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Pencycuron is a fungicide whose maximum residue limit (MRL) in eggplant is either set at very low levels (0.02 mg/kg in European Union) or remains unestablished in many countries, necessitating stringent pesticide management. To enable timely interventions by farmers and regulators, pre-harvest residue limits (PHRLs) propose maximum allowable pesticide concentrations for each day during the pre-harvest period. An analytical method was developed to conduct residue determination trials, demonstrating that graphitized carbon black (GCB) effectively removes eggplant matrices during sample preparation. The LC-MS/MS method was established with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.005 mg/kg, recovery rates ranging from 102.6% to 106.1% with relative standard deviation (RSD; 2.3–6.4%), and a matrix effect (%ME) of +8.1%. Residue analysis revealed a concentration of 0.045 mg/kg at 0 days after treatment (DAT), decreasing to 0.006 mg/kg at 14 DAT. The residue dynamics followed a first-order kinetic model, as confirmed by the F-test, with a rate constant of 0.1405. Therefore, the half-life was determined to be 4.9 d. Based on the MRL value of 0.02 mg/kg at 0 days before harvest (DBH), the PHRL was determined using both k and kmin, resulting in values of 0.04 mg/kg and 0.02 mg/kg at 5 days and 0.08 mg/kg and 0.03 mg/kg at 10 DBH, respectively. Using kmin yields more conservative results, which ensures food safety under conditions of slower degradation rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Grapes are one of the most important agricultural products in Malayer, and the pest Psalmocharias alhageos affects them. Imidacloprid, a systemic neonicotinoid insecticide, is commonly used to control pests. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of non-toxic household methods in reducing imidacloprid residues on grapes. Methods: The grape samples were collected from five different vineyards and immersed in various solutions (acetic acid, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, detergents, and tap water). The QuEChERS method was used for pesticide residue extraction. Results: Washing treatments significantly reduced pesticide residues in the grapes. The reduction in imidacloprid residues varied, with sodium bicarbonate showing the highest reduction (50.41%), followed by acetic acid (30.03%), detergent (9.44%), sodium chloride (8.81%), and tap water (3.45%). The processing factors (PFs) after washing with these solutions were all less than 1, indicating that all treatments were effective in reducing imidacloprid residues. Conclusion: Imidacloprid residues were detected in all grape samples from the five vineyards. However, the imidacloprid concentrations after washing were below the CODEX maximum residue limit (MRL) (0.7 mg/kg). Health risk assessments indicated that consumers are not exposed to significant health risks from imidacloprid residues in grapes, with no serious side effects observed for adults, adolescents, or children.

This paper investigates the impact of maximum residue limit (MRL) standards of 2692 chemical substances regulated by 44 importing countries on China's agri‐food exports, disaggregated at HS 8‐digit product level over 2005–2021. We find that MRL standards for health‐threatening chemical substances facilitate China's exports of agri‐food products, while low‐hazard MRLs impede trade. Furthermore, stricter MRL standards for health‐threatening substances reduce the probability of exporting (extensive margin) while generating larger export values conditional on exporting (intensive margin). We also identify that the adjustments of fixed and variable compliance costs resulting from changes in health‐threatening and low‐hazard MRLs contribute to the heterogeneous responses on the extensive and intensive margins of exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The muscle tissues of Channa punctatus and Anabas testudineus collected from the Loktak Lake (a Ramsar site) and its three major feeder rivers in Manipur, Northeastern India, were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography for the presence of residues of organophosphorus, carbamate, and synthetic pyrethroid pesticides. Pesticide residues of all the three typeswere detected in the fish tissues. Pesticide residues in Channa punctatus ranged from 0.002-0.043 μg g-1, and from 0.008-0.027 μg g-1 in Anabas testudineus from Loktak Lake in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Pesticide residues were detected only in Anabas testudineus (0.002-0.078 μg g-1) in Nambul River, while these were detected only in Channa puctatus (0.001-0.032 μg g-1) in Moirang River. In Nambol River, pesticide concentrations ranged from 0.002-0.026 μg g-1 in Channa punctatus, and from 0.004-0.005 μg g-1 in Anabas testudineus. Among the five pesticides detected, concentrations of dichlorvos residues detected in the present study (0.027 and 0.032 μg g-1 wet weight) exceeded the Codex Alimentarius maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.01 mg kg-1 for animal tissues. The rest of the compounds were within the MRL. None of the pesticide residues was detected in the two fish species collected from the control or reference site. The present study indicates that pesticide contamination is emerging as a threat to the water quality and aquatic biodiversity of Loktak Lake, which calls for more detailed studies on the extent and magnitude of these threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Despite the extensive exposure to imidacloprid residues in food plants, there has been little research on imidacloprid residues in amaranth. The dissipation trend and residue behavior of imidacloprid were evaluated to provide guidelines for imidacloprid application on amaranth under open field and greenhouse. The dissipation rate of imidacloprid in amaranth conformed to the first-order kinetic equation, and the half-lives of imidacloprid in amaranth ranged from 0.29 days in open field to 1.29 days in the greenhouse. After 7 and 14 days from the application of imidacloprid (pesticide dosage, 45 or 67.5 g a.i./ha), the amaranth under the open field and greenhouse growth could be consumed safely with average residues of 0.19 and 0.38 mg/kg, respectively. This result demonstrated that the cultivation has the dominant influence on imidacloprid residue, and the residue of imidacloprid in amaranth planting on open field was much lower than that in the greenhouse, indicating a significant difference in the pesticide residues between the two cultivations with a p-value less than 0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Lincomycin is an antibiotic used in broiler farming and is commonly combined with other substances to achieve synergistic and complementary effects on the antibacterial spectrum and mechanism. We developed a specific high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to measure lincomycin levels in broiler tissues. This study aimed to determine the lincomycin level in tissues and compare it with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and maximum residue limit (MRL) of certain pathogenic bacteria. Materials and Methods: Three groups of broiler chickens were involved in the study (n = 20 in each group): A control group without lincomycin treatment and two groups (each further divided into two sub-groups) that received oral lincomycin at a dose of 1 g/10 kg of body weight daily for 7 and 14 consecutive days. Tissue samples were collected from each group 1 day and 1 week after lincomycin administration (ALA). This study validated the development of a technique for analyzing drug level degradation in tissues using HPLC. Descriptive and statistical analyses were performed for drug levels to assess their therapeutic value and safety based on lincomycin MIC of certain pathogenic bacteria and MRL. Results: The method validation resulted in linear regression and coefficient of determination for tissues with r2 > 0.99, with a recovery rate of 90%–110%, precision as the coefficient of variation 15%, and specificity with no peak overlap for lincomycin. The limits of detection for the liver and kidney were 0.01 μg/g, 0.05 μg/g, and 0.1 μg/g for the breast muscle and all tissues. Administration of lincomycin for 7 and 14 days resulted in therapeutic value concentrations. Lincomycin levels in the liver and kidney of ALA exceeded the MRL, whereas breast muscles were below the MRL for a week of ALA treatment. Conclusion: Administration of lincomycin for 7 and 14 consecutive days resulted in therapeutic value; however, after a week, most tissues showed high drug concentrations that exceeded the MRL. It is necessary to carefully consider the prolonged therapeutic dose of lincomycin in broilers. Antibiotic therapy must be guided in such a way as to protect the product from harmful residues.

Abstract Fish are susceptible to blood-sucking parasite infections, which cause severe anemia, dyspnea, and ultimately death. However, veterinary drugs available for fish to treat such infectious diseases are lacking; thus, livestock drugs have been repurposed as aquatic animal drugs. Febantel (FBT) and fenbendazole (FBZ) are representative antiparasitic agents for livestock such as cattle, swine, and poultry, and are considered suitable as aquatic animal drugs. Therefore, we investigated the safety and efficacy of FBT and FBZ in fish and performed a risk assessment to determine the maximum residue limit in fish. Most studies indicate that FBT is rapidly converted to FBZ, which is metabolized to oxfendazole and oxfendazole sulfone. FBZ was frequently detectable in the plasma and tissues (e.g., muscle, skin, and the liver) in significant quantities than other metabolites. We regarded the liver as the target organ because reversible hepatocytic changes were observed in fish after administration of 100 mg/kg FBT for 9 days. No toxicological effects, such as increased mortality or decreased appetite, were observed when the fish were administered 50 mg/kg FBT for 3 days. The efficacy of the drugs was verified in various parasites, including H. heterocerca, H. okamotoi or Z. japonica, and M. seriolae, as causative agents of beko disease through laboratory and field trials. Although toxicity studies on FBZ in fish are limited, its safety has been demonstrated from toxicity studies in a wide range of animal models. The risk from using FBT and FBZ was negligible for human health because the ratio of the estimates of dietary exposure and acceptable daily intake was 78.4%.

Background and Objective: Paying attention to antibiotic residues in milk is important due to its health effects on the occurrence of microbial resistance in consumers, as well as its harmful effects on the dairy industry. This study was carried out with the aim of determining the amount of oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin, and penicillin G in raw milk samples produced in Fars province, which were detected as contaminated during screening with a rapid kit. Materials and Methods: The samples were first examined with a rapid commercial kit for the presence of antibiotic residues. Then the amount of oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin and penicillin G antibiotics in the positive samples belonging to the middle month of each season was determined using the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Results: Antibiotic residues were found in 121 (7.7%) samples by the commercial Eclipse kit. Both season (p<0.001) and region (p<0.01) of sampling had a significant effect on antibiotic residues in raw milk. In the chromatographic method, antibiotic residues of oxytetracycline and enrofloxacin were detected in 6 (27.3%) samples, none of which exceeded the permissible limit determined by the Iranian Veterinary Organization. Conclusion: Although the amount of antibiotics detected from raw milk from Fars province was much lower than the permissible limit, it is necessary to implement further executive, educational, and research measures to minimize these residues in raw milk due to the possibility of the presence of other antimicrobial substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish are susceptible to blood-sucking parasite infections, which cause severe anemia, dyspnea, and ultimately death. However, veterinary drugs available for fish to treat such infectious diseases are lacking; thus, livestock drugs have been repurposed as aquatic animal drugs. Febantel (FBT) and fenbendazole (FBZ) are representative antiparasitic agents for livestock such as cattle, swine, and poultry, and are considered suitable as aquatic animal drugs. Therefore, we investigated the safety and efficacy of FBT and FBZ in fish and performed a risk assessment to determine the maximum residue limit in fish. Most studies indicate that FBT is rapidly converted to FBZ, which is metabolized to oxfendazole and oxfendazole sulfone. FBZ was frequently detectable in the plasma and tissues (e.g., muscle, skin, and the liver) in significant quantities than other metabolites. We regarded the liver as the target organ because reversible hepatocytic changes were observed in fish after administration of 100 mg/kg FBT for 9 days. No toxicological effects, such as increased mortality or decreased appetite, were observed when the fish were administered 50 mg/kg FBT for 3 days. The efficacy of the drugs was verified in various parasites, including H. heterocerca, H. okamotoi or Z. japonica, and M. seriolae, as causative agents of beko disease through laboratory and field trials. Although toxicity studies on FBZ in fish are limited, its safety has been demonstrated from toxicity studies in a wide range of animal models. The risk from using FBT and FBZ was negligible for human health because the ratio of the estimates of dietary exposure and acceptable daily intake was 78.4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pencycuron is a fungicide whose maximum residue limit (MRL) in eggplant is either set at very low levels (0.02 mg/kg in European Union) or remains unestablished in many countries, necessitating stringent pesticide management. To enable timely interventions by farmers and regulators, pre-harvest residue limits (PHRLs) propose maximum allowable pesticide concentrations for each day during the pre-harvest period. An analytical method was developed to conduct residue determination trials, demonstrating that graphitized carbon black (GCB) effectively removes eggplant matrices during sample preparation. The LC-MS/MS method was established with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.005 mg/kg, recovery rates ranging from 102.6% to 106.1% with relative standard deviation (RSD; 2.3–6.4%), and a matrix effect (%ME) of +8.1%. Residue analysis revealed a concentration of 0.045 mg/kg at 0 days after treatment (DAT), decreasing to 0.006 mg/kg at 14 DAT. The residue dynamics followed a first-order kinetic model, as confirmed by the F-test, with a rate constant of 0.1405. Therefore, the half-life was determined to be 4.9 d. Based on the MRL value of 0.02 mg/kg at 0 days before harvest (DBH), the PHRL was determined using both k and kmin, resulting in values of 0.04 mg/kg and 0.02 mg/kg at 5 days and 0.08 mg/kg and 0.03 mg/kg at 10 DBH, respectively. Using kmin yields more conservative results, which ensures food safety under conditions of slower degradation rates.

In order to clarify the types and risk levels of residual pesticides in Xinjiang apricots, in this study, 77 samples from six major apricot producing areas of Xinjiang in 2021 and 2022 were selected as the research objects. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to quantitatively analyze 99 kinds of pesticides in apricot, and acute and chronic dietary intake risks of pesticide residues in apricot were calculated and sorted. For the maximum residual limited pesticides detected in apricot, the recommended value of maximum residual limit was put forward. The results of the study showed that the detection rate of pesticide residues in Xinjiang apricot sample was 96.1%, and there were 23 pesticide residues in total, of which carbendazim, acetamiprid, and cyhalothrin had relatively high detection rates. The risk of acute and chronic dietary intake of residual pesticides was at acceptable levels. According to the order of pesticide risk assessment, four pesticides were identified as high risk pesticides, namely, carbofuran, phorate, emamectin benzoate, and triazophos, with risk scores of 25.3, 25.1, 20.2, and 20.1 respectively. There were no high risk samples in 77 samples, mainly low risk and very low risk samples. Of the pesticides detected, 10 had not yet been established maximum residue limits. Based on the comprehensive analysis, it iwas recommended to prioritize the maximum limit values of three residual pesticides, namely, tebufenozide, emamectin benzoate, and triazophos, and the recommended values were 6, 0.1, and 0.3 mg/kg, respectively. It can be seen that the quality and safety of Xinjiang apricot is generally good, and it is suggested to improve the maximum limit value of pesticides which is commonly used in apricot without pesticide residue.

In this study, the dissipation, terminal residues and dietary risk of the cyazofamid residue in three globally consumed minor crops, turnip (Brassica rapa L.), onion (Allium cepa L.) and romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were assessed by supervised field trials at 6 locations of China in 2020. A reliable QuEChERS-LC-MS/MS method was developed for simultaneous analysis of cyazofamid and its primary metabolite, 4-chloro-5-p-tolylimidazole-2-carbonitrile (CCIM). The average recoveries of cyazofamid and CCIM in turnip, onion and romaine lettuce were 79 %–97 % and 77 %–99 %, respectively. The half-lives of cyazofamid in these crops were 5.7–6.5, 5.3–8.7 and 5.8–6.5 days in turnip, onion and romaine lettuce, respectively, with the final cyazofamid residues at harvest all lower than limit of quantitation (LOQ, 0.01 mg/kg). The turnip roots, onion bulbs and romaine lettuce leaves grown in China under Good Agricultural Practices conditions and harvested 10, 14 and 5 days, respectively, after the cyazofamid SC (100 g/L) application, would be reasonably safe for consumption by the general population. The maximum residue limit (MRL) values of cyazofamid could be tentatively set as 10 mg/kg for turnip leaves, 0.3 mg/kg for turnip roots, 0.05 mg/kg for onion bulbs, and 10 mg/kg for romaine lettuce leaves.

Residue studies were conducted in bell pepper crops (green and yellow bell pepper) to ensure the safe use of fenvalerate, profenofos, and novaluron (under open field and protected conditions) in randomized block design (RBD) following three applications at a 10-day interval over two consecutive years, 2021 and 2022. A robust analytical method was developed using quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) for the determination of pesticide residues in bell pepper samples. The half-lives for fenvalerate were 2.47–2.87 and 2.50–3.03 days on bell pepper under open field conditions, whereas the corresponding values for bell pepper under protected conditions were 3.84–4.58 and 4.17–4.71 days, during 2021 and 2022, respectively. Profenofos displayed half-lives of 2.03–2.65 and 2.15–2.77 days in open field conditions and 3.05–3.89 and 3.16–3.78 days in protected conditions during 2021 and 2022, respectively. Similarly, novaluron had half-lives of 2.87–3.49 and 3.24–3.75 days under protected conditions in 2021 and 2022, respectively. The maximum residue limits (MRLs) were calculated to be 0.6 mg/kg for fenvalerate, while for profenofos it was 0.7 mg/kg on bell pepper under open field conditions at double doses, at the proposed pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 3 days. Likewise, for bell peppers grown under protected conditions, MRLs at the PHI of 3 days were determined to be 0.8 mg/kg for fenvalerate, 0.3 mg/kg for novaluron, and 1.5 mg/kg for profenofos. A dietary risk assessment study indicated that the percentage of acute hazard index (% aHI) was significantly lower than 100, and hazard quotient (HQ) values were below 1, signifying no acute or chronic risk to consumers. These findings underscore the safety of consuming bell peppers treated with fenvalerate, profenofos, and novaluron under the protected and open field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensive vegetable production using pesticides has biggest threat to growers and the consumers. In such instances the accumulation of pesticide residues is increased due to relatively short pre-harvest interval. Use of pesticides without knowing the label claim information increases the cost of production, increases the number of spray and labour cost, ultimately leading to decrease in farmers profitability. Hence, the adoption of pesticide as per label claim is very much essential. The level of residues should be below the maximum residue limit (MRL) at the time of harvest. Most of the detected pesticides in vegetables are not registered by Central Insecticide Board and Registration committee (CIBRC) for use on that specific vegetable which is the off label use of pesticides. Crops grouping is the development of a model that allows extrapolation of residue data from a few representative crops to many other crops in the same group. This allows establishment of residue tolerances for the entire group of crops based on the residue values from certain key crops that are similar. The acceptance of representative crop is a critical component of the savings from using the crop groups. IR-4's involvement with efforts to remove pesticide residues as a barrier for exports for US-grown specialty crops has been growing in importance over the last 20 years. By establishing a common MRL on a specialty crop from a particular crop protection product use, trade irritants between the two countries can be prevented before they have the potential to become a major problem for specialty crop growers on each side of the border. The U.S./Canadian specialty crop partnership has yielded valuable results for all the stakeholders involved. IR4 signed MOUs with Canada, New Zealand, Brazil, Costa Rica, and Colombia. This model is also much needed for India to regulate the pesticide label claims for numerous crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Based on a comprehensive analysis of the publications in the past five years and reports issued by the Market Supervision and Administration Departments of various provinces (municipalities and districts) in 2021—2022 on monitoring of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits, it was found that the magnitudes of pesticide residues reported in publications are roughly consistent with those from official monitoring. The total exceedance rate of pesticide residues in vegetables were 5.09%, among which, legume vegetables had the highest exceedance rate (24.93%), followed by bulb (22.39%), root and tube (8.53%), leafy (6.91%), cucurbits (4.29%), and fruiting vegetables (3.00%). Vegetables with higher pesticide residues included cowpeas, Chinese chives, celery, non-heading Chinese cabbage, and chili peppers. The main pesticide with residues exceeding the maximum residue limits (MRLs) in cowpea was cyromazine, which accounted for 8.27% of the samples of cowpea. In sampled Chinese chives, the pesticide exceedance rate of procymidone was the highest, which was 15.97% based on the standard of GB 2763—2021 (0.2 mg/kg), while it was 2.21% based on the latest standard of GB 2763.1—2022 (5.0 mg/kg). The other pesticides with high exceedance rates in Chinese chives included chlorpyrifos, methamidophos, cyhalothrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, phorate, carbendazim, acetamiprid, etc. Most of these pesticides detected in Chinese chives covered the pesticide varieties that exceeded the corresponding MRLs in vegetables. The pesticide exceeding MRLs of celery and non-heading Chinese cabbage was mainly chlorpyrifos, which accounted for 4.26% and 1.79% of the samples of celery and non-heading Chinese cabbage, respectively. The main pesticide exceeding MRLs in ginger and chili pepper was clothianidin, which accounted for 15.42% and 3.81% of the samples of ginger and chili pepper. The total exceedance rate of pesticide residues in fruits were 6.33%, among which, tropical and subtropical fruits had the highest exceedance rate (31.50%), followed by citrus fruits (3.15%), berries and other small fruits (2.19%), stone fruits (1.58%), and pome fruits (0.78%). There were two main direct causes of excessive pesticide residues in or on vegetables and fruits in China. One was the use of unregistered pesticides, and the other one was excessive dosage, more frequently use, and failure to observe the pre-harvest intervals. Moreover，untimely revision of the unreasonable MRLs could impact the judgment of residue exceedance, such as the case of procymidone in Chinese chives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lately, there is maximum concern in most states, all over the world, regarding the levels of pesticide residues in food products, considering their chemical properties with direct implications on human health. Many studies have shown that the adverse effects of cumulative exposure to multiple pesticide residues are far more severe than any single exposure. Statistically, the number of food alerts generated by the presence of pesticide residues in fruits on the market, between 2017 and 2021, as well as the situation related to the number of imports and intra-EU trade that took place during the same period was highlighted. This study aims to analyze pesticide residue levels in citrus fruits (i.e., lemons, grapefruit, and orange) imported from non-EU and EU countries, comparative with maximum residue limits (MRLs) provided by Regulation 2005/396/EC, to assess if intake levels pose a long-term risk to human health. The citrus samples collected from ten markets (retail and storage areas) in Romania, were prepared according to the procedure provided by EN 15662:2008 standard. The concentration of pesticide residues from citrus samples was determined by Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The results obtained by GC-MS/MS showed that from 52 citrus samples, 41 samples contained pesticide residues with values between 0.005 and 2.700 mg/kg, and several samples contained forbidden active substances (e.g., spirodiclofen and o-phenylphenol). The pesticide detection rate of the samples was 78.84%. The most frequently detected pesticides according to obtained results were imazalil, thiabendazole, pyrimethanil, pyraclostrobin, fludioxonil, as well as spirodiclofen and o-phenylphenol. The samples with the most detected active substances are from imports outside of the European Union. In addition, in several samples, simultaneously occurred four or even five mixed pesticide residues, hazardous to human health. This study shows that the presence of pesticide residues is constant in citrus fruits due to phytosanitary treatments carried out on crops in the development phase as well as on fruits in the storage phase treatments (e.g. insecticides, fungicides, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Antibiotic residues in livestock farming have been identified as a potential cause of antimicrobial resistance in humans and animals. This study aimed to determine whether antibiotic residues were present in the chicken meat, eggs, feces, and feed collected from all four districts in the Mymensingh division of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: To detect antibiotic residues in the collected samples, qualitative thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used. A total of 230 samples were analyzed for commonly used 11 antibiotics residue. Out of these, 40 meats and 40 feces samples were collected from broilers and layers, 30 egg samples from duck and layer, and 120 feed samples from both broilers and layers from the study area. Thin-layer chromatography was used for screening the presence of antibiotic residues; TLC-positive samples were then subjected to further HPLC analysis to determine the residue concentrations. Results: Thin-layer chromatography analysis revealed that 23.5% of the tested samples contained residues from six different antibiotic classes (tetracyclines, quinolones, beta-lactams, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, and macrolides). Thin-layer chromatography analysis showed that 35% and 25% of the meat samples were positive for residues from the broiler and layer, respectively. About 15% and 30% of layer and duck egg samples had positive residues, respectively. Out of 120 feed samples analyzed, about 15.8% had various antibiotic residues. In addition, feces samples from broilers and layers had 50% and 35% antibiotic residues, respectively. A total of 2.5% meat and 3.3% egg samples had antibiotic residues above the maximum residue limit (MRL). Based on the findings of this study, the highest percentage of oxytetracycline, followed by doxycycline and ciprofloxacin, were detected in feed samples, and oxytetracycline was detected in meat and egg samples. Conclusion: This study clearly showed the misuse of antibiotics in the poultry sector in Bangladesh. Although antibiotic residues below the MRL level are suitable for human consumption, they may result in antimicrobial drug resistance to pathogens.

Pesticide residues and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are known hazardous chemicals that exhibits bioaccumulation in organisms and the ecosystem in general. There is limited evidence on the levels of these contaminants among common Saudi crops grown as well as the effects of season on their levels. Hence, the present investigated the levels of pesticide residues in major fruit and vegetable crops collected during the winter and summer seasons in Saudi Arabia (SA). A total of 392 samples taken from 28 locally produced vegetables and fruits were purchased from local markets in Riyadh, SA during peak summer (N = 263) (June-August 2022) and peak winter (N = 129) (December-February 2022). Food samples were extracted and cleaned up using the modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) technique. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) instruments were used to determine pesticide residues. Crops that had the highest percentage exceeding the maximum residue limit (MRL) include pepper (7.9 %) as well as apricot, fig and pomegranates (3.1 %). Cypermethrin was the most prevalent pesticide residue in both winter and summer samples with detection rates of 13.2 % and 14.1 % respectively (p = 0.33). Thiamethoxam detection rates was significantly higher in winter (7.8 %) than summer (3.0 %) (p = 0.04). There is a high detection rate of pesticide residues in SA independent of season, with cypermethrin being the most common. Thiamethoxam is more commonly detected in winter than summer crops. The study should be extended to include other potential sources of pesticide residues such as fishes grown in aqua farms and other poultry products.

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Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ObjectiveTo evaluate the health risk of pesticide exposure from leek， the pesticide residue in leek from Henan market was investigated.MethodsThe residues of 16 pesticides in leek sold on Henan market in 2020 were detected and analyzed. According to health guidance values such as food consumption data of the World Health Organization， acute reference dose formulated by Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues and adaptable daily intake in “National food safety standard-Maximum residue limits for pesticides in food”， the acute and chronic exposure risks of pesticide residues in leek were evaluated by point assessment method， and the cumulative exposure was evaluated by hazard index method.ResultsThere were many types of pesticide residues in leek samples and 93.81% （424/452） of the samples were positive. 7 of the 14 pesticides exceeded their MRLs， and the violation rate of all samples was 16.15%. The detection of multiple pesticides was relatively serious， and 56.42% of the samples contained more than two pesticide residues. In the acute exposure assessment， the acute risks of carbofuran， procymidone and phorate exceeded the acceptable level. In the chronic exposure assessment， the chronic risk of omethoate exceeded the acceptable level. And insecticide pesticides had cumulative poisoning risk.ConclusionThe situation of pesticide residues in leek in Henan province was relatively prominent. To ensure the safety of agricultural products， it was recommended that the routine monitoring and use of pesticide， especially high-risk pesticides such as omethoate， carbofuran， procymidone and phorate should be strengthened.

Brazil annually produces around 43 million tons of fruits and vegetables. Therefore, large amounts of pesticides are needed to grow these foods. The use of unauthorized or indiscriminate pesticides can lead to the adherence of residues of these compounds to the product in a concentration above the maximum residue limit (MRL). Pesticide residues (PRs) monitoring is a continuous challenge due to several factors influencing the detection of these compounds in the food matrix. Currently, several adaptations to conventional techniques have been developed to minimize these problems. This systematic review presents the main information obtained from 52 research articles, taken from five databases, on changes and advances in Brazil in sample preparation methods for determining PRs in fruits and vegetables in the last nine years. We cover the preexisting ones and some others that might be suitable alternatives approaches. In addition, we present a brief discussion on the monitoring of PRs in different Brazilian regions, and we found that residues belonging to the organophosphate and pyrethroid classes were detected more frequently. Approximately 67% of the residues detected are of irregular use in 28 types of fruits and vegetables commonly consumed and exported by Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, chlorate has become a residue of concern internationally, due to the risk that it poses to thyroid gland function. However, little is known about its occurrence in dairy products of Irish origin. To address this, a study was conducted in which samples of milk (n = 317), cream (n = 199), butter (n = 178), cheese (n = 144) and yoghurt (n = 440) were collected from grocery stores in the Republic of Ireland. Sampling was conducted across spring, summer, autumn and winter of 2021. Samples from multiple manufacturers of each respective dairy product were procured and analysed for chlorate using UPLC-MS/MS. Chlorate was detected in milk, cream, natural, blueberry, strawberry and raspberry yoghurts. Mean chlorate levels detected in these products were 0.0088, 0.0057, 0.055, 0.067, 0.077 and 0.095 mg kg−1, respectively. Chlorate was undetected in butter and cheese (<0.01 mg kg−1). All products sampled, except yoghurt, were found to be compliant with the EU limit for chlorate in milk (0.10 mg kg−1). Some manufacturers produced product with greater incidence and levels of chlorate. Chlorate levels from samples tested at different times of the year did not differ significantly, with the exception of strawberry and raspberry yoghurts which had higher chlorate levels in the winter period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides are chemicals that are used to control pests such as insects, fungi, and weeds. Pesticide residues can remain on crops after application. Peppers are popular and versatile foods that are valued for their flavor, nutrition, and medicinal properties. The consumption of raw or fresh peppers (bell and chili) can have important health benefits due to their high levels of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Therefore, it is crucial to consider factors such as pesticide use and preparation methods to fully realize these benefits. Ensuring that the levels of pesticide residues in peppers are not harmful to human health requires rigorous and continuous monitoring. Several analytical methods, such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), mass spectrometry (MS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), can detect and quantify pesticide residues in peppers. The choice of analytical method depends on the specific pesticide, that is being tested for and the type of sample being analyzed. The sample preparation method usually involves several processes. This includes extraction, which is used to separate the pesticides from the pepper matrix, and cleanup, which removes any interfering substances that could affect the accuracy of the analysis. Regulatory agencies or food safety organizations typically monitor pesticide residues in peppers by stipulating maximum residue limits (MRLs). Herein, we discuss various sample preparation, cleanup, and analytical techniques, as well as the dissipation patterns and application of monitoring strategies for analyzing pesticides in peppers to help safeguard against potential human health risks. From the authors' perspective, several challenges and limitations exist in the analytical approach to monitoring pesticide residues in peppers. These include the complexity of the matrix, the limited sensitivity of some analytical methods, cost and time, a lack of standard methods, and limited sample size. Furthermore, developing new analytical methods, using machine learning and artificial intelligence, promoting sustainable and organic growing practices, improving sample preparation methods, and increasing standardization could assist efficiently in analyzing pesticide residues in peppers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides play an important role in increasing the overall yield and productivity of agricultural foods by controlling pests, insects, and numerous plant‐related diseases. However, the overuse of pesticides has resulted in pesticide contamination of food products and water bodies, as well as disruption of ecological and environmental systems. Global health authorities have set limits for pesticide residues in individual food products to ensure the availability of safe foods in the supply system and to assist farmers in developing the best agronomic practices for crop production. Therefore, the use of nondestructive testing (NDT) methods for pesticide residue detection is gaining interest in the food supply chain. The NDT techniques have several advantages, such as simultaneous measurement of chemical and physical characteristics of food without destroying the product. Although numerous studies have been conducted on NDT for pesticide residue in agro‐food products, there are still challenges in real‐time implementation. Further study on NDT methods is needed to establish their potential for supplementing existing methods, identifying mixed pesticides, and performing volumetric quantification (not surface accumulation alone). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imprudent use of pesticides in agriculture has resulted in increased concentrations of pesticides in food. Consumption of pesticide-contaminated vegetables can cause many chronic and acute health problems for consumers. Vegetables are an important part of the human diet as they are a source of vitamins and minerals. Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) is a frequently consumed vegetable in India and has high nutritional value. In the present study, cauliflower was scanned for organochlorines, organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids and some other classes of pesticides. The pesticides were extracted from the vegetable using quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction techniques, and the extracts were analysed on Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). All samples were contaminated with pesticide residues. The pesticides detected in the samples were aldrin (0.018 mg/kg), chlorpyrifos (0.02 - 0.04 mg/kg), cypermethrin (0.03 mg/kg), deltamethrin (0.018 - 0.04 mg/kg), malathion (0.02 mg/kg), o,p-dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (0.02mg/kg), and phorate (0.02 - 0.03 mg/kg). Cauliflower samples collected from Manesar showed the presence of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin. Concentrations of chlorpyrifos were above the maximum residue limits recommended by the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 2004. The health risk index was highest for aldrin (0.08) and lowest for malathion (2.67·10-5).

This study aimed to clarify the maximum residue limit value of muskmelon, the additional types and their recommended values. Based on the quantitative analysis of 60 pesticide residues in 545 melon samples from 6 provinces in 2018 and 2019, the detected pesticide varieties were evaluated for chronic dietary intake risk (%ADI)，acute dietary intake risk (%ARfD) and risk matrix. The quality and safety risks of pesticide residues in muskmelon were discussed, and the research and analysis on the relatively high risks of pesticide residues and the supplementary types and recommended values of maximum residue limits (MRLs) were carried out. The results showed that the acute and chronic dietary risks of residual pesticides were less than 100%, and the acute dietary risk of pendimethalin was relatively high, reaching 56.67%, among the residual pesticides, pyridaben, emamectin benzoate, and bifenthrin had relatively high risk. And 65.22% of residual pesticides had no MRLs, including 3 residual pesticides with relatively high risks. Based on the above analysis, pyridaben, emamectin benzoate, bifenthrin and pendimethalin had the characteristics of relatively high risk and no maximum residue limit. It was recommended to formulate corresponding limit values. The recommended values were as follows: 1, 0.05, 1, 3 mg·kg−1.

Abstract Honey is a matrix noted for its wide consumption as a sweetener and its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties; however, its physicochemical quality can be compromised by the presence of toxicants such as pesticides. This review aims to gather recent information on pesticides in honey from the approach to their detection, understanding, and adverse effects on human health. A bibliographic and bibliometric analysis was carried out in academic databases limited to the last five and thirty years, respectively, comprising the keywords “honey”, “pesticides” and their types of pesticides or the agrochemical compound directly. It was found that there are about 30 pesticides detected in honey, in which organochlorine, organophosphate, and neonicotinoid compounds stood out for their concentrations concerning Maximum Residue Levels (MRL). Their physicochemical alteration was not well explored beyond slight variations in brightness and manganese concentration, and its consumption may have repercussions on human reproductive health. It was also determined that there was limited development on the scientific subject seeing that it is important to explore and investigate more on the issue due to the great impact of honey as a product of high consumption at a global level.

Bifenthrin is a pyrethroid pesticide widely used on kumquats, but the residues in the peel and pulp after bifenthrin application at different maturity stages of kumquats have not been evaluated. This study developed a simple and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the quantitative analysis of bifenthrin residues in whole fruit, kumquat peel, kumquat pulp, and soil. The results showed that regardless of whether bifenthrin was applied one or three times during the near-mature period, the half-lives of the fruit peel and fruit pulp were longer than those in the immature period. Kumquat fruit residues decreased with time at both maturity levels. The residues of bifenthrin in near-mature fruit exceeded the MRL in Guangxi and Fujian 14 days after the three applications of bifenthrin, suggesting that this issue should be focused on in kumquat production and supervision. However, for bifenthrin application in either the near-mature or the immature fruit period, the calculated risks for chronic dietary intake of kumquat were well below 100%. The data demonstrate that the chronic dietary intake risk of bifenthrin through kumquat consumption is low and within acceptable limits. These results provide a reference and risk assessment data for the safe and rational use of bifenthrin insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supervised field trial was conducted to study persistence of a pre-emergent herbicide, ipfencarbazone (25% SC) on rice crop. Single application of two different doses, 156.25 g a.i.ha−1/625 mL formulationha−1 and 312.50 g a.i.ha−1/1250 mL formulationha−1, was applied. Method was validated to analyse ipfencarbazone in rice samples (leaf/plant, grain, straw and husk) and in soil. Initial accumulation of ipfencarbazone in rice plants was 6.72 and 14.71 mg kg−1 in standard and double dose, respectively. The residues decreased linearly with r2 values of 0.92 and 0.98 in different doses and reached below limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.01 μg kg−1 (for rice plant/leaf) and 0.05 μg kg−1 (for rice grain, husk, straw) on 30th and 97th (harvest) day respectively after application in both the doses. An average half-life of ipfencarbazone was approximately 4 days. Less than LOQ levels at harvest and short half-life suggest that the use of ipfencarbazone is safe, provided good agricultural practices (GAP) are followed. The data can be used by regulatory authorities like Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) and CODEX for establishing maximum residue limits (MRLs) of ipfencarbazone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Injudicious and indiscriminate use of toxic chemicals in tea deteriorates the plant, soil, and environment and escalates maximum residue limits (MRLs) in the end products. This requires for the adoption of safe, eco-friendly and non-chemical sustainable alternatives in tea. Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus that displayed high potential for controlling a wide range of tea pests, including the old looper Biston (= Buzura) suppressaria and the emerging looper Hyposidra talaca, as well as the red spider mite (Oligonychus coffeae) and the tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora). The purpose of this review is to broaden our understanding of B. bassiana-mediated pest control in tea and its action mechanisms in crop protection. This fungal species is known to produce a wide variety of mycotoxins and enzymes in its spores that kill or inhibit the metabolic activity of pests. Numerous environmental and physiological factors, such as moisture, pH, humidity, temperature, atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and fungal spore load (colony forming unit/ml), spore viability, enzyme types in action, host plant chemistry and interactions, insect host species, and insect life stages, can speed up or slow down the microbial-mediated pest interaction in plants. The development of the fungus, sporulation, and multiplication within the host are all influenced by prevailing weather conditions and climate change. Studies on entomopathogen compatibility with tea agrochemicals are critical for optimal field application and adoption of suitable integrated pest management (IPM) schedules. Understanding the physiological, genetic, and molecular perspectives of entomopathogenesis and recent developments to improve mycoinfection could provide novel insights to enhance B. bassiana-mediated pest management in tea. Key steps for quality product formulations and their significance for future sustainability in tea include registering and patenting of biopesticides, mass production, and commercialisation of quality strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide use has grown rapidly in West Africa over the past decades. Regulatory capacity has not kept pace with the rapid proliferation of pesticide products and on-farm use. As a result, health and environmental impacts from the growing use of pesticides, despite their potential importance to food safety, remain largely unmonitored, underreported, and poorly understood by key stakeholders. This study protocol was the document for conducting a pesticide survey study to identify the most critically emerging pesticides across the Continent of Africa. Multiple countries were selected in this study to represent the north, east, south, and west regions of Africa. Two food commodities, maize and tomato, were chosen to monitor the pesticide level for food safety. This study protocol describes the fieldwork and laboratory work per the standards of Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) and ISO-17025 and US EPA 860 Residue Chemistry Guidelines but the survey study performed was not considered as a GLP or ISO 17025 study. This is because many steps were not able to be closely monitored per the GLP requirements. This protocol describes the requirements for a pesticide residue study in food collected from local markets. This protocol describes the test commodities, sampling methods, sample transfer/shipping, storage stability, sample analysis, sample disposal, and documentation and record keeping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dissipation kinetics of spirodiclofen and tebufenpyrad after their application on Aster scaber Thunb were studied for 10 days, including the pre-harvest intervals. Spirodiclofen and tebufenpyrad were used in two greenhouses in Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam province (Field 1) and Gwangyang-si, Jeollanam province (Field 2), Republic of Korea. Samples were taken at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days after pesticide application. The method validations were performed utilizing liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The recoveries of the studied pesticides ranged from 82.0–115.9%. The biological half-lives of spirodiclofen and tebufenpyrad were 4.4 and 3.8 days in Field 1, and 4.5 and 4.2 days in Field 2, respectively. The pre-harvest residue limits (PHRLs; 10 days before harvesting) of Aster scaber were 37.6 mg/kg (Field 1) and 41.2 mg/kg (Field 2) for spirodiclofen, whereas the PHRLs were 7.2 (Field 1) and 3.6 (Field 2) for tebufenpyrad. The hazard quotient for both pesticides at pre-harvest intervals was less than 100% except in the case of spirodiclofen (0 day). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment of food-producing animals with veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) can result in residues in foodstuffs (e.g. eggs, meat, milk, or honey) representing a potential consumer health risk. To ensure consumer safety, worldwide regulatory concepts for setting safe limits for residues of VMPs e.g. as tolerances (US) or maximum residue limits (MRLs, EU) are used. Based on these limits so-called withdrawal periods (WP) are determined. A WP represents the minimum period of time required between the last administration of the VMP and the marketing of foodstuff. Usually, WPs are estimated using regression analysis based on residue studies. With high statistical confidence (usually 95% in the EU and 99% in the US) the residues in almost all treated animals (usually 95%) have to be below MRL when edible produce is harvested. Here, uncertainties from both sampling and biological variability are taken into account but uncertainties of measurement associated with the analytical test methods are not systematically considered. This paper describes a simulation experiment to investigate the extent to which relevant sources of measurement uncertainty (accuracy and precision) can impact the length of WPs. A set of real residue depletion data was artificially 'contaminated' with measurement uncertainty related to permitted ranges for accuracy and precision. The results show that both accuracy and precision had a noticeable effect on the overall WP. Due consideration of sources of measurement uncertainty may improve the robustness, quality and reliability of calculations upon which regulatory decisions on consumer safety of residues are based. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of antibiotics in milk is a significant problem affecting the technological safety of dairy products. The aim of the study was to determine the sensitivity of yoghurt cultures to residual levels of selected cephalosporin antibiotics (cephalexin, cefoperazone, cefquinome, cefazolin, and ceftiofur). Five yoghurt cultures were selected containing strains of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. Artificially fortified milk samples (whole pasteurized milk; 85 °C; 3–5 s) with cephalosporins at a concentration of the maximum residue limit were used to evaluate the sensitivity of the yoghurt cultures by monitoring the pH, titratable acidity, and the concentration of selected organic acids (lactic, pyruvic, citric, acetic, orotic, oxalic, formic, uric, and succinic acids) at the end of fermentation (43 °C; 4–5.5 h; pH ≤ 4.6). The titratable acidity was determined by the Soxhlet–Henkel method and the organic acid concentration was monitored by reversed-phase HPLC. Ceftiofur had the greatest effect on the yoghurt culture activity, with a statistically highly significant effect (p < 0.05) on the pH, titratable acidity, and the content of lactic, pyruvic, and acetic acids in all cultures. Other cephalosporins also showed an inhibitory effect on yoghurt metabolism as seen by the evaluation of the lactic and pyruvic acid concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maximum residue limit (MRL) is the primary policy instrument to regulate the application of pesticides in agri‐food sectors. Partially due to the lack of scientific consensus on risk assessments, the prescriptions of MRLs vary substantially across markets and products. We provide the first empirical analysis of the political economy of MRLs at the market‐product‐chemical level, while accounting for long‐term toxicological effects of the regulated substances. Applying a Poisson model to the Health Scores derived from both the literal MRLs and their long‐run health impacts, we find that countries spending more on public health set more restrictive MRLs. We also find that countries possessing comparative advantages in fruits and vegetables adopt more lenient MRLs. Finally, products subject to lower tariffs are generally taxed with tougher MRLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of aflatoxin M 1 (AFM 1) in milk is a global public health problem with serious socioeconomic consequences. In this study, the presence and concentration of AFM 1 in bulk milk (n = 172) were evaluated in April, July, September, and December 2022 across 47 Czech dairy farms. The AFM 1 concentration was analysed via an immunochromatographic method (Charm MRL AFM 1 Quantitative Test). AFM 1 was detected in 23 examined samples (13.4%) from 17 dairy farms, of which the AFM 1 concentrations in only two samples (at one farm) exceeded the maximum residue limit in the European Union (0.050 μg/l). The average AFM 1 concentration was 0.0037 μg/l. The effect of season was not statistically significant, but AFM 1 was detected more frequently in September (autumn; 18.6%) and less frequently in July (summer; 11.1%). Except for total solids (p = 0.0447), no statistically significant differences in the monitored milk parameters (fat, protein, casein, lactose contents, somatic cell count, and freezing point depression) were observed. • The presence of AFM1 in raw cow milk was evaluated at 47 Czech farms. • AFM1 was detected in 13.4% samples. • The maximum EU limit was exceeded only in two samples from one farm. • The most AFM1-positive samples were found in September. • The effect of the presence of AFM1 on milk parameters was not proven. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, chlorate has become a residue of concern internationally, due to the risk that it poses to thyroid gland function. However, little is known about its occurrence in dairy products of Irish origin. To address this, a study was conducted in which samples of milk (n = 317), cream (n = 199), butter (n = 178), cheese (n = 144) and yoghurt (n = 440) were collected from grocery stores in the Republic of Ireland. Sampling was conducted across spring, summer, autumn and winter of 2021. Samples from multiple manufacturers of each respective dairy product were procured and analysed for chlorate using UPLC-MS/MS. Chlorate was detected in milk, cream, natural, blueberry, strawberry and raspberry yoghurts. Mean chlorate levels detected in these products were 0.0088, 0.0057, 0.055, 0.067, 0.077 and 0.095 mg kg−1, respectively. Chlorate was undetected in butter and cheese (−1). All products sampled, except yoghurt, were found to be compliant with the EU limit for chlorate in milk (0.10 mg kg−1). Some manufacturers produced product with greater incidence and levels of chlorate. Chlorate levels from samples tested at different times of the year did not differ significantly, with the exception of strawberry and raspberry yoghurts which had higher chlorate levels in the winter period.