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Advancements in medical laser technology have paved the way for its widespread acceptance in a variety of treatments and procedures. Selectively targeting particular tissue structures with minimally invasive procedures limits the damage to surrounding tissue and allows for reduced post-procedural downtime. In many treatments that are hyperthermia-based, the efficiency depends on the achieved temperature within the targeted tissues. Current approaches for monitoring subdermal temperature distributions are either invasive, complex, or offer inadequate spatial resolution. Numerical studies are often therapy-tailored and source tissue parameters from the literature, lacking versatility and a tissue-specific approach. Here, we show a protocol that estimates the temperature distribution within the tissue based on a thermographic recording of its surface temperature evolution. It couples a time-dependent matching algorithm and thermal-diffusion-based model, while recognizing tissue-specific characteristics yielded by a fast calibration process. The protocol was employed during hyperthermic laser treatment performed ex-vivo on a heterogeneous porcine tissue, and in-vivo on a human subject. In both cases the calibrated thermal parameters correlate with the range of values reported by other studies. The matching algorithm sufficiently reproduced the temperature dynamics of heterogeneous tissue. The estimated temperature distributions within ex-vivo tissue were validated by simultaneous reference measurements, and the ones estimated in-vivo reveal a distribution trend that correlates well with similar studies. The presented method is versatile, supported by the protocol for tissue-specific tailoring, and can readily be implemented for temperature monitoring of various hyperthermia-based procedures by means of recording the surface temperature evolution with a miniature thermal camera implemented within a handheld laser scanner or similar.

Monitoring core body temperature (Tc) during training and competitions, especially in a hot environment, can help enhance an athlete’s performance, as well as lower the risk for heat stroke. Accordingly, a noninvasive sensor that allows reliable monitoring of Tc would be highly beneficial in this context. One such novel non-invasive sensor was recently introduced onto the market (CORE, greenTEG, Rümlang, Switzerland), but, to our knowledge, a validation study of this device has not yet been reported. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the CORE sensor. In Study I, 12 males were subjected to a low-to-moderate heat load by performing, on two separate occasions several days apart, two identical 60-min bouts of steady-state cycling in the laboratory at 19 °C and 30% relative humidity. In Study II, 13 males were subjected to moderate-to-high heat load by performing 90 min of cycling in the laboratory at 31 °C and 39% relative humidity. In both cases the core body temperatures indicated by the CORE sensor were compared to the corresponding values obtained using a rectal sensor (Trec). The first major finding was that the reliability of the CORE sensor is acceptable, since the mean bias between the two identical trials of exercise (0.02 °C) was not statistically significant. However, under both levels of heat load, the body temperature indicated by the CORE sensor did not agree well with Trec, with approximately 50% of all paired measurements differing by more than the predefined threshold for validity of ≤0.3 °C. In conclusion, the results obtained do not support the manufacturer’s claim that the CORE sensor provides a valid measure of core body temperature.

Knowing the temperature distribution within the conducting walls of various multilayer-type materials is crucial for a better understanding of heat-transfer processes. This applies to many engineering fields, good examples being photovoltaics and microelectronics. In this work we present a novel fluorescence technique that makes possible the non-invasive imaging of local temperature distributions within a transparent, temperature-sensitive, co-doped Er:GPF1Yb0.5Er glass-ceramic with micrometer spatial resolution. The thermal imaging was performed with a high-resolution fluorescence microscopy system, measuring different focal planes along the z-axis. This ultimately enabled a precise axial reconstruction of the temperature distribution across a 500-µm-thick glass-ceramic sample. The experimental measurements showed good agreement with computer-modeled heat simulations and suggest that the technique could be adopted for the spatial analyses of local thermal processes within optically transparent materials. For instance, the technique could be used to measure the temperature distribution of intermediate, transparent layers of novel ultra-high-efficiency solar cells at the micron and sub-micron levels.

S temperaturo se srečujemo vsak dan v življenju, kjer igra pomembno vlogo pri ponovljivosti kakovosti izdelkov, pri donosnosti v proizvodnih procesih in pri zanesljivosti operativnih naprav in opreme. Poleg tlaka je ena najbolj pogostih merjenih fizikalnih količin v tehnologijah. Za merjenje temperature uporabljamo termometre, ki jih delimo v več skupin in imajo različne temperaturne skale. Diplomsko delo je osredotočeno predvsem na termometre, ki se uporabljajo za merjenje temperature v industriji, na njihovo delovanje in temperaturno območje,v katerem se lahko uporabljajo. V uvodu je predstavljena zgodovina začetkov merjenja temperature in razvoja termometrov ter temperaturne skale. V osrednjem delu so opisani termometri, ki se uporabljajo predvsem v industriji, njihove karakteristike in principi delovanja. V sklepnem delu je narejen kratek povzetek osrednjega dela, predstavljene soprednosti in slabosti termometrov, ki so bili opisani. Temperature is encountered every day of life, where it plays an important role in the reproducibility of product quality, in profitability in production processes and in the reliability of operating devices and equipment. In addition to pressure, it is one of the most commonly measured physical quantities in technologies. To measure temperature, we use thermometers, which are divided into several groups and have different temperature scales. The thesis focuses mainly on thermometers used to measure temperature in industry, their operation and the temperature range in which they can be used. The introduction presents the history of the first beginnings of temperature measurement and the development of thermometers, as well as the temperature scale. The main part describes the thermometers used mainly in industry, their characteristics and principles of operation. In the concluding part, a short summary of the main part is made, where the advantages and disadvantages of the thermometers that have been describedare presented.

Temperatura je največkrat izmerjena fizikalna veličina. Pove nam, kako vroče ali mrzlo je neko telo ali snov, določena pa je s povprečno kinetično energijo, ki jo to telo ali snov vsebuje. Merimo jo s termometri, katerih poznamo več tipov. Eden izmed tipov so tudi sevalni termometri oziroma pirometri, s katerimi je realizirana mednarodna temperaturna lestvica nad strdiščem srebra (961,78 °C). Sevalni termometri oziroma pirometri izkoriščajo dejstvo, da vsi objekti, ki imajo temperaturo nad absolutno ničlo (T = 0 K) sevajo določeno količino termične energije. To sevanje sevalni termometri zaznajo z detektorjem in ga pretvorijo v električni signal, na podlagi katerega nam po zapletenem preračunu pokažejo temperaturo. Ena od prednosti sevalnih termometrov je njihova brezkontaktna raba, ki pa za sabo potegne tudi številne negativne vplive na merjenja z njimi. Negativno na merjenja s sevalnimi termometri lahko vpliva tudi relativna vlažnost, ki povzroči atmosfersko absorpcijo pri nekaterih valovnih dolžinah, kar vodi do višje ali nižje izmerjene temperature telesa, saj atmosfera zaradi tega, ker ni dovolj prozorna, ne omogoča prenosa zadostne količine toplotnega sevanja od merjenca do sevalnega termometra. Da se temu problemu izognemo, moramo za merjenje temperature izbrati sevalne termometre, ki delujejo v območju ustreznih valovnih dolžin, da je vpliv atmosferske absorpcije čim manjši. Poznavanje negativnih vplivov na sevalne termometre je tako zelo pomembno za točno izvajanje meritev z njimi. Temperature is the most commonly measured physical quantity. It tells us how hot or cold a body or substance is, and is determined by the average kinetic energy contained in that body or substance. Temperature is measured with thermometers. We know several types of them. One of the types are radiation thermometers or pyrometers. With them, the international temperature scale above the freezing point of silver (961,78 °C) is realized. Radiation thermometers or pyrometers are taking the advantage of the fact, that all objects with a temperature above absolute zero (T = 0 K) are radiating a certain amount of thermal energy. Radiation thermometers are detecting this radiation with a detector and converting it into an electric signal. On the basis of that signal they perform complicated calculation and display the temperature. One of the advantages of radiation thermometers is their non-contact use, which on the other hand also entails many negative effects on their measurements. Measurements can also be negatively affected by relative humidity, which causes atmospheric absorption at certain wavelenghts, which leads to higher or lower measured body or substance temperature. That happens because the atmosphere, due to its lack of transparency, does not allow sufficient heat radiation to be transmitted from body or substance to the radiation thermometer. To avoid this problem, we must choose radiation thermometers that measure in the range of appropriate wavelenghts, so that the impact of atmospheric absorption is minimized. After all we can say that knowing the negative effects on radiation thermometers is thus very important for accurate measurements with them.

This paper addresses the challenges of selecting a suitable method for negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor-based temperature measurement in electronic devices. Although measurement accuracy is of great importance, the temperature calculation time represents an even greater challenge since it is inherently constrained by the control algorithm executed in the microcontroller (MCU). Firstly, a simple signal conditioning circuit with the NTC thermistor is introduced, resulting in a temperature-dependent voltage UT being connected to the MCU’s analog input. Next, a simulation-based approximation of the actual temperature vs. voltage curve is derived, resulting in four temperature notations: for a look-up table principle, polynomial approximation, B equation and Steinhart–Hart equation. Within the simulation results, the expected temperature error of individual methods is calculated, whereas in the experimental part, performed on a DC/DC converter prototype, required prework and available MCU resources are evaluated. In terms of expected accuracy, the look-up table and the Steinhart–Hart equation offer superior results over the polynomial approximation and B equation, especially in the nominal temperature range of the NTC thermistor. However, in terms of required prework, the look-up table is inferior compared to the Steinhart–Hart equation, despite the latter having far more complex mathematical functions, affecting the overall MCU algorithm execution time significantly.

This paper presents a high-speed thermal imaging method using a visible light camera, with application to the laser droplet generation process (LDG). In the experiment, a nickel wire-end was exposed to a collimated laser beam, and the subsequent process of wire melting, pendant droplet formation and its detachment were recorded by a high speed camera. Instantaneous temperature fields of the metal surface were calculated from the imaging data and were characterized by a very good spatial and temporal resolution (200 × 400 pixels at 13,837 frames per second). The droplet temperature could be accurately calculated between the melting point of nickel (1455 °C) and approximately 1950 °C, where image saturation started to occur. The remaining pendant droplet was shown to cool much more rapidly than the detached droplet, which is due to the heat conduction to the solid wire. Except for the time immediately after the droplet separation, the temperature distribution across the melt droplets was found to be quite uniform. Apart from the possibility of temperature field calculation, it was also demonstrated that the high-speed images of the LDG process can accurately capture contours and oscillation dynamics of melt droplets.

Zaradi fizikalnih in kemičnih lastnosti aluminija in aluminijevih zlitin je njihovo varjenje oteženo in omejeno na določene postopke spajanja. Eden izmed bolj primernih postopkov spajanja aluminija in njegovih zlitin je varjenje z gnetenjem. Gre za termomehanski postopek pri katerem varjenje poteka pri nižjih temperaturah, na zvar pa dodatno vpliva potisna sila, zaradi česar v zvaru dobimo dobre mehanske lastnosti. V nalogi smo raziskali vpliv različnih varilnih parametrov na kakovost zvara. Varili smo po sistemu matrike s podajalnimi hitrostmi 73, 93 in 116 mm/min in vrtljaji 750, 950 in 1180 vrt/min, ter tako dobili 9 vzorcev. Za vsak vzorec smo naredili vizualno analizo, natezni preizkus, analizo trdote, analizo mikrostrukture, analizo temperatur med varjenjem in analizo upogibnega kota. Na podlagi analiz smo ugotovili, da so optimalni parametri za varjenje podajanje 93 mm/min in vrtljaji 950 vrt/min. Pri teh parametrih je faktor ONP 10,2. Pri faktorjih ONP nižjih ali višjih od optimalnega pride do slabše kakovosti zvara, kar je lahko posledica prevelikega vnosa energije v zvar ali slabega mešanja v njem. Because of the physical and chemical properties of aluminum and its alloys, its welding is difficult and limited to certain welding processes. One of the more suitable processes for welding aluminum and its alloys is friction stir welding. It is a thermomechanical process in which welding takes place at lower temperature, and the weld is further influenced by the pushing force what leads to good mechanical properties. In this paper, we studied the influence of different welding parameters on the quality of the weld. We were welding by a matrix system with feed speeds of 73, 93 and 116 mm/min and rotational speed 750, 950 and 1180 rpm, what gave us 9 samples. For each sample we made a visual, tensile strenght, hardness, microstructure, temperature during welding and bend angle analysis. On the basis of the analysis we found that optimal parameters are welding speed 93 mm/min and rotational speed 950 rpm. For this parameters the revolution per feed (RPF) factor was 10.2. For RPF factors lower or higher than optimum, we got lower quality of the weld due to high energy intake or poor mixing within the weld.

Namen diplomske naloge je bil izmeriti in izračunati segrevalno krivuljo električnega radiatorja z oljem. Prav tako smo naredili primerjavo z radiatorjem z vodo, ki se je do sedaj uporabljal za študijske namene pri laboratorijskih vajah. Pri primerjavi med radiatorjema smo želeli prikazati bistvene fizične razlike, kakor tudi segrevalno krivuljo, ki se pri obeh radiatorjih zelo razlikuje zaradi različnih materialov in polnila. Za izračun segrevalne krivulje smo morali zelo natančno izmeriti in izračunati horizontalne, vertikalne in sevalne površine radiatorja, ki predstavljajo najpomembnejši del, da se rezultati izračunane segrevalne krivulje ujemajo z izmerjenimi. Izmerjeno segrevalno krivuljo je meril poseben registrator na računalniku. Temperaturo radiatorja smo merili s pomočjo termočlena, katerega hladni konec je bil v posebni izolirani posodi, napolnjeni z zdrobljenim ledom, vroči konec pa je meril temperaturo na radiatorju. Temperaturo radiatorja smo merili na dveh točkah. Prva točka je bila na sredini radiatorja, druga pa na spodnjem delu. Ker je med merjenji prišlo do velikih razlik v temperaturi in nepričakovanega poteka izmerjene segrevalne krivulje, ki jo je izmeril registrator, smo morali težave sproti reševati. Bistveni problem je bil v delovanju grelca pri radiatorju z oljem, ki ni enakomerno grel olja v notranjosti radiatorja. Zaradi nekonstantnih meritev smo točko merjenja temperature na radiatorju prestavili v bližino grelca, ki se je nahajal v spodnjem delu radiatorja. Meritve, narejene z radiatorjem z oljem, smo razdelili na tri dele. V prvem delu so zajete tiste meritve, pri katerih smo merili temperaturo na spodnjem delu radiatorja, izmerjene segrevalne krivulje pa so približno konstantne. V drugem delu so meritve, pri katerih smo merili temperaturo na srednjem delu radiatorja, izmerjene segrevalne krivulje pa so nekonstantne. V tretjem delu so meritve, kjer smo merili temperaturo na spodnjem delu radiatorja. Ti rezultati so se izkazali najbolj točni. Naredili smo tudi primerjavo med radiatorjem z oljem in radiatorjem z vodo. Poleg različnih fizičnih dimenzij se je za najpomembnejšo razliko med njima izkazala snov, ki se nahaja v notranjosti radiatorja. Pri obdelavi podatkov in analizi grafov smo prišli do zaključka, da je na začetku najpomembnejši pravilen izračun in izmeritev vseh površin radiatorja, saj lahko le tako pri nadaljnjih korakih pravilno izračunamo segrevalno krivuljo. Zelo pomembno je tudi, da pravilno in smotrno izberemo točko merjenja temperature, sicer lahko dobimo zelo različne poteke segrevalnih krivulj, ki lahko v ključnih situacijah negativno vplivajo na okolje, človeka itn. Cilj diplomske naloge je pokazati, da lahko z zelo preprostimi metodami merjenja temperature in z zelo malo finančnega vložka dosežemo točne rezultate ob predpostavki, da naprava (v našem primeru radiator) pravilno deluje. The purpose of the diploma thesis was to measure and calculate the heating curve of the electric oil-filled radiator. We also made a comparison with a water-filled radiator, which has until now been used for study purposes in laboratory exercises. When comparing radiators, we wanted to show the essential physical differences, as well as the heating curve, which is very different due to different materials and fillings. To calculate the heating curve, we had to measure very accurately and calculate the horizontal, vertical and radiant surfaces of the radiator, which represent the most important part, so that the results of the calculated heating curve match the measured ones. The measured heating curve was measured by a special programmer on the computer. The temperature of the radiator was measured using a thermocouple, which cold end was in a specially isolated container that was filled with crushed ice. The hot end of the thermocouple measured the temperature on the radiator. The temperature of the radiator was measured at two points. The first point was in the middle of the radiator and the second point at the bottom. Since there were large differences in temperature and unexpected heating curve measured by the programmer during the measurement, we had to deal with the problems promptly. The essential problem was the operation of the heater with an oil-filled radiator that did not even heat the oil inside the radiator. Due to the inconsistent measurements, the temperature measurement point on the radiator was moved near the heater, which was located in the lower part of the radiator. Measurements made with an oil-filled radiator were divided into three parts. The first part covers those measurements for which we measured the temperature at the bottom of the radiator, and the measured heating curves are approximately constant. In the second part, measurements were made for which we measured the temperature of the middle part of the radiator, and the measured heating curves are inconsistent. In the third part, there are those measurements where we measured the temperature at the bottom of the radiator. These results proved to be the most accurate. We also made a comparison between the oil-filled radiator and the water-filled radiator. In addition to the various physical dimensions between them, the most important difference was the substance located inside the radiator. With processing data and graph analysis, we concluded that at the beginning the most important part is the correct calculation and measurement of all surfaces of the radiator, since only in this way can the heating curve be properly calculated in the next steps. It is also very important that the point of temperature measurement is chosen correctly and reasonably, otherwise we can get very different flows of heating curves that can have a negative impact on the environment, on people, etc., in key situations. The goal of the diploma thesis was to show that with simple methods of temperature measurement and with very little financial input, we can achieve accurate results, if the device (in our case the radiator) is working properly.

Ker je merjenje temperature s kontaktnim termometrom zamudno, smo želeli ugotoviti, ali lahko s termovizijsko kamero enakovredno ali še bolj točno kot z rektalnim termometrom izmerimo telesno temperaturo prašiča. Meritve izvajamo na petih različnih merilnih mestih: oko, notranje uho, zunanji uhelj, perianalni del in rektum. Namen je bil ugotoviti najbolj primerno mesto merjenja telesne temperature s termovizijsko kamero, kjer bo temperatura najbolj primerljiva s temperaturo izmerjeno v rektumu. Za referenco namreč vedno uporabljamo izmerjeno rektalno temperaturo z umerjenim kontaktnim termometrom. Za merjenje temperature v prasilišču na štirih merilnih mestih smo uporabili termovizijsko kamero Flir T650sc in termovizijsko kamero Fluke TiS45. Flir T650sc sodi v višji, Fluke TiS45 pa v nižji cenovni in kakovostni razred. Namen merjenja z dvema termovizijskima kamerama je bil ugotoviti, ali bi s poceni termovizijsko kamero enako dobro izmerili telesno temperaturo prašičev kot z dražjo. V čakališču in pripustišču smo merili samo z eno termovizijsko kamero − Flir T650sc, ker so prašiči v čakališču v skupinah in se gibljejo nekontrolirano, v pripustišču, kjer so svinje vhlevljene indviualno, pa zaradi nedostopnosti do merilnih mest, saj v danem trenutku ni mogoče opraviti dveh kvalitetnih meritev z obema termovizijskima kamerama. Meritve dveh termovizijskih kamer se razlikujejo. Ob primerjavi izmerjene rektalne temperature v primerjavi s temperaturami v notranjem ušesu prašiča (sluhovod) je termovizijska kamera Flir 650sc bolj točna kot termovizijska kamera Fluke TiS45. Na ostalih merilnih mestih, kjer se temperatura ne ujema z izmerjeno referenčno rektalno temperaturo, se opazijo razlike izmerjenih vrednosti na enakem merilnem mestu med dvema termovizijskima kamerama. Izkazalo se je, da je najbolj primerljiva temperatura z referenčno rektalno temperaturo temperatura notranjega ušesa (sluhovoda), izmerjena s termovizijsko kamero Flir T650sc. Vendar so opazna tudi odstopanja. Do odstopanj pride zaradi poraščenosti, prenosa toplote iz predmetov hleva na prašiča in kota merjenja. Hitro smo ugotovili, da bodo meritve težavne, saj prašič ni ubogljiva žival. Problematično je bilo predvsem to, da žival dlje časa ni bila v mirovanju, da bi s termovizijsko kamero izmerili telesno temperaturo na izbranih mestih. Problem smo deloma rešili tako, da sta meritve izvajali dve osebi (merilec in pomočnik). Pojavil se je drugi problem − prenos toplote z ostalih predmetov − predvsem tal hleva na prašiča. To smo skušali rešiti tako, da smo žival opazovali dlje časa v stoječem položaju in ji potem izmerili temperaturo. Pojavil se je tudi problem poraščenosti kože. Ker vsi prašiči niso enakomerno poraščeni, se je temperatura spreminjala na posameznem merilnem mestu glede na poraščenost kože. Pri obdelavi podatkov in analizi ter po posvetu z rejcem smo prišli do zaključka, da je merjenje temperature s termovizijsko kamero zamudnejše, manj točno in odvisno še od drugih dejavnikov (poraščenost kože, prenos toplote z drugih predmetov, kot merjenja, temperatura ozadja, gibanje živali). Ko prištejemo še stroške za nakup termovizijske kamere, se vse to izkaže za ekonomsko neupravičeno potezo. Temperaturo hitreje in točneje izmerimo s kontaktnim termometrom v rektumu. Izkazalo se je, da je termovizijska kamera Flir 650sc boljša od Fluke TiS45, saj so izmerjene temperature notranjega ušesa (sluhovoda) bolj primerljive z izmerjenimi referenčnimi temperaturami v rektumu. Since measuring temperature with a contact thermometer is time-consuming, we aimed to find out whether a pig's temperature could be measured equally well or even better with a thermal imaging camera rather than with a rectal thermometer. The measurements were carried out on five different areas: the eye, the inner ear, the outer ear, the perianal area and the rectum. The aim was to find out which area is the most suitable for measuring the body temperature with a thermal imaging camera, so that the measured temperature will be the closest to the temperature measured in the rectum. Namely, we always used the rectal temperature measured with a calibrated contact thermometer as the reference. We used the thermal imaging camera Flir T650sc and the thermal imaging camera Fluke TiS45 for measuring the temperature on five areas in the farrowing sow. The Flir T650sc is a high-quality product belonging to a higher price bracket, whereas the Fluke TiS45 is a lower quality camera, and belongs to a lower price bracket. The goal of taking temperature with two thermal imaging cameras was to determine whether it is possible to measure the pig's temperature with an inexpensive thermal imaging camera just as accurately as with a more expensive one. In the pigpen and gestation crate we measured with only one thermal imaging camera because the pigs in the pigpen are in groups and move around freely and in the gestation crate because of the inaccessibility of the measuring areas it is namely impossible to measure temperature with both thermal imaging cameras at the same time and get quality results. That is why we used the thermal imaging camera Flir T650sc. The measuring results of the two thermal imaging cameras are different. When comparing the measured rectal temperature with the temperature measurements of the pig's inner ear (auditory canal), it can be seen that the thermal imaging camera Flir T650sc is more accurate than the thermal imagining camera Fluke TiS45. On the other measuring areas where the temperature does not match the reference rectal temperature, the differences were observed between the temperatures measured on the same measuring area, but measured with different thermal imaging cameras. What became apparent was that the temperature closest to the reference rectal temperature was the temperature of the inner ear (auditory canal), measured with a thermal imaging camera. However, deviations were also present. The deviations occur because of hairiness, heat transfer from other objects onto the pig and the measuring angle. We realized soon that carrying out measurements would be difficult because pigs are not obedient animals. Especially problematic was the fact that the animal did not keep still long enough to enable us to measure its temperature with a thermal imaging camera on the selected spots. We partly solved this problem by having two individuals carrying out measurements (one person measured, one assisted). There was another problem – namely the heat transfer from other objects, especially the floor of the pig-shed, to the pig. We tried to solve this problem by observing the animal in a standing position for a longer period of time, and then measuring its temperature. Another problem was the hairiness of the skin. Because not all pigs are hairy to the same extent, the temperature changed on each measuring area in relation to the hairiness of the skin. In the course of data processing and analysis, and after consulting the breeder, we concluded that measuring temperature with a thermal imaging camera is more time consuming, less accurate, and depends on other factors (the hairiness of the skin, heat transfer from other objects, the measuring angle, background temperature, the animal's movement). When considering also the costs of purchasing a thermal imaging camera, the use of it is economically unjustified. Temperature can be taken faster and more accurately with a contact thermometer in the rectum. It turned out that the thermal imaging camera Flir T650sc is better than the Fluke TiS45 because the temperatures of the inner ear (auditory canal) that were measured come closer to the referential temperatures measured in the rectum.

Opravljena je numerična simulacija segrevanja in ohlajanja aluminijastih vzorcev med raztopnim žarjenjem in gašenjem. Simulacija je pripravljena z uporabo toplotne prehodnosti izračunane iz meritev temperature, kjer so vzorci obravnavani kot telesa idealne toplotne prevodnosti. Ugotovljeno je, da takšen pristop omogoča hitre in zadovoljive rezultate v primeru segrevanja dimenzijsko podobnih vzorcev med raztopnim žarjenjem. Pri ohlajanju med gašenjem z vodo ob predpostavki telesa idealne toplotne prevodnosti je napaka večja. Prikazane so meritve mehanskih lastnosti, ki pokažejo vpliv odstopanja izvedbe toplotne obdelave na končne lastnosti. Predstavljen je predlog oblikovanja velikostnih razredov vzorcev z namenom zmanjšanja razlik časov raztopnega žarjenja. A numerical simulation of the heating and cooling of aluminium samples during solution heat treatment and quenching was carried out. The simulation is set up using the overall heat-transfer coefficient calculated by the lumped-capacitance method. This method was shown to produce quick and acceptable results in the case of heating dimensionally similar samples during a solution heat treatment however, it produces greater error in the case of water quenching. Measurements of the mechanical properties are presented, which demonstrate the impact of the heat-treatment on the final properties. Sample-size classes are proposed to reduce the variation in the solution heat-treatment time.

Sevalni termometri predstavljajo termometre za realizacijo temperature nad strdiščem srebra (961,78 °C). Pri kalibracijah in meritvah s temi termometri je zelo pomembno upoštevati dejavnike, ki vplivajo na negotovost meritev. Enega izmed njih predstavlja pojav imenovan vpliv velikosti vira. Ta se pojavi zaradi majhnih nepravilnosti v optičnem sistemu merilnega instrumenta, ki lahko povzroči, da izmerimo višjo ali nižjo temperaturo objekta, kot je v resnici. To se zgodi zaradi sevanja, ki ima izvor izven nazivne velikosti merjene površine. Zaradi številnih težko določljivih prispevkov k vplivu velikosti vira je edini enostavnejši način za njegovo opredelitev eksperimentalen. Obstajata dve najpogosteje uporabljeni metodi za določevanje tega vpliva in sicer indirektna ter direktna metoda. Za sevalne termometre z manjšo ločljivostjo in z izhodnim signalom v obliki temperature je bolj primerna slednja. Ta omogoča določitev vpliva velikosti vira na osnovi neposrednih odčitkov temperature. Pri tem se uporabljajo kalibracijske peči (črna telesa) kot vir sevanja, z ustreznimi zaslonkami pa zmanjšujemo velikost merjene površine. Tako ugotovimo, kakšen je odziv sevalnega termometra pri različnih velikostih merjene površine. Nazivna velikost tarče je pri določeni razdalji minimalna potrebna površina merjenja, pri kateri je še možno merjenje temperature s sevalnim termometrom. Poznavanje vpliva velikosti vira za določen sevalni termometer je zelo pomembno, saj s tem lahko prilagajamo razmere pri meritvah za pravilno izvajanje kalibracij in meritev. Radiation thermometers represent thermometers for realization of temperature above the freezing point of silver (961,78 °C). For calibrations and measurements with these thermometers, it is very important to consider the factors, which influence the uncertainty of measurements. One of these is an occurrence called the size of source effect. This occurs because of little irregularities in the optical system of the measuring instrument, which can cause a higher or lower measured temperature of an object than its true temperature. This happens due to the radiance, which originates outside of a nominal field of view. Due to numerous difficulties in determination of contributions that influence the size of source effect, the experimental method is the only way of confirmation the extent of the size of source effect. There are two most common methods to determine this effect, indirect and direct method. For radiation thermometers with lower resolution and with the output signal in temperature, the latter is much more suitable. This enables the determination of the size of source effect based on direct temperature readings. Calibration furnaces (blackbodies) are used as a source of radiation and the size of the measured area is reduced with particular aperture plates. That is how the response of the radiation thermometer to different sizes of measured areas is established. The nominal target size at a particular distance is a minimal area of measurement needed, with which it is still possible to measure temperature with the radiation thermometer. The knowledge of the source size effect for the particular radiation thermometer is very important to adjust the circumstances for the correct execution of calibrations and measurements.

V diplomski nalogi je obravnavano določanje točke popolne zamrznitve materiala pri procesu liofilizacije. Točka popolne zamrznitve materiala je trenutek, v katerem vsa snov preide iz tekočega v trdno stanje. Spremljanje poteka zamrzovanja in določitev časa zamrzovanja sta izvedena s pomočjo meritve električne upornosti, meritve temperature in spremljanja zvočnih emisij. Meritev upornosti je izvedena z izmeničnim napajanjem bakrenih elektrod, meritev temperature pa s pomočjo objemnega termoelementa. Zvočne emisije so zajete s pomočjo dveh mikrofonov. Vse meritve so povezane v celoto s pomočjo programske opreme NI LabVIEW. Iz narisanih potekov merjenih veličin v odvisnosti od časa je določen čas popolne zamrznitve materiala. This diploma deals with determination of substance total freezing point in lyophilisation process. Substance total freezing point is a moment, when all substance entirely freezes and are all parts of substance in solid state. Observation of freezing process is done with electrical resistance measurement, temperature measurement and ice cracking sound measurement. Electrical resistance measurement is carried out with two copper electrodes, temperature measurement with surface thermocouple and sound measurement with two microphones. NI LabVIEW was used for data acquisition. Total freezing point time can be determined out of measured quantities versus time plots.

V diplomski nalogi je obravnavano določanje točke popolne zamrznitve materiala pri procesu liofilizacije. Točka popolne zamrznitve materiala je trenutek, v katerem vsa snov preide iz tekočega v trdno stanje. Spremljanje poteka zamrzovanja in določitev časa zamrzovanja sta izvedena s pomočjo meritve električne upornosti, meritve temperature in spremljanja zvočnih emisij. Meritev upornosti je izvedena z izmeničnim napajanjem bakrenih elektrod, meritev temperature pa s pomočjo objemnega termoelementa. Zvočne emisije so zajete s pomočjo dveh mikrofonov. Vse meritve so povezane v celoto s pomočjo programske opreme NI LabVIEW. Iz narisanih potekov merjenih veličin v odvisnosti od časa je določen čas popolne zamrznitve materiala. This diploma deals with determination of substance total freezing point in lyophilisation process. Substance total freezing point is a moment, when all substance entirely freezes and are all parts of substance in solid state. Observation of freezing process is done with electrical resistance measurement, temperature measurement and ice cracking sound measurement. Electrical resistance measurement is carried out with two copper electrodes, temperature measurement with circumferential thermocouple and sound measurement with two microphones. Measurements were programmed in NI LabVIEW. Total freezing point time can be determined out of measured quantities versus time plots.

Namen diplomskega dela je konceptna izdelava avtonomnega brezžičnega merilnika zunanje temperature. Cilj je potrditi hipotezo, da si lahko zunaj nameščen merilnik z obiranjem sončne energije zagotovi popolno energijsko avtonomnost. Diplomsko delo vsebuje analizo dane sončne celice, izračun njenega predvidenega energijskega donosa, načrtovanje ustreznega stikalnega pretvornika in načrtovanje programske opreme, ki se izvaja na mikrokrmilniku. The purpose of this thesis is manufacturing a concept of an autonomous wireless temperature meter. The goal is to confirm the hipotesis, that an outdoor fitted meter can ensure its total energy autonomy by harvesting solar energy. Thesis consists of an analysis of the solar cell, a calculation of its predicted energy yield, and designing of the suitable switching regulator and the software that runs on the microcontroller.

Diplomska naloga opisuje razvoj in realizacijo enega od bistvenih podsklopov SLT oftalmološkega laserskega sistema. V delu je opisana temperaturna stabilizacija laserskega KTP kristala s pomočjo Atmel ATmega8A mikrokrmilnika. KTP kristal je ključna, temperaturno zelo občutljiva komponeneta v sistemu, ki valovno dolžino YAG laserja 1064 nm pretvori v SLT valovno dolžino 532 nm. Podjetje Robomed d. o. o. je na podlagi specifikacije zahtev zunanjega naročnika razvilo prototip unikatnega SLT medicinskega laserskega sistema, ki očesnemu kirurgu omogoča zelo specifične klinične operacije. V zadnjih dvajsetih letih je prišlo do ogromnih napredkov na področju laserske tehnologije. Optični materiali imajo vse boljše tehnične karakteristike, velikost komponent se zmanjšuje, stabilnost ter izhodna energija laserskih izvorov pa se povečujeta. V našem primeru smo morali implementirati vse optomehatronske podsklope v prenosno ohišje špranjske svetilke. Tak razviti sistem trenutno predstavlja najmanjši tovrstni laserski sistem na svetu, ki ga je moč pospraviti v manjši kovček. Za delo na terenu, predvsem v državah v razvoju, je to ključna konkurenčna prednost. Za stabilno izhodno karakteristiko KTP kristala je nujno, da njegova temperatura ne niha. V nadaljevanju smo prikazali in razložili delovanje posamičnih komponent, s katerimi smo realizirali proces temperaturne stabilizacije KTP kristala. Mikrokrmilnik preko I2C vodila komunicira s ključnimi komponentami v regulacijski zanki. Naslednji poglavji govorita o razvoju aparaturne opreme ter o izdelavi programske opreme. Sledijo rezultati dela, v katerih je razvidno, da smo za regulacijo temperature uporabili diskretni PI regulator. Za določitev parametrov PI regulatorja smo najprej izmerili odziv odprtozančnega sistema na stopnico. To smo izvedli s preprostim pošiljanjem podatkov na osebni računalnik in kasnejšo obdelavo. The diploma thesis describes research and realzation of one of the keyfeautures of subassembly of the SLT ophtalmology laser system. There is also described temperature stabilisation of laser KTP crystal with microcontroller Atmel ATmega8A, because KTP crystal is temperature most unstable component in system. It can convert 1.064 nm of wavelenght form YAG laser, to 532 nm. Based on outside potentional customer techincal specifications company Robomed d.o.o. has developed unique laser sistem , which eye surgeon can use for variety of clinical applications. In our case there was demand for implementation of all optomechanic components into housing of portable slit lamp. Such kind of system represent smallest unit on the world in this moment, which is big advantage comparing to competition. For stabile output characteristics it is crucial that crystal temperature doesn't oscillate. Next we have explained all crucial components, which are responsibile for regulation of crystal temperature. Mikroprocesor is comunicating with key components in loop by I2C protocole. Next chapters are describing develope of hardware and software. Results are describing PI controler and course of temperature regulation. For defining PI parameters we have measured response on input step in open-loop sistem. To do this, we sent data from controler to computer.

Generatorji vlažnosti se uporabljajo za kalibracijo senzorjev in vlagomerov ter v eksperimentalnih laboratorijih za ustvarjanje specifičnih klimatskih pogojev. Naloga generatorja vlažnosti je precizijsko generiranje vlažnosti pri določeni temperaturi. Namen diplomskega dela je ovrednotiti določen generator relativne vlažnosti za uporabo pri kalibracijah precizijskih vlagomerov. Za analizo sem uporabil deset temperaturnih senzorjev, ki sem jih razvrstil na tri vertikalne nivoje znotraj delovnega prostora generatorja vlažnosti, in sicer: ob pokrovu, na sredini in ob oddaljeni steni komore. Senzorji so bili predhodno umerjeni. Analizo sem opravil pri različno nastavljenih temperaturah in relativnih vlažnostih. Meritve so potekale pri 0, 10 ,20, 30, 40, 49, 50, 55 in 60 ˚C pri 5, 50, 90/95 % relativne vlažnosti. Ker je komora omogočala implementacijo zunanjega instrumenta za detekcijo rosišča, sem izvedel tudi nekaj meritev, pri katerih sem vpliv delovanja omenjene opreme simuliral s črpalko. Pri dveh meritvah komora ni dosegla zastavljene vrednosti, in sicer pri temperaturi 0˚C in 90% relativni vlažnosti je bila dosežena 88,2% relativna vlažnost, ter pri 10˚C in 95% relativni vlažnosti, ko je komora dosegla 92,6% relativne vlažnosti. Vzrokov tej inkonsistenci je lahko več. Sama žična konstrukcija skupaj s senzorji, ki so bili nanjo nameščeni, predstavlja določeno breme. Komora je zasnovana tako, da zrak kroži od ventilatorja, ki se nahaja v zadnji steni komore, ob stenah komore proti vratom ter se od tam razprši v notranjost komore. Vodniki senzorjev skupaj z žično konstrukcijo ovirajo ta zračni tok, kar bi lahko bil eden od vzrokov, da komora ni dosegla nastavljenih vrednosti. Opazil sem tudi, da je kit, s katerim sem zatesnil pokrov komore, delno odstopil pri nizkih temperaturah. Pri središčnem senzorju je največkrat prišlo do opaznih odstopanj pri izmerjenih temperaturah, kar bi lahko pripisal oviranemu pretoku zraka v delovnem prostoru komore in delovanju toplotne črpalke, namenjene gretju in hlajenju komore. Humidity generators are used for calibration of sensors and hygrometres and to create a specific climatic enviroment in experimental laboratories by generating a homogenous air flow with a defined humidity. The purpose of my diploma work is to evaluate a humidity generator of a certain type to be used in calibration of precision hygrometers. Analysis was done with ten precalibrated temperature sensors positioned on three vertical levels inside a useful volume of the generator chamber: by the cover, in the middle, and near the far wall of the chamber. The measurements were taken at various temperatures (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 49, 50, 55 and 60˚C) and relative humidities (5, 50 and 90/95%). The humidity generator allows the implementation of a chilled mirror instrument. It's impact was simulated by using a pump. In two cases, the chamber did not reach the set points – The causes for this inconsistency are several. The wire construction and the sensors interfered with the inner chamber air flow. I also noticed, that the used sealing kit partially detached at low temperatures. The temperature deviations were most frequent at the central measuring location, which is likely due to defective airflow resulting in inconsistent heat pump function.

Cilj diplomskega dela je izdelava mrežnega merilnika temperature in vlage, ki nam ponuja vpogled v omenjeni veličini na neki oddaljeni lokaciji. Želeli smo, da je prikaz mogoč z različnimi napravami, zato smo uporabili moderne prosto dostopne odprtokodne programske rešitve, ki ponujajo te storitve. Implementirali smo sistem, ki s preprostimi metodami preko mikrokrmilnika z omogočenim mrežnim dostopom pošilja podatke na spletno stran, kjer so obdelani in prikazani v preteklem in realnem času. V uvodnem poglavju smo se spoznali z različnimi vrstami naprav za nadzor temperature in vlažnosti, ki zbirajo podatke za upravljanje s klimatskimi pogoji v prostorih. Ugotovili smo, da tržišče nudi široko izbiro sistemov, ki so prilagojeni različnim vrstam uporabe. Poleg preprostih sistemov smo omenili tudi tehnološko naprednejše, ki podpirajo mrežno komunikacijo in uporabniku s pomočjo internetnih protokolov omogočajo vpogled in nadzor preko oddaljene lokacije. Na koncu poglavja smo navedli še nekaj pomembnih značilnosti interneta stvari ter različne načine implementacije ethernet podsistemov. V osrednjem poglavju so predstavljene strojne in programske rešitve za realizacijo našega sistema. Opisali smo odprtokodni standard za prenos podatkov JSON ter omejitve in storitve, ki nam jih ponuja arhitekturni stil REST. Dodan je še opis rešitve za prikaz in delovanje sistema na mobilnih napravah. Na koncu sledi še podroben opis poteka implementacije programske opreme. Predstavljeni in razčlenjeni so segmenti programske kode, ki skrbijo za logiko, prenos in prikaz podatkov. Priloženi so sheme in diagrami, ki grafično ponazorijo način delovanja sistema. The subject of this diploma is a network temperature and humidity sensor, enabling us to observe the quantities concerned at a remote location. We aimed at data to be displayed via various devices for this purpose, we used modern, freely accessible, open-source software solutions which provide such services. Using simple methods, we implemented the system that sends data to a website via microcontroller with network access, where such data are processed and displayed in the past- and real-time. In the introductory chapter, we learned about various types of devices to control temperature and humidity, collecting data to manage climate conditions indoors. We found out that a wide range of systems, tailored to different usages, is available on the market. In addition to simple systems, we also mentioned more advanced ones that support network communications, and enable users to observe and control the data via a remote location with internet protocols. At the end of the chapter, we described certain important features of the Internet of things, and various ways to implement Ethernet subsystems. The main chapter deals with hardware and software solutions for the realisation of our system. We described the open-source standard to transfer data JSON, as well as limitations and services provided by the architectural style REST. A description of the solution for the functioning and display of the system on mobile devices is also added. At the end, a detailed description of software implementation is provided. We also presented and analysed source code segments, responsible for logic, transfer and display of data. The diploma includes also schemes and graphs, illustrating how the system works.

S temperaturno komoro simuliramo temperature, katerim so lahko izpostavljeni vzorci, pri katerih potekajo reakcije, ipd. Kar nekaj vzorcev shranjujemo v različnih medijih (snovi kot nosilcu fizikalnih ali kemijskih procesov) in tudi reakcije potekajo v njih. Vprašanje, ki se pojavi, je, ali je temperatura medija enaka nastavljeni temperaturi temperaturne komore oziroma kolikšno je odstopanje. V ta namen smo z diplomskim delom želeli pokazati, kako medij vpliva na merjenje temperature v temperaturni komori. Zasnovali smo eksperiment. Za eksperiment smo si izbrali 3 medije, in sicer silikonsko olje, glicerin ter najbolj pogosto uporabljen medij – vodo. Izbrali smo tudi 3 različne posode, v katere smo nalili medije, to so erlenmajerica, epruveta in čaša. Odločili smo se, da bomo eksperiment izvedli pri 4 različnih temperaturah (37 °C, 50 °C, 70 °C in 105 °C). Eksperiment smo izvedli v temperaturni komori Binder FED 204. V temperaturno komoro smo razporedili in namestili 18 platinastih uporovnih termometrov, pri čemer smo z 9 merili temperaturo okolice in z 9 temperaturo različnih medijev v različnih posodah. Predhodno smo tudi preverili, ali so termometri spremenili kazanje od zadnjega umerjanja. Merjenje temperature je bilo izvedeno s pomočjo LabVIEW programa, uporabili smo Keithley 7001 preklopnik in ohmmeter. Tako merjenje temperature smo ponovili 4-krat, za vsako nastavljeno temperaturo temperaturne komore. Pri vsaki nastavljeni temperaturi temperaturne komore smo komoro odprli za 2 minuti in zamenjali 2 termometra iz enega medija v drugega. Dodatno smo izvedli še eksperiment, kjer smo merili temperaturo vode v odprti in zaprti posodi. V tem primeru smo namesto platinastih uporovnih termometrov za merjenje temperature uporabili Betatherm NTC termistorje. Pridobljene meritve smo predstavili grafično in tabelarično. Ugotovili smo, da se temperatura izbranih medijev v izbranih posodah in temperatura komore razlikujeta. Temperatura silikonskega olja v čaši se najbolj približa temperaturi komore, medtem ko temperatura vode v čaši najbolj odstopa od temperature komore. Čim večja je površina odprte posode z vodo, tem nižja je njena temperatura. The temperature chamber simulates temperatures, to which samples may be exposed, temperatures at which reactions take place, etc. Many samples are stored in different media (substances for physical or chemical processes), as well as reactions take place in them. The question that arises is whether the average temperature is equal to a set temperature of a temperature chamber and to what extent it deviates from the set temperature. This led to the purpose of the diploma thesis. We wanted to show how the media affects the measurements of temperature in the temperature chamber. We designed the experiment. For the experiment we chose 3 media, silicone oil, glycerin and the most commonly used medium - water. We chose 3 different containers into which we poured the media (an Erlenmeyer flask, a test tube and a beaker). We decided that to carry out the experiment at 4 different temperatures (37 ° C, 50 ° C, 70 ° C and 105 ° C). The experiment was carried out in the temperature chamber Binder FED 204. 18 platinum resistance thermometers were set into the temperature chamber, 9 for measuring temperature of the chamber and 9 for measuring temperature of different media in various containers. Previously, we examined if the thermometers deviated from the last calibration. Temperature measurements were performed by using the LabVIEW program, the Keithley 7001 scanner and the ohmmeter. Thus, measuring of temperatures was repeated 4 times, for each of the set temperature of the temperature chamber. At each set temperature of the chamber the chamber was opened for 2 minutes and 2 platinum resistance thermometers were exchanged from one medium to another. Additionally, we performed the experiment where we measured the temperature of water in open and closed containers. In this case, we have used Betatherm NTC thermistors instead of platinum resistance thermometers. The measurement results are presented graphically and in tabular form. We found out that temperature of the selected media in a specific container differs from the temperature of the chamber. The temperature of silicone oil in the beaker is the closest to the temperature of the chamber, while the temperature of water in the beaker deviates the most from the temperature of the chamber. The greater the surface of opened container with water is the lower is the temperature of water.

Diplomsko delo obsega načrtovanje in izdelavo merilnega sistema za merjenje temperature, srčnega utripa, prevodnosti kože in sile stiska roke ter izdelavo ročaja, v katerega so vgrajeni senzorji za merjenje zgoraj naštetih parametrov. Poleg izdelave merilnega sistema in ročaja diplomsko delo pojasnjuje tudi zgradbo in princip delovanja senzorjev ter zajem in prikaz dobljenih podatkov preko programske kode. Najprej se seznanimo z nalogo in zmožnostjo Raspberry Pi, prilagoditvenega vezja med Raspberry Pi in Arduinom ter e-Health platformo, ki so ključni pri zajemu in prikazu podatkov. Najbolj natančno je opisan Raspberry Pi, saj služi kot običajni računalnik, vendar je za razliko od le-tega fizično majhen, ima nizko porabo energije, hkrati pa je dovolj zmogljiv za zajem, prikaz podatkov in urejanje programske kode. Nato izvemo, kako lahko povežemo Raspberry Pi z osebnim računalnikom in preko osebnega računalnika manipuliramo z Raspberry Pi. Izvemo tudi, kako avtomatsko zaganjamo programe. Sledi poglavje, ki opisuje senzoriko merilnega sistema. Pri senzorju za prevodnost kože najprej spoznamo zgradbo, nalogo in lastnosti kože, kako se čustva odražajo na koži, nato pa predstavimo, kako deluje senzor za prevodnost kože. Sledi senzor za srčni utrip: najprej izvemo, kako lahko merimo srčni utrip in kaj nam pove. Uporabljena metoda fotopletizmografija pa je bolj natančno predstavljena. Nato sledi predstavitev uporabljenega senzorja Pulse sensor, njegovega delovanja in sestava ter razlaga programske kode senzorja. Podpoglavje merjenje temperature opiše metode merjenja temperature, podrobno delovanje in zgradbo senzorja, prav tako pa opisuje tudi programsko kodo, ki vrača vrednost temperature. Pri podpoglavju o merjenju sile izvemo način merjenja sile stiska ter podrobno delovanje senzorja. Celoten merilni sistem je vgrajen v 3-D natisnjen ročaj iz dveh delov valjaste oblike. Na koncu sledi še poglavje o izdelavi ročaja ter zaključek, ki vsebuje preizkušanje sistema ter njegove možne nadgradnje. This diploma thesis illustrates the design and production of a measurement system which measures temperature, heart rate, skin conductivity, hand squeeze force, and the production of the handle with integrated sensors that measure these parameters. Furthermore, this diploma thesis presents also the structure of sensors and principles of sensor operation as well as data capturing and display of acquired data through program code. At the beginning, we presented the task and capability of the Raspberry Pi, Raspberry Pi to Arduino shield connection bridge and e-Health Platform that play a key role in data capturing and data display. Raspberry Pi is described in most detail because it acts as an ordinary computer but is small in size, consumes little energy and at the same time it can capture and display data and manage program code. Then it is described how one can connect Raspberry Pi with a personal computer which enables manipulation of the Raspberry Pi by means of a personal computer. One learns also how programs can be started automatically. What follows is a description of measurement system sensor technology. First, we described the construction and function of the skin conductivity sensor, skin characteristics and facts how emotions reflect on the skin. Then the operation of the skin conductivity sensor is described. As regards the heart rate sensor, one learns here how heart rate can be measured and what the measurement tells us. The used photoplethysmography method is presented in more detail. This presentation is followed by the presentation of the sensor used – Pulse sensor, its function and structure, and explanation of sensor’s program code. The subsection on temperature measurement contains description of the methods of temperature measurement, detailed functions and structure of the sensor as well as description of the program code that returns temperature value. The subsection on force measurement presents the method of hand squeeze force measurement and a detailed function of the sensor. The whole measurement system is integrated into a 3D printed handle that consists of two cylinder-shaped parts. In the end there’s a section on handle production which is followed by the conclusion describing system testing and its possible upgrades.

Cilj diplomskega dela je predstaviti brezzicna senzorska omrezja, nacrtovati in izdelati tako omrezje. Diplomsko delo je razdeljeno na teoreticni in prakticni del. V prvem delu opisemo brezzicna senzorska omrezja in opredelimo pro- bleme, ki jih predstavlja nacrtovanje in izdelava teh omrezij. Nato podrobneje predstavimo element Zolertia Z1, strojno opremo, ki jo kasneje uporabimo v prakticnem delu. Sledi opis operacijskih sistemov in programiranja za brezzicna senzorska omrezja, kjer izpostavimo dva najpogosteje uporabljena operacijska sistema za brezzicna senzorska omrezja TinyOS in Contiki. Oba operacijska sistema preizkusimo in na kratko primerjamo. V prakticnem delu diplomskega dela izdelamo prototip brezzicnega senzorskega omrezja. Z omrezjem zajemamo temperaturo in podatke iz omrezja prikazemo s pomocjo aplikacije na pametnem telefonu. The following thesis aims to present wireless sensor networks and to pro- pose a design as well as construct a practical example of one such network. The thesis addresses the matter in two parts with the theoretical part being followed by the practical part. The theoretical part describes and denes wireless network sensors, along with problems occuring while designing and building these networks. Firstly, the Zolertia Z1 module and platform, used in the practical part, are presented in theory, followed by a description of op- erating systems and programming of wireless sensor networks with emphasis on two of the most commonly used operating systems TinyOS and Contiki, both of which are tested and brie y compared. In the practical part of the thesis a prototype of a wireless sensor network is set up. The prototype network gathers temperature data, which is then displayed by means of a smartphone application.

Magistrsko delo predstavlja nadzor in upravljanje omreznega porabnika preko naprave z zaslonom na dotik, ki bazira na operacijskem sistemu Android. V nalogi je teoreticno in prakticno predstavljeno merjenje elektricne moci in energije prikljucenega porabnika in merjenje temperature v okolici. Na podlagi teh pridobljenih informacij lahko uporabnik bolj racionalno uporablja elektricni porabnik, ves nadzor in upravljanje pa poteka brezzicno na daljavo preko Bluetooth povezave z Android aplikacijo, ki je bila razvita z uporabo razvojnega programskega paketa Android SDK. Master's thesis represents the control and management of electric network consumer with touch screen device, which is based on the Android operating system. The thesis presents theoretical and practical measurement of the electrical power and energy of the connected consumer and the temperature in the area. Based on the information obtained, the user can more rationally applied electric consumer. All the control and management is done remotely via wireless Bluetooth connection with the Android application, which was developed using development software package Android SDK.

Diplomsko delo je razdeljeno na dva dela. V prvem delu diplomske naloge sem se posvetil k preučevanju postopka brušenja. Zajeti so pregledi trenutno poznanih brusilnih strojev, postopkov brušenja ter vrste brusov. Predstavljeni so tudi pojavi , ki nastopijo pri postopku brušenja. Teoretični del naloge se zaključi z izbiro in opredelitvijo merilnih postopkov za merjenje rezalnih pogojev pri brušenju, kot so merjenje temperatur in sil. V drugem delu diplomskega dela smo se lotil izdelavi in pripravi laboratorijskega primera in merjenja rezalnih pogojev pri preizkušanju. Nazorno je predstavljena celotna izdelava modela za merjenje rezalnih pogojev in izvedba preizkusov z merilno opremo. Grafično so predstavljeni rezultati testiranj, katere je bilo mogoče izmeriti z izbrano merilno opremo pri izbranih delovnih pogojih. The diploma work is divided into two main parts. In the first part of my work I have been devoted to examining grinding processes. The first part also includes reviews of currently known grinding machines, types of grinding processes and types of grinding wheels. There are also presented phenomena that occur in the process of grinding. The theoretical part finishes with the selection of measurement equipment for grinding conditions and their procedures, as the measurement of temperatures and forces. In the second part of the diploma work, we made a laboratory sample of grinding process on which we were testing and measuring grinding conditions. It also includes the preparations and making of the experiment. The measurement results from our equipment, which we could measure of testing’s, are graphically presented.

Za optimalno delovanje sistemov na področju ogrevalne tehnike, potrebujemo hranilnike toplote. Pri slednjih želimo poznati njihovo energijsko stanje, torej koliko toplotne energije je shranjene in koliko je še lahko shranimo. Rešitev je izračun energije na podlagi meritev temperature na različnih višinah hranilnika toplote. Predstavili smo različne temperaturne pretvornike in elemente ogrevalnega sistema. Nadalje smo naredili pregled hibridnih mikrokrmilnikov, opisali njihovo uporabo in izdelali prototip naprave za merjenje notranje energije. Opravili smo meritve na hranilniku toplote in preverili delovanje vezja. Pri tem smo ugotovili da zadošča uporaba osmih temperaturnih senzorjev, če razdalja med njimi ne presega 25 cm. For optimal operation of systems in the field of heating techniques, we need a buffer tank’s. For the latter we have to know the energy state, therefore how much heat is stored and how much can be stored. The solution is to calculate the energy on the basis of the temperature measurements at different heights of buffer tank. We present a different temperature transducers and elements of the heating system. Furthermore, we did a review of hybrid microcontrollers, describe their use and created a prototype device for measuring the thermal energy. We performed measurements on buffer tank and verify the operation of a circuit. In doing so, we found that the use of a eight temperature sensors suffices, if the distance between them does not exceed 25 cm

V okviru diplomskega dela smo s pomočjo razvojnega orodja Easy Pic5, programskega jezika MikroC, 8-bitnega mikrokrmilnika in SD kartice velikosti 2 GB razvili mikrokrmilniški vmesnik za zajemanje podatkov analognih veličin preko vodila RS232. Za demonstracijo smo uporabili tri različne analogne senzorje. Uporabnik vnese izbiro preko računalniške tipkovnice. Podatki se shranijo v obliki .txt datoteke na SD kartico in so kasneje na voljo za nadaljnjo obdelavo. This diploma work describes the development of a microcontroller interface for analog data acquisition via bus RS232. This has been achieved by using the Easy Pic5 development tool with the help of programming language MikroC, a 8-bit microcontroller and a SD card in the size of 2 GB. Three different analog sensors were used for demonstration. The user enters his choice via computer keyboard. The data is stored as a .txt file on the SD card and can be later available for further processing.

V diplomskem delu je opisana izgradnja in delovanje ploskovnega merilnika temperature. Ta merilnik temperature se bo uporabljal za zajem temperaturnih slik elektronskih vezij. Za merjenje temperature je bil uporabljen brezkontaktni infrardeči (IR) merilnik temperature. Opisano je delovanje in uporaba takih merilnikov. Izdelan je bil krmilni sistem za premikanje dvoosnega koordinatnega pogonskega sistema. Ta krmilni sistem temelji na Atmel-ovem mikrokrmilniku in integriranem vezju za kontrolo koračnih motorčkov podjetja Texas Instruments. Za ta krmilni sistem se je napisala programska koda. Za vodenje, prikaz in shranjevanje meritev, je bil izdelan uporabniški vmesnik za osebni računalnik. The diploma work describes the construction and operation of a device for surface temperature measurement. This device will be used for capturing temperature images of electronic circuits. For measuring the temperature a non-contact infrared (IR) temperature sensor was used. The operation and use of such sensors is described. We have developed a control system for moving a biaxial coordinate propulsion system. This control system is based on an Atmel microcontroller and an integrated circuit for controlling stepper motors by Texas Instruments. A software code was written for this control system. For the management, presentation and storage of measurements, a user interface was designed for a personal computer.

Diplomsko delo opisuje zasnovo in realizacijo prototipnega sistema za merjenje temperature in njegovo povezavo v omrežje Ethernet. Jedro sistema je Microchipov mikrokrmilnik PIC 18F67J60, na katerem teče aplikacija za merjenje temperature s senzorji DS18x20 ter aplikacija za prenos podatkov na osebni računalnik z uporabo protokola SNMP. Glavni namen enote je merjenje temperature, avtomatsko zaznavanje priključenih senzorjev ter prenos izmerjenih podatkov s pomočjo protokola SNMP na osebni računalnik, na katerem se podatki shranjujejo in prikazujejo v grafični obliki. Cilj diplomske naloge je bil realizirati čim bolj univerzalen in cenovno ugoden sistem za merjenje temperature ter enostavno nadziranje in shranjevanje izmerjenih podatkov s pomočjo osebnega računalnika. This diploma work describes the design and realization of prototype system for measuring temperature and its connection to Ethernet network. The core of system is Microchip’s PIC 18F67J60 microcontroller on which runs application for measuring temperature with DS18x20 sensors and application for data transfer to the PC using the Ethernet protocol. The main purpose of the unit is temperature measurement, automatic detection of connected sensors and transfer the measured data using SNMP to PC where data are stored and displayed in graphical form. The aim of the diploma work was to realize the most universal an affordable system for temperature measuring and simple supervising and storing of measured data through personal computer.