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Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) is one of the most commercially popular aromatic spices which has long been used in folk medicine as a medicinal plant due to the presence of a wide group of bioactive secondary metabolites. The experimental data available to date indicate that plants of individual species within the Lamiaceae family implement different strategies for the absorption and distribution of selenium (Se) and differ in their metabolic response to Se treatment. In this regard, the present study investigated the effect of Se application (in the form of sodium selenate) at various concentrations (2.0, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, and 40.0 μM) on the growth and accumulation of Se in oregano plant shoots and roots, as well as on nutritional components and secondary metabolites in shoots. The addition of Se to the nutrient solution at concentrations of 2–20 μM did not adversely affect the growth and accumulation of biomass in the oregano plants, which were characterized by a significant ability to transfer Se from roots to shoots (the translocation factor was >2). The Se treatment enhanced the nutritional proprieties of the oregano and, particularly, it stimulated the accumulation of carbohydrates and proteins (by 30 and 17%) and minerals (calcium and manganese). The total contents of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, luteolin-7-glucoside and its derivatives, catechin, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, rosmarinic acid and oleanolic and ursolic acids, as well as the percentage of essential oil, showed a dose-dependent increase in the oregano under the Se treatment. Changes in the relative content of the four main components of oregano essential oil (sabinene, germacrene D, β-caryophyllene, and (Z)-β-ocimene) under the Se treatment were not significant. The relative proportions of β-caryophyllene oxide and terpinen-4-ol increased with Se concentration augmentation in the nutrient solution. The obtained results indicate the prospect of using Se at 5–20 μM concentrations in nutrient solution in hydroponically grown oregano to produce Se-biofortified plants with higher levels of health beneficial compounds and antioxidant activity without yield reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of the dynamics of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L) is essential in the production of essential oils (EOs) in Morocco, considering the country is one of the main producers of rosemary EO. In this study, the authors aimed to examine the influence of harvesting period and environmental factors on the dynamics of rosemary EO, mainly its composition. Samples were collected from four sites in northeastern Morocco on a monthly basis between July 2021 and June 2022. Subsequently, quantitative and qualitative analyses by hydrodistillation and gas chromatography were performed to determine the yield and composition of EOs. On average, EO yields ranged from 2.3 to 3% across the four sites; they were highest in summer and lowest in autumn. A moderate negative correlation (r = -0.59, p < 0.05) was observed between precipitation and EO yield, while temperature had a moderately positive influence. A total of 17 chemical compounds, representing 88.9-99.1% of the EO extracts, were identified and consisted mainly of 1,8-cineole (44.2-46.6%), camphor (14.8-16.8%), borneol (7.5-9.1%), and a-pinene (5.2-5.9%). Harvesting period strongly influenced EO composition, with the highest concentrations of 1,8-cineole and a-pinene were recorded during the summer period (July and August), while the concentrations of borneol, camphor, and terpineol were highest in winter (December and January) and late spring. The findings of the study highlight the importance of monitoring the factors that influence the chemical composition of rosemary EO, thus providing a knowledge base that would help improve the quality and economic value of rosemary EO production in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the seed flow characteristics and in-row seed distribution uniformity under different operating conditions to develop mathematical models and to optimize the seed distribution uniformity in the seeding of sage seeds by a micro-granule applicator equipped with a conveyor belt seed-metering unit. In this study, weighing tests were used to determine the seed flow characteristics, while sticky belt tests were used to determine the in-row seed distribution uniformity. While the evaluations of flow uniformity were carried out depending on the coefficient of variation values (CVs), in-row seed distribution uniformity evaluations were carried out using the values of the variation factor (Vf) and goodness criterion (λ). Central Composite Design (CCD) was used as the experimental design. Based on the analysis of data obtained from the experiments, the polynomial functions were developed for Vf and λ values and the models were optimized. The forward speed was determined as 2.14 m s−1, the seed rate was 13.9 kg ha−1, and the seed falling angle was 42.73° for the Vf model, while these values were determined as 2.43 m s−1, 14.7 kg ha−1, and 33.11°, respectively, for the λ model. All these findings reveal that the metering unit equipped with conveyor belt could be used for the seeding of sage seeds successfully. Data and information found in this work would have great potential to be used as a guide for farmers, manufacturers, and scientists who work in such areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mentha spp. are commonly used for the production of tea and for the extraction of essential oils (EOs). The key factor of mint quality is the content and composition of the EO. Health-promoting compounds such as menthol are desirable, whereas the presence of potentially health-damaging compounds such as menthofuran should be avoided. This study examines the effect of shading on the EO content and composition of three Mentha genotypes (Mentha × piperita 'Multimentha', Mentha × piperita 'Fränkische Blaue' and Mentha rotundifolia 'Apfelminze'). The Mentha genotypes were cultivated in field trials for two years (2022–2023). Each genotype was shaded with a shading net (50% photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) reduction), and a control without shading was prepared. EO content was determined by steam distillation and EO composition was characterized by GC-MS analysis. Furthermore, biomass, vegetation indices (VIs) and the electron transport rate (ETR) were analyzed. While shading led to higher plant heights, higher EO content and a slightly reduced amount of undesired EO compounds, the unshaded control yielded a higher biomass accumulation. Significant genotypic differences were determined. In conclusion, the benefits of shading depend on the intended use and genotype selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sherbet is one of the most popular traditional beverages in Türkiye and it has existed since the early times of the Ottoman Empire. The production of sherbet consists of the dilution of mixed syrups made from various plants, flowers, fruits, roots, barks, or seeds. In this study, purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) sherbet was produced, and the physical changes, phenolic content, volatile profile, and sensory properties were evaluated. Comparison of the analytical results of the fresh basil and sherbet samples showed that the color values of the fresh basil increased after sherbet production. The total phenolic contents were 4.85 and 15.53 mg GAE g-1 for the fresh basil and sherbet, respectively. Linalool, 1,8-cineole, dl-limonene, 2-propenoic acid, (E)-cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol were the predominant volatile compounds, according to the solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The samples scored highly in the sensory evaluation and were appreciated by the panelists. In view of the analysis results, the industrial production of traditional purple basil sherbet is highly recommended due to its striking color, intense aroma, and high added value taste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on medicinal plants is essential for their conservation, propagation, resistance to environmental stress, and domestication. The use of organic nutrition has been demonstrated to improve soil fertility and plant quality. It is also important to study the effects of the Basic Cation Saturation Ratio (BCSR) approach, which is a topic where there is currently controversy and limited scientific information. Evaluating the growth and yields of Agastache mexicana subsp. mexicana (Amm) in different environments is crucial for developing effective propagation and domestication strategies. This includes examining warm and subhumid environments with rain in summer in comparison to mild environments with summer rain. Significant differences were observed in the effects of cold, waterlogging, and heat stresses on the plant's biomass yield and the morphometric-quantitative modeling by means of isolines. The biomass yield was 56% higher in environment one compared to environment two, 19% higher in environment one with organic nutrition, and 48% higher in environment two with organic nutrition compared to using only BCSR nutrition. In the second harvesting cycle, the plants in environment one did not survive, while the plants in environment two managed to survive without needing additional nutrition. Statistical and mathematical analyses provided information about the population or sample. Additionally, further analysis using isolines as a new approach revealed new insights into understanding phenology and growth issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic compounds are plant secondary metabolites, one of the most common and widespread groups of substances in plants, as well as a major group of phytochemicals present in medicinal and aromatic plants. The phytochemical composition of the hydroalcoholic extracts from S. raeseri, S. scardica and S. syriaca was determined by LC-MS/MS-QTOF analysis. A total amount of 23 secondary metabolites were identified, including 17 flavonoids (Fs), 4 phenylethanoid glycosides (PEGs), 1 phenolic acid (PA) and 1 fatty acid (FA). Among the three species, the constituents that have been detected in all of nine samples were: verbascocide/isoverbascoside (PEG), apigenin 7-O- glucoside (F), isoscutellarein 7-O-[6″-O-acetyl]-allosyl(1→2)-glucoside (F) and apigenin 7-(4″-p-coumaroylglucoside) (F). This study contributes to the phytochemical characterization of the Sideritis spp. by providing a comparative study of bioactive compounds present in three different Sideritis species, S. raeseri, S. scardica and S. syriaca, which are widely used as a herbal medicine in Mediterranean region and Balkan Peninsula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objectives: This study was performed to evaluate the effects of peppermint and sage intercropping with application of different fertilizer resources on the dry matter yield, essential oil content, and ecological indices under drought stress. Material and Methods: A field experiment was carried out as a split split plot based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 36 treatments and three replications at the faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Iran in 2019 and 2020. The main factor was three irrigation regimes included 25 (MAD25), 50 (MAD50), and 75% (MAD75) maximum allowable depletion (MAD) percentage of the soil available water (SAW) as normal irrigation, mild and severe water stress, respectively. The sub-factor was different planting patterns included peppermint monoculture, sage monoculture, and intercropping of one row peppermint + one row sage and also sub-sub factor were application of different fertilizer sources including no‐fertilizer as control, TiO2 nanoparticles (100 mg L-1), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation, and integrative application of AMF and TiO2 (AMF + TiO2). Results: The results showed that the dry matter yield of peppermint and sage decreased significantly by 28.7, 27% in mild stress, 55.1%, and 64.1% in severe stress, respectively. The highest dry matter yield of peppermint (144.2 g m-2) and sage (172.7 g m-2) was obtained in the monoculture with integrative application of AMF + TiO2. The maximum essential oil content of peppermint (1.51%) was observed in intercropping with integrative application of AMF + TiO2. In addition, the highest land equivalent ratio (LER), actual yield loss (AYL), and monetary indices were achieved in normal irrigation with integrative application of AMF + TiO2. Moreover, the maximum net income of two plants was recorded in intercropping with application of AMF + TiO2 under normal irrigation, which was no significant difference with integrated application of AMF + TiO2 in intercropping under mild water stress. Conclusion: Generally, it can be concluded that the integrative application of AMF + TiO2 in intercropping of peppermint/sage could be suggested as a sustainable strategy to increasing the quantity and quality of essential oil of both plants under drought stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overuse of chemical pesticides has been linked to mammalian toxicity, environmental contamination, and bioaccumulation. Nanopesticide research, introduced relatively recently, is an emerging field that can be defined as application of nanotechnology for crop protection. Nanopesticides have been proven to be more effective in reducing pest populations and plant infestation levels than bulk chemical pesticides .Some of the advantages that nanopesticide formulations present are increased solubility of water-insoluble active ingredients, increased formulation stability, elimination of toxic organic solvents when compared to conventional pesticides, the ability to release active ingredients gradually, enhanced stability to prevent early degradation, increased mobility and higher pesticidal activity due to smaller particle size, and a larger surface area that may lengthen their shelf life . Furthermore, the nanopesticides we're interested in are synthesized using plant-based substances, making them promising alternatives to traditional pest control chemicals. Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) play an important role in human nutrition due to their high nutritional value. However, phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses, harmful insect species and mites can limit and reduce their production. In the current paper, we present the framework on which plant based nanopesticide technology is based, as well as the various techniques for determining nanoparticle properties. We highlight the potential for several medicinal and aromatic plants from the Khenifra region in Morocco to be used in the synthesis of metal-based nanoparticles. We also reviewed the use of metal nanoparticles in crop protection, emphasizing the control of green bean’s pests and disease, while compiling numerous research that demonstrate their effectiveness. After comparing plant-based nanopesticides to chemical pesticides used to treat green beans in Morocco, it is clear that they have enormous potential for treating pests and diseases with fewer negative effects on the environment and human health.

This study aimed to assess the impact of enriching argan oil (AO) (Argania spinosa L.) using the maceration technique with thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) leaves (TL and OL) at two proportions (5 and 10%). The oxidative stability of the control and enriched oils was examined under accelerated conditions at a temperature of 60 °C for 120 days (4 months). Quality indices (Free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (p-AV), ultraviolet absoptions (K232 and K270), Rancimat test, fatty acids composition, sensory attributes, simple phenolic contents (SPC) and antioxidant activity (DPPH•) were determined. As a simple, inexpensive and green method, enrichment by maceration yielded advantageous results. Compared to the control (68.05 ± 1.10 mg GAE/kg), the SPC significantly increased in enriched oils reaching notably 250.9 ± 9.1 mg GAE/kg when adding 10% of TL. Also, the enriched oil samples showed the lowest PV, p-AV and ultraviolet absorptions compared with the control. However, no noticeable changes were reported in fatty acids composition and iodine value. In terms of sensory attributes, enrichment by maceration masked the rancid odour caused by oxidation. These scientific discoveries inherently yield economic advantages by enabling the diversification of product offerings, simultaneously catering to a broader market seeking high-quality oils infused with herbs, including both AO and aromatic plants.

By including oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) leaves (OL) during the extraction process, the nutraceutical benefits of argan oil (AO) can be significantly increased. Thanks to the employed technique (enrichment through extraction), without resorting to organic solvents. The current work aimed at developing of a green enrichment of argan oil with 2 and 5 % of OL. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of adding OL and its impact on AO oxidative stability under accelerated oxidation for four months. AO physicochemical characterization consisted in measuring quality indices, total phenolic contents, antioxidant activity, pigments, and sensory analysis throughout the storage period. In general, AO samples containing OL exhibited increased phenolic, chlorophylls, and carotenoid contents and lower peroxide and p-anisidine values. AO shelf-life was extended thanks to OL, which slowed down the process of lipid complete oxidation. From a sensory standpoint, a rancid taste was found in the unenriched AO, while the taste and color of oregano were more intense in the AOs supplemented with OL at 5 %. This innovative approach boost AO value in various industries and exemplifies the endless possibilities that emerge when we explore the synergy between different natural elements.

Context: For centuries, herbal remedies have been widely used to alleviate and prevent oral pathologies. Aims: To compare the herbalists’ knowledge with that of the local population, their prevalence of the use of modern non-pharmacological medicine, and investigate the traditional knowledge of the use of medicinal and aromatic plants for oral health in Meknes, Morocco. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire. Along with medicinal plants, other remedies such as alum, salt, and vinegar have also been investigated. Statistical calculations by use value, relative frequency of citation, family use value, informant consensus factor, and fidelity level were performed and compared between the two groups. Results: Numerous medicinal plant species were identified for oral health, namely Syzygium aromaticum, Juglans regia, and Ammi visnaga. Most participants reported using these plants to treat and prevent dental caries, gingivitis, and toothache. Herbalists were found to have a greater knowledge of plants and their uses than the general population. However, a significant proportion of participants, including herbalists, opted for modern medicine or dental care and extraction as treatments of choice, combined or not with traditional treatments. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the rich understanding of medicinal plants for oral health, underscoring herbalists' role as key informants on traditional plant usage for various oral diseases. The populace's increasing reliance on modern dental treatments highlights the limitations of natural remedies for severe oral conditions. Nonetheless, integrating these plants alongside modern dentistry can optimize oral health prevention strategies.

Red oregano (Origanum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare) is native to the mountainous slopes of Albania, thriving at altitudes ranging from 400 to 1300 m above sea level. The aerial components of oregano have been found to address a spectrum of health concerns. However, this subspecies presents intriguing characteristics that require comprehensive exploration and analysis. This study extensively analyzes the ex −situ collection of various genotype populations of red oregano in Albania. Essential oils were extracted by employing the hydrodistillation method. At the same time, their chemical analyses were carried out using gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector (GC−FID) and gas chromatography coupled with a mass−spectrometer detector (GS−MS). We employed two statistical techniques, namely hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), which allowed for a comprehensive examination of the relationships within the data set and more profound insights into the compositional patterns and interrelationships within the essential oils to be gained. The results revealed significant qualitative distinctions at the intraspecific level, particularly for sesquiterpenes, of populations originating from seven diverse geographic locations. The study's findings enhance our understanding of the chemical composition of Albania's red oregano and its chemical variation among different populations, which will potentially contribute to identifying the most suitable clones for breeding programs within red oregano populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are plants that have various uses for human health, nutrition, and well-being. They are sources of herbal medicines, dietary supplements, cosmetics, fragrances, spices, and other products. However, the production and utilization of MAPs also pose challenges and opportunities for environmental sustainability and economic viability. This work offers a wide-ranging review of the sustainable practices and circular economy approaches for the valorization of MAPs. The review discusses the importance and value of MAPs, as well as the principles and benefits of the circular economy, a sustainable model that aims to minimize waste and make the most of resources. The review identifies and analyzes various circular economy approaches for valorizing MAPs, like resource optimization through sustainable cultivation, waste minimization in harvesting and processing, closed-loop supply chains, product diversification and upcycling, circular design thinking for MAP-based products, recycling and reusing MAP-based waste, eco-certification and consumer awareness, and collaborative networks and knowledge sharing. The review paper provides examples and case studies of successful implementation of these approaches, as well as the challenges and limitations that need to be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it is aimed to determine the possibilities of cultivation of 2 taxa (Teucrium chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys, Teucrium polium) belonging to the Lamiaceae family. The plants were collected from an area where plants grow naturally and cultivated in "Randomized Complete Block Design". Phenological observations, morphological measurements and plant elemental analysis were carried out in the natural and in the cultivated areas. 72 (96%) of Teucrium chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys and 54 (72%) of Teucrium polium survived of the plants transferred to the cultivation area. Cultivated Teucrium chamaedrys subsp. chamaedrys showed higher growth compared to those in terms of plant width and number of spikes. Data on the morphological parameters of cultivated plants of T. polium was higher than that of. The highest N content for T. chamaedrys and T. polium was determined as (2.75, 2.09%) in the 2nd year cultivated plants. No statistical difference was observed in terms of other macro and micro elements in both plants of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We analysed genetic diversity of 12 Lippia origanoides genotypes. • This is the first study that assesses the morphological markers in Lippia origanoides. • The results indicated great variability among the Lippia origanoides genotypes. • Multivariate analyses were performed. • E- caryophyllene, bicyclogermacrene and α–pinene were prevalent in the essential oil. The species Lippia origanoides Kunth is a medicinal plant, native to Brazilian a species native to the Brazilian northeast and has pronounced pharmacological, agronomical and economic importance. However, few studies have been done focusing on the conservation of this species, which has been obtained exclusively through extraction. The objective of this study was to characterize 12 genotypes of L. organoides in different regions in the state of Bahia, based in 13 morpho-agronomic descriptors related to the plant, flowers and leaves, as well as to identify the chemical compounds present of its essential oil (EO). The essential oil was obtained from dry leaves by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatograph coupled to mass spectrometer and a flame ionization detector (GC–MS/FID). The results show variations in the qualitative morphological characteristics, such as coloration of petals and leaf format, as well as significant differences in the variables LC, LW, LL/LWL, LA, FLM, DLM, EOC and EOY. In the multivariate techniques used, the accessions were divided in four distinct groups in accordance with the geographic proximity. The accessions LO010, LO007, and LO012 presented elevated production of essential oil. The most important compounds to discriminate the twelve genotypes were (E)-methylcinnamate (52.70 %), (Z)-methyl cinnamate (33.25 %), limonene (4.69 %), camphene (2.49 %), camphor (2.46 %) and α-pinene (2.06 %). The findings of this study contributed to the understanding of the morpho-agronomic characters and the chemical composition of these new genotypes, being important to guide future industrial applicability and studies in genetic breeding program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought poses a significant challenge, restricting the productivity of medicinal and aromatic plants. The strain induced by drought can impede vital processes like respiration and photosynthesis, affecting various aspects of plants’ growth and metabolism. In response to this adversity, medicinal plants employ mechanisms such as morphological and structural adjustments, modulation of drought-resistant genes, and augmented synthesis of secondary metabolites and osmotic regulatory substances to alleviate the stress. Extreme water scarcity can lead to leaf wilting and may ultimately result in plant death. The cultivation and management of medicinal plants under stress conditions often differ from those of other crops. This is because the main goal with medicinal plants is not only to increase the yield of the above-ground parts but also to enhance the production of active ingredients such as essential oils. To elucidate these mechanisms of drought resistance in medicinal and aromatic plants, the current review provides a summary of recent literature encompassing studies on the morphology, physiology, and biochemistry of medicinal and aromatic plants under drought conditions.

Medicinal and aromatic plants contribute to both the national economy and the well- being of forest villagers. In addition, these plants are generally used in a variety of industries such as medicine, food, paint, and perfumery. It is gaining popularity, and individuals are turning to herbal therapy as an alternative medical treatment. These medicinal plants can be popularised and utilised to boost the economies of medicinal-growing countries and provide livelihoods for local stakeholders. Furthermore, overexploitation of these therapeutic plants should be restricted, important species with high marketing potential should be protected, and cultivation of these plants should be encouraged for future use. Against this background, this study employs a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making technique to identify the medicinal and aromatic plants that contribute the most to the Turkish economy. The medicinal and aromatic plants that contributed the most to the country’s economy were found to be poppy seed, thyme, and laurel leaves. Moreover, the seed (sesame seed, flax seed, safflower seed) plants are determined as the least contributing medicinal and aromatic plants to the country’s economy. Cumin, anise, and salvia have also potential in terms of economics. Hence, these findings can help the farmers and decision-makers to determine which plants are more economically beneficial. Thus, plants with high economic value can be cultivated and exported to the rest of the world.

Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) is one of the most commercially popular aromatic spices which has long been used in folk medicine as a medicinal plant due to the presence of a wide group of bioactive secondary metabolites. The experimental data available to date indicate that plants of individual species within the Lamiaceae family implement different strategies for the absorption and distribution of selenium (Se) and differ in their metabolic response to Se treatment. In this regard, the present study investigated the effect of Se application (in the form of sodium selenate) at various concentrations (2.0, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, and 40.0 μM) on the growth and accumulation of Se in oregano plant shoots and roots, as well as on nutritional components and secondary metabolites in shoots. The addition of Se to the nutrient solution at concentrations of 2–20 μM did not adversely affect the growth and accumulation of biomass in the oregano plants, which were characterized by a significant ability to transfer Se from roots to shoots (the translocation factor was >2). The Se treatment enhanced the nutritional proprieties of the oregano and, particularly, it stimulated the accumulation of carbohydrates and proteins (by 30 and 17%) and minerals (calcium and manganese). The total contents of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, luteolin-7-glucoside and its derivatives, catechin, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, rosmarinic acid and oleanolic and ursolic acids, as well as the percentage of essential oil, showed a dose-dependent increase in the oregano under the Se treatment. Changes in the relative content of the four main components of oregano essential oil (sabinene, germacrene D, β-caryophyllene, and (Z)-β-ocimene) under the Se treatment were not significant. The relative proportions of β-caryophyllene oxide and terpinen-4-ol increased with Se concentration augmentation in the nutrient solution. The obtained results indicate the prospect of using Se at 5–20 μM concentrations in nutrient solution in hydroponically grown oregano to produce Se-biofortified plants with higher levels of health beneficial compounds and antioxidant activity without yield reduction.

The objective of this study was to determine the seed flow characteristics and in-row seed distribution uniformity under different operating conditions to develop mathematical models and to optimize the seed distribution uniformity in the seeding of sage seeds by a micro-granule applicator equipped with a conveyor belt seed-metering unit. In this study, weighing tests were used to determine the seed flow characteristics, while sticky belt tests were used to determine the in-row seed distribution uniformity. While the evaluations of flow uniformity were carried out depending on the coefficient of variation values (CVs), in-row seed distribution uniformity evaluations were carried out using the values of the variation factor (Vf) and goodness criterion (λ). Central Composite Design (CCD) was used as the experimental design. Based on the analysis of data obtained from the experiments, the polynomial functions were developed for Vf and λ values and the models were optimized. The forward speed was determined as 2.14 m s−1, the seed rate was 13.9 kg ha−1, and the seed falling angle was 42.73° for the Vf model, while these values were determined as 2.43 m s−1, 14.7 kg ha−1, and 33.11°, respectively, for the λ model. All these findings reveal that the metering unit equipped with conveyor belt could be used for the seeding of sage seeds successfully. Data and information found in this work would have great potential to be used as a guide for farmers, manufacturers, and scientists who work in such areas.

Mentha spp. are commonly used for the production of tea and for the extraction of essential oils (EOs). The key factor of mint quality is the content and composition of the EO. Health-promoting compounds such as menthol are desirable, whereas the presence of potentially health-damaging compounds such as menthofuran should be avoided. This study examines the effect of shading on the EO content and composition of three Mentha genotypes (Mentha × piperita ‘Multimentha’, Mentha × piperita ‘Fränkische Blaue’ and Mentha rotundifolia ‘Apfelminze’). The Mentha genotypes were cultivated in field trials for two years (2022–2023). Each genotype was shaded with a shading net (50% photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) reduction), and a control without shading was prepared. EO content was determined by steam distillation and EO composition was characterized by GC-MS analysis. Furthermore, biomass, vegetation indices (VIs) and the electron transport rate (ETR) were analyzed. While shading led to higher plant heights, higher EO content and a slightly reduced amount of undesired EO compounds, the unshaded control yielded a higher biomass accumulation. Significant genotypic differences were determined. In conclusion, the benefits of shading depend on the intended use and genotype selection.

The present study evaluates the feasibility of hydroponic cultivation of three Thymus species native to Bulgaria: T. longedentatus, T. pannonicus and T. zygioides. The use of a Flood & Drain hydroponic system has produced a significant increase in the growth and development rates of the target species, with T. pannonicus reaching the flowering stage in just three weeks. The metabolic profiles of hydroponically grown plants correspond to those of the parent plants from the matching natural populations. In short, hydroponic cultivation of the studied Thyme species could be a viable alternative to conventional agricultural practices, accelerating plant growth and preserving their medicinal and aromatic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought poses a significant challenge, restricting the productivity of medicinal and aromatic plants. The strain induced by drought can impede vital processes like respiration and photosynthesis, affecting various aspects of plants' growth and metabolism. In response to this adversity, medicinal plants employ mechanisms such as morphological and structural adjustments, modulation of drought-resistant genes, and augmented synthesis of secondary metabolites and osmotic regulatory substances to alleviate the stress. Extreme water scarcity can lead to leaf wilting and may ultimately result in plant death. The cultivation and management of medicinal plants under stress conditions often differ from those of other crops. This is because the main goal with medicinal plants is not only to increase the yield of the above-ground parts but also to enhance the production of active ingredients such as essential oils. To elucidate these mechanisms of drought resistance in medicinal and aromatic plants, the current review provides a summary of recent literature encompassing studies on the morphology, physiology, and biochemistry of medicinal and aromatic plants under drought conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal and aromatic plants contribute to both the national economy and the well- being of forest villagers. In addition, these plants are generally used in a variety of industries such as medicine, food, paint, and perfumery. It is gaining popularity, and individuals are turning to herbal therapy as an alternative medical treatment. These medicinal plants can be popularised and utilised to boost the economies of medicinal-growing countries and provide livelihoods for local stakeholders. Furthermore, overexploitation of these therapeutic plants should be restricted, important species with high marketing potential should be protected, and cultivation of these plants should be encouraged for future use. Against this background, this study employs a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making technique to identify the medicinal and aromatic plants that contribute the most to the Turkish economy. The medicinal and aromatic plants that contributed the most to the country’s economy were found to be poppy seed, thyme, and laurel leaves. Moreover, the seed (sesame seed, flax seed, safflower seed) plants are determined as the least contributing medicinal and aromatic plants to the country’s economy. Cumin, anise, and salvia have also potential in terms of economics. Hence, these findings can help the farmers and decision-makers to determine which plants are more economically beneficial. Thus, plants with high economic value can be cultivated and exported to the rest of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate consumer behaviour and preferences regarding products containing medicinal and aromatic plant ingredients among age generations. Statistical program XLSTAT 2022.4.1 was used to evaluate 375 replies from a larger database for examination with using multiple correspondence analysis and non-parametric tests. The findings showed that the key factor in the process of buying medicinal and aromatic plant products for treating and preventing illnesses was the quality of the product. Research results pointed out that ingredients, scientifically confirmed benefits, labelling details, origin of raw materials, absence of synthetic components, and the scent of the product are also important determinants of purchase. Moreover, the research revealed that consumers from Generation Z do not use medicinal and aromatic plant products for cosmetics, personal care purposes, or the prevention and/or treatment of several illnesses, while Generation Y, along with Generation X and Baby Boomers, tend to use them. Generation Y uses these products for both cosmetics and treatment purposes for 1 - 9 years or more. Studying consumers of herbal and aromatic products across generational lines can provide distinct consumer patterns with a significant impact on the development of products and marketing strategies tailored to the specific requirements of each generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marigold is a plant native to the Mediterranean region, belonging to the Asteraceae family, and has been cultivated as a medicinal and ornamental plant all over the world for centuries. Due to its long flowering period, it is important to determine the appropriate harvest interval and date. This study was performed in the Research Area of Çukurova University in the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 growing seasons, with an aim to investigate the influence of different harvest intervals (4-, 8-, and 12-day harvest intervals for the flowers) and harvest dates (8-day interval for the seeds) on the flower and seed yield and quality traits of marigold. The highest total flower yield (7519.8 kg/ha; harvest at 4-day intervals) and seed yield (595.6 kg/ha; 1st harvest) were obtained in the 1st growing season. The highest seed fixed oil ratio (12.86 %) was obtained in June, and the highest flower essential oil ratio (0.18 %) was obtained in May. Of the 38 components in the essential oil, α-Cadinol (22.59 %–30.10 %), δ-Cadinene (9.88 %–13.79 %), τ-Muurolol (6.58 %–8.20 %), γ-Cadinene (4.80 %–7.15 %), and γ-Muurolene (4.15 %–4.82 %) were determined as the main components. Six fatty acids were detected in the fixed oil and the main components were determined as α-calendic acid (22.07 %–49.41 %), linoleic acid (28.31 %–37.85 %), and oleic acid (7.18 %–30.06 %). The highest α-calendic acid ratios were detected in June and decreased as the harvests were delayed. Consequently, the application of harvesting at 4-day intervals for increased flower number and harvesting seeds early due to the high α-calendic acid rate can be considered as a feasible approach. [Display omitted] • At 32 °C, both the flower number and diameter values decreased rapidly. • The flower diameter values significantly affected the fresh flower yield values. • The heteromorphism ratio in the marigold seeds varied according to the harvest times. • Plants stressed by the effects of rising temperatures formed smaller capitula. • The α-calendic acid ratio tended to decrease with increasing temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried- out during the two successive seasons of 2017 and 2018 at Banger AL-Sokar region, Borg AL-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt to study the effect of water stress, salicylic acid and irrigation rate on vegetative growth and oil yield of Ocimum basilicum L. plant in newly reclaimed land. Three levels of water stress were determined as a percentage of field water capacity 100, 75 and 50% and four concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) as foliar spray 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mM were used, as well as two irrigation interval rates (every 4th and 7th days were applied. The results showed that spraying SA with low concentration i.e., 0.1- 0.4 mM led to improve the vegetative growth and oil yield of sweet basil plants under water stress. The highest oil yield (7.38%) was achieved at 75% of field capacity in second cut in the second seasons with spraying of SA at 0.2 mM irrigated every 4 days as a moderate stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inhabitants of Morocco and particularly of the province of Sefrou use traditional medicine based on aromatic and medicinal plants to treat many diseases such as digestive and respiratory problems, and skin burns Unfortunately, there are very few botanical studies on medicinal and aromatic plants used to treat skin burns in Morocco, especially in the province of Sefrou. This study describes the traditional practice of treating skin burns with medicinal plants in six cities of the province of Sefrou for future pharmacological validation. The survey was conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire in the province of Sefrou in the period of September 2020 and October 2022 which contains information on the plant, their family, and the method of preparation, and method of use. It was found that Lamiaceae and Asteraceae were the two most preferred families by the participants surveyed for the treatment of dermatological problems. The most used medicinal plants are Allium cepa, Curcuma longa, Eryngium tricuspidatum, Ricinus communis, Mentha pelugium, Origanum compactum. It was found that the leaves are the most frequently used part of the plant with a percentage of 52%, followed by the whole plant with 26%. In most treatments, the powder is sprinkled directly on the burn. The study has documented the plants that are found in the province of Sefrou use to treat skin burns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethno-pharmacology delves into ancestral medicinal and aromatic plant (MAP) knowledge, which is crucial in folk medicine and community health. This ethno-pharmaceutical study focused on exploring the use of MAPs in the Meknes and Khenifra regions. A questionnaire targeted 149 respondents, gathering data on MAP usage, preparation methods, adverse effects, and influencing factors. Predominantly, users aged 30-45 in urban areas utilized MAPs with a balanced gender distribution. Lamiaceae was the most utilized plant family, primarily for gastrointestinal disorders. Rosemary (47%), star anise (46.3%), and thyme (43.6%) were the most commonly used. Sourcing methods included gathering from the wild (47.9%), herbalists (43.8%), and pharmacies (17.1%). The decoction (63.8%) was the favored preparation, often consumed short-term or regularly (68.5%) as part of the daily diet. Adverse health effects included vomiting (47.3%) and diarrhea (29.7%), underscoring the importance of understanding herbal remedies-drug interactions, given that 54% reported concurrent use of drugs. Media (54.4%) significantly influenced the MAP recipe choice, in contrast to the minimal influence of phytotherapy (16.10%). This study underscores the importance of MAPs in the studied regions and the necessity for their safe and effective use. It highlights the significant role of media and intergenerational transmission in traditional recipe selection, emphasizing the pivotal roles of culture and communication in preserving traditional medicinal practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpine regions are biodiversity hotspots for endemic species with unique adaptations to harsh climatic conditions. These adaptations often involve specialized behaviours and metabolism including the production of secondary metabolites that protects plants from environmental stresses. This study examines the impacts of elevated CO2 (eCO2) and combined effects of elevated CO2 and temperature (eCO2+T) on two alpine aromatic herbs, namely Angelica glauca and Nardostachys jatamansi. These species were raised in open-top chambers (OTCs) and treated with elevated CO2 (600 ppm) and temperature (+2.0 °C from control) during 2018 to 2020. The primary (total soluble sugar, starch, total soluble protein, amino acid and proline contents), secondary metabolites (Phenolics, essential oil yield, and components using GC-MS) and antioxidant activities (superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) were measured. Total soluble sugar increased under eCO2, while starch content, total amino acid and total soluble protein initially increased but later declined in response to the treatments. Proline content and antioxidant activities were higher under eCO2 and eCO2+T treatments. Total phenolic content showed both increasing (in A. glauca) and decreasing (in N. jatamansi) responses to eCO2 and eCO2+T treatments. GC–MS analysis showed decreased monoterpenes in CO2 and temperature treatments, but some sesquiterpenes showed mixed responses with both increases and decreases. These findings suggest that changes in climate can alter the composition of secondary metabolites in alpine herbs, potentially affecting their therapeutic properties and suitability for use in herbal medicine. This study provides valuable insights into the species-specific physiological responses of plants to changing climate.

Changing climatic scenarios has been recognized as a prominent threat to biodiversity globally. Given the decline in biodiversity, there are more and more local, national, and global awareness campaigns as well as legislative initiatives devoted to biodiversity conservation. The present study aims to increase our knowledge and understanding of the distribution of six medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) in Jammu Kashmir, India under present and future climatic scenarios using an ensemble species distribution modelling approach. Results of the present study revealed changes in the habitat range of the plant species due to changing climatic scenarios leading to the expansion or contraction of their distribution range. A significant decline in the suitable habitats of Arisaema jacquemontii, Lamium album, Phytolacca acinosa and Urtica dioica is predicted. Podophyllum hexandrum and Thymus linearis are predicted to expand their distribution ranges, however, losing their currently suitable habitats. Thus, the present study recommends that these MAPs should be prioritized for conservation and abrupt appraisal of their present population status and updated IUCN categorization should be carried out. Furthermore, to provide more reliable information for conservation decision-making under future climate scenarios, more thorough models that take into account both the biotic and abiotic factors contributing to species persistence should be used.

Research on medicinal plants is essential for their conservation, propagation, resistance to environmental stress, and domestication. The use of organic nutrition has been demonstrated to improve soil fertility and plant quality. It is also important to study the effects of the Basic Cation Saturation Ratio (BCSR) approach, which is a topic where there is currently controversy and limited scientific information. Evaluating the growth and yields of Agastache mexicana subsp. mexicana (Amm) in different environments is crucial for developing effective propagation and domestication strategies. This includes examining warm and subhumid environments with rain in summer in comparison to mild environments with summer rain. Significant differences were observed in the effects of cold, waterlogging, and heat stresses on the plant’s biomass yield and the morphometric-quantitative modeling by means of isolines. The biomass yield was 56% higher in environment one compared to environment two, 19% higher in environment one with organic nutrition, and 48% higher in environment two with organic nutrition compared to using only BCSR nutrition. In the second harvesting cycle, the plants in environment one did not survive, while the plants in environment two managed to survive without needing additional nutrition. Statistical and mathematical analyses provided information about the population or sample. Additionally, further analysis using isolines as a new approach revealed new insights into understanding phenology and growth issues.

The paper aims to study the use of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP) farmers’ networking activities to overcome challenges in the development of their business. MAPs are mostly cultivated in small farms located in rural territories. This presents many challenges in different dimensions of business development through the value-chain, namely in commercialization. That is why networking and collaboration with other actors may have an important role, by providing the scale and critical resources towards business success and value-chain sustainable development. The paper draws on a purposefully collected set of data on a network of Portuguese producers of MAP, organized under the EPAM project. The data was collected through a questionnaire and quantitatively analyzed in order to understand: i) how MAP farmers perceive the importance of networks for the development of their businesses? ii) How are networks enabling farmers with different profiles to develop their businesses? The results confirm the importance of networks for the development of these businesses, namely with other firms. However, it is possible to identify some diversity in the assessment of the role of those networks, both by taking into consideration the location of the farms and their positioning in the value-chain. The study contributes to a better understanding of how networking contributes to overcome barriers in the sustainable development of an agri-food value-chain, by stressing a variety of networking proposes and partners and the existence of differences across types of firms.

Im Kräuteranbau kommen verschiedene Arten von Zikaden (Auchenorrhyncha) vor, die als Pflanzensaftsauger, vor allem an Lamiaceaen, Schäden verursachen. Da es in Südtirol noch keine Daten über die Zikadenfauna im Arznei-und Gewürzpflanzenanbau gibt, wurde vom Versuchszentrum Laimburg (Südtirol, Italien) 2020-2021 eine Erhebung der dort vorkommenden Zikadenarten durchgeführt. Über zwei Vegetationsperioden wurde mittels Streifnetz (Kescher) verschiedene Pflanzenarten beprobt: Zitronenmelisse (Melissa officinalis L.), Pfefferminze (Mentha x piperita L.), Salbei (Salvia officinalis L.), Rosmarin (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), Brennessel (Urtica dioica L.) und Origano (Origanum vulgare L.). Von 1.615 gekescherten Adulttieren konnten 1.317 auf Artniveau identifiziert und 15 Arten zugeordnet werden. Auf Zitronenmelisse wurden insgesamt zehn Arten nachgewiesen, wobei Eupteryx curtisii (Flor, 1861), Eupteryx atropunctata (Goeze, 1778) und Emelyanoviana mollicula (Boheman, 1845) zu den Hauptarten zählten. Acht Zikadenarten wurden auf Pfefferminze identifiziert, hier waren Em. mollicula und E. atropunctata und Eupteryx decemnotata (Rey, 1891) am häufigsten vertreten. E. decemnotata war auf Rosmarin von den wenigen detektierten Arten mit Abstand die häufigste. Auf Salbei wurden sechs Arten nachgewiesen, wie auch für Pfefferminze kamen vor allem Em. mollicula, E. atropunctata und E. decemnotata vor.An Origano- und Brennnesselpflanzen wurden generell nur wenig Zikaden-Individuen ermittelt. Zur genaueren Untersuchung ihres Fressverhaltens werden die Zikaden auf das Vorhandensein von pflanzlicher DNA untersucht. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse sollen als Grundlage für weitere Forschungsarbeit zum Thema ökologische Schädlingsbekämpfung dienen.

Der Anbau von Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen zeichnet sich in der Regel durch vielfältige Anbaukulturen auf relativ kleinen Flächen aus. Dies gilt insbesondere für Südtirol, wo diese Kulturen hauptsächlich von kleinen Betrieben im Berggebiet angebaut werden. Dieser kleinflächige Anbau von Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen lässt vermuten, dass die Betriebe einen hohen ökologischen Wert haben. Es gibt wenige Studien zur Erfassung der Biodiversität im Anbau von Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen. Daher wurden in dieser Arbeit Kräuteranbau-Betriebe als Lebensraum für blütenbesuchende Arthropoden untersucht. An drei Untersuchungsstandorten wurden im Jahr 2021 jeweils an drei Terminen Farbschalen zur Sammlung von Arthropoden verwendet. Kräuteranbau-Betriebe stellten sich als ein wertvoller Lebensraum für verschiedene Arthropoden heraus. Insgesamt wurden 12.570 Individuen mit den Farbschalen gesammelt. Insbesondere Wildbienen waren mit 10 % des regionalen Artenpools sehr artenreich. Auch potenzielle Schädlinge, wie zum Beispiel Blattläuse, waren sehr häufig anzutreffen, wobei natürliche Feinde, wie zum Beispiel Parasitoide, ebenfalls zahlreich vertreten waren. Insgesamt können Kräuteranbaubetriebe als strukturreiche Oasen für Arthropoden fungieren und sich somit auf einer breiteren Skala positiv auf die Biodiversität auswirken.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is an evergreen and a xerophytic shrub that is frequently employed in culinary, decorative, and industrial applications. It shows significant variations in biomass and essential oil (EO) yield due to effects of biotic and abiotic factors. Biostimulants are widely used in agriculture, and in organic agricultural systems, they may contribute significantly to the stability and/or to the increase in crop yields, ensuring respect for the environment. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of different types of biostimulants on the yield performance of rosemary. Four commercial formulations of biostimulants based on Eklonia maxima, Ascophyllum nodosum, fulvic acids, and protein hydrolysates were used for the tests. Water was used as a control. Six applications were performed. At harvest, several morphological and productive parameters were determined. All parameters were affected by biostimulant application. The highest fresh and dry yields were obtained with the application of fulvic acids (13.1 t ha−1 of fresh biomass and 4.3 t ha−1 of dry biomass) and protein hydrolysates (13.6 t ha−1 of fresh biomass and 4.4 t ha−1 of dry biomass) with values 60% higher than that of the control. Regarding the EO content in the dry biomass, the highest value (1.72% v/w) was found in control plants, whilst the lowest (1.14%) was observed in plants treated with fulvic acids. In the case of the EO yield, the lowest value (46.5 kg ha−1) per unit area was found in the control. The application of Eklonia maxima and protein hydrolysates produced the highest EO yield values, 65 kg ha−1 and 66.5 kg ha−1, respectively. This study highlights the use of biostimulants to increase the yield performance of rosemary when grown in an organic agricultural system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional health-care practices of the tribal population of 10 villages of the Kalimpong, West Bengal, were surveyed and documented. The results from the present study were based on interviews with local physicians of indigenous system of medicine, old aged people (>60 y), and traditional herbal healers. A total of 71 plants belonging to 40 families and 63 genera were documented, of which 40.84% of plant species were herbs followed by trees (32.39%), shrubs (12.68%), grass (7.04%), fern and climber (2.82% each), and creepers (1.41%). Leaves of 24 species were used for treatment of different ailments followed by whole plant (17 species), root/rhizomes and fruit (15 species each), bark (14 species), seed/seed pericarp (4 species), seed oil (4 species), twig (3 species), and other parts by one species each. The highest number of plants was used for treating skin-related problems (14 species) followed by diabetes (12 species), fever and stomachache (10 species), diarrhea, dysentery and ulcer (9 species each), gastric problems (8 species) cold and cough and rheumatism (7 species each). Other diseases were treated by using six or fewer number of species. Out of 71 species, 46 were reported to have more than one therapeutic use in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]