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With advancements in coffee cultivation, several traits may be considered in selection of plants, which must exhibit a set of favorable characteristics. The outturn index, defined as the relationship between the mass of mature fruit and processed beans, emerges as a key factor influencing productivity. This study characterized the outturn over two harvests of 57 clones marketed in the public domain and 10 registered cultivars. The analysis considers the effects of genotypes, measurements, and genetic progress achieved through plant selection. According to the maturation cycle of each clone, washed samples of cherry coffee were collected considering a completely randomized factorial design for characterization of the effects of genotypes, years, and the genotype × years (GY) interaction. The drying, peeling, and the outturn index were individually assessed. Despite the significant effects of the GY interaction, genotypes demonstrated minimal alterations in their ranking across measurements. Clones with higher outturn, including LB30, BRS1216, LB12, N7, LB10, LB20, BRS3220, and AS5, exhibited an average outturn of 25.51%, reflecting a gain of 12.17%. Conversely, clones with lower outturn, such as BG180, GJ30, GJ20, AS7, AS10, P42, N1, and P60, had an average of 19.15%, indicating a reduction of 14.02% compared to the general mean. Analyzing the distribution of the outturn values, 19.4%, 62.7%, and 17.9% of genotypes were classified as high, medium, and low outturn, respectively, providing valuable insights for optimal cultivation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, bananas and plantains play a leading role as primary sources of food and income generation in various regions of Brazil and the world. However, the incessant search for varieties that are resistant to adversity and have favorable agronomic characteristics, in line with market demands, is one of the main challenges for the expansion and development of this crop. In order to find solutions to reverse this situation, the development of cultivars through genetic improvement processes, especially the technique of hybridization between varieties, has stood out as a promising alternative. These advances have provided encouraging results, especially when considering the laboratory production of in vitro seeds. Against this backdrop, the main aim of this paper is to present a concise account of how the evolution of genetic improvement practices, together with related research, has contributed significantly to the transformation of the characteristics of bananas that we find today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late spring frosts is one of the most important restricting abiotic stress factors of apricot growing worldwide. In this study; some physical, biochemical fruit quality characteristics and volatile aroma compounds were determined in fresh fruit samples of thirteen late spring frost tolerant apricot hybrids recently obtained from Turkish apricot breeding programme. A wide variation was reported among apricot genotypes in all of the evaluated physical and biochemical fruit characteristics and also volatile aroma compounds. Fruit size varied between 27.2 and 60.5 g, total soluble solids between 13.6 and 17.4 %, total carotene 26.6 and 42.8 (mg.100 g-1), and total phenolics content 354.2 and 673.1 (GAE.100 g-1). A total of 42 flavor components belonging to various flavor compound groups were identified. The main volatile aroma compound groups detected in the assessed apricot genotypes were; aldehydes, ketones, esters, alcohols, terpenes, acids, and other compounds. Among the detected compounds; Hexanal, 2-Hexenal, 1-Hexanol, 2-Hexen-1-ol, Limonene were the most abundant compounds in terms of concentration. Hexanal varied between 55.8 and 528.5 µg.kg-1, and 2-Hexen-1-ol changed between 25.7 and 297.9 µg.kg-1 fresh weight. Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations among some aroma compounds and biochemical fruit quality characteristics. Significant correlations were reported for esters with titratable acidity (r=0.79) and total carotene (r=-0.61) and aldehydes were found as highly correlated with total soluble solids (r=-0.69). The results of the study will be beneficial in terms of food analysis, cultivation, and breeding studies of apricot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RESUMO Este artigo trata das relações estabelecidas entre agricultura e medicina no Brasil do século XIX. A partir da análise de alguns manuais de agricultura e medicina publicados no período e dos relatórios do Ministério dos Negócios da Agricultura, Comércio e Obras Públicas (MACOP), o objetivo é compreender e debater os processos relacionados à constituição de campos específicos de pesquisa e discussão nestas duas áreas. Além disso, outro foco da análise é discutir o quanto os desenvolvimentos conhecidos na medicina estavam diretamente conectados e influenciavam os processos que aconteciam no universo da agricultura, especialmente no âmbito da grande lavoura escravagista. Assim, por meio do estabelecimento de comparações e contrapontos entre a medicina e a agricultura, este artigo busca também aprofundar os debates sobre os processos de modernização que aconteceram no Brasil do século XIX, mais diretamente depois da criação do MACOP na década de 1860.

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O sorgo sacarino vem ganhando destaque no cenário agrícola brasileiro, por se tratar de uma espécie de características agronômicas, semelhantes a cana de açúcar, se destacando, pelo menor tempo de cultivo, e resistências a fatores bióticos e abióticos, que impossibilitam o cultivo da cana. Objetivando determinar cultivares de sorgo sacarino, que demonstram adaptabilidade nas condições edafoclimáticas do município de Confresa- MT, o presente estudo, avaliou 23 híbridos experimentais do Programa de Melhoramento da Embrapa Milho e Sorgo. O trabalho foi desenvolvido com delineamento experimental em látice triplo, analisando características como altura de plantas, diâmetro do colmo, número de colmos, peso de massa verde, resistência ao acamamento, peso de colmo, volume de caldo, sólidos solúveis totais, número de panículas e período de maturação (ciclo). Houve variabilidade genética para todas as características exceto número de colmos. Foi observado uma relação positiva entre a variável diâmetro de colmo e altura de plantas, para o acúmulo de biomassa, e volume de caldo. As cultivares CMSXS5040, e CMSXS5042 apresentaram desempenho satisfatório para cultivo na região.

O sorgo biomassa tem se mostrado uma cultura muito atrativa, por ser pouco exigente em fertilidade, possibilitar um cultivo totalmente mecanizável, e possuir um alto potencial produtivo de massa verde. Afim de verificar adaptabilidade ao município de Confresa-MT, este trabalho analisou 19 híbridos experimentais de sorgo biomassa, do Programa de Melhoramento da Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, e uma cultivar comercial (AGRI002E). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com 3 repetições. Os parâmetros analisados foram diâmetro de colmos na altura do peito (DAP), altura de planta (ALT), resistência de plantas ao acamamento (RA), produtividade de massa verde (PMV), número de colmos (NC), peso médio de panícula (PP), número de panículas (NP), e ciclo. Foi verificado que cultivares mais produtivas apresentaram em sua maioria altura e diâmetro maiores, além de maior resistência ao acamamento e ciclos mais tardios, como por exemplo a CMSXS7501, CMSXS7515 e AGRI002E, que se destacaram nestas variáveis em relação as demais cultivares, com produtividades acima de 140 t. ha-1. No entanto a CMSXS7509 se destaca das demais, por se caracterizar como uma cultivar com produtividade expressiva, mas apresentar ciclo curto (140 dias).

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os parâmetros genéticos e predizer o progresso genético via índices de seleção utilizando a metodologia REML/BLUP em uma população de maracujazeiro azedo sob seleção recorrente intrapopulacional. Foram avaliadas 118 famílias de irmãos completos (FIC) e três testemunhas adicionais distribuídas em delineamento de blocos casualizado (DBC) com 3 repetições e 3 plantas por parcela, sendo avaliadas 13 características relacionadas a planta e fruto. Foi realizado a estimação dos parâmetros genéticos pela metodologia REML/BLUP e empregados os índices de seleção aditivo (AD), multiplicativo (IM) e Mulamba e Mock (MM) para ranquear todos os indivíduos. Na avaliação dos parâmetros genéticos foram observadas magnitudes de herdabilidade média de progênies para as características: Ratio, comprimento do fruto, formato do fruto, dias para o florescimento e acidez total titulável, sendo observados altos valores de acurácias. Na estimativa de ganhos preditos, os maiores ganhos percentuais preditos para as características, número de frutos e produtividade, foram estimados quando utilizou o índice aditivo com os pesos aleatórios. Os índices de seleção do referente estudo, indicam possibilidade de sucesso no programa de melhoramento visando à seleção de características superiores para o Estado de Mato Grosso.

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O estudo teve o objetivo caracterizar os frutos e sementes da Passiflora cristalina Vanderpl. & Zappi., bem como avaliar a influência da fermentação da mucilagem na germinação das sementes e crescimento inicial das plântulas, este estudo foi desenvolvido em populações nativas do município de Alta Floresta, MT. Os frutos foram coletados na fase final de maturação e o comprimento do fruto, largura do fruto foram medidos, assim com o peso de cada fruto e o peso da semente também foi avaliado. A morfometria das sementes de P. cristalina foi obtida a partir de sementes escolhidas aleatoriamente entre todas as sementes dos frutos coletados da espécie, sendo que o comprimento e a largura da semente foram mensuradas. Para avaliar a influência da fermentação da mucilagem na germinação das sementes, foi realizado experimento com cinco tratamentos, para o primeiro tratamento (T1) a remoção do arilo foi feita com fricção em peneira de malha plástica, os outros tratamentos constituiram-se de sementes colocadas junto com a polpa em placa de Petri, variando apenas pelo tempo de fermentação: tratamento 2 (T2–48 h), tratamento 3 (T3–72 h), tratamento (T4–96 h) e tratamento (T5–120 h). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância. Em seguida, submetidos ao teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade pelo programa estatístico SISVAR. As diferenças encontradas entre os valores mínimos e máximos das características analisadas neste estudo, representam um indício da alta variabilidade genética populacional, e pode permiter uma exploração de parâmetros buscando a manutenção de áreas com populações da espécie, além de auxiliar o melhorista a realizar a introgressão de alelos favoráveis encontrados em espécies silvestres, como resistência a doenças, autocompatibilidade e redução do androginóforo, por intermédio de cruzamento interespecífico. P. cristalina apresentou menor taxa de emergência, assim como outras espécies silvestres.

The genus Capsicum displays a wide genetic variability and studies focusing on diversity among genotypes are used in breeding programs. This study aimed to estimate the genetic variability based on morphoagronomic descriptors of pepper genotypes. The experiment was installed in a completely randomized design with 12 treatments and five replicates. The genotypes were evaluated for nine morphological and horticultural traits. The analysis of genetic divergence among the genotypes was determined by multivariate techniques, based on principal components and cluster analysis, via hierarchical grouping with average linkage (Unweighted Pair-Group Method using Arithmetic Mean - UPGMA). All quantitative descriptors were significant at 1 and 5% by the F-test. Principal component analysis showed that the first two major components accumulated 70% of the total variance. The UPGMA grouping method delineated five distinct groups, indicating the existence of genetic variability among the studied genotypes. The genotypes that gathered attributes of relevant ornamental value were 'Pirâmide ornamental', 'Tabasco' and 'Malagueta'. The most promising genotypes for fresh consumption were 'Dedo de moça', 'Rocoto vermelha', 'Rocoto amarela' and 'Jalapeño'. These genotypes present the potential to be used in breeding programs of pepper plants for ornamental purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. syn. Cenchrus purpureus) is one of the most important forage plants worldwide, cultivated in almost all tropical and subtropical regions due to its high potential for dry matter production, nutritional value, acceptability by different animal species and categories, vigor, and persistence. It has shown great potential for biomass energy production and other forms of non-forage use. This study aimed to review the current knowledge about the cultivation and use elephantgrass focused on pasture and silage. The study also describes the main morphological, genetic, and cytogenetic characteristics of the species, and methods and strategies for obtaining improved cultivars. The release of dwarf type cultivars for grazing and cultivars with high-yield potential for silage has increased the interest in the cultivation of elephantgrass in the beef and dairy cattle production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Os objetivos deste trabalho foram realizar avaliações em ensaio de linhagens e cultivares de feijão com a participação de agricultores, comparar esses resultados com as avaliações tradicionais e verificar a associação de avaliações realizadas por técnicos e agricultores. O trabalho foi conduzido pela Epagri/Estação Experimental de Canoinhas, em ensaio de VCU (valor de cultivo e uso) de feijão preto na safra 2004/05, com a participação de seis agricultores e cinco técnicos, todos com experiência na cultura. Houve consonância entre as avaliações visuais realizadas por agricultores e por técnicos, e estas estão, em geral, associadas às avaliações tradicionais utilizadas nos programas de melhoramento de plantas. Para produtividade de grãos, a avaliação visual se mostrou eficiente apenas na identificação de genótipos de baixo potencial. CNPF 7762 foi o genótipo que recebeu os melhores conceitos na média das variáveis avaliadas.

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Transhumanism is a movement that starts from some humanist ideals to reach the posthuman, having as its basic premise the belief that technology can and should be used to control nature. It means, in the midst of technology man leaves being subject to become one of the objects of the new powers. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that aesthetic medicine is one of the most notorious of the process that requires medicine not only as an activity of healing, but above all as enhancement, which implies a change in the more intimist human condition. In this sense, medicine is integrated into the broader field of technological convergence and bioart. We use Hans Jonas's theory of responsibility to analyze how this process becomes an ethical issue, requiring a responsible attitude on the part of its agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção, persistência e distribuição estacional de populações de capim-lanudo (Holcus lanatus L.) em Santa Catarina. Foram realizados dois experimentos, em São Joaquim e em Canoinhas, durante o período de 2009-10. Foram avaliadas quatro populações coletadas na região do Planalto Serrano e o cultivar comercial La Magnolia. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com quatro repetições. Em Canoinhas não houve diferença na produção entre as populações avaliadas; o capim-lanudo apresentou comportamento bianual e concentração da produção no inverno. Em São Joaquim o capim-lanudo apresentou comportamento perene, concentração da produção na primavera e a população ‘Urubici Morro da Igreja’ apresentou produção anual superior ao cultivar comercial. Entre os dois locais, o capim-lanudo apresentou maior potencial de uso para a região de São Joaquim.

A banana (Musa spp.) está entre as frutas mais consumidas do mundo. Embora exista um número expressivo de cultivares de bananeira, poucos apresentam importância comercial. Para avanços nos programas de melhoramento genétco dessa cultura, existe a necessidade de compreender a estrutura genômica e as relações genétcas existentes entre os acessos depositados nos bancos de germoplasma. Assim, o objetvo deste trabalho foi levantar a variabilidade genétca existente entre 15 acessos do Banco de Germoplasma de Bananeira da Epagri por meio da técnica RAPD. Foram utilizados 78 iniciadores de PCR, os quais geraram um total de 855 bandas polimórfcas. Os dados de presença/ausência de bandas foram submetidos à análise de conglomerados. Os resultados mostraram que os marcadores RAPD foram eficazes em revelar a existência de diversidade genétca entre os cultivares analisados, bem como em separar os grupos genômicos A e B e os cultivares de acordo com seus respectivos subgrupos.

SCS204 Predileto é um novo cultivar de feijão do grupo preto. Foi selecionado a partir de população oriunda de cruzamento VAX 4/A 801//DOR 500, realizado pelo Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical/Colômbia. SCS204 Predileto tem hábito de crescimento indeterminado com plantas do tpo II, porte semiereto e presença de guias. Em média, o florescimento ocorre aos 40 dias e a maturação de colheita aos 90 dias após a emergência. Possui alto potencial de rendimento e estabilidade. Os grãos se caracterizam pela coloração intensa e bom peso. O cultvar é recomendado para semeadura de 1a e de 2a safra em Santa Catarina.

O melhoramento genético pode propiciar ganhos em produtividade, com o desenvolvimento de genótipos, explorando a variabilidade genética existente na cultura do milho, que, ainda, não é totalmente conhecida. Outro fator, que aumenta a eficiência nos programas de melhoramento, é o conhecimento da relação de componentes produtivos e de eficiência com a produtividade de grãos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a variação genotípica de componentes produtivos e índices de eficiência na cultura do milho e sua relação com a produtividade de grãos, no Tocantins. Entre as safras de 2009 e 2014, foram conduzidos 26 experimentos de milho sob delineamento de blocos ao acaso. Os experimentos se diferiram quanto a quantidade e tipo de genótipos, tipo e dose de adubação de semeadura e de cobertura nitrogenada. Dentro de cada safra, as médias dos experimentos foram submetidas a análises estatísticas para a classificação dos mesmos em favoráveis e desfavoráveis para a expressão da produtividade de grãos. Assim, as análises de trilha, tendo a produtividade como atributo dependente e os demais como explicativos e; a estimativa dos coeficientes de variação experimental e genotípico, foram realizadas separadamente para experimentos favoráveis e desfavoráveis, em cada safra. As estimativas da variabilidade genética e da associação dos atributos com a produtividade de grãos sofreram influência com mudança das condições de cultivo (favorável; desfavorável). Foi possível verificar que os índices estimados, potencial produtivo e eficiência produtiva, explicaram melhor a variação da produtividade de grãos que os componentes produtivos (número de grãos e massa média de um grão).

Maize landraces add relevant social importance to traditional family farming communities as a source of income due to the lower cost of input, adaptation to local conditions and contribution to food security. The objective of this work was to characterize through image analysis and physiological tests the relationship between size and physiological quality of seeds of varieties "Pé-de-boi" cultivated in the south of the state of Sergipe. Images captured by a professional camera within the GroundEye equipment were used. Image processing was performed by the equipment itself for seed classification by the size of the observed area. The seed physiological characteristics analyzed were: one hundred seed weight, fresh seedling mass, dry seedling mass, seedling length, emergence percentage and emergence speed index (IVE). Based on the results obtained, it was possible to classify the seeds of maize landraces in five size categories. The highest percentage of seeds has an area between 0.70-0.79 cm². The best physiological quality is in seeds of size between 0.80-0.89 cm². Thus, it can be inferred that for sowing purposes communities can select, after harvesting all ears, the larger seeds that can be classified using sieves according to the desired size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For upland rice, it is desired, among many objectives, to obtain highly productive and early genotypes, consequently reducing the risk of establishing a crop regarding climatic adversities. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the correlation between the agronomic traits days to flowering and grain yield of 14 upland rice lines. The experiment was conducted in seven environments, in the 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 crop years, in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Both the genotypic and phenotypic correlation were significant and positive, whereas the genotype correlation was superior to the phenotype. However, it was noted a low magnitude of the correlation values. It was concluded that a favorable and simultaneous selection is possible for high grain yield and plants with early blossoming cycle in upland rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine agronomic characteristics and responses to the coffee leaf rust fungus (Hemileia vastatrix Berk. et Br.) in coffee progenies resistant to the gall nematode Meloidogyne exigua. The experiment was conducted in December 2000 at Ouro Verde Farm (FazendaOuro Verde), located in the municipality of Campos Altos – Minas Gerais (MG). Ten F3:4 progenies were evaluated. They were derived from crosses between CIFC 2570 Timor Hybrid selections and Catuaí cultivars known to be resistant to M. exigua. The Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99 cultivar served as a control. A randomized block design with three replicates was used. In total, there were thirty-three plots consisting of eight plants each. The following characteristics were assessed between the harvests of 2011/2012 and 2014/2015: (a) yield expressed as processed coffee bags ha-1; (b) rust incidence and severity; (c) vegetative vigor; (d) percentage of coffee fruits at the “cherry” stage; (e) percentage of floaters; (f) crown diameter; (g) percentage of coffee beans of size sieve 17 and higher; and (h) sensory analysis of the coffee beverage. The results indicated the following: (a) the H514-7-14-2, H514-7-4-5, H493-1-2-2, H514-7-16-3, H514-7-8-11, H518-2-10-1, and H514-5-2-4 progenies were the most productive; (b) all progenies showed promising resistance to coffee leaf rust; (c) all genotypes had the potential for specialty coffee production; (d) the H493-1-2-2 progeny showed resistance both to rust and the nematode, and has good potential for specialty coffee production; and (e) the yields of the H514-7-8-11, H518-2-10-1, H514-5-2-4, H514-7-16-3, H514-7-14-2, H514-7-4-5, and H493-1-2-2 progenies were significantly higher than that of the Catuaí IAC 99 control.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the plant and fruit characteristics in advanced lines of Jalapeño pepper for mechanical harvesting. Thus, two experiments were carried out in the field. Experiment I (2015) was conducted as a randomized block design (three replications and eight plants per plot) and Experiment II (2016) in a completely randomized design (five replications and ten plants per plot). In 2015, lines CNPH 30,112, CNPH 30,118, CNPH 30,147, CNPH 30,159, CNPH 30,183, and CNPH 30,245 were evaluated, together with the control ‘BRS Sarakura’. Significant differences were detected for fruit and plant characteristics (P10cm), large fruits (11 cm x 4 cm), high pulp firmness (11 N), wall thickness (about 5mm), and content of capsaicinoid substances (>50,000 SHU). Selected lines are undergoing additional field evaluation for mechanical harvesting with the Etgar Moses 1010 pepper harvester.

Copyright of Revista Espacios is the property of Talleres de Impresos Oma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Veterinária em Foco is the property of Universidade Luterana do Brasil and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this study was to identify differences between groups of cultivars, to study the effect of sowing depth on the hypocotyl diameter and the behavior of the hypocotyl diameter throughout the development of soybean plants. For this, soybean cultivars were analyzed at initial development stage, under greenhouse conditions, regarding hypocotyl diameter in two senses: COT - in the sense of cotyledons and OPCOT - opposite to cotyledons. Data were analyzed through analysis of variance, test of averages (Tukey or Scott-Knott), regression and phenotypic and genotypic correlation. And, coefficient of variation and coefficient of genotypic determination. It was verified that the soybean cultivars differ in the diameter of the hypocotyl and a great genetic influence was identified in detriment to the environmental effects. Seeding of 1 to 3 cm of depth did not influence the hypocotyl diameter, evaluated in stages V2 and V3, when analyzing plants of the cultivars TMG 4185, BRSMG 68 [Vencedora], BRS 7980 and BRS 8381. The cultivars 98Y30, TMG1174RR and TMG 4185 presented similar behavior regarding the hypocotyl diameter in the period from 0 to 48 days after the V1 development stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Caatinga is the property of Revista Caatinga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the plant and fruit characteristics in advanced lines of Jalapeño pepper for mechanical harvesting. Thus, two experiments were carried out in the field. Experiment I (2015) was conducted as a randomized block design (three replications and eight plants per plot) and Experiment II (2016) in a completely randomized design (five replications and ten plants per plot). In 2015, lines CNPH 30,112, CNPH 30,118, CNPH 30,147, CNPH 30,159, CNPH 30,183, and CNPH 30,245 were evaluated, together with the control 'BRS Sarakura'. Significant differences were detected for fruit and plant characteristics (P<0.05). Lines CNPH 30,118, CNPH 30,147, CNPH 30,159, and CNPH 30,245 were selected based on plant height and height of the first bifurcation, earliness, and yield. They were evaluated again in 2016, together with 'BRS Sarakura' and 'Jalapeño Plus F1' as controls. In 2016, CNPH 30,159 and CNPH 30,118 were selected due to their potential for mechanical harvesting. They were evaluated for height of the first bifurcation (>10cm), large fruits (11 cm x 4 cm), high pulp firmness (11 N), wall thickness (about 5mm), and content of capsaicinoid substances (>50,000 SHU). Selected lines are undergoing additional field evaluation for mechanical harvesting with the Etgar Moses 1010 pepper harvester. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this Editorial, we articulate the ideia that the "reformation" of the Christian Church, in Martin Luther's original understanding of it, is a work of God alone. We emphasize that, in the intention of the Reformator, the task of the Christian community is the effort for "improvements". The division of the one and holy Church was not at all the purpose of the Lutheran Reformation. We suggest that "reintegration" to the one and true Catholic Church can only be a work of God as well. The view of Luther as a heretic and an excommunicated seems to be outdated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate forage production and number of days to flowering in 15 common ryegrass populations, one population of the KLM 138 (Uruguay) and Fepagro São Gabriel cultivars, and one local population in order to select germplasm with production potential. A randomized block design consisting of three replicates and repeated measures over time (cuts) was adopted. Forage production was evaluated by cutting samples of 2 linear meters per plot. The forage samples of each plot were dried and weighed for the determination of total dry matter. A total dry matter subsample of each plot, in each cut, was used to estimate leaf percentage. The data were submitted to analysis of variance using mixed models and means were compared by the Tukey test (P0.05), indicating little variability for this trait in the populations studied during the growth cycle. The populations differed significantly in terms of leaf dry matter percentage (P=0.0002). The highest leaf percentages during the growth cycle were observed for cultivar KLM 138. However, populations of the common Uruguayan, Dom Pedrito and Vacaria cultivars also exhibited good leaf production and may be used for initial selection of new promising materials, considering that a higher percentage of leaves promotes better quality feed offered to animals. The variation in the number of days to flowering permits selection for different maturation cycles of common ryegrass.

RESUMO Cultivares de soja com sementes de maior qualidade fisiológica são de interesse para agricultores e empresas de sementes. Assim, objetivou-se com esse estudo verificar a variabilidade genética e as relações existentes entre caracteres das sementes visando identificar testes passíveis de utilização em laboratório para a seleção de linhagens de soja com sementes de maior germinação, vigor e desempenho em campo. Sementes de 62 linhagens avançadas de soja foram caracterizadas quanto ao teste da primeira contagem e germinação, classificação do vigor de plântulas, condutividade elétrica, teste de envelhecimento acelerado, massa de matéria seca de plântulas e emergência de plântulas em campo. O teor de água das sementes foi determinado antes dos testes de avaliação da qualidade e após o envelhecimento acelerado. Os dados experimentais foram submetidos à análise de variância e covariância estimando-se as correlações fenotípicas, genotípicas e ambientais; herdabilidade; coeficiente de variação genética e ganho por seleção. A variabilidade genética dos caracteres avaliados indica que o melhoramento genético pode contribuir significativamente para a melhoria da qualidade fisiológica das sementes de soja. Os testes de envelhecimento acelerado, primeira contagem, germinação e massa de matéria seca de plântulas podem ser utilizados para a seleção de linhagens de soja com sementes de maior vigor e emergência de plântulas em campo. O ganho genético estimado para a germinação e emergência de plântulas em campo é de 20% por ciclo de seleção.

ABSTRACT The knowledge of the phenotypic variation of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) germplasm allows the estimative of the genetic variability to support the selection of contrasting genitors. Therefore, the aim of this work was to define homogeneous groups of cassava germplasm based on yield traits, disease resistance and root quality using K-means as a non-hierarchical method. Breeding values estimated by Best Linear Unbiased Predictor (BLUP) were used for the cluster analysis. The number of groups was defined according to the stabilization of the smallest within-group sum of squares. Seventeen clusters were defined to represent the diversity of the germplasm, whose number of accessions ranged from 7 (Group 15) to 69 (Group 9). In general, accessions belonging to Groups 1, 4, 7, 12, 15 and 16 showed good agronomic traits, such as high fresh root yield and starch yield (> 60.7 t ha-1 and 18.6 t ha-1, respectively). In contrast, only Group 15 presented low bacterial blight severity. The groups obtained showed strong differences, as evidenced by the within-groups sums of squares values, which ranged from 215.1 (Group 15) to 2,338.3 (Group 8). The K-means algorithm allowed the formation of consistent groups based on yield traits, disease resistance and root quality. Therefore, the K-means algorithm was efficient in the formation of groups with low within genotypic variation, especially concerning large amounts of data, such as in cassava germplasm banks.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de mudas de laranjeiras doces ‘Pera’ e ‘Westin’, tangerineira-tangor ‘Piemonte’ e limeira-ácida ‘Tahiti’ enxertadas em 14 porta-enxertos de citros em viveiro protegido. As mudas de laranjeiras-doces ‘Pera D-6’ e ‘Westin’, tangerineira-tangor ‘Piemonte’ e limeira-ácida ‘Tahiti CNPMF-02’ foram avaliadas em viveiro protegido após a enxertia, em 11 porta-enxertos híbridos: citrandarins ‘Indio’, ‘Riverside’ e ‘San Diego’, citrumelo ‘Swingle 4475’, HTR-051, TSKC x (LCR x TR)-040 e 059, LVK x LCR-010 e 038, TSKC x CTTR-002 e TSKC x CTSW-041, além de trifoliata ‘Flying Dragon’, limoeiro ‘Cravo Santa Cruz’ e tangerineira ‘Sunki Tropical’. Coletaram-se variáveis biométricas e fisiológicas, sendo o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com 56 tratamentos, três repetições e dez plantas na parcela. Independentemente do porta-enxerto, a limeira-ácida ‘Tahiti CNPMF-02’ foi a copa mais vigorosa em viveiro, seguida da tangerineira-tangor ‘Piemonte’ e, por fim, pelas laranjeiras ‘Pera-D6’ e ‘Westin’. A tangerineira ‘Sunki Tropical’ induziu maior crescimento vegetativo e de sistema radicular em combinação com todas as copas estudadas. O trifoliata ‘Flying Dragon’ e o híbrido HTR-051 necessitam de maior período para a formação das mudas em função do menor vigor desses genótipos, em combinação com todas as variedades copas avaliadas. Não se observaram quaisquer sintomas de incompatibilidade entre as variedades no viveiro.

O híbrido, obtido do retrocruzamento entre (Cattleya labiata x Cattleya forbesii) x Cattleya labiata é uma planta vigorosa, bi ou unifoliada, apresenta pseudobulbos delgados e cilíndricos e folhas coriáceas com tonalidade verde escuro, com formato oblanceolado, de pontas obtusas, apresentando o primeiro florescimento após quatros anos da semeadura. O florescimento em Londrina ocorreu duas vezes no ano, entre os meses de abril e maio e outubro e novembro com 2-4 flores por pseudobulbo e durabilidade entre 15 a 20 dias. As flores do novo híbrido possuem coloração lilás e labelo com um centro amarelo e listras roxas.

O tamanho do grão é uma característica de interesse para seleção precoce na cultura do feijoeiro comum. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência do tamanho da semente sobre os componentes da produção e parâmetros morfológicos das sementes de feijão. O experimento foi conduzido em cultivo protegido no período entre setembro e dezembro de 2015. As sementes de feijão foram selecionadas e classificadas em quatro classes de tamanho com base na largura e comprimento, dentro de uma população de feijão vermelho (Dark Red Kidney), pertencente ao grupo gênico Andino, com ampla variabilidade para tamanho de grão. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos de polietileno, com volume de 11 dm3, utilizando-se delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Foram avaliados o número de dias para emergência de 50% das plântulas e para emergência no número máximo de plantas em cada parcela. Ao final do ciclo da cultura foram determinados os componentes da produção e a produção de grãos por planta, além das dimensões das sementes. O tamanho das sementes se manteve após um ciclo de cultivo, sem que houvesse diferenças na produção total de grãos. Plantas oriundas de sementes grandes produziram sementes maiores, porém, em menor quantidade, possivelmente como um mecanismo compensatório. A seleção com base no tamanho de sementes apresenta potencial para ser utilizada em feijão comum pertencente ao grupo gênico Andino.

Looking at the new demands of the global agricultural scenario, the search for more productive, efficient and stress adapted genotypes has attracted attention of plant breeders regarding plants with improved physiological characteristics. Therefore, the stay-green trait has taken proeminence as an important strategy to overcome the current yield plateaus allied with yield adaptability and stability. This review has aimed to bring light the main aspects of the stay-green character, showing their employment potential of plant breeding.

The objective of this study was to analyze the adaptability and the stability in apomictic genotypes of the genus Paspalum across the main characters of forage interest evaluated in different years and locations. The experiment was conducted in the years 2010 and 2011 in the municipalities of Eldorado do Sul and Augusto Pestana, RS, Brazil, in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Analyses of adaptability and stability were calculated by the Traditional and the Eberhart and Russel method. The genotypes of P. guenoarum Baio anda Azulão shows high biomass production but adapted to favorable environments and reduced stability. The genotypes of P. lepton 28C show the total dry mass specific adaptability to unfavorable environment and in the dry leaf adaptability with stability

A diversificação de uso de porta-enxertos de citros é importante no Brasil devido à presença de diversos estresses abióticos e bióticos, além da busca por atributos horticulturais desejáveis como nanismo, alta eficiência de produção e indução de boa qualidade aos frutos. Para a seleção de um genótipo com potencial de uso como porta-enxerto, porém, o desempenho na fase de propagação também é relevante. Assim, caracterizaram-se os frutos e avaliou-se a propagação em ambiente protegido de porta-enxertos híbridos de citros obtidos ou selecionados pelo Programa de Melhoramento Genético de Citros da Embrapa: citrandarins ‘Indio’, ‘Riverside’ e ‘San Diego’, híbridos HTR-051, TSKC x (LCR x TR)-040 e 059, LVK x LCR-010 e 038, TSKC x CTTR-002, TSKC x CTSW-041 e LCR x TR-001, além das variedades comerciais citrumelo ‘Swingle 4475’, trifoliata ‘Flying Dragon’, limoeiro ‘Cravo Santa Cruz’ e tangerineira ‘Sunki Tropical’. Foram avaliados variáveis biométricas, fisiológicas e coeficientes técnicos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e 50 plantas na parcela ou 20 frutos por genótipo, conforme a avaliação. Citrumelo ‘Swingle’ e LVK x LCR-010 apresentaram alta produção de sementes por fruto, enquanto HTR-051 e LCR x TR-001 produziram as menores quantidades. A poliembrionia foi superior para TSKC x CTTR-002, TSKC x (LCR x TR)–040, LCR x TR-001, citrandarins ‘Indio’, ‘Riverside’ e ‘San Diego’ e tangerineira ‘Sunki Tropical’, tendo trifoliata ‘Flying Dragon’ e LVK x LCR-010 apenas 45% de poliembrionia média. A emergência de citrandarin ‘Riverside’ foi mais rápida e uniforme em relação aos demais genótipos. O crescimento vegetativo da parte aérea e do sistema radicular foi superior para citrandarin ‘Riverside’, TSKC x (LCR x TR)-059, tangerineira ‘Sunki Tropical’, citrumelo ‘Swingle’ e limoeiro ‘Cravo’ e seus híbridos. Todos os híbridos de citros avaliados apresentam potencial de uso como porta-enxertos.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a presença de interação genótipo x ambiente (G x A) e determinar a adaptabilidade e estabilidade fenotípica de linhagens de algodão de fibra marrom, utilizando o modelo de Ebehart & Russell. Foram conduzidos sete experimentos nos estados de CE, GO, MS e RN, em 2010 e 2011, em regime irrigado e de sequeiro. O delineamento utilizado foi blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados 11 genótipos, segundo sete caracteres relativos à fibra. A interação G x A foi significativa para a maioria dos caracteres. As linhagens 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 7 demonstraram capacidade de resposta à melhoria de ambiente, sendo 1 e 5 os genótipos que apresentaram comportamento previsível para todas as características. O índice de fibras curtas mostrou ser uma característica de alta previsibilidade

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of drought on genetic parameters and breeding values of cassava. The experiments were carried out in a completely randomized block design with three replicates, under field conditions with (WD) or without (FI) water deficit. Yield of storage roots (RoY), shoot (ShY), and starch (StY), as well as the number of roots (NR), and root dry matter content (DMC) were evaluated in 47 cassava accessions. Significant differences were observed among accessions; according to heritability, these differences had mostly a genetic nature. Heritability estimates for genotypic effects () ranged from 0.25±0.12 (NR) to 0.60±0.18 (DMC), and from 0.51±0.17 (NR) to 0.80±0.21 (RoY and StY) for WD and FI, respectively, as a consequence of greater environmental influence on WD. Selective accuracy was lower in WD, and ranged from 0.71 (NR) to 0.89 (RoY, DMC, and StY). However, genetic gains were quite high and ranged from 24.43% (DMC) to 113.41% (StY), in WD, and from 8.5% (DMC) to 75.70% (StY) in FI. These genetic parameters may be useful for defining which selection strategies, breeding methods, and experimental designs are more suitable to obtain cassava genetic gains for tolerance to drought.

The objective was to analyze morphometrically floral buds and flowers in order to identify genetic variability among soybean cultivars. Seeds of conventional soybean cultivars were used. The floral buds and flowers were collected when the plants started to flowering. For the floral buds were mensured: lenght (LFB) and widht of floral buds (WFB), lenght of pistil (LPFB), lenght of stamens (LSFB). For the flower, were mensured: lenght (LF) and width of flower (WF), lenght of sepals (LSF), lenght of stamens (LSF), width of standart (WSF), lenght of pistil (LPF) and lenght of stamens (LSF). The data were submitted do analysis of variance, Tukey test and analysis of genetic diversity. Significant effect ware identified for cultivars in variable LFB, WFB, LPFB and LSFB of flower buds and the Conquista cultivar showed highest average. For the flower, the variables LF, WF, LSF, LSF and LPF showed significant effect of cultivar. The TMG 801 cultivar presented the highest average. The analysis of diversity genetic indicated the formation of three genetically distinct groups. We conclude that the soybean cultivars differs in relations of flowers bud and flower variables and the genetic variability identified among cultivars analyzed, in this study through multivariate techniques based on reproductive morphometry, is important to direct future work in the area of soybean reproductive biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic divergence of coffee genotypes resistant to rust, of the Germplasm Bank from Minas Gerais, based on anatomical features. A total of 12 foliar anatomical characteristics were assessed, and Mahalanobis distance was used to quantify the genetic divergence between genotypes. The Tocher method and the hierarchical method of UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Method Using Arithmetic Averages) were used as group strategy. Moreover, relative contribution analyses of the variables were made. There was genetic variability between genotypes, and the analysis of Tocher and UPGMA grouping separated the genotypes into five and seven distinct groups, respectively. The MG 0582 genotype stood out as the most divergent based on the evaluated anatomical features. There is great genetic variability for the characteristics of foliar anatomy among the 15 genotypes evaluated, allowing to select superior genotypes based on these characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant breeding can be promoting the grain yield increase with development of new genotypes and the exploration the genetic variability that there was in maize. The other factor for the elevate plant breeding efficiency is the knowledge about the relationship among productive and efficiency components with the grain yield. The aim of this work was to evaluate the genotypic variation of productive components and efficiency index in the maize and the relationship these traits with the grain yield. Among the 2009/2010 and 2013/2014 seasons, they were conducted 24 maize experiments under randomized block design. The experiments were different in function of seeding date, type and quantity of genotypes, seeding and covered fertilization. For each season, the experiments mean were submitted the statistical analysis for the distinction of the favorable and unfavorable conditions for the maize grain yield. In each condition, they were done path analysis with the grain yield was the principal trait and the others were the explicative traits and; they were estimate the experimental and genotypic variation coefficients, yet. The estimates of genetic variation and association of the traits with the grain yield had shown influence with change of the growth conditions (favorable; unfavorable). It was possible the verify that the two-index estimated (productive potential and efficiency) were better to explain the grain yield variation than the potential grain number and men grain weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]