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This study briefly discusses the process of mediating and moderating analysis in a management research process. The modern approaches to statistical mediation and moderation analysis focus on estimation and inference about the indirect effect of independent variables X on dependent variable Y through proposed intervening variable M and moderation variable Z. Mediators and moderators are often overlooked in research designs, or the terms are used incorrectly. To date, virtually all discussions of these approaches have assumed X is either dichotomous or continuous, even though investigators frequently are interested in testing mediation hypotheses involving multiple independent variables. The aim of the research study is to learn from past practice and to use that knowledge to signal to researchers the importance of correctly applying mediation and moderation tests as well as to facilitate the valid testing of mediation and moderation models and the reporting of mediations and moderators results in future management research studies. This research article summarizes the conceptual differences between mediators and moderators. The statistical analysis of mediators and moderators in multiple regressions is briefly described and presented. The authors describe the estimation of indirect effects in statistical mediation analysis with a multi-independent variables and moderation variables. The authors introduce the concept of the relative indirect effects, show how relative indirect effects are estimated in multiple regressions and structural equation modeling and how they are interpreted as functions of how the variables are analyzed. The authors describe inferential tests for the relative indirect effects and provide examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haiyan Zhang,1 Shuwei Sun2 1Business School, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Shuwei SunSchool of Mathematics and Statistics, Xuzhou University of Technology, No. 2 Lishui Road, Yunlong, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221111, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 15996963525Fax +86 051683105396Email ssw@xzit.edu.cnPurpose: Studies of GHRM practices number in thousands; however, they have failed to provide Chinese contextual evidence for their interactive effects on employee pro-environmental behavior (EPEB). To bridge this research gap as well as to address organizational practitioners’ concern in GHRM practices, our study explores the possible interactive effect of green compensation (GC) and green training (GT), which are two core practices of GHRM and are widely employed by Chinese organizations simultaneously, on EPEB drawing on self-determination theory, and unravels the underlying mechanism by introducing employee green self-accountability (EGSA) as a mediator based on the cognitive dissonance theory of self-standards.Methods: Using on-line survey and five-point Likert rating method, employees (N=847) working in Chinese organizations were requested to self-rate GC, GT, and EGSA; their direct supervisors were invited to evaluate EPEB. The mediated moderation testing procedures with SPSS and the bootstrapping approach with MPLUS were adopted to test the mediated moderation.Results: When being used separately, GC and GT are positively related to EPEB (β=0.426, p < 0.001; β=0.368, p < 0.001). When being adopted simultaneously, a negative relationship (the simple slope=− 0.454, t=3.671, p=0.000) exists between GC and EPEB at higher-level GT. EGSA partially mediates the negative interaction with 95% bias-corrected confidence intervals [− 0.054, − 0.018].Conclusion: In the Chinese context, when being used simultaneously with high–high combination, GC and GT negatively interact with each other to engender the squeezed effect of intrinsic motivation by extrinsic motivation, which directly impairs EPEB, and cause employee cognitive dissonance of self-standards, which indirectly weakens EPEB through reducing EGSA. This paper is an attempt to show novelty in identifying negative interactions between GC and GT in EPEB in China and a mediating role of EGSA. Additionally, it addresses organizational practitioners’ concern well and provides important implications for decision-making in GHRM practices and EPEB enhancement.Keywords: green compensation, green training, employee pro-environmental behavior, employee green self-accountability, cognitive dissonance of self-standards, mediated moderation

Digital literacy is becoming more important because of the skillset of functioning in online is becoming a necessary skill set in daily life. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between loneliness and digital literacy and the mediation effect of motivation in that association. Also, this study examined the moderating effect of mindset in the meditation effect of motivation in the association between loneliness and digital literacy. 287 respondents were recruited from online survey in United States. To investigate the direct effect of loneliness on digital literacy, the mediating effect of motivation, and the moderating of mindset on the mediating effect, this research employed a mediated moderation model. The findings of this research suggest that prevention-focused motivation mediated the effect of loneliness on digital literacy and the effect was moderated by a fixed mindset (as opposed to a growth mindset). The result of the study contributes to the literature by examining how loneliness could impede acquiring digital literacy through prevention-focused motivation and fixed mindset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital literacy is becoming more important because of the skillset of functioning in online is becoming a necessary skill set in daily life. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between loneliness and digital literacy and the mediation effect of motivation in that association. Also, this study examined the moderating effect of mindset in the meditation effect of motivation in the association between loneliness and digital literacy. 287 respondents were recruited from online survey in United States. To investigate the direct effect of loneliness on digital literacy, the mediating effect of motivation, and the moderating of mindset on the mediating effect, this research employed a mediated moderation model. The findings of this research suggest that prevention-focused motivation mediated the effect of loneliness on digital literacy and the effect was moderated by a fixed mindset (as opposed to a growth mindset). The result of the study contributes to the literature by examining how loneliness could impede acquiring digital literacy through prevention-focused motivation and fixed mindset.

Existing research has established that openness to experience can enhance dispositional awe. For the first time, the current study examines whether subjective socioeconomic status (SSES) moderates and a Zhong‐Yong thinking style mediates this effect. A sample of 2,377 Chinese undergraduates (mean age 20.7, ranging from 18 to 26) was recruited. As shown in previous research, openness was found to be positively associated with dispositional awe. As predicted, the relationship was moderated by familial and school SSES. The positive correlation was significantly larger in cases of lower familial and school SSES. The mediating effect of Zhong‐Yong thinking style was also supported in the relationship between openness and dispositional awe, as was the moderating effect of familial SSES; however, a suppressive effect was found for school SSES. The implications of this study are discussed herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Third variable models, such as mediation and moderation, can identify contextual factors that help explain the relation between two variables. Although used less frequently in school psychology research, longitudinal mediation, longitudinal moderation, and the integration of these two approaches can be used to describe the developmental changes in children's psychological and behavioral processes throughout the school years and beyond. This article provides conceptual descriptions of longitudinal mediation, longitudinal moderation, longitudinal moderated mediation, and longitudinal mediated moderation and demonstrates the use of these methods with a large sample of elementary students. Extensions of these methods and applied examples from the literature are also discussed. The M plus syntax from our illustrated examples are provided for those interested in reproducing the analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical evidence indicates the links between social class and subjective well-being are numerous and varied, and Need Theory proposes that their relationship depends, in part, on whether people's basic needs are being met. Given that sense of control is one of the fundamental social needs of human beings, the present research examined a mediated moderation model between the social class and subjective well-being by testing whether sense of control moderates this relationship, and whether this moderating effect is mediated through self-esteem. A sample of 536 Chinese adolescents (mean age = 13.79 years, SD = 0.95) completed anonymous questionnaires about their subjective and objective social class, sense of control, self-esteem, and subjective well-being. Consistent with the hypothesized mediated moderation model, the association between social class and subjective well-being was moderated by sense of control, with social class significantly influencing the subjective well-being of adolescents when their sense of control was low but not high. This moderation effect was then mediated by self-esteem. In addition, this model was found to be more suitable for adolescent boys than girls. The findings demonstrate that adolescents' personal sense of control and self-esteem represent key mechanisms determining how social class is associated with subjective well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant body of research is dedicated to decreasing the product return rate by applying management measures that identify the factors and causes of returns. These studies examine how consumers' product return behavior can be explained by studying the information on retailers' websites. However, these studies have not shown how website information (WI) is linked to product returns. The study by Lee's work observed how product returns are motivated by consumers' need to mitigate postpurchase dissonance (PPD). However, a clear understanding of the relationship between WI and PPD is lacking. Therefore, our research examines the impact of WI on PPD in the product returns context. In our research, PPD serves as a key factor in understanding the linkage between WI and product returns. Our results showed that higher‐quality WI is associated with a lower level of PPD. In addition, a lower perceived risk (PR) or attractiveness of alternatives strengthens the association between WI and PPD. We also observed that PR partially mediated the moderation effect of the attractiveness of alternatives. These findings will help e‐retailers better understand customers' PPD, easing the process of reducing product returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most statistical methods applied in the social sciences involve testing direct relationships among variables. However, since psychology deals with complex phenomena, this corpus of methods is not sufficient to understand the mechanisms and conditions under which certain direct relationships apply. Moderation and mediation analyses were the first step towards understanding more complex relationships among variables. The analysis of mediation answers the question of "how" and "why", or through what mechanisms a particular relation is realized, while the analysis of moderation offers the answer to the question of "when", "for whom" and "under what conditions" a particular relation between the predictor and criterion variables applies. Although the increasing use of moderation and mediation analyses has led to advances in understanding the phenomena addressed by psychology, complex psychological theories require testing more complex models based on these analyses. Accordingly, this paper will outline theoretical rationales for using models such as moderated mediation, moderation mediation, parallel and serial mediation and three-way interaction. This paper focuses on explaining the conceptual differences between these complex models, through demonstrating the need to use these models on examples of different psychological theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed at investigating the relationship between elements of cognitive processing, emotional strategies of coping, and to show cognitive dysregulation in permanent employees. More specifically, the current research examined the mediating role of metacognitive components in developing negative beliefs about thoughts, further exploring moderation across gender. The sample (N=514) was purposively selected from various local organizations in Pakistan. The data was analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software (version 22). The results indicated significant gender differences in worry and emotion oriented coping. Findings through structural equation modelling revealed that mediated relationship between positive beliefs, emotional coping and negative beliefs was significantly moderated by gender. Conversely, negative beliefs about the harmfulness of thoughts were found to be affecting the females less, suggesting males to hold higher risks of dysregulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the interactive effects of strain induced by individual and social stress and social capital on suicide, highlighting depressive symptoms as mediator in these relationships. This study used data from 5000 adolescents aged 14–18 years. Strain due to individual stress was found to have a direct effect on suicide, but strain due to social stress did not have a direct effect on suicide. The interactive effect of strain and social capital significantly predicted depressive symptoms and suicide. In the relationship between strain and suicide, the interactive effect of strain and social capital was mediated by depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A robust association between dispositional envy and happiness was primarily concluded among young adults. As social contexts can vary across developmental stages, the effect of dispositional envy may be enhanced or diminished in different age groups. Thus, the present research attempted to quantify the differential associations between dispositional envy and happiness among adolescents and young adults (N = 586). Moreover, we examined another important question of why the association differed across the two age groups. Using mediated moderation analysis, we found a stronger association between dispositional envy and happiness among young adults than adolescents. We also revealed that self-esteem was a valid mechanism to unpack the differential associations across two age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explaining cultural differences in the magnitude of psychological constructs and associations between psychological constructs is pivotal in cross-cultural psychology. Although unpacking level-oriented cultural differences has been well documented in the literature, discussion on methods to unpack structure-oriented cultural differences is limited. To tackle this problem, we propose an application of mediated moderation analysis. By estimating and comparing the "indirect (mediated) moderation effects of culture" through different mediated moderators, researchers can evaluate the explanatory power of an underlying mechanism relative to other mediated moderators. To facilitate the use of the mediated moderation model to unpack structure-oriented cultural differences, we discuss technical issues on how to specify a mediated moderation model, how to interpret the moderation effects of culture, and how large the sample size needs to be. An empirical illustration is also presented to demonstrate the application of the method with syntax for different software programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the study was to examine whether negative experiences at work, irrational beliefs, alone and in interaction, and negative affectivity as a mediator, could predict psychosomatic complaints and frequency of sickness absenteeism. The hypothesized model showed acceptable fit to the data, suggesting that negative affectivity mediates the relationship between negative experiences and irrational beliefs on the one hand, and psychosomatic complaints on the other. The results also revealed no significant effect of interaction between negative experiences and irrational beliefs, while fatigue and physical symptoms have a significant and direct effect on the number of days of absence. It was concluded that the lack of an effect of psychological symptoms on absenteeism may indicate that employees in Serbia do not see them as a sufficient reason for sick leave. The results are discussed within frameworks of Rational-emotive behaviour therapy and strategic stress management approach.

Rationale Residents of neighbourhoods with high destination accessibility (higher population density, more-interconnected streets, and better access to services, public transport and parks) are more physically active. Evidence on the factors that underlie these associations is sparse and inconsistent. Objective We examined (1) five socio-demographic and four non-destination perceived neighbourhood attributes as moderators of the relationship between objectively-assessed destination accessibility and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA); (2) perceived indicators of destination accessibility as mediators of those relationships; and, (3) the generalizability of findings across 14 cities. Methods Data were from the International Physical Activity and Environment Network (IPEN) Adult study ( N  = 6822), which provided comparable objective and perceived environmental variables and accelerometer-based MVPA from 14 cities across 10 countries. Mediation and mediation moderation analyses were performed. Results Objective net residential density, public transport density, and number of parks in the neighbourhood were consistently associated with MVPA across all examined socio-demographic groups and non-destination perceived neighbourhood characteristics. However, only the association between number of parks and MVPA was mediated by its conceptually-comparable perceived indicator. While the associations of objective intersection density and land use mix with MVPA were moderated by both gender and perceived pedestrian infrastructure/safety, only the latter moderating effects were mediated by the conceptually-comparable perceived indicators. Perceived neighbourhood safety and/or aesthetics moderated the associations of objective ratio of retail/civic land to total area and distance to nearest transport stop with MVPA. These associations were not mediated by the conceptually-comparable perceived indicators. Conclusion Densely populated neighbourhoods with access to public transport and parks have the potential to significantly and equitably contribute to adults' MVPA on a global scale. Perceived neighbourhood aesthetics, pedestrian-friendliness and safety can magnify the positive effects of mixed-use neighbourhoods on residents' MVPA by interacting with the perceived ease of access to a variety of destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study develops a mediated moderation model to explain how extrinsic incentives and intrinsic motivation interactively affect task effort of solvers in crowdsourcing contests, and whether engagement mediates their interactive effect. The hypotheses are empirically tested by analyzing data collected from 290 solvers on a Chinese crowdsourcing contest platform. A negative moderation effect between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives is found, showing that intrinsic motivation's effect on task effort weakens when the level of extrinsic incentives is high. More interesting, we find that this moderation effect is fully mediated by engagement, which in turn directly increases task effort. In addition, extrinsic incentives are found to positively moderate the relationship between engagement and task effort. These findings shed light on the complex mechanisms underlying solver motivation and engagement in crowdsourcing contests, and provide implications for theory and practice of crowdsourcing management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Status inequality is hypothesised to increase socioeconomic inequalities in health by creating an environment in which social cohesion erodes and social comparisons intensify. Such an environment may cause systemic chronic inflammation. Although these are often-used explanations in social epidemiology, empirical tests remain rare. We analysed data from the West of Scotland Twenty-07 Study. Our sample consisted of 1977 participants in 499 small residential areas. Systemic chronic inflammation was measured by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP; < 10 mg/L). An area-level measurement of status inequality was created using census data and contextual-level social cohesion was measured applying ecometrics. We estimated linear multilevel models with cross-level interactions between socioeconomic position (SEP), status inequality, and social cohesion adjusted for age and gender. Our main analysis on postcode sector-level was re-estimated on three smaller spatial levels. The difference in hs-CRP between disadvantaged and advantaged SEPs (0.806 mg/L; p = 0.063; [95%CI: −0.044; 1.656]) was highest among participants living in areas where most residents were in advantaged SEPs. In these status distributions, high social cohesion was associated with a shallower socioeconomic gradient in hs-CRP and low social cohesion was associated with a steeper gradient. In areas with an equal mix of SEPs or most residents in disadvantaged SEPs, the estimated difference in hs-CRP between disadvantaged and advantaged SEPs was −0.039 mg/L (p = 0.898; [95%CI: 0.644; 0.566]) and −0.257 mg/L (p = 0.568; [95%CI: 1.139; 0.625]) respectively. In these status distributions, the gradient in hs-CRP appeared steeper when social cohesion was high and potentially reversed when social cohesion was low. Results were broadly consistent when using area-levels smaller than postcode sectors. Inequalities in hs-CRP were greatest among participants living in areas wherein a majority of residents were in advantaged SEPs and social cohesion was low. In other combinations of these contextual characteristics, inequalities in systemic chronic inflammation were not detectable or potentially even reversed. • To what extent social environments modify the socioeconomic gradient in systemic chronic inflammation is unclear. • Socioeconomic inequalities in systemic chronic inflammation are largest in small areas with a high a proportion of residents in advantaged SEPs. • Social cohesion was associated with the extent of socioeconomic inequalities in systemic chronic inflammation depending on area-level status inequality. • Results were broadly consistent across four spatial levels. • The extent a of socioeconomic inequalities in systemic chronic inflammation can be heavily dependent on characteristics of the social environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Executive function is a neuropsychological construct that enables controlled cognitive processing, which has been hypothesized to enhance individuals’ resilience to stress. However, little empirical work has directly examined how executive function under different conditions mitigates the negative effects of stress exposure on health. To address this issue, we recruited 110 healthy young adults and assessed their recent life stress exposure, executive function in either a stressful or non-stressful context, and current health complaints. Based on existing research, we hypothesized that individuals exhibiting better executive function following a laboratory-based stressor (but not a control task) would demonstrate weaker associations between recent stress exposure and health because they perceived recent life stressors as being less severe. Consistent with this hypothesis, better executive function during acute stress, but not in the absence of stress, was associated with an attenuated link between participants’ recent life stress exposure and their current health complaints. Moreover, this attenuating effect was mediated by lesser perceptions of stressor severity. Based on these data, we conclude that better executive function under stress is associated with fewer health complaints and that these effects may occur by reducing individuals’ perceptions of stressor severity. The data thus suggest the possibility of reducing stress-related health problems by enhancing executive function. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The theory of planned behavior states that individuals act on their intentions, especially when they have behavioral control. The current study examines how seeking recycling-related procedural information—i.e., information about how and where to recycle—is related to behavioral control. Hypothesis testing used hierarchical ordinary least squares regression analysis of longitudinal data from 553 survey respondents. Results supported seven hypotheses. Most notably, procedural information seeking both mediated and moderated the relationship between intention and behavior. Further, the moderation effect was itself mediated by behavioral control. The argument for this mediated moderation is that information seeking enhances behavioral control, and it is primarily behavioral control that moderates the relationship between intention and behavior. These results have implications for the theory of planned behavior and, more generally, for how individuals use information to support their behaviors.

The 2 × 2 model of perfectionism conceptualizes perfectionism as the within-person combinations of self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism to define four subtypes of perfectionism. This model posits that each subtype is distinctively associated with self-determined motivation and psychological adjustment. Results of latent moderated structural equation model with data from a sample of 559 university students with our newly developed MPLUS syntax codes to estimate simple slopes and their statistical significance supported this hypothesis. As expected, pure self-oriented perfectionism was associated with higher academic self-determination and academic satisfaction relative to mixed perfectionism. Mixed perfectionism was also associated with higher academic self-determination and satisfaction than was pure socially prescribed perfectionism. Results of a latent mediated moderation structural equation model also showed that academic self-determined motivation significantly mediated the relationships between perfectionism subtypes and academic satisfaction. The indirect effects of the four simple slopes, tested with our newly developed MPLUS syntax codes, all reached statistical significance. On substantive grounds, the different amounts of autonomy or self-determination associated with each of the four subtypes of perfectionism of the 2 × 2 model explicate why they are distinctively associated with academic satisfaction. On methodological grounds, this study offered a roadmap to examine the hypotheses of the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism with latent moderated structural equation modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies indicate that topiramate reduces alcohol use among problem drinkers, with one study showing that the effect was moderated by a polymorphism (rs2832407) in GRIK1, the gene encoding the GluK1 kainate subunit. We examined whether the interactive effect of medication and genotype (1) altered the association between daily self-efficacy and later-day drinking; and (2) had an indirect effect on drinking via self-efficacy. In a 12-week, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate, we used daily interactive voice response technology to measure self-efficacy (i.e. confidence in avoiding heavy drinking later in the day) and drinking behavior in 122 European-American heavy drinkers. Topiramate's effects on both self-efficacy and drinking level were moderated by rs2832407. C-allele homozygotes treated with topiramate showed higher levels of self-efficacy and lower levels of nighttime drinking across the 12-week trial. Further, the interactive effect of topiramate and genotype on mean nighttime drinking levels was mediated by mean levels of self-efficacy. By modeling topiramate's effects on nighttime drinking across multiple levels of analysis, we found that self-efficacy, a key psychologic construct, mediated the effect of topiramate, which was moderated by rs2832407 genotype. Thus, it may be possible to use an individualized assessment (i.e. genotype) to select treatment to optimize the reduction in heavy drinking and thereby provide a personalized treatment approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many prior studies of technology adoption treat user intention as the single predictor of actual usage behavior. However, as many researchers of behavioral science have pointed out, multiple factors mediate the relationship between user intention and usage behavior. Purpose: The present article explores the factors that mediate the relationship between intention and actual behavior. We develop a conceptual framework that is based on the Technology Acceptance Model III and behavior theory to further elicit system usage behavior and to confirm ''intention stability'' and ''past experience'' as two significant mediating factors in this relationship. Methods: The target system was a nursing information system that had been recently adopted by a medical center in central Taiwan. Data were collected using a questionnaire survey conducted in two rounds. Two hundred forty-five valid questionnaires were returned (response rate: 49%).Mediated moderation was analyzed to explore the presence ofmediators or moderators between intention and behavior. Results: The results support that intention stability is a mediated moderator and that prior experience is a moderator of the relationship between intention and behavior. These two factors increased by over 13.6% the explanatory power of intention on actual behavior. Furthermore, this study expanded the scope of prior research by confirming intention stability as a moderating variable between intention and behavior. Finally, this study identified the moderating effect of past experience on the intention--behavior relationship, indicating that past experience enhances the predictive power of intention on behavior. Conclusions/Implications for Practice: The findings of this study may assist hospital managers to better understand the nursing information system usage behaviors of nursing staff and to develop ways to enhance the intention stability of these staff. Managers may improve the familiarity of nursing staff with the system by increasing their system-related practice time. More experience should enhance staff system skills and resolve problems such as the need for extra work hours or overtime because of initial system unfamiliarity. Improved work efficiency should then allow nurses to divert more time from administrative work to patient care and training. This positive circle of support is expected to increase the willingness of nurses to accept and take advantage of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Tobacco Longitudinal Care study was a randomized controlled trial for smoking cessation. It demonstrated that longitudinal care for smoking cessation, in which telephone-based counseling and nicotine replacement therapy were offered for 12 months, was more effective than the standard 8-week treatment.Purpose: This study aims to identify for whom and how longitudinal care increased the likelihood of abstinence.Methods: Mediated moderation analyses were utilized across three time points.Results: There was a trend towards smokers who did not respond to treatment (i.e., were still smoking) by 21 days being more likely to be abstinent at 6 months if they received longitudinal care rather than usual care. Similarly, those who did not respond to treatment by 3 months were more likely to be abstinent at 12 months if they received longitudinal care. At both time points, the likelihood of abstinence did not differ across treatment conditions among participants who responded to treatment (i.e., quit smoking). The effect on 6-month outcomes was mediated by satisfaction and readiness to quit. Cessation self-efficacy, satisfaction, and readiness to quit mediated the effect on 12-month outcomes. The effect of treatment condition on the likelihood of abstinence at 18 months was not moderated by response to treatment at 6 months.Conclusions: Smokers who did not respond to initial treatment benefited from longitudinal care. Differential effects of treatment condition were not observed among those who responded to early treatment. Conditional assignment to longitudinal care may be useful. Determining for whom and how interventions work over time will advance theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major purpose of this article is to expand the domain of the business research by providing conceptual analysis of the moderating and mediating variables and exploring their potent effects in business research. To provide specific implications, Kang et al. (2015) model with respect to Balanced Scorecard technique is conceptually extended. Theoretical foundation of the moderating, mediating, and their major distinctions along with appropriate statistical tests applicable to each situation are also provided. The model is also extended to analyzing interaction effects of Mediated-Moderation and Moderated-Mediation designs and their testing. The article concludes that: 1) the nature of complex business problems will be more transparently captured by considering moderating and mediating variables, 2) without specifying moderating and mediating variables, business models are incomplete and therefore are not able to solve real business obstacles. Lack of inclusion of moderating and mediating effects is one viable reason which indicates why most business models do not function in real practice, 3) moderating and mediating variables are widening the scope of the prevalent business theories, and 4) moderating and moderating variables makes it possible to respond to the inquiries regarding “when” “how” and “why” a particular relationship exists between the independent and dependent variables. Hence, this study posits great impacts in future correlational and experimental studies in business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research surveyed 101 teams, involving 497 team members and 101 team leaders, in a large multinational company in China. A hierarchical linear model is used to examine the hypothesized mediated moderation model. It is found that: (1) individual psychological empowerment is positively related to creative performance; (2) the relationship between transactional leadership and subordinates' creative performance is moderated by team empowerment climate; (3) individual transactional leadership behavior is positively related to subordinates' creative performance in teams with higher empowerment climate, but negatively related to subordinates' creative performance in lower empowerment climate; and (4) the relationship between transactional leadership, team empowerment climate and creative performance is partially mediated by subordinates' psychological empowerment perception. Theoretical contributions and practical implications are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embedded in higher educational settings, this study examines the relationship between abusive supervision and psychological capital and the mechanism through which abusive supervision and team member support interact to influence psychological capital with supervisor-student exchange mediating the interaction with psychological capital. Data collected from 222 graduate students in six Chinese universities supports our mediated moderation model: abusive supervision negatively relates to psychological capital and supervisor-student exchange mediates the positive moderating effect of team member support on the relationship between abusive supervision and psychological capital. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to explain and illustrate the methodological approach used to test moderated mediation effects (conditional indirect effects) in marketing. A moderated mediation effect indicates the presence, in a single model, of one or more mediating variables and one or more moderating variables. Having first described the main methodological approaches used to test moderated mediation effects, with an emphasis on their respective advantages and disadvantages, we go on to recommend the method used by Hayes, which we illustrate through several marketing applications. This method makes it possible rigorously and simultaneously to test both mediating and moderating effects. Recommendations are also made to guide marketing researchers in the analysis of moderated mediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the assessment of a mediated moderation model of the relationship between the endorsement of the traditional masculine ideology of restrictive emotionality and alexithymia. Conformity to the masculine norm of emotional control was the hypothesized mediator, and race was the hypothesized moderator. Data were used from 723 college and community-dwelling men who responded to an online survey. Emotional control mediated the positive relationship between restrictive emotionality and alexithymia. In addition, the positive relationship between restrictive emotionality and alexithymia was stronger for Latino American men versus men from other racial groups, but weaker for Asian American men versus men from other racial groups. Finally, the restrictive emotionality by race (Latinos vs. others) moderation effect on alexithymia was mediated through its association with emotional control, providing support for a mediated moderation effect. The results are discussed in terms of need to examine within group variables such as acculturation and acculturative stress, and the utility of investigating hypothesized mediation and moderation of established relationships between variables as a means for furthering knowledge of cultural variations and social identity differences in the endorsement of traditional masculinity ideology and its consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Little research has been done on alcohol use and dependence among rural residents in China, a sub-population that might be under increased stress due to the rapid modernization and urbanization processes. We aimed to assess rural residents' levels of stress, negative emotions, resilience, alcohol use/dependence and the complex relationships among them.Methods: Survey data from a large random sample (n=1145, mean age=35.9, SD=7.7, 50.7% male) of rural residents in Wuhan, China were collected using Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interview.Results: The sample had high prevalence of frequently perceived stress (47%) and high prevalence of ever (54.4%), past 30-day (40.4%), and binge drinking (13.8%). Approximately 11% met the criterion for intermediate to severe alcohol dependence. Mediation analysis indicated that the association between perceived stress (predictor) and alcohol dependence (outcome) was fully mediated by anxiety (indirect effect=.203, p<.01) and depression (indict effect=.158, p<.05); moderation analysis indicated that association between stress and two negative emotions (mediators) was significantly modified by resilience (moderator); an integrative moderated mediation analysis indicated that the indirect effect from stress to alcohol dependence through negative emotions was also moderated by resilience.Conclusions: Negative emotions play a key role in bridging stress and alcohol dependence, while resilience significantly buffers the impact of stress on depression, reducing the risk of alcohol dependence. Resilience training may be an effective component for alcohol intervention in rural China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three competing arguments about the effect of word-of-mouth—positivity effect, negativity effect, and no effect—have been advanced in the literature and found inconsistent results. Previous studies have investigated various boundary conditions in an attempt to explain the inconsistent results concerning the effectiveness of recommendation valence. This study argues that the effectiveness of recommendation valence is not determined by recommendations’ content (i.e., positive vs. negative) but by consumers’ regulatory mode orientation, which has rarely been studied. An experiment on 168 participants shows that consumers high in assessment orientation evaluate negative reviews as being more useful, whereas consumers high in locomotion orientation tend to evaluate positive reviews as being more useful. Moreover, mediated moderation tests using bootstrapping demonstrate that, for consumers high in assessment orientation, negative reviews have an indirect positive effect on intention, mediated by message usefulness; however, this mediated moderation effect does not occur for consumers high in locomotion orientation. The study’s theoretical and practical implications, its limitations, and directions for future research are discussed in the conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to investigate the relationship between the habitual use of expressive suppression, a type of emotion regulation strategy, and risk taking in the financial domain. It also attempted to further examine gender as a possible moderator of this relationship and to explore the anticipated emotion related to negative potential outcomes as the mechanism behind this moderated effect. Two studies were conducted for these purposes. In Study 1, a total of 657 college students completed a test battery, including both the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the Grable and Lytton Risk Tolerance Scale. The results showed that expressive suppression was negatively related to financial risk taking, and gender moderated this relationship. In Study 2, 441 college students took a test battery including both the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and a financial investment allocation task. The results replicated the findings in Study 1 and indicated that the anticipated emotion related to negative potential outcomes fully mediated the moderated effect of gender in the suppression-financial risk taking association. These findings implied the importance of considering gender differences in the prediction of financial choices from the perspective of emotion regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how implicit processes shape consumer’s food decision making. A series of three empirical studies combines questionnaire data with the Implicit Association Test to demonstrate that the effect of nutrition self-efficacy on behavioral intentions and eating behavior is moderated by food associations that are activated automatically and unconsciously. The Main Study provides evidence that consumers with a low ability to adopt a healthy diet behave according to their self-efficacy if implicit associations are negatively connoted (e.g., “healthy food products are less tasty”). A mediated moderation model shows that the interaction effect exerts its influence via intentions to adopt a healthy diet. Replication Study A confirms that this interaction effect even shapes the consumption patterns of at-risk consumers who have received nutritional counseling. Study B confirms the moderating role of implicit associations in a different setting and for different implicit associations. The article reveals that solely increasing consumer’s self-efficacy will not result in substantial changes towards a more healthy diet. By addressing implicit processes, food producers and policy makers can improve the effectiveness of their efforts to induce changes in consumers’ food consumption patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed first, to test whether sex moderated the effect of substance use onset on early adult substance dependence and offending and second, to identify the factors responsible for this effect. Structured equation modeling with 1,281 adjudicated delinquents (1,104 males, 177 females) from the Pathways to Desistance study revealed that sex moderated the onset-substance dependence and onset-offending relationships. Whereas age of substance use onset predicted early adult substance dependence in both males and females, it only predicted early adult offending in males. Out of six putative mediators, only one, adolescent moral disengagement, satisfied the criteria for mediated moderation. Mediation of the moderated onset-offending relationship was the result of moral disengagement correlating with both age of substance use onset and early adult offending in male but not female delinquents. Moral disengagement displayed similar patterns of correlation in the onset-substance dependency relationship but failed to satisfy all criteria for mediated moderation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study develops an understanding of the antecedents and performance-related consequences of strategic environmental sourcing ( SES). Institutional pressure and the firm's environmental engagement serve as antecedents to SES, with performance dimensions including environmental, product development, and product quality performance. While direct relationships between these dimensions and SES have been studied in prior work, the present research adds greater specificity and depth by investigating process and contingency effects on product-level outcomes. The resource-based theory provides the theoretical motivation for these relationships, which are tested via survey data collected from sourcing professionals in the U. S. manufacturing industry. The results emphasize environmental engagement as an important process element between institutional pressure and SES, and highlight the ability of institutional pressure to strengthen the relationship between environmental engagement and SES. Environmental performance was found as an influential conduit in the relationship between SES and both product quality and product development performance, with SES also serving as a contingency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A growing body of literature indicates a modestly positive association between religiosity and spirituality as predictors of psychological health (anxiety and depression), suggesting they serve as personal resiliency factors. The purpose of this study was to expand our understanding of the relationships among these constructs. Using Lazarus's Transactional Model of Stress as a theoretical framework, we examined: (a) the extent to which spirituality and religiosity mediated and/or moderated the association between perceived stress and psychological health and (b) whether there was a moderated (religiosity) mediation (spirituality) between stress and health. The Perceived Stress Scale, Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale, Religious Commitment Inventory, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were administered to measure the following constructs: stress, spirituality, religiosity, and psychological health. This study utilized a nonexperimental, quantitative, correlational, cross-sectional, moderated-mediation design, and included a convenience sample of 331 research participants. Both spirituality and religiosity moderated stress and health. However, only spirituality partially mediated the relationship. In addition, religiosity did not moderate the mediating effects of spirituality. Overall, this study confirmed the role of both religiosity and spirituality as effective resiliency resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]