central incisors (MCI) and determine their association with the shape of the face for men and women. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 subjects (100 women, 100 men) aged between 18 and 30 years with healthy dentition were randomly selected from K.L.E. V.K Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, India. Two standardized photographs (portrait and shape of the MCI) were taken for each subject and opened in AutoCAD 2009 software that was used to prepare technical drawings of face and tooth forms. The dental ratios (extent of line TA: extent of line TB) obtained after the tracings, were classified as tapered (≤0.61), ovoid (>0.61 and <0.69), or square (≥0.70). This classification was used to relate tooth form to the shape of the face and compare the form of MCI between men and women. Association between the shape of the MCI and the face was determined by Chi‐square test using R 3.3.1 software. Results: The most prevalent tooth form among the subjects was ovoid (women, 32%; men, 31%) followed by tapered (women, 13%; men, 16%). The least prevalent shape was square (women, 5%; men, 3%). The most prevalent face shape was tapered (women, 34%; men, 25%) followed by ovoid (women, 15%; men, 22%) and the least prevalent was square (women, 1%; men, 3%). An association between face shape and tooth form was statistically not significant. Conclusion: The most prevalent tooth form in both men and women was ovoid, and the least prevalent was square. The association between face shape and tooth form was not significant and did not abide by William's "Law of Harmony." However, there was an association between face shape and gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human teeth and nails have demonstrated similar factors genetically, embryologically, and morphologically. The fingernail form may be used as a post-extraction guide for selecting the tooth form., Aim: To evaluate the correlation between the maxillary left central incisor tooth form with the left index, middle, and ring fingernails in the Saudi Arabian population., Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study with purposive sampling was done among 200 Saudi participants. The maxillary left central incisor and the left index, middle, and ring fingernail were scanned using an intraoral scanner. The 3D digital images were converted to 3D models. The tooth form (tooth length, tooth width, and tooth shape) and nail form (nail length, nail width, and nail shape) were measured using the CAD software. Pearson's correlation coefficient and T-test were used for statistical analysis (P < 0.05)., Result: A significant correlation exists between tooth length and nail length, with a maximum correlation toward index nail length (P = 0.015). A significant correlation exists between tooth width and nail width, with a maximum correlation toward ring nail width (P = 0.002). A significant correlation exists between tooth length and nail length in females with a maximum correlation toward index nail length in females (P = 0.001). The mean percentage of similarity between tooth and nail shape (index, middle, and ring) in males and females shows a highly significant difference between them (P = 0.001). The results indicate that the tooth and nail shape are similar (70 to 90%) based on the criteria set by the software., Conclusion: A definite correlation exists between maxillary central incisor tooth form and fingernail form. The fingernail form may be used as a post-extraction guide for selecting the maxillary central incisor tooth form in the Saudi Arabian population., Competing Interests: None

Permanent maxillary central incisor impaction is a rare condition of multifactorial etiology that should be treated on diagnosis. This article describes multidisciplinary treatment of an 11-year-old patient presenting with a permanent maxillary right central incisor that was impacted due to the presence of 2 supernumerary teeth. The diagnosis was reached through clinical evaluation, radiography, and cone beam computed tomography. Treatment involved the surgical removal of the supernumerary teeth followed by traction of the impacted tooth through a combination of removable and fixed orthodontic appliances. Orthodontic treatment was completed after 18 months, resulting in adequate positioning of the right central incisor in the arch. Periodic follow-up visits were scheduled for prophylaxis and oral hygiene reinforcement. After 2 years, the teeth were adequately aligned, the gingiva was healthy, and the patient was esthetically satisfied. The multidisciplinary approach allowed functional and esthetic oral rehabilitation, thus helping the patient to avoid the psychological impact of a missing anterior tooth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anthropometric measurements of the face can be used as a guide in selecting proper sized anterior teeth.Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the interpupillary distance (IPD) and the combined mesiodistal width of maxillary central incisors (MDW of MCIs) to establish their morphometric criterion and their significance in two ethnic groups of Northeast India.Methodology: A total of 120 participants consisting of 60 indigenous students each from Assam and Meghalaya in the age group of 18-25 years were selected after taking their written consent. Standardized facial frontal photographs of all the participants were taken using a digital camera in such a manner that maxillary anterior teeth were visible. The photographs were uploaded onto the computer and saved in a file. Anthropometric measurements of IPD and combined MDW of MCIs in centimeters were made using both Adobe Photoshop® 7.0 software program and manually using a digital vernier caliper on the developed photographs to a same size of 15 cm × 10 cm. Data obtained were tabulated and analyzed using Student "t"-test and Pearson correlation test.Results: The present study reveals a positive correlation with a high degree of statistical significance between IPD and combined mesiodistal width of maxillary central incisors among all the samples irrespective of gender and ethnicity where P < 0.01.Conclusion: IPD can be used as a guide in determining the suitable mesiodistal dimension of the maxillary central incisors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusion and gemination are developmental anomalies which are quite similar to each other but can be distinguished from each other if properly assessed. Fusion and gemination have been described as a result of developmental anomalies of dental tissues. The exact etiology is still unknown, but a genetic predisposition is suggested. This article highlights the importance of clinical and radiographic correlation in arriving at a definitive diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dens invaginatus is a developmental anomaly, caused by deepening of the enamel organ into the dental papilla before calcification of the dental tissues. Teeth with dens invagination are susceptible to early caries and pulp necrosis within a few years of eruption or even before root end closure. This article reports two immature maxillary central incisors with type I and III dens invaginatus which had necrotic pulp and a large periradicular lesion, that were treated successfully by nonsurgical root canal treatment. After apical plug placement, the remaining space was backfilled using warm vertical gutta-percha technique and the crowns were restored by composite restoration. At 6 months of follow up the patient was asymptomatic and probing depths were less than 3 mm. In addition, the reduction in the size of apical radiolucencies was observed by radiographic examinations. This case report revealed that even type III des invaginatus with an open apex and large periapical lesion, can be treated non-surgically using MTA as an apical plug. Although this case report presents a favorable result, further studies with long term follow-up periods are encouraged to support the use of nonsurgical endodontic treatment for type III dens invaginatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the stress distribution of the weakened root dentine restored with titanium post-core crown and fiber post-core crown by finite element method. Methods The sample was scanned by Inveon Micro-CT technology from incised margin to root apex at 21μm interval to obtain transverse data of DICOM format. The three-dimensional finite element model was created by rebuilding the morphology of maxillary central incisor with Inveon Research Workplace as well as Mimics, Geomagic and Catia software. The model was meshed and loaded to analyze the stress distribution on the weakened dentine of root by finite element method. Results The maximum stress, shearing stress and equivalent stress of the root restored with fiber post-core crown were 60% less than the stresses of the root restored with titanium post-core crown in the experiment. The stress on various parts of the root restored with titanium post-core crown was higher than that of the root restored with fiber post-core crown. Furthermore, the stress concentration occurred mainly on the labial interface of the upper 1/3 of root. Especially when the root was restored with titanium post-core crown, the stress value reached 37.73MPa, which was 1.9 times that of fiber post-core crown. Conclusion The finite element analysis indicates that the fiber post-core crown is better than titanium post-core crown in avoiding stress concentration and root fracture in the restoration of weakened root of maxillary central incisors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction We aimed to simultaneously investigate the effects of topical anesthesia on needle insertion and injection pain in the labial mucosa of the maxillary central incisors of patients awaiting apical surgery and to assess the relationship between patients' anxiety and pain scores. Methods Forty-four patients scheduled for apical surgery of the maxillary anterior incisor or canine were included, and all completed the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) questionnaire. One piece of Xylocaine (AstraZeneca, Sodertalje, Sweden) gauze was applied to the right or left side of the labial vestibule below the central incisor according to a randomization process, and 1 piece of water gauze was applied to the contralateral side of the labial vestibule. Each piece of gauze remained in place for 2 minutes. The subjects were asked to rate their pain according to the numeric rating scale immediately after needle insertion and anesthetic solution injection. Results Topical anesthetic application significantly reduced both insertion- and injection-related pain. Injection pain was significantly higher than insertion pain throughout the experiment. The difference in pain scores between the placebo and topical anesthetic groups was significantly greater for insertion pain than injection pain. The group with higher MDAS scores showed significantly higher pain scores, except for insertion pain reported by the topical anesthetic group, which did not show a significant difference between MDAS score groups. Conclusions The topical anesthetic was highly effective for both insertion and injection pain during infiltration anesthesia in the maxillary central incisors. Highly anxious patients reported higher pain scores; however, topical anesthetics reduced the effect of anxiety on increasing pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are 3 types of crown shapes of the maxillary central incisors: type I-rectangular, type II-triangular and type III-oval. 250 study models of orthodontic patients of both sexes (125 males and 125 females) on the Dental Clinic in Nis were tested, with an attempt to determine the existence of variations in the crown shapes of maxillary central incisors. Gingival and incisal width and the crown height were measured by a digital nonius, as well as the proximal sides angle slope (Ø) according to Goose. Slightly more than a half of the examinees (52.40%) have a rectangular shape of the central incizor crown and a third (34%) has a triangular shape. Fewest examinees have an oval crown shape (13.60%). Similar distribution of crown shapes is found according to the examinees sex: a rectangular shape in 52% of boys and 52.80% of girls, a triangular shape in 36.80% of boys and 31.20% of girls and an oval shape in 11.20% of boys and 16% of girls. (Ø) angle is 7.56° in the total examinee sample, which coincides with the European population values. (Ø) angle is 6.95°in the triangular shape (6.51°in females and 7.39°in males); it is 8.20° in the oval shape (8.55° in females and 7.93° in males).

Introduction: Sex determination is very crucial for forensic odontology and archeology. Skull is very important because it provides a protective case for the brain and special sense organs. Skulls are all usually very well preserved in most cases. Many times the skeletal parts can be fragmented and cannot be used for determination of the sex at that time morphological features of bones are taken into consideration because digital measurements cannot be done. It is one of the most promising used skeletal part in forensics. Different physical parameters of the human teeth are taken for research in this study. The study is taken with the aim of determination of sex using different parameters of maxillary central incisors. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the sex of an individual using different morphological parameters of the maxillary central incisors. Materials and Methods: Maxillary central incisors of both males and females are taken. About 30 individuals between the age group of 18 and 21 of Saveetha Dental College, Poonamallee, Chennai, were observed. The mesiodistal distance and the proximal distance were mainly focused. The teeth were closely examined, and the difference among them was noted. Results: The sex differences among the maxillary central incisors of male and female were found. All these physical differences could be seen in all individuals of the sample collection. Conclusion: All these differences are very important in determining the sex of the skull in forensic dentistry or medicine. Sex determination is easy and the very best method today. Sexual dimorphism is also found out by it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/purpose: The Collum angle (the supplementary angle of the crown-root angle) of the maxillary central incisors is extremely important for patients who are undergoing orthodontic treatment and who are to receive an implant restoration. However, there is no report on the Collum angle in Taiwanese. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the Collum angle of the maxillary central incisors in Taiwanese patients with different types of malocclusion. Materials and methods: This study collected 124 samples of lateral cephalometric radiographs (38 radiographs from male patients and 86 from female patients). The age of sampled patients ranged 8–58 (mean, 19.9) years. Samples were divided into four groups according to the malocclusion type, and the Collum angle of the maxillary central incisors in each group was measured. A one-way ANOVA and the Scheffe test were used to compare whether or not the angle differed among the groups. Results: The average value of the Collum angle was 6.1° ± 5.2° for class-I malocclusions, 5.3° ± 4.2° for class-II division-I malocclusions, 10.6° ± 4.4° for class-II division-2 malocclusions, and 5.6° ± 5.1° for class-III malocclusions. A statistical analysis showed that the Collum angle of the maxillary central incisors for patients with class-II division-2 malocclusions significantly exceeded values in the other three groups. Conclusion: Compared to groups with other malocclusion types, the Collum angle of natural teeth for patients with class-II division-2 malocclusions was the greatest.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the center of resistance of maxillary incisors during simultaneous intrusion and retraction. Subjects and Methods: In this study, the following steps were employed namely, (1) Preprocessing - the creation of geometric model, mesh generation and boundary conditions. (2) Postprocessing - the tooth movement and determination of center of resistance. Results: The center of the mid-sagittal plane approximately 6 mm apical and 4 mm posterior to a line perpendicular to the occlusal plane from the labial alveolar crest of the central incisor resistance for the maxillary four incisors was located within the. Conclusion: Finite element is a sound mechanical method of analysis as it was sufficient enough to provide insight into interactions between orthodontic forces, and dental tissues and reliability of this study. Further by using this study clinically, the center of resistance can be precisely located in single rooted tooth during orthodontic treatment.

The Collum angle or the cephalometric crown-root angulation of permanent maxillary central incisors is an angle formed between the long axes of the crown and root of upper central incisors. This study aimed to evaluate the Collum angle in patients with Class II division 1 and 2 malocclusions for identifying the nature of differences, if any. Out of a total of 565 lateral cephalograms available at Lahore Medical and Dental College Orthodontic department during 2013-2014, 60 satisfied the inclusion criteria and 30 each were selected for the two malocclusion groups. The Collum angle of the permanent maxillary central incisors differ significantly among Class II division 1 and 2 permanent maxillary central incisor and showed pronounced axial bending in division 2 incisors (10.03° ± 4.37°) as compared to division 1 (3.65° ± 3.79°). The mean difference between both groups was 6.38° + 5.81°. This feature could possibly contribute to the development of a deep overbite in Class II division 2 malocclusion and also may limit the amount of root torque during fixed appliance therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Double facial talon's cusp is a rare developmental anomaly affecting the deciduous or/and permanent dentition. The major complications associated with facial talons of maxillary incisors include poor esthetic appearance with increased susceptibility to caries and, sometimes, even soft tissue irritation, thereby needing early detection and precise management. Case Report: We report a case of a 10 year-old female patient with a large double talon's cusp on the permanent left maxillary central incisor who presented with issues of soft tissue irritation and esthetic concern. One of the highlighting feature of this documented case was the difference in the extent of both talon's cusps on the facial surface of 21 teeth. As per Mayes' classification system, the talon towards the midline belonged to stage 2 and the talon away from the midline belonged to stage 3. Highlights: Based on the previous literature search on classification systems, we intended to propose a new classification system for double facial talons depending on their size (equal/unequal) and presence of developmental grooves (separate or fused). The aim of this new classification system is to enlighten a new area of research that can be conducted on the treatment aspect by studying the difference in the structure of enamel rods, dentin, especially in case of double talons of unequal size (as the direction of enamel rods/dentinal tubules of the talons with that of the direction of enamel rods/dentinal tubules of the underlying tooth will vary) and their compatibility with choice of dental materials, to be used for proper adaptation and develop new treatment protocols of tooth preparation and restoration for such cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the labial and lingual alveolar bone thickness in adults with maxillary central incisors of different inclination by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: Ninety maxillary central incisors from 45 patients were divided into three groups based on the maxillary central incisors to palatal plane angle; lingual-inclined, normal, and labial-inclined. Reformatted CBCT images were used to measure the labial and lingual alveolar bone thickness (ABT) at intervals corresponding to every 1/10 of the root length. The sum of labial ABT and lingual ABT at the level of the root apex was used to calculate the total ABT (TABT). The number of teeth exhibiting alveolar fenestration and dehiscence in each group was also tallied. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's honestly significant difference test were applied for statistical analysis. Results: The labial ABT and TABT values at the root apex in the lingual-inclined group were significantly lower than in the other groups (p < 0.05). Lingual and labial ABT values were very low at the cervical level in the lingual-inclined and normal groups. There was a higher prevalence of alveolar fenestration in the lingual-inclined group. Conclusions: Lingual-inclined maxillaiy central incisors have less bone support at the level of the root apex and a greater frequency of alveolar bone defects than normal maxillary central incisors. The bone plate at the marginal level is also very thin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To establish whether a correlation exists between the innercanthal width and maxillary central incisors. STUDY DESIGN: A Descriptive cross sectional study. PLACE AND DURATION: Department of Prosthodontics, Dr Ishrat ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi and from 15th October 2012 to 25th March 2014. METHODOLOGY: One hundred and seventy five dentate individuals with intact maxillary anterior teeth were investigated. The innercanthal space was calculated among the inner canthal angles utilizing computer software. The mean dimension of the two central incisors was determined extra orally at their widest dimension. Teeth measurement and inner canthal distance association in respect to gender was evaluated by paired t test. Pearson correlation coefficients test was premeditated to establish any association amongst innercanthal space and central incisors width, significance was set at a = 0.05. RESULTS: The mean value for male and female subjects was 33.24±3.4 mm and 34.90±3.8 mm correspondingly. The mean width of maxillary central incisors for male and female subjects was recorded 15.84 ±1.4 mm and 15.92±1.3 mm. The value (P = 0.000) for both estimations were significant. The Pearson correlation coefficient were positive (r = 0.202) and highly significant (P = 0 .008) between innercanthal dimension and the maxillary central incisors. The results indicated that innercanthal ratio ratio of 1:0.462 may be used to calculate the combined width of maxillary central incisor teeth. CONCLUSION: Mean of maxillary central incisor width and inner canthal distance were higher in females significantly. The results proposed that innercanthal distance is a good prognostic factor for determining the maxillary central incisors mesiodistal width. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the clinical outcome of a treatment protocol performed in children with unerupted permanent maxillary central incisors, including surgical removal of any related obstruction and traction initiation in one stage, under fully repositioned flap, combined with pre- and post-operative orthodontics for space creation and final alignment. Methods: Forty-six patients aged 7.3-12.7 years (mean = 9.44 ± 1.36) having 54 impacted maxillary central incisors were reviewed. The study group included 37 patients fully treated by us and nine referrals with eruption failure of impacted incisors following previous surgical removal of various obstructions. Detailed patient's clinical and radiographic data were recorded. Results: Aetiology of unerupted incisors included 9 patients with odontomas, 24 with supernumerary teeth, 1 with skeletal lack of space, 1 with a dentigerous cyst, 4 with dilaceration, 1 with severe incisor MIH, 5 with luxation injuries to primary predecessors and 1 with coexisting dilaceration and odontoma. The total treatment time following the standardised protocol ranged from 5 to 21 months (mean 9.88 ± 3.10), while the time needed using different approaches (no pre-operative orthodontics or obstruction removal and then to wait over an assessment period) ranged from 12 to 18 months (mean 15 ± 2.12) and 17 to 30 months (mean 23.73 ± 5.14), respectively ( p < 0.05). The time needed for full alignment depended on the inclination, the height of the impacted tooth ( p = 0.001) and the patient's age ( p = 0.002). Additionally, the absence of pre-operative orthodontics for space creation dramatically increased treatment time ( p = 0.018). In contrast, the maturity of the impacted tooth and the developmental stage of the anterior teeth did not affect treatment time. Finally, when the location of the impacted tooth and the space availability allowed waiting for spontaneous eruption, treatment time was not statistically different from that of the main treatment protocol ( p = 0.545). Conclusions: The studied treatment protocol appears ideal for successful results and minimum treatment time. Space creation followed by surgical removal of any obstruction together with orthodontic traction initiation produces excellent results, while waiting for spontaneous eruption is indicated only in cases of favourable patient's age and tooth location. Treatment initiation with operation in the absence of the required eruption space is not recommended, whereas in unfavourable cases obstruction removal without simultaneous orthodontic traction increases dramatically the total treatment time and requires an unnecessary second operation for traction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the root canal morphology of South Asian Indian maxillary incisors and canines using a canal staining and tooth clearing technique. Materials and Methods: Three hundred maxillary incisors and canines were collected from different dental schools and clinics in India. After pulp tissue removal and root canal staining with India ink, the specimens were decalcified with 10% Nitric acid, dehydrated in ascending concentrations of alcohol and subsequently cleared in methyl salicylate. Results: All the hundred maxillary central incisors were single rooted with one canal, one apical foramen and having a Vertucci's Type I root canal anatomy with no lateral canals. All the hundred maxillary lateral incisors were single rooted with one canal, one apical foramen. While 92% had a Type I Root canal anatomy, 8% had a Type II root canal anatomy and 8% Lateral canals were present. All the hundred maxillary canines studied were single rooted with one canal, one apical foramen and having a Vertucci's Type I root canal anatomy with 16% lateral canals seen in the apical third of the root. Conclusion: Not much variation was seen in the root canal anatomies with Vertucci's Type I anatomy predominating. Lateral canals were present in the lateral incisors and canines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the influence of sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns, and sex in the angulation and relationship between the maxillary central incisors and the nasopalatine canal., Materials and Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) exams of 172 patients were classified into sagittal (class I, II, and III) and vertical skeletal patterns (mesofacial, brachyfacial and dolichofacial). Hard palate-nasopalatine canal and hard palate-long axis of maxillary central incisors angles were measured in sagittal reconstructions. The obtained angles were used to calculate the angulation between maxillary central incisors and nasopalatine canal by triangle geometric relationship. Analysis of variance (multi-way ANOVA) and Tukey post-hoc test were used for data analysis (α=5%)., Results: Sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns, and sex presented a low influence on the angulation of maxillary central incisors and nasopalatine canal. Dolichofacial class II women showed the greatest hard palate-nasopalatine canal angulations (P<0.05) and maxillary central incisors and nasopalatine canal angulations (P<0.05). Mesofacial class II and III men presented the lowest maxillary central incisors and nasopalatine canal angulations (P<0.05)., Conclusions: The sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns, and sex have a low influence on the angulation of the maxillary central incisors and the nasopalatine canal., (Copyright © 2022 CEO. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Abstract: Introduction: This study was performed to investigate the effect of topical anesthesia on pain during needle penetration and infiltration injection as well as the effect of pain during injection on success rate of anesthesia in maxillary central incisors. Methods: In a crossover double-blind study, 25 volunteers randomly received either topical anesthesia or placebo before infiltration injection with prilocaine for their maxillary central incisors in 2 separate appointments. The pain after needle penetration and during injection was separately recorded. An electric pulp tester was used to evaluate the success of the anesthetic injection. Data were analyzed by McNemar, Wilcoxon, and χ2 tests. Results: Overall for 50 injections, 72% of the teeth had successful anesthesia. No significant difference was found between placebo and topical anesthetic groups for the pain of needle penetration as well as pain during injection (P > .05). The volunteers who reported moderate-to-severe pain during injection showed no significant difference in the success rate of anesthesia compared with those with no or mild pain during injections (P > .05). Conclusions: Use of topical anesthesia had no significant effect on pain during either needle penetration or injection. Pain during injection had no significant effect on the success of anesthesia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective To explore an effective orthodontic method for treating impacted dilacerated maxillary cen-tral incisors. Methods 12 impacted teeth of 11 cases were chosen. The position of the impacted teeth and the rela-tions with neighbour tissues were assessed by X-ray images, oral examination and plaster model, etc. The impacted teeth were induced to erupt with the closed-eruption technique and fixed orthodontic appliances, root canal therapy, apicoectomy and prosthetic treatment. Results 12 impacted teeth were moved into arches, and the occlusal relation-ship was normal. There were no root resorption or conglutination in those impacted teeth. The labial impacted teeth of nine cases had bigger labial crown torsion. The root apexes of four impacted teeth were palpable under mucosa of the labial sulcus and operated by root canal therapy and apicoectomy. One of them received prosthetic treatment. Others (five cases) hadn't accepted root canal therapy, and were observed temporarily. The effects of two palatal impacted teeth was stable. Conclusion It was a good method to expand indication with sequence orthodontic treatment. The impacted dilacerated maxillary central incisors could be aligned with good esthetical and functional effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gemination and fusion are developmental anomalies which are quite similar to each other but can be distinguished from each other if properly assessed. Fusion and gemination have been described as a result of developmental anomalies of dental tissues. The exact etiology is still unknown, but a genetic predisposition is suggested. These anomalies are more prevalent among primary teeth (0.6–2.8%) than permanent ones (0.1–1%). The purpose of this case report is to describe a multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of bilateral fusion between permanent maxillary central incisors and two mesiodens. When the various specialitiesof dentistry come together the outcome is much better than that achieved by each speciality alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of cases with extraction of single or both maxillary central incisors are very occasional in orthodontics. Among various treatment modalities, closure of the extraction space by substitution of ipsilateral lateral incisor for the central incisor is usually patient satisfactory. Various issues related to optimum esthetics, static and functional occlusion, restoration and individualization of orthodontic appliances in the management of such cases are highlighted. The clinical management of a case with extraction of both maxillary central incisors is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaps remain in our knowledge about the levels of fluoride intake that cause dental fluorosis. The purpose of this study was to report the fluorosis prevalence by levels of estimated fluoride intake in an effort to understand the importance of different levels of daily fluoride intake. As part of the longitudinal Iowa Fluoride Study, subjects were followed from birth to 36 months with questionnaires every 3–4 months to gather information on fluoride intake from various sources. Daily fluoride intake in mg per kg body weight (BW) was estimated from water, beverages and selected foods, fluoride supplements and dentifrice. Six hundred and twenty-eight subjects were examined for fluorosis on permanent incisors and first molars at about age 9 by two calibrated examiners using the Fluorosis Risk Index categories. Fluorosis prevalence rates were determined separately for maxillary central incisors and first molars by levels of estimated fluoride intake. There were significant positive associations between fluorosis prevalence and levels of fluoride intake. Cumulatively from birth to 36 months, average daily intake of 0.04 mg F/kg BW or less carried relatively low risk for fluorosis (12.9% for maxillary central incisors, 6.8% for first molars). Average daily intake of 0.04–0.06 mg F/kg BW showed a significantly elevated risk for fluorosis (23.0% for maxillary central incisors, 14.5% for first molars), while fluorosis risk was even higher for average intake above 0.06 mg F/kg BW (38.0% for maxillary central incisors, 32.4% for first molars). The study suggests that fluorosis prevalence is related to elevated fluoride intake when averaged over the first 3 years of life, but is even more strongly related to fluoride intake that is elevated for all of the first 3 years of life. Copyright © 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Several studies have focused on the timing of fluoride intake relative to the development of dental fluorosis. This study reports the relationships of fluoride intake during the first 48 months of life with fluorosis on early-erupting permanent teeth. Methods: Subjects were followed from birth to 48 months with questionnaires every 3-4 months. Questionnaires gathered data on intakes from water, diet, supplements, and dentifrice to estimate total fluoride intake. Early-erupting permanent teeth of 579 subjects were assessed for fluorosis using the Fluorosis Risk Index (FRI) at approximately age 9. Fluorosis cases were defined as having FRI definitive or severe fluorosis on both maxillary central incisors. Individuals with FRI questionable fluorosis were excluded. The importance of fluoride intake during different time periods was assessed using t-tests and logistic regression. Results: One hundred and thirty-nine (24%) subjects had fluorosis on both maxillary central incisors. Mean fluoride intake per unit body weight (bw) ranged from 0.040 to 0.057 mg/kg bw, with higher intake during earlier time periods and relative stability after 16 months. In bivariate analyses, fluoride intakes during each of the first 4 years were individually significantly related to fluorosis on maxillary central incisors, with the first year most important (P < 0.01), followed by the second (P < 0.01), third (P < 0.01), and fourth year (P = 0.03). Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that, after controlling only for the first year, the later years individually were still statistically significant. When all four time periods were in the model, the first (P < 0.01) and second years (P = 0.04) were still significant, but the third (P = 0.32) and fourth (P = 0.82) were not. Conclusions: The first two years of life were most important to fluorosis development in permanent maxillary central incisors; however, this study also suggests the importance of other individual years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shape of a patient's face is commonly used as a reference to select the shape of the maxillary central incisors in edentulous patients. The validity of this relationship has not been proved. The objective of this clinical study was to determine whether a relationship exists between maxillary central incisors and face shapes. Casts were made of the maxillas of 50 men and 50 women. A standardized digital photographic procedure was used to record frontal views of each subject's face and of the maxillary central incisors of the dental casts. The shapes of the maxillary central incisors were compared with the face forms. Shape matches were evaluated according to their Hausdorff distance (HDD). The function h(A,B) is called the directed HDD from shape A to shape B (this function is not a true distance). It reflects the distance of the point of shape A that is farthest from any point of shape B and vice versa. The similarity of both shapes is given as a non-negative number. The value 0.0 indicates that the figures are identical (after scaling and shifting). Higher values indicate that shapes differ more substantially. Significant differences on the 5% level were calculated using the nonparametric Mann­Whitney U and Kruskal­Wallis tests. The face shape from the chin margin to the eyebrow line (superior edges of the eyebrows) produced a better match than the one from the chin to the hairline (P < 0.0001). On average, the maxillary central incisors displayed a variability (0.084 ± 0.028) that was higher by a factor of 1.9 than the face shapes (chin margin to the eyebrow line, 0.045 ± 0.015). In the interindividual comparison, the shapes of the maxillary central incisors of women displayed a significantly smaller HDD than the ones of the men (P < 0.0001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]