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Copyright of Lexikos is the property of Bureau of the Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lexikos is the property of Bureau of the Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines which structural elements the mediostructure of Montenegrin lectures consists of, what functions they serve and what features are typical in their internal organisation. It explore a specially compiled corpus of Montenegrin linguistic lectures and analysis reveals that the lecture mediostructure includes four structural components performing specific communicative functions. It also mentions plan and structure their lectures, as well as for future research.

Copyright of Filologija is the property of Croatian Academy of Sciences & Arts (HAZU) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The close interaction between linguistics and lexicography over the last few decades has had many good effects, not least of which has been the development of a theoretical framework or meta lexicography. However, this close link has had an unfortunate result: the marginalisation in the theoretical debate of nonlinguistic dictionaries and especially of the encyclopaedia. In this article, semantic, lexicographical and pragmatic motivations will be given for a renewed interest in encyclopaedias. The revolution caused by CD-ROM encyclopaedias and the benefits they hold for a large spectrum of users, will be the most important pragmatic motivations addressed. Microsoft Encarta 99 Encyclopedia will act as a guide for the exploration of the impact this revolution has had on the ideas of user-friendliness and dictionary accessibility. Finally, a future is envisioned in which the Internet will be the logical culmination of the ultimate potential of computers as accessible, user-friendly reference tools.

The book On Est Ensemble: 852 mots pour comprendre le français du Gabon (L. Ditougou, 2009) is an important contribution to the history of French spoken in Gabon. However, this work presents some shortcomings from a metalexicographic point of view. These relate to the front matter text, the central list (the macrostructure, the microstructure, the access structure, the addressing structure and the mediostructure) and the back matter text. This article aims to address these shortcomings, and, at the same time, to propose ways that could help improve them.

Copyright of Romanica Olomucensia is the property of Palacky University in Olomouc and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The mediostructure, that is the system of cross-referencing, is a lexicographic device that can be used to establish relations among different components of a dictionary. This paper focuses on different mediostructural strategies and their practical application in general synchronic dictionaries. The structure of dictionaries is discussed from a metalexicographic perspective in order to explain the system of cross-referencing. It is shown how textual cohesion, achieved by the interaction of the various structural components, is promoted by the use of a system of cross-referencing and improved by an innovative approach towards a mediostructure-orientated lexicography. Kruisverwysing as 'n leksikografiese tegniekDie mediostruktuur, d.w.s. die stelsel van kruisverwysing, is 'n leksikografiese tegniek wat gebruik kan word om verbande te lê tussen verskillende komponente van 'n woordeboek. In hierdie artikel word aandag gegee aan verskillende mediostrukturele strategieë en hul praktiese toepassing in algemene sinchroniese woordeboeke. Woordeboekstruktuur word vanuit 'n metaleksikografiese perspektief bespreek ten einde die kruisverwysingstelsel te verduidelik. Daar word aangetoon hoe tekskohesie, verkry deur die interaksie van die onderskeie struktuurkomponente, bevorder word deur die gebruik van 'n kruisverwysingstelsel en verbeter word deur 'n vernuwende benadering ten opsigte van mediostruktureel-georiënteerde leksikografie.

Abstract: For learners of Northern Sotho as a second or even foreign language, the copulative system is probably the most complicated grammatical system to master. The encoding needs of such learners, i.e. to find enough information in dictionaries in order to actively use copulatives in speech and writing, are poorly served in currently available dictionaries. The aim of this article is to offer solutions to the lemmatization problems regarding copulatives in Northern Sotho and to propose guiding entries for paper and electronic dictionaries which could serve as models for future dictionaries. It will be illustrated that the maximum utilisation of macrostructural and microstructural strategies as well as the mediostructure is called for in order to reach this objective. Prerequisites will be to reconstruct the entire copulative system in a user-friendly way, to abstract the rules governing the use of copulatives and to isolate the appropriate lemmas. The treatment of copulatives in Northern Sotho dictionaries will also be critically evaluated, especially in terms of frequency of use and target users' needs.Keywords: LEXICOGRAPHY, LEMMATIZATION, COPULATIVES, INFORMATION RETRIEVAL, ACCESS STRUCTURE, ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY, MACROSTRUCTURE, MICROSTRUCTURE, CROSS-REFERENCING, MEDIOSTRUCTURE, DICTIONARY, AFRICAN LANGUAGESOpsomming: Die lemmatisering van kopulatiewe in Noord-Sotho. Vir aanleerders van Noord-Sotho as tweede of vreemde taal is die kopulatief waarskynlik die mees komplekse grammatiese sisteem om te bemeester. Die enkoderende behoeftes van sulke aanleerders, dit is om genoegsame inligting in woordeboeke te verkry ten einde kopulatiewe in spraak en skrif aktief te kan gebruik, word nie bevredig in beskikbare woordeboeke nie. Die doel van hierdie artikel is om oplossings aan die hand te doen vir die lemmatiseringsprobleme ten opsigte van kopulatiewe in Noord-Sotho en om gidsinskrywings voor te hou wat as modelle kan dien vir toekomstige papier en elektroniese woordeboeke. Daar sal aangetoon word dat maksimale benutting van makrostrukturele en mikrostrukturele strategie? asook die mediostruktuur 'n vereiste is vir bereiking van hierdie doelwit. 'n Voorvereiste is dat die struktuur van die totale kopulatiewe sisteem op gebruikersvriendelike wyse voorgestel moet word. Die re?ls wat die gebruik van die kopulatief bepaal kan dan geabstraheer word. Daarna moet die toepaslike lemmas ge?dentifiseer word. Die bewerking van kopulatiewe in Noord-Sothowoordeboeke sal ook krities ge?valueer word, veral in terme van gebruiksfrekwensie en gebruikersbehoeftes.Sleutelwoorde: LEKSIKOGRAFIE, LEMMATISERING, KOPULATIEWE, INLIGTINGSONTSLUITING, TOEGANGSTRUKTUUR, ELEKTRONIESE WOORDEBOEK, MAKROSTRUKTUUR, MIKROSTRUKTUUR, KRUISVERWYSING, MEDIOSTRUKTUUR, WOORDEBOEK, AFRIKATALE

Abstract: New Things in New Words? - an overview of nonmicrostructural lexicographic innovations. This review article focuses on the nonmicrostructural lexicographic innovations which are apparent in the dictionary under discussion. The emerging notion of user-friendliness in modem lexicographic practice does in no way imply that lexicographic innovations should be limited to the microstructure of dictionaries. Innovative approaches to the presentation of information in the user's guide (where a user's guide exists in a dictionary!) and other elements of the front and back matter in dictionaries playas an important role in making a dictionary more user-friendly as do innovations in the microstructure. New Words/Nuwe woorde. as the newest contribution to the collection of Afrikaans translation dictionaries, exhibits some remarkable nonmicrostructural lexicographic innovations. These innovations are highlighted, evaluated and criticised in this article.Keywords:ACCESSIBILITY; BACK MATIER; DICTIONARY USER; FRONT MATIER; INFORMATION TYPES; LEXICOGRAPHER; LEXICOGRAPHIC INNOVATIONS; LEXICOGRAPHY; MACROSTRUCTURE; MEDIOSTRUCTURE; MICROSTRUCTURE; NONMICROSTRUCTURAL LEXICOGRAPHIC ELEMENTS; PRONUNCIATION GUIDANCE; TRANSLATION DICTIONARY; USER'S GUIDE; USER-FRIENDLINESSOpsomming: Hierdie resensieartikel fokus op die niemikrostrukturele leksikografiese vernuwingswat in die woordeboek onder bespreking voorkom. Die toenemende bewustheid van gebruikersvriendelikheidin die hedendaagse leksikografiese praktyk beteken ni~ dat leksikografiese vernuwingstot die mikrostruktuur van woordeboeke beperk moet word nie. Vemuwende benaderingstot inJigtingsaanbod in die gebruikerstoeligting (as daar een in die woordeboek is!) en anderelemente in die voor- en agterwerk van woordeboeke speel 'n ewe belangrike rol in die gebruikersvriendelikmaak van woordeboeke as vemuwings op mikrostrukturele vlak. New Words/Nuwewoorde, as die nuutste toevoeging tot die versameling Afrikaanse vertalende woordeboeke, vertoon'n aantal besondere buite-mikrostrukturele leksikografiese vemuwings. Hierdie vemuwings wordin hierdie artikel uitgelig en geevalueer.Sleutelwoorde: AGTERWERK, BUITEMIKROSTRUKTURELE LEKSIKOGRAFIESE ELEMENTE,GEBRUIKERSLEIDING, GEBRUIKERSVRIENDELIKHEID, INLIGTINGSTIPES, LEKSIKOGRAAF, LEKSIKOGRAFIE, LEKSIKOGRAFIESE VERNUWINGS, MAKROSTRUKTUUR,MEDIOSTRUKTUUR, MIKROSTRUKTUUR, TOEGANKLIKHEID, UITSPRAAKLEIDING, VERTALENOEWOORDEBOEK, VOORWERK, WOORDEBOEKGEBRUIKER

Abstract: In this article, a descriptive and critical analysis of the mediostructure of Isichazamazwi SesiNdebele, henceforth the ISN, is given. This analysis is made within the theoretical premises of the mediostructure and its functions. The aims of the article are to shed light on the following questions: What aspects of the mediostructure are used? Why are they used? How effectively are they used to achieve text compression/condensation and text cohesion? What improvements could be made to obtain greater user-friendliness? Such an analysis, it is hoped, will, in two ways, contribute to the development of lexicography in general and Ndebele lexicography in particular. Firstly, it is hoped to make users aware of the importance of some guidance aspects of the mediostructure to improve dictionary use. Secondly, it is hoped the pointing out of some deficiencies and possible improvements in the ISN mediostructure will be useful for the compilation of future Ndebele dictionaries.Keywords: DICTIONARY, DICTIONARY STRUCTURE, MACROSTRUCTURE, MICRO-STRUCTURE, MEDIOSTRUCTURE, CROSS-REFERENCING, ACCESS STRUCTURE, USER-FRIENDLINESS, FRONT MATTER, BACK MATTEROpsomming: 'n Aantal gebreke in die mediostruktuur van Isichazamazwi SesiNdebele. In hierdie artikel word 'n beskrywende en kritiese ontleding van die medio-struktuur van Isichazamazwi SesiNdebele, voortaan die ISN, gegee. Die ontleding word gedoen binne die teoretiese gegewe van die mediostruktuur en sy funksies. Die doelstellings van die artikel is om lig te werp op die volgende vrae: Watter aspekte van die mediostuktuur word gebruik? Waarom word hulle gebruik? Hoe doeltreffend word hulle gebruik om teksverdigting/-verkorting en teks-samehang te bereik? Watter verbeteringe kan gemaak word om groter gebruikersvriendelikheid te verkry? So 'n ontleding, word gehoop, sal op twee maniere bydra tot die ontwikkeling van die leksikografie in die algemeen en van die Ndebeleleksikografie in die besonder. Eerstens word gehoop dat dit gebruikers bewus sal maak van die belangrikheid van 'n aantal leidingsaspekte van die mediostruktuur om woordeboekgebruik te verbeter. Tweedens word gehoop dat die uitwys van 'n aantal gebreke en moontlike verbeteringe in die ISN-mediostruktuur nuttig sal wees vir die samestelling van toekomstige Ndebelewoordeboeke.Sleutelwoorde: WOORDEBOEK, WOORDEBOEKSTRUKTUUR, MAKROSTRUKTUUR, MIKROSTRUKTUUR, MEDIOSTRUKTUUR, KRUISVERWYSING, TOEGANGSTRUKTUUR, GE-BRUIKERSVRIENDELIKHEID, VOORWERK, AGTERWERK

Abstract: To date Northern Sotho metalexicographers have focused their attention on lemma-tisation problems in respect of the so-called main or primary part of speech categories, viz. nouns and verbs. See, for example, Prinsloo and De Schryver (1999) and Prinsloo and Gouws (1996). No attention has been given to the lemmatisation of adverbs. The latter are regarded by Ziervogel and Mokgokong (1975: 114, Introduction) as a "secondary part of speech". The treatment of adverbs in Northern Sotho dictionaries is marred by inconsistencies such as omissions from the macrostruc-ture, insufficient and inconsistent labelling, inferior treatment in the microstructure, under-utiliza-tion of the mediostructure and outer texts, and reflects a lack of a strategy of selection of items for lemmatisation. Linguistic descriptions of adverbs in currently available grammars vary substan-tially and therefore confuse learners of the language and inexperienced lexicographers1. The aim of this article is to offer solutions to the lemmatisation problems regarding adverbs in Northern Sotho and to propose guiding entries for paper and electronic dictionaries which could serve as models for future dictionaries. The treatment of adverbs in Northern Sotho dictionaries will also be criti-cally evaluated, especially in terms of frequency of use and target users' needs.Keywords: LEXICOGRAPHY, LEMMATISATION, ADVERBS, INFORMATION RETRIEV-AL, ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY, MACROSTRUCTURE, MICROSTRUCTURE, CROSS-REFER-ENCING, MEDIOSTRUCTURE, DICTIONARY, AFRICAN LANGUAGES, BACK MATTER, NORTHERN SOTHOOpsomming: Die lemmatisering van bywoorde in Noord-Sotho. Tot dusver het Noord-Sotho metaleksikograwe hulle aandag bepaal by lemmatiseringsprobleme ten opsigte van die sogenaamde primêre woordkategorieë, naamlik naamwoorde en werkwoorde. Vergelyk byvoorbeeld, Prinsloo en De Schryver (1999) en Prinsloo en Gouws (1996). Geen aandag is gegee aan die lemmatisering van bywoorde nie. Laasgenoemde word deur Ziervogel en Mokgokong (1975: 72, Inleiding) as 'n "sekondêre rededeel" beskou. Die bewerking van bywoorde in Noord-Sotho woordeboeke word bederf deur inkonsekwenthede soos weglatings uit die makrostruktuur, onvol-doende en inkonsekwente etikettering, minderwaardige bewerking in die mikrostruktuur, onder-benutting van die mediostruktuur en buitetekste, en vertoon 'n gebrek aan 'n strategie vir seleksie van items vir lemmatisering. Taalkundige beskrywings van bywoorde in tans beskikbare gramma-tikas verskil grootliks en verwar dus aanleerders van die taal en onervare leksikograwe.2 Die doel van hierdie artikel is om oplossings aan die hand te doen vir die lemmatiseringsprobleme rakende bywoorde in Noord-Sotho en gidsinskrywings voor te stel vir papier- en elektroniese woordeboeke wat as modelle vir toekomstige woordeboeke kan dien. Die bewerking van bywoorde in Noord-Sotho woordeboeke sal ook krities geëvalueer word, veral ten opsigte van gebruiksfrekwensie en teikengebruikers se behoeftes.Sleutelwoorde: LEKSIKOGRAFIE, LEMMATISERING, BYWOORDE, INLIGTINGSONT-SLUITING, ELEKTRONIESE WOORDEBOEK, MAKROSTRUKTUUR, MIKROSTRUKTUUR, KRUISVERWYSING, MEDIOSTRUKTUUR, WOORDEBOEK, AFRIKATALE, AGTERWERK, NOORD-SOTHO

macro- and microstructural information. In order to evaluate the methods which lexicographers employ to improve dictionary accessibility, the concept of guide structures was introduced by Hausmann and Wiegand (1989). Since the appearance of that article, various academics have written articles and read papers on guide structures in print dictionaries, but few studies have focussed on the tremendous potential of guide structures in electronic dictionaries. In this article it will be shown that electronic dictionaries add dimensions to the implementation of guide structures not possible in print versions. The role of two of the guide structures in the transfer of infonnation in CD-ROM dictionaries will be discussed. The access and mediostructures of the Microsoft Encarta World English Dictionary and the Elektroniese Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal will be analysed and critically evaluated to illustrate the advantages of electronic dictionaries over print dictionaries and the urgent need for metalexicographical discussion of this publication medium.Keywords: ACCESS STRUCTURE; ACTIVE CROSS-REFERENCES; CD-ROM DICTIONARY; DICTIONARY ACCESSIBILITY; ENCYCLOPAEDIC DICTIONARY; GUIDE STRUCTURES; INNER ACCESS STRUCTURE; INNER SEARCH PATH; INTERNET; MEDIOSTRUCTURE; MULTIMEDIA; OUTER ACCESS STRUCTURE; OUTER SEARCH PATH; PASSIVE CROSSREFERENCING; USER-FRIENDLINESSOpsomming: Gidsstrukture in CD-ROM-woordeboeke, met spesifieke verwysingna EWED en ELHA T. Die sukses van modeme woordeboeke hang grootliles af vandie toeganklikheid van hulle makro- en mikrostrukturele inligting. Hausmann en Wiegand (1989)het die konsep van gidsstrukture ingevoer om die metodes te evalueer wat leksikograwe gebruikom woordeboektoeganklikheid Ie verbeter. Sedert hierdie artikel verskyn het, het verskeie akademic:i artikels gepubliseer en referate gelewer oor gidsstrukture in gedrukte woordeboeke, maarmin studies het gefokus op die geweldige potensiaal van gidsstrukture in elektroniese woordeboeke.In hierdie artikel sal dit getoon word dat elektroniese woordeboeke geleenthede vir dieimplementering van gidsstrukture skep wat rue in gedrukte weergawes moontlik is rue. Twee'vandie gidsstrukture se rol in die oordrag van inligting in CD-ROM-woordeboeke sal bespreek word.Die toegang- en mediostrukture van die Microsoft Encarta World English Dictionary en die ElektronieseHandwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal sal onHeed en krities geanaliseer word, om die voordele van elektroniese bo gedrukte woordeboeke en die dringende behoefte' aan die metaleksikografiesebespreking van hierdie publikasiemedium te iUustreer.Sleutelwoorde: AKTIEWE KRUlSVERWYINGS, CD-ROM-ENSIKLOPEDIË, EKSTERNESOEKROETE, EKSTERNE TOEGANGSTRUKTITUR, ENSIKLOPEDIESE WOORDEBOEK,GEBRUlKERSVRlENDELlKHEID, GIDSSTRUKTURE, INTERNE SOEKROETE, INTERNE TOEGANGSTRUKTUUR,INTERNET, MEDIOSTRUKTUUR, MULTIMEDIA, PASSIEWE KRUISVERWYSINGS,TOEGANGSTRUKTUUR, WODRDEBOEKTOEGANKLIKHEID

Abstract: This article offers a brief overview of the compilation of the Ndebele music terms dictionary, Isichazamazwi SezoMculo (henceforth the ISM), paying particular attention to its structural features. It empha-sises that the reference needs of the users as well as their reference skills should be given a determining role in all lexicographic decisions leading to the publication of a dictionary. Dictionary structure should, there-fore, be conceived and evaluated in terms of its data constituents and the accessibility of these data. Accord-ingly, this article demonstrates that the structure of the ISM is not a case of mere cosmetics but a lexico-graphic mode of communication between the dictionary compilers and users who are participants in a lexi-cographic communication process. In this way, the article highlights some of the challenges encountered during the compilation of the ISM and the strategies the compilers employed to facilitate the communication process between the lexicographers and the users regarding dictionary contents and the arrangement thereof. From such a perspective, this article may provide useful insights for LSP lexicography in African languages, prospects of which are based on the increased need for knowledge acquisition and dissemination as well as the multilingual nature of African societies.

Abstract: Does the Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal Part XII do it for the Afrikaans Language and South African Lexicography? This review article seeks to discover the extent to which WAT Part XII complies with its mission, that is "to serve the Afrikaans language and its users, as well as lexicography in general, especially South African lexicography". The front matter, back matter and central list are investigated and it is shown that both outer texts are integrated with the central list and in that respect lexicography is therefore served. With regard to the central list, it is concluded that users of Afrikaans as well as South African lexicography will benefit more if this would be conceptualised more systematically and planned according to lexicographic functions. The choice of lexical items which illustrate and represent the comprehensivity of the Afrikaans lexicon would also have to be rethought on the basis of a well-designed corpus. Frequently used words would then no longer be overlooked as lemma signs and the length of dictionary articles should also become more evenly balanced. In this way the Afrikaans language and its users will be served better. South African lexicography would benefit more if WAT were to return to what is expected of a comprehensive dictionary, namely a more balanced representation of the macro- and microstructure. This should also lead to less disparity in article size and fewer untreated lemma signs.Keywords: BACK MATTER, CENTRAL LIST, COMPREHENSIVE DICTIONARY, FRAME STRUCTURE, FRONT MATTER, LEXICOGRAPHY, LEXICOGRAPHIC FUNCTION, LEMMA SIGN, MACROSTRUCTURE, MEDIOSTRUCTURE, MICROSTRUCTURE, OUTER TEXTS, UN-TREATED LEMMA SIGNOpsomming: Hierdie resensieartikel wil vasstel in watter mate WAT deel XII aan die missie van die WAT voldoen, naamlik "om die Afrikaanse taal en die gebruikers daarvan te dien, asook die leksikografie in die algemeen, veral die Suid-Afrikaanse leksikografie". Daar word ondersoek ingestel na die voortekste, agtertekste en die sentrale teks, en aangetoon dat albei buitetekste geïntegreer is met die sentrale teks en in daardie opsig dus wel die leksikografie dien. Wat die sen-trale teks betref, word tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die gebruikers van die Afrikaanse taal sowel as die Suid-Afrikaanse leksikografie meer daarby sal baat indien dit deegliker gekonseptua-liseer en beplan sou word aan die hand van leksikografiese funksies. Die keuse van leksikale items wat die omvattendheid van die Afrikaanse leksikon illustreer en verteenwoordig sal ook aan die hand van 'n goed beplande korpus herbedink moet word. Frekwent gebruikte woorde sal dus nie langer as lemmatekens oor die hoof gesien word nie en die lengte van artikelinskrywings behoort ook meer gelykvormig gebalanseer te word. Sodoende sal die Afrikaanse taal en die gebruikers daarvan beter gedien word. Die Suid-Afrikaanse leksikografie sal daarby baat indien die WAT sou terugkeer na wat van 'n omvattende woordeboek verwag word, naamlik 'n meer gebalanseerde verteenwoordiging van makro- en mikrostruktuur. Dit behoort ook te lei tot 'n meer eweredige verspreiding van artikelomvang en minder onbewerkte lemmatekens.Sleutelwoorde: AGTERTEKSTE, BUITETEKSTE, LEKSIKOGRAFIE, LEKSIKOGRAFIESE FUNKSIE, LEMMATEKEN, MAKROSTRUKTUUR, MEDIOSTRUKTUUR, MIKROSTRUKTUUR, OMVATTENDE WOORDEBOEK, ONBEWERKTE LEMMATEKEN, RAAMSTRUKTUUR, SEN-TRALE TEKS, VOORTEKSTE

Copyright of Lexikos is the property of Bureau of the Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)