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Background/Objectives: This study assessed the association among perceived stress, anxiety, and depression with both the metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk and diagnostic status among young adults in the Deep South. Methods: Participants included 132 young adults aged 18–39 (Mage = 27.73, SD = 11.11; MBMI = 27.6, SD = 6.8; 56.5% female; 55.7% White) living in Mississippi. In addition to completing self-report measures of perceived stress, anxiety, and depression, all of the participants underwent anthropometric, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose and lipid assessments to ascertain the MetS status. The participants were provided with both a MetS diagnosis (defined as a dichotomous yes/no variable) as well as a continuous MetS risk severity score determined using existing equations. The risk scores ranged from −1 to +1, with positive scores indicating an increased risk for MetS. Results: After controlling for age, biological sex, race, medication use, and education level, multiple regression models revealed significant positive relationships between perceived stress (b = 0.03; p = 0.017) and anxiety symptoms (b = 0.01; p = 0.039) with the MetS severity. Perceived stress (p = 0.017) and anxiety symptoms (p = 0.043) were also significantly higher among participants with MetS compared to those without. There were no significant associations between the MetS severity and depressive symptoms, and no differences in depressive symptoms in participants with versus without MetS. Conclusions: The results highlight the role of stress and anxiety not only in MetS but in the overall metabolic risk among young adults living in the Deep South. The results highlight the importance of intervening on stress and anxiety early in adulthood to help mitigate cardiometabolic health risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency has been demonstrated in type 1 diabetes (T1D); lower concentrations of pancreatic enzymes have been associated with metabolic risk (MR). Influence of puberty and MR factors on serum concentrations of amylase and lipase remain unexplored in Indian youth with T1D. 1) To characterize and predict determinants of serum amylase and lipase concentrations in adolescents/youth with T1D. 2) To assess relationship between amylase, lipase, and prevalence of MR. Cross sectional, observational study on 291 (155 girls) adolescents/youth (10–24 years) with T1D. History, examination, body composition, biochemistry (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c], thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH], lipids). Mean age, diabetes duration and HbA1c were 15.3, 7.0 years and 10.0 ± 2.1, respectively. Relative risk of lower amylase/higher lipase concentrations (9.5 %) was 1.42 and 1.34, respectively, though these did not reach statistical significance. In pubertal participants, amylase was lower and lipase higher; association was not found with MR. Higher TSH and lower serum calcium were significantly associated with higher lipase (p<0.001). We have characterized amylase and lipase concentrations across puberty; poor glycemic control tended to be associated with lower amylase and higher lipase, though these findings did not reach statistical significance. Amylase and lipase concentrations should be monitored in Indian adolescents with T1D, particularly in those with poor metabolic control, puberty, uncontrolled hypothyroidism, or reduced calcium intake, while further longitudinal and larger studies are needed to generalize these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of mature and elderly women is increasing all over the world. According to the World Health Organization, in most countries of the world, the life expectancy of women after the age of 50 ranges from 27 to 32 years. Thus, approximately one third of a woman’s life is lived after menopause. Aim. To analyze and summarize scientific data on cardiovascular and metabolic risks in perimenopausal and menopausal women based on the use of scientometric databases. Menopause should be considered as a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which triggers a whole cascade of pathological changes in a woman’s body, including the development of arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, an increased sympathoadrenal tone, endothelial function disorders, and inflammatory vascular reactions. CVD is known to be the leading cause of death among postmenopausal women associated with the loss of estrogenic protective effect on the cardiovascular system. Women with premature menopause have a 33 % higher risk of heart failure and a 9 % higher risk of atrial fibrillation. Metabolic syndrome is more common in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women. It is defined as a cluster of disorders characterized by impaired glucose metabolism, high blood pressure, central obesity, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. It is the activity of low-density lipoproteins and an increase in the level of triglycerides that have serious consequences in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases and the development of atherosclerosis. Osteoporosis ranks fourth among non-communicable diseases after CVD, cancer and diabetes. Estrogen deficiency during menopause results in increased osteoclast resorptive activity, while osteoblast function remains relatively constant, ultimately resulting in bone loss. In the first postmenopausal years, a woman can lose up to 9–35 % of bone mass, postmenopausal osteoporosis affects between one third to a half of all women. Conclusions. Menopause is a difficult period in a woman’s life, during which the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders increases, as well as almost all somatic diseases are exacerbated. Therefore, proper assessment of such risks is mandatory to improve long-term CVD outcomes. Given this, it is the interdisciplinary interaction that is central to early detection of symptoms and diagnosis of climacteric disorders for the timely prescription of treatment. Physicians working with this contingent of women should apply a comprehensive approach to health care and quality of life preservation during the menopause transition, menopause and postmenopause.

Abstract Metabolic syndrome increases the risks of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers. The early detection of metabolic syndrome is clinically relevant, as it enables timely and targeted interventions. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the association between metabolic syndrome and heart rate measured using wearable devices in a real-world setting and compare this association with that for clinical resting heart rate. Data from 564 middle-aged adults who wore wearable devices for at least 7 days with a minimum daily wear time of 20 h were analyzed. The results showed significantly elevated all-day, sleeping, minimum, and inactive heart rates in men with pre-metabolic or metabolic syndrome compared with those in normal individuals, whereas sleeping heart rate and heart rate dips were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in women with metabolic syndrome. After adjusting for confounders, every 10-beats-per-minute increment in all-day, sleeping, minimum, and inactive heart rates in men corresponded to odds ratios of 2.80 (95% confidence interval 1.53–5.44), 3.06 (1.57–6.40), 4.21 (1.87–10.47), and 3.09 (1.64–6.29), respectively, for the presence of pre-metabolic or metabolic syndrome. In women, the association was significant only for heart rate dips (odds ratio = 0.49 [95% confidence interval 0.25–0.96] for every 10% increment). Models incorporating inactive or minimum heart rate in men and heart rate dip in women demonstrated better fits, as indicated by lower Akaike information criterion values (170.3 in men and 364.9 in women), compared with models that included clinical resting heart rate (173.4 in men and 369.1 in women). These findings suggest that the heart rate indices obtained from wearable devices may facilitate early identification of metabolic syndrome.

Objective: This study explored the association between ω-6 to ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and metabolic syndrome in women experiencing climacteric syndrome. Methods: The study involved 186 female participants and utilized surveys, anthropometric measurements (waist circumference, height, BMI, waist-to-height ratio), blood pressure assessments, and blood samples for lipid profile, glucose, insulin, HbA1c analysis. Serum PUFAs levels were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: The study found significantly higher measurements of waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome compared to the control group. In addition, the metabolic syndrome group showed significantly higher levels of fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HbA1c, insulin, triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein ratio, and total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein ratio. Furthermore, the study also identified significant differences among premenopausal women, postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome, and postmenopausal women without metabolic syndrome in terms of omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid, omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid, omega-6 arachidonic acid, and omega-6 to omega-3 ratio. Conclusions: We observed that high ω-6 arachidonic acid and ω-6/ω-3 ratio and low ω-3 ALA and ω-3 DHA were associated with high TG and WHtR. High TG and WHtR levels in postmenopausal women are associated with increased risk of Mets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated with a greater risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adolescence. In this sense, it is important to verify the strength of this association and the certainty that this evidence can be recommended. Objective: The objective of this paper is to summarize, through a systematic review and meta-analysis, the evidence available to verify the association between CRF and MetS in adolescents. Methods: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, LILACS, and Web of Science were searched until 20 August 2024. The risk of bias in each study was assessed via the AXIS tool, and the certainty of the evidence was assessed via the GRADE system. For the meta-analysis, the odds ratio (OR) was calculated with a 95% confidence interval. Results: Nine studies (7077 participants), all with a low risk of bias, were included in the systematic review. There was a high certainty of evidence that adolescents with low CRF have significantly greater odds of developing MetS (OR = 3.63 [CI 95%, 2.54 to 5.20]). The odds increase for low vs. moderate (OR = 4.23 [CI 95%, 2.64 to 6.78]) and low vs. high (OR = 8.03 [CI 95%, 3.20 to 20.18]) CRF are considered separately. The effect does not change according to the type of test used to assess CRF (p = 0.51). Conclusions: There is high certainty of evidence that adolescents with low CRF levels have significantly greater odds of developing MetS; therefore, it is essential that intervention strategies be designed to increase CRF in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome increases the risks of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers. The early detection of metabolic syndrome is clinically relevant, as it enables timely and targeted interventions. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the association between metabolic syndrome and heart rate measured using wearable devices in a real-world setting and compare this association with that for clinical resting heart rate. Data from 564 middle-aged adults who wore wearable devices for at least 7 days with a minimum daily wear time of 20 h were analyzed. The results showed significantly elevated all-day, sleeping, minimum, and inactive heart rates in men with pre-metabolic or metabolic syndrome compared with those in normal individuals, whereas sleeping heart rate and heart rate dips were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in women with metabolic syndrome. After adjusting for confounders, every 10-beats-per-minute increment in all-day, sleeping, minimum, and inactive heart rates in men corresponded to odds ratios of 2.80 (95% confidence interval 1.53–5.44), 3.06 (1.57–6.40), 4.21 (1.87–10.47), and 3.09 (1.64–6.29), respectively, for the presence of pre-metabolic or metabolic syndrome. In women, the association was significant only for heart rate dips (odds ratio = 0.49 [95% confidence interval 0.25–0.96] for every 10% increment). Models incorporating inactive or minimum heart rate in men and heart rate dip in women demonstrated better fits, as indicated by lower Akaike information criterion values (170.3 in men and 364.9 in women), compared with models that included clinical resting heart rate (173.4 in men and 369.1 in women). These findings suggest that the heart rate indices obtained from wearable devices may facilitate early identification of metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of global mortality. Modifiable behavioural and metabolic risk factors significantly contribute to the burden of CVD. Given the vast socio-demographic and health outcome heterogeneity in Latin America, similar southern Latin American countries (Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay) were analysed as a distinct group to describe the CVD death rates related to metabolic and behavioural risk factors. An ecological study was performed using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Metabolic and behavioural risk factors-related CVD death were examined by analysing age-standardised rates per 100,000 individuals in the three countries between 1990 and 2019. While exposure to behavioural risk is decreasing, an upwards trend was observed in metabolic risks. Among the assessed risk factors, metabolic factors emerged as the primary contributors to deaths. High fasting plasma glucose exhibited a remarkable increase in relative importance across most studied contexts. Dietary risks stood out among behavioural factors due to their complexity and substantial changes observed. Although mortality rates have declined for overall CVD, peripheral artery disease mortality is rising. Modifiable behavioural and metabolic risk factors significantly influence CVD mortality in Southern Latin America. Despite the increasing exposure to metabolic risks, advancements in prevention and treatment are evidenced in the decline of mortality rates for most CVD. These findings emphasise the need for targeted interventions and comprehensive strategies to address their impact on cardiovascular health, advocating for healthy lifestyle behaviours to mitigate the progression and CVD development. • What is the cardiovascular disease burden from modifiable behavioural and metabolic risk factors in Southern Latin America? • Metabolic risks drove cardiovascular deaths: blood pressure was most significant and fasting glucose increased the most. • Focused prevention and treatment strategies targeting these factors can enhance life quality and expectancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diet has been linked to gut dysbiosis and the onset, course, and response to treatment of patients with IBD and metabolic disease. Methods: This single-centre prospective case-control study investigated the relationship between dietary intake, metabolic profile, and stool microbial composition in 57 individuals with IBD in clinical remission and 24 healthy individuals (HC). Participants' baseline anthropometric measurements, serum metabolic parameters, lipid profiles, and oral and stool samples for microbiota testing were collected. Their dietary intake and physical activity were documented. A partially corrected correlation was performed to examine the associations between variables and p-values adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini–Hochberg equation (adj-p). Results: In participants with IBD, the intake of saturated fat correlated positively, and the intake of dietary fibre correlated negatively with anthropometric indices (saturated fat and BMI: r = 0.37, adj-p = 0.04, fibre and BMI: r = −0.45, adj-p = 0.01). Higher anthropometric indices were associated with poorer glucose control and a less favourable serum lipid profile (BMI and insulin: r = 0.48, p < 0.01, WHR and triglycerides: r = 0.57, p < 0.01). The stool microbiota of participants in the IBD group was less diverse and more similar to their oral microbiota than was observed in the HC group (Mann–Whitney U test p = 0.03). Within the IBD group, a higher intake of added sugar and processed meat and a higher serum insulin level was associated with lower stool microbial alpha diversity (processed meat intake and Shannon's diversity: r = −0.43, adj-p = 0.02; added sugar and Shannon's diversity: r = −0.39, adj-p = 0.03; insulin and Shannon's diversity: r = −0.45, adj-p = 0.02). Neither the dietary intake nor stool microbial composition correlated with the risk of disease flaring. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that dietary intake is associated with the metabolic health and gut microbial composition of IBD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of mature and elderly women is increasing all over the world. According to the World Health Organization, in most countries of the world, the life expectancy of women after the age of 50 ranges from 27 to 32 years. Thus, approximately one third of a woman's life is lived after menopause. Aim. To analyze and summarize scientific data on cardiovascular and metabolic risks in perimenopausal and menopausal women based on the use of scientometric databases. Menopause should be considered as a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which triggers a whole cascade of pathological changes in a woman's body, including the development of arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, an increased sympathoadrenal tone, endothelial function disorders, and inflammatory vascular reactions. CVD is known to be the leading cause of death among postmenopausal women associated with the loss of estrogenic protective effect on the cardiovascular system. Women with premature menopause have a 33 % higher risk of heart failure and a 9 % higher risk of atrial fibrillation. Metabolic syndrome is more common in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women. It is defined as a cluster of disorders characterized by impaired glucose metabolism, high blood pressure, central obesity, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. It is the activity of low-density lipoproteins and an increase in the level of triglycerides that have serious consequences in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases and the development of atherosclerosis. Osteoporosis ranks fourth among non-communicable diseases after CVD, cancer and diabetes. Estrogen deficiency during menopause results in increased osteoclast resorptive activity, while osteoblast function remains relatively constant, ultimately resulting in bone loss. In the first postmenopausal years, a woman can lose up to 9-35 % of bone mass, postmenopausal osteoporosis affects between one third to a half of all women. Conclusions. Menopause is a difficult period in a woman's life, during which the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders increases, as well as almost all somatic diseases are exacerbated. Therefore, proper assessment of such risks is mandatory to improve long-term CVD outcomes. Given this, it is the interdisciplinary interaction that is central to early detection of symptoms and diagnosis of climacteric disorders for the timely prescription of treatment. Physicians working with this contingent of women should apply a comprehensive approach to health care and quality of life preservation during the menopause transition, menopause and postmenopause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity in pregnancy is linked to adverse clinical outcomes such as gestational diabetes. Recently, a risk score calculated by different ceramide concentrations was recognized as a new way to investigate cardiovascular risk. The aim was to analyze if the ceramide risk score and cardiometabolic risk vary between normal-weight, obese, and females with prior Roux-en-Y bypass surgery (RYGB) during pregnancy. Methods: Three cohorts were investigated: first, 25 pregnant females with a history of RYGB; second, 19 with preconception BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2; and third, 19 normal-weight (preconception BMI < 25 kg/m2). Around the 24th to 28th weeks of gestation routine laboratory assessments, 3 h 75 g oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests were carried out. The correlation of ceramide risk scores and ceramide ratios (Cer(d18:1/18:0)/Cer(d18:1/16:0)) with metabolic parameters was analyzed via Pearson correlation. The cohorts were compared via ANOVA and unpaired t-tests. Results: The RYGB cohort had lower ceramide risk scores and ratios compared to obese pregnant females (7.42 vs. 9.34, p = 0.025; 0.33 vs. 0.47, p < 0.001). Ceramide risk score and ratio were found to correlate negatively with insulin sensitivity (measured with the Matsuda (r = −0.376, p = 0.031; r = −0.455, p = 0.008) and calculated sensitivity index (r = −0.358, p = 0.044; r = −0.621, p < 0.001) in females without RYGB. The ceramide risk score correlated positively with body fat in RYGB females (r = 0.650, p = 0.012). Conclusions: We found that females after RYGB have lower ceramide risk scores and ceramide ratios compared to obese pregnant females, possibly indicating lower metabolic risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Obesity represents a major global health challenge with important clinical implications. Despite its recognized importance, the global disease burden attributable to high body mass index (BMI) remains less well understood. Methods: We systematically analyzed global deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to high BMI using the methodology and analytical approaches of the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021. High BMI was defined as a BMI over 25 kg/m2 for individuals aged ≥20 years. The Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) was used as a composite measure to assess the level of socio-economic development across different regions. Subgroup analyses considered age, sex, year, geographical location, and SDI. Findings: From 1990 to 2021, the global deaths and DALYs attributable to high BMI increased more than 2.5-fold for females and males. However, the age-standardized death rates remained stable for females and increased by 15.0% for males. Similarly, the age-standardized DALY rates increased by 21.7% for females and 31.2% for males. In 2021, the six leading causes of high BMI-attributable DALYs were diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, chronic kidney disease, low back pain and stroke. From 1990 to 2021, low-middle SDI countries exhibited the highest annual percentage changes in age-standardized DALY rates, whereas high SDI countries showed the lowest. Interpretation: The worldwide health burden attributable to high BMI has grown significantly between 1990 and 2021. The increasing global rates of high BMI and the associated disease burden highlight the urgent need for regular surveillance and monitoring of BMI. Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China and National Key R&D Program of China.

Abstract Background Health literacy is the degree to which individuals have the ability to find, understand, and use information and services to inform health-related decisions and actions for themselves and others, whether at home, at the workplace, in the community, marketplace, healthcare sector, or the political arena. The main aim of this project is to measure health literacy in the adult population living in the municipality of Leiria over the next 10 years. As secondary objectives it is intended to characterize anxiety and depression, metabolic risk and health behaviors in the same population and over the same period. Methods This is a prospective cohort study that collects data on HL, anxiety and depression, health characteristics, health behavior and sociodemographic data. The study population will be composed by adults (≥ 18 years old) who are non-institutionalized and living in private households in Leiria. The random sample is stratified by gender and age groups. A face-to-face interview will be conducted with the Computer Assisted Personal Interview at baseline. Follow-up will be carried out every 2 years via telephone call. The association between independent variables and health literacy is examined by means of variance analysis with measurement repetition, and taking into consideration follow-up. Discussion The LiSa project is a population-based study, derived from a random sampling technique that will allow the analysis of health outcomes in a representative sample of the population of the municipality of Leiria. The LiSa study will be a valuable resource for epidemiological research, as it will provide fundamental information to improve public health policies regarding health literacy in Portugal. Trial registration Clinical trials: NCT05558631 (registered on 26/09/2022).

Obesity represents a significant global public health concern. The excessive accumulation of abdominal adipose tissue is often implicated in the development of metabolic complications associated with obesity. Our study aimed to investigate the impact of particular deposits of abdominal adipose tissue on the occurrence of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism complications. We established cut-off points for visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and the VAT/SAT ratio at which selected metabolic complications of obesity-related diseases (disorders of carbohydrate and/or lipid metabolism) occur. We conducted an observational study involving 91 subjects with first- and second-degree obesity, accounting for gender differences. Anthropometric measurements were taken, body composition analysis (BIA) was conducted, and biochemical determinations were made. Our findings suggest that commonly used parameters for assessing early metabolic risk, such as BMI or waist circumference, may overlook the significant factor of body fat distribution, as well as gender differences. Both visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue were found to be important in estimating metabolic risk. We identified the cut-off points in women in terms of their elevated fasting glucose levels and the presence of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) based on SAT, VAT, and the VAT/SAT ratio. In men, cut-off points were determined for the presence of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) based on VAT and the VAT/SAT ratio. However, the results regarding lipid disorders were inconclusive, necessitating further investigation of a larger population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiometabolic health has become crucial, especially for women with HIV (WWH). We assessed the achievement of targets for hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes (H/Dy/DT) in primary prevention in a WWH cohort. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis including all WWH in our clinic, excluding those who had a myocardial infarction. H/Dy/DT achievement was assessed by both EACS guidelines and individual cardiovascular risk, CVR (measured by ESC calculator), using logistic regression to evaluate differences in H/Dy/DT achievement between migrant and Italian women. Results: We included 292 WWH, 55.5% Italian and 44.5% migrant women; the median age was 50 (IQR:42–58) years, 94.5% had undetectable HIV-RNA, 55.1% had a high level of education, 27.1% were smokers, and 19.2% did regularly physical exercise. Overall, 76%, 19%, and 5% of women presented a low, a high, and a very high CVR, respectively. Among Italians, 28.4% and 6.2% women presented a high and a very high CVR, respectively. Considering migrants, 7.7% and 3.8% women presented a high and a very high CVR, respectively. Overall, among migrant women, those with a high CVR were more likely to be not at target than those with a low risk (especially for LDL-c and blood pressure among people on treatment), despite the fact that we did not detect a statistically significant difference. By contrast, migrants were more likely to achieve glycemic targets than Italians (p = 0.032). Conclusions: H/Dy/DT target achievement is suboptimal, especially in migrants. A more aggressive pharmacological treatment, also assessing adherence to medical prescriptions, and promotion of healthy lifestyle should be urgently implemented, possibly redrawing the current model of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutri-Score is a front-of-package (FOP) labeling designed to assist consumers in selecting healthier options at the point of purchase and ultimately enhance their health. This study aims to evaluate the association between the Nutri-Score system and incident abdominal obesity (AO) in community-dwelling older adults. A prospective cohort of 628 individuals aged ≥ 60 were recruited in Spain between 2008–2010 and were reexamined between 2015–2017. Dietary intake was evaluated utilizing a validated computerized dietary history. Food was categorized based on the Nutri-Score system into five levels from A (green, representing the best quality) to E (red, representing the poorest quality). A five-color Nutri-Score dietary index (5-CNS DI) in g/day/kg was calculated for each participant. AO was determined by a waist circumference (WC) of ≥102 cm for men and ≥88 cm for women. Logistic regression models were adjusted for the main potential confounders. During a mean six-year follow-up, 184 incident cases of AO occurred. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for AO, when comparing the highest and lowest quartiles of the 5-CNS DI, were 2.45 (1.17–5.14), with a p-value for trend of 0.035. In sensitivity analyses, the OR was 2.59 (1.22–5.52, p-trend: 0.032) after adjustment for WC at baseline, and 1.75 (0.74–4.18, p-trend: 0.316) after adjustment for ultra-processed food consumption. In conclusion, less favorable food-consumption ratings in the Nutri-Score are associated with incident AO in the elderly. These findings support the use of this FOP system to potentially improve metabolic health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionModerate-to-late preterm infants constitute the majority within the preterm infant population. Most research on preterm infants has focused on very preterm children, often treating moderate-to-late preterm infants as similar to full-term infants. Our objective was to compare clinical, respiratory, cardio-metabolic and neurodevelopmental outcomes in adolescents aged 12–15 years born moderate and late preterm with a control group of the same age born full-term.MethodsObservational cross-sectional study, comparing moderate-to-late preterm (32–36+6 weeks’ gestational age) with full-term adolescents (37–41+6 weeks’ gestational age; 75 each group). Perinatal and neonatal history were collected as well as data on respiratory evolution (ISAAC questionnaire for asthma symptoms for adolescents 13–14 years), anthropometric values, learning difficulties, behavioral test (screening questionnaire for high-performance autism spectrum disorder and evaluation test for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), skin prick test, pulmonary function test, echocardiogram and blood pressure. A blood test with metabolic profile was conducted.ResultsModerate-to-late preterm adolescents had more current asthma [p = 0.008, OR3 (95% CI 1.26–7.14)] and longer duration of combined treatments to control asthma (inhaled corticosteroids and anti-leukotrienes; p = 0.048). Forced vital capacity

Abstract Background Studies on the association between estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and changes in metabolic risk in the Chinese population are limited. This study aims to examine the associations between CRF and changes in metabolic risk. Subjects and methods We included 4,862 and 2,700 participants recruited from 28 provinces in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in the baseline (Wave 1) and follow-up (Wave 4) analyses, respectively. CRF was calculated using sex-specific longitudinal non-exercise equations. Metabolic indicators included systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels. The metabolic score was calculated as the number of changes in the above metabolic indicators above the 75th percentile of the distribution of changes (equal to or below the 25th percentile for HDL-C). Results In the baseline analysis, CRF was negatively associated with SBP, DBP, TG, and FPG, and positively correlated with HDL-C after adjusting for age, smoking status, and drinking status (all P

Introduction: Low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated with a greater risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adolescence. In this sense, it is important to verify the strength of this association and the certainty that this evidence can be recommended. Objective: The objective of this paper is to summarize, through a systematic review and meta-analysis, the evidence available to verify the association between CRF and MetS in adolescents. Methods: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, LILACS, and Web of Science were searched until 20 August 2024. The risk of bias in each study was assessed via the AXIS tool, and the certainty of the evidence was assessed via the GRADE system. For the meta-analysis, the odds ratio (OR) was calculated with a 95% confidence interval. Results: Nine studies (7077 participants), all with a low risk of bias, were included in the systematic review. There was a high certainty of evidence that adolescents with low CRF have significantly greater odds of developing MetS (OR = 3.63 [CI 95%, 2.54 to 5.20]). The odds increase for low vs. moderate (OR = 4.23 [CI 95%, 2.64 to 6.78]) and low vs. high (OR = 8.03 [CI 95%, 3.20 to 20.18]) CRF are considered separately. The effect does not change according to the type of test used to assess CRF (p = 0.51). Conclusions: There is high certainty of evidence that adolescents with low CRF levels have significantly greater odds of developing MetS; therefore, it is essential that intervention strategies be designed to increase CRF in this population.

IntroductionBody mass composition is directly related to health and its disorders are correlated with diseases such as obesity, diabetes, osteoporosis and sarcopenia. The purpose of this study was to analyze body mass composition among traditional elementary school students and ballet school students.MethodsA total of 340 students participated in the study, 95 of whom attended ballet school and 245 elementary school students. A Tanita BC-418 MA analyzer was used to analyze body mass composition. Such body composition indices as BMI (Body Mass Index), muscle mass, fat mass, lean body mass and water content were evaluated.ResultsThe results show statistical significance for BMI between high school ballet students and elementary school ballet students, as well between high school ballet students and elementary school students. Comparisons in relation to gender and schools BMI, statistical significance was obtained for: BHSw (ballet high school women) and EBSw (elementary ballet school women), BHSw and ESw (elementary school women), BHSm (ballet high school men) and EBSm (elementary ballet school men), and between BHSm and ESw. Comparing muscle mass index (kg) between ballet high school and elementary school, between ballet high school and elementary school, and between ballet high school and elementary school - statistical significance was obtained for all comparisons. Analyzing in pairwise comparisons by gender and school achieved a statistically significant difference for: BHSw and EBSw, BHSm and EBSw, EBSw and ESm. Comparing the fat mass index (kg), no significant differences were observed between the analyzed schools and the school and gender of the children studied. The value of the lean body mass index differed significantly between groups by school and gender. Comparing the water content index, statistically significant differences were obtained for school and gender.DiscussionThe body mass composition of ballet school students differs from that of standard school students.

Childhood malnutrition is a major global health problem with long-term sequelae, including non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Mechanisms are unknown but may involve metabolic programming, resulting from "short-term" solutions to optimise survival by compromising non-priority organs. As key players in lipid metabolism, desaturases have been shown to be predictive of NCDs. We hypothesised that the association between specific desaturase activities and NCD risk determinants (including body composition, serum glucose, insulin levels, and blood pressure) are influenced by childhood post-malnutrition weight gain. 278 Afro-Caribbean adults with well-documented clinical history of severe malnutrition in childhood were studied. Extensive metabolic analyses including body composition (DXA), fasting serum glucose and lipidomics (n = 101), and fasting serum insulin (n = 83) were performed in malnutrition survivors and matched community controls (n = 90). Established lipid ratios were used as proxies of desaturase activities: CE 16:1/CE 16:0 for stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1), LysoPC 20:4/20:3 for fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1), and LysoPC 20:3/18:2 for FADS2. Compared to community controls, adult malnutrition survivors (mean ± SD) age 28.3 ± 7.8 and BMI 23.6 ± 5.2 had higher SCD1 and FADS1 activity, (B ± SE) 0.07 ± 0.02 and 0.7 ± 0.08, respectively, but lower FADS2 activities (B ± SE) −0.05 ± 0.01, adjusted for sex and age (p < 0.0005). SCD1 was positively associated with adult BMI and body fat percentage, and negatively associated with lean mass and height. Stratification based on weight gain during nutritional rehabilitation among malnutrition survivors might signal the potential associations between weight gain during that critical period, desaturase activities, and some of adult metabolic parameters, with the lowest tertiles (slowest catch-up weight gain) performing more similarly to controls. In adult survivors of early-life severe acute malnutrition, desaturase activity is associated with markers of NCD risk, especially adiposity. These associations seem to be strengthened by faster weight gain during nutritional rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies on the association between estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and changes in metabolic risk in the Chinese population are limited. This study aims to examine the associations between CRF and changes in metabolic risk. Subjects and methods: We included 4,862 and 2,700 participants recruited from 28 provinces in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in the baseline (Wave 1) and follow-up (Wave 4) analyses, respectively. CRF was calculated using sex-specific longitudinal non-exercise equations. Metabolic indicators included systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels. The metabolic score was calculated as the number of changes in the above metabolic indicators above the 75th percentile of the distribution of changes (equal to or below the 25th percentile for HDL-C). Results: In the baseline analysis, CRF was negatively associated with SBP, DBP, TG, and FPG, and positively correlated with HDL-C after adjusting for age, smoking status, and drinking status (all P < 0.0001) in both males and females. In the follow-up analysis, higher baseline CRF was significantly related to a decrease in SBP, DBP, TG, FPG, and metabolic score (all P < 0.0005), and increased HDL-C (P < 0.0001) after further adjustment for corresponding baseline metabolic indicators. The associations remained significant after stratification by sex, except for the changes in HDL-C levels in females. Furthermore, improved CRF was associated with favorable changes in DBP, TG, HDL-C, FPG, and metabolic scores in all populations and males. Significant associations between changes in CRF and DBP, TG, and FPG levels were found in females. Conclusion: Higher baseline CRF and improved CRF were associated with favorable changes in metabolic indicators. Key points: 1. We applied CRF non-exercise equations in a Chinese cohort study. 2. Higher CRF was negatively associated with SBP, DBP, TG, and FPG, and positively correlated with HDL-C at baseline. 3. Higher baseline and improved CRF were related to favorable changes in metabolic indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time-restricted eating (TRE) has become a popular strategy to treat obesity. TRE involves confining the eating window to 4–10 h per day and fasting for the remaining hours (14–20 h fast). During the eating window, individuals are not required to monitor food intake. The sudden rise in popularity of TRE is most likely due to its simplicity and the fact that it does not require individuals to count calories to lose weight. This feature of TRE may appeal to certain individuals with obesity, and this could help produce lasting metabolic health improvements. The purpose of this review is to summarize current evidence from randomized clinical trials of TRE (without calorie counting) on body weight and metabolic risk factors. The efficacy of TRE in various populations groups, including those with obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), is also examined. In this review, Ezpeleta et al. summarize the evidence from randomized trials of time-restricted eating (TRE) on weight and metabolic risk factors. The efficacy of TRE in various populations, including those with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and polycystic ovary syndrome, is also examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective: Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) are linked to increased metabolic risk. However, the sex differences in the relationship between SSB intake and adverse health effects remain unclear. Therefore, the present study examined the association between SSB consumption and metabolic risks among working-age males and females from Taiwanese communities. Design: A community-based study utilised data from a comprehensive health screening project conducted by the Public Health Bureau in Changhua County, Taiwan. Metabolic risks included waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, TAG, LDL cholesterol and fasting glucose level using serum tests. Setting: Participants were recruited in Changhua County, Taiwan. Participants: Between 2005 and 2014, 92 724 citizens participated in the health screening; our data analysis included 75 278 respondents between 30 and 64. Results: The results showed that the frequency of SSB consumption was associated with abnormal waist circumference and elevated total cholesterol, TAG, LDL and glucose in both men and women. Increased SSB consumption frequency was associated with elevated glucose and hypertension in women. Even a slight increase in SSB intake frequency was related to raising the metabolic risks. Similar patterns were evident when models included BMI; however, the associations were attenuated. In the BMI-stratified subgroup analysis, the relationship between SSB consumption and metabolic risks was more pronounced in participants without obesity. Conclusion: The present study suggests that SSB consumption carries metabolic risk among working-age Taiwanese, particularly women and those without obesity. Health promotion programmes should raise awareness of the health hazards associated with SSB.

Introduction: Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD)—a new definition for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease—reflects the impact of metabolic abnormalities on liver function. We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of biomarker-based scores for prediction of MAFLD in apparently healthy children. Methods: This study included 144 children aged 9–11. MAFLD was recognized in 14 girls and 29 boys. Anthropometric indices, glycemia, insulin resistance, lipid profile, enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT, ALP), CRP, N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (P1NP) and collagen type I C-telopeptide (CTX-1) levels were measured. Fatty liver and hepatic steatosis index (FLI, HSI) and potential indicators of liver fibrogenesis: P1NP/ALP, P1NP/ALPxALT, P1NP/ALPxCRP were calculated. Results: P1NP/ALPxALT and P1NP/ALPxCRP were significantly higher in subjects with MAFLD. FLI was a good, significant predictor of MAFLD occurrence, regardless of sex. In boys, P1NP/ALPxCRP was a comparable predictor as CRP (OR 1.14 vs. 1.17; p < 0.001). P1NP/ALPxCRP had better discrimination capability in boys (AUC = 0.79; p < 0.001). However, the use of this algorithm did not improve discriminatory power in comparison to CRP (AUC = 0.81; p < 0.001), but gave a better sensitivity for MAFLD prediction (86% vs. 59%). Conclusions: We suggest that P1NP/ALPXCRP is a reliable tool for MAFLD prediction in routine pediatric practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing prevalence of children with obesity has contributed to a higher risk of developing cardiometabolic comorbidities. Adversity and chronic stress are negatively linked to cardiometabolic outcomes, and resilience is positively associated with improved outcomes. However, whether resilience is protective against metabolic disturbances preceding disease presentation is less understood. This study explored correlations between stress, anthropometrics, and metabolic parameters with resilience (total, individual, family, peers, school, community), and determined which resilience domains predict metabolically unhealthy obesity. Adolescents with obesity (n = 39; 12–18y) completed anthropometrics, an oral glucose tolerance test, the Adolescent Resilience Questionnaire, and Perceived Stress Scale. Lower stress (r = −0.70, p < 0.001), BMI (r = −0.42, p = 0.01), fat mass (ρ = −0.41, p = 0.01), and fat-free mass (ρ = −0.41, p = 0.01) were associated with greater resilience. Greater school resilience was associated with lower risk for having metabolically unhealthy obesity (odds ratio = 0.87, 95% Confidence Intervals, 0.78–0.98, p = 0.02). Our findings suggest that resilience is associated with lower adiposity, and that lower school resilience is an independent predictor of having metabolically unhealthy obesity. Further work exploring correlations between school resilience, perceived stress, and metabolic outcomes, would optimize programs for obesity-related chronic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundObesity is a risk factor for insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic disease.ObjectiveTo examine potential metabolic pathways linking childhood weight status to adolescent IR and metabolic risk.MethodsParticipants were 600 low- to middle-income Chilean adolescents from a cohort studied since infancy as part of an iron deficiency anemia preventive trial and follow-up study. We examined body mass index z-score at 10 y (BMIz-10y) and blood pressure, total fat, and fasting glucose, adiponectin to leptin ratio (A:L), ghrelin, and HOMA-IR at 16 y. A total count for metabolic risk factors (MRF) was calculated using the International Diabetes Federation criteria. We used path analysis to estimate pathways and model indirect effects from BMIz-10y, controlling for child age and sex and maternal body mass index (BMI).ResultsParticipants were 54% male; mean BMIz-10y of 0.53 (SD = 1.02); mean MRF of 1.3 (SD = 0.9); mean HOMA-IR of 1.8 (SD = 1.3). Path analysis showed that BMIz-10y directly and indirectly related to increased MRF via A:L and HOMA-IR. Ghrelin was not in the metabolic pathway from BMIz-10y to MRF but was related to MRF via HOMA-IR.ConclusionThese results elucidate metabolic pathways involving child weight status, IR and metabolic risk in adolescents. Childhood BMI was an indirect risk factor for adolescent cardiometabolic risk via several pathways that involved BMI, appetite hormones, markers of inflammation, and insulin resistance during adolescence. Findings illustrate the adverse effect that childhood obesity has on adolescent health outcomes, which sets precedence for health outcomes over the life course.

Although the rate of childhood obesity seems to have plateaued in recent years, the prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents remains high. Childhood obesity is a major public health concern as overweight and obese youth suffer from many co-morbid conditions once considered exclusive to adults. It is now well demonstrated that abdominal obesity as measured by waist circumference (WC) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and metabolic dysfunction in youth. Despite the strong associations between WC and cardiometabolic risk factors, there is no consensus regarding the optimal WC measurement sites to assess abdominal obesity and obesity-related health risk in children and adolescents. Currently, the WC measurement site that provides the best reflections of visceral fat and the best correlations with cardiometabolic risk factors is unclear. The purpose of this review is to explore whether WC measurement sites influence the relationships between WC, visceral fat, and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents.

Background: C-peptide is produced in equimolar amounts with insulin from pancreatic beta cells, and thus is a fundamental biomarker for beta cell function. A non-invasive urinary C-peptide-to-creatinine ratio (UCPCR) has attracted attention as a biomarker for metabolic conditions. However, the UCPCR as an indicative risk predictor for prediabetes is still being investigated. Methods: We aimed to characterize UCPCRs in healthy people using American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria and to evaluate their metabolic outcomes over time. A total of 1022 participants of the Biomarkers in Personalized Medicine cohort (BioPersMed) were screened for this study. Totals of 317 healthy with normal glucose metabolism, 87 prediabetic, and 43 diabetic subjects were included. Results: Prediabetic participants had a significantly higher UCPCR median value than healthy participants (p < 0.05). Dysglycaemia of healthy baseline participants was measured twice over 4.5 ± 0.9 years; 25% and 30% were detected with prediabetes during follow-ups, predicted by UCPCR both for the first (p < 0.05) and the second visit (p < 0.05), respectively. This is in good agreement with the negative predictive UCPCR value of 60.2% based on logistic regression. UCPCR levels were equal in both sexes. Conclusion: UCPCR measurements provide an indicative approach for metabolic risk, representing a potential use for prevention and monitoring of impaired glucose metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Childhood abuse is a risk factor for the development of cognitive deficits in adulthood, a relation that is likely mediated by stress-sensitive psychological and physiological indicators. Purpose:To evaluate whether the link between exposure to childhood abuse and cognitive function in middle adulthood is mediated by interleukin-6 (IL-6), metabolic risk, and depressive mood symptoms. Methods:Participants were 770 adults aged 40-65 recruited from the community, who completed the following: (i) a questionnaire assessing exposure to abuse prior to age 18, (ii) a phone interview assessing current depressive mood symptoms, and (iii) a home visit that included blood sampling for evaluation of IL-6 and assessment of metabolic risk indices. A follow-up telephone assessment evaluating cognitive function was completed by 555 of the participants. Structural equation modeling was used to test study hypotheses. Results:Childhood abuse predicted higher levels of IL-6, depressive mood symptoms, and metabolic risk scores (p < .05). The relation between childhood abuse and poorer cognitive performance was mediated by IL-6 (p = .046) and depressive mood symptoms (p = .023), but not metabolic risk. IL-6 and depressive mood symptoms significantly mediated the relation between childhood abuse and adult cognitive function. Conclusions:Exposure to early abuse conveys enduring physiological and psychological effects, which may contribute to cognitive deficits that are evident by middle adulthood. Increased vulnerability for cognitive decline among adults with a history of early trauma and the mediating roles of IL-6 and depressive mood symptoms point to the potential value of interventions that address inflammation or depression, singly or together, to prevent cognitive decline in this at-risk population.

Purpose: Dyslipidemia is a feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) that may augment metabolic disturbances. Serum fatty acids are important biomedical indicators of dyslipidemia. The aim of this study was to determine the distinct serum fatty acids in various PCOS subtypes and their association with metabolic risk in women with PCOS. Methods: Fatty acids in the serum of 202 women with PCOS were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fatty acids were compared between PCOS subtypes and correlated with glycemic parameters, adipokines, homocysteine, sex hormones, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Results: The levels of total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the reproductive subtype of PCOS were lower than those in the metabolic subtype. Docosahexaenoic acid, a PUFA, was associated with higher SHBG after correction for multiple comparisons. Eighteen species of fatty acids emerged as potential biomarkers associated with the metabolic risk factors measured, independent of body mass index (BMI). Among them, myristic acid (C14:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), oleic acid (C18:1n-9C), cis-vaccenic acid (C18:1n-7), and homo-gamma-linolenic acid (C20:3n-6) were the strongest lipid species that were consistently associated with metabolic risk factors, particularly insulin-related parameters in women with PCOS. As for adipokines, 16 fatty acids were positively associated with serum leptin. Among them, C16:1 and C20:3n-6were significantly associated with leptin levels. Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that a distinct fatty acid profile comprising high C14:0, C16:1, C18:1n-9C, C18:1n-7, and C20:3n-6levels is associated with metabolic risk in women with PCOS, independent of BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Age-related memory decrements correlate with metacognitive declines, including knowledge and deployment of effective mnemonic encoding strategies. However, whether imparting such strategy suffices for mitigating memory differences is unclear. Method In a longitudinal study of 276 healthy adults aged 18–79 years, we tested associative and working memory, and assessed beliefs regarding mnemonic strategies. Testing was repeated every 2 years, 5 times. Starting with the third occasion, we instructed participants to use an effective mnemonic strategy (sentence generation). Using continuous-time dynamic modeling, we assessed changes in the item and associative recognition, intervention effects, and their relations with age, sex, meta-memory beliefs, working memory, and metabolic health. Results Younger age, better working memory, and stronger belief in effective mnemonic strategies predicted better recognition, whereas instructional intervention attenuated associative memory deficits, with some persistence over time. Discussion The present findings show merely imparting effective strategies holds promise for mitigating age-related associative memory deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) are linked to increased metabolic risk. However, the sex differences in the relationship between SSB intake and adverse health effects remain unclear. Therefore, the present study examined the association between SSB consumption and metabolic risks among working-age males and females from Taiwanese communities. Design: A community-based study utilised data from a comprehensive health screening project conducted by the Public Health Bureau in Changhua County, Taiwan. Metabolic risks included waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, TAG, LDL cholesterol and fasting glucose level using serum tests. Setting: Participants were recruited in Changhua County, Taiwan. Participants: Between 2005 and 2014, 92 724 citizens participated in the health screening; our data analysis included 75 278 respondents between 30 and 64. Results: The results showed that the frequency of SSB consumption was associated with abnormal waist circumference and elevated total cholesterol, TAG, LDL and glucose in both men and women. Increased SSB consumption frequency was associated with elevated glucose and hypertension in women. Even a slight increase in SSB intake frequency was related to raising the metabolic risks. Similar patterns were evident when models included BMI; however, the associations were attenuated. In the BMI-stratified subgroup analysis, the relationship between SSB consumption and metabolic risks was more pronounced in participants without obesity. Conclusion: The present study suggests that SSB consumption carries metabolic risk among working-age Taiwanese, particularly women and those without obesity. Health promotion programmes should raise awareness of the health hazards associated with SSB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychiatric disorders are associated with cardiometabolic diseases, partly due to adverse drug effects with individual risk variabilities. Risperidone and sertraline are widely used for youths. Although they may be exposed to anthropometric changes, few data about this population exist. We evaluated the correlation between several blood parameters and body changes in a very small group of drug-naïve adolescents who had started risperidone or sertraline. We examined weight, waist circumference (WC), WC/height ratio and body mass index (BMI) at baseline (T0) and after at least three months of therapy (T1), and blood glucose and lipid profiles at T0. Here, we show significant increases in several anthropometric parameters in both groups, a negative correlation between HDL and ΔWC in the risperidone group and positive correlations between insulin and ΔBMI and between HOMA-IR and ΔBMI in the sertraline group. Despite the sample size, these results are important because it is difficult to study adolescents who are long-term-compliant with psychotropic drugs. This pilot study supports the importance of future large-scale investigations to understand the metabolic risk profiles of psychotropic drugs, their individual vulnerabilities and their underlying mechanisms. Simultaneous guideline-based psychiatric and metabolic interventions should be part of daily practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Several psychotropic drugs can induce weight gain and metabolic alterations. The authors compared metabolic evolutions of patients switching versus continuing psychotropic treatments with different risk profiles. Methods Patients either switched from a high- to a medium- (N  = 36) or low-risk drug (N  = 27), from a medium- to a low-risk drug (N  = 71), or to a same-risk drug (N  = 61). Controls were kept using either a high- (N  = 35), medium- (N  = 155), or low-risk drug (N  = 47). The evolution over 2 years of weight and metabolic parameters was analyzed using linear mixed-effect models, also examining the influence of polygenic risk scores for body mass index (BMI) or BMI and psychiatric disorders. Study Results High-, medium-, or low-risk controls gained on average 1.32%, 0.42%, and 0.36% more weight per month than patients switching from or within these risk categories (P  < .001, P  < .001, and P  = .003, respectively). High-to-high or high-to-medium switches resulted in a greater weight increase than switching to lower-risk categories (+0.77% and + 0.39% respectively, P  < .001). No difference was found between switching medium-to-medium and medium-to-low (P  ≈ 1). Switching high-to-low resulted in 10% weight loss after 2 years, with the greatest loss occurring the first 6 months after the switch. Compared with high-risk controls, lower total cholesterol (−0.27 mmol/l, P  = .043) in the high-to-low group, and lower glucose (−0.44 mmol/l, P  = .032) and systolic blood pressure (−5.50 mmHg, P  = .034) in the low-to-low group were found. Polygenic scores were not associated with weight changes in controls or after switching. Conclusion Psychotropic switches to a lower- or same-risk drug can attenuate weight gain, with only switching high to low resulting in weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) affects 10-15% of women of reproductive age and is associated with a heightened risk of metabolic morbidity, exacerbated by insulin resistance and obesity. Current weight management strategies have limited effectiveness in reducing metabolic morbidity in this subgroup. This review examines the potential of Intensive Weight Management Programmes (IWMPs) and Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) to reduce metabolic risks in women with PCOS, drawing from studies in both PCOS-specific and related populations., Recent Findings: IWMPs, including total diet replacement, achieve substantial and sustained weight loss (5-15% over 1-5 years) in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes, alongside improvements in metabolic markers like blood pressure and glycemic control. GLP-1 RAs, particularly semaglutide, similarly deliver significant weight loss (10-15% over 1-2 years) and metabolic benefits. While there is limited data specifically targeting PCOS, emerging studies suggest GLP-1 RAs can improve weight, insulin sensitivity, and menstrual regularity in this group. However, evidence for both interventions in PCOS remains insufficient. Women with PCOS face unique metabolic challenges, including heightened insulin resistance, compounded by obesity. While IWMPs and GLP-1 RAs are promising interventions, evidence for their effectiveness in PCOS-specific populations is insufficient. Addressing this research gap through targeted trials is essential to improve outcomes in individuals affected by PCOS and metabolic disorders., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) represents a major public health concern due to adverse maternal post-partum and long-term outcome. Current strategies to manage GDM fail to reduce the maternal risk to develop later impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). In a rodent model of diet-induced GDM without obesity, we explored the perinatal metabolic adaptations in dams followed by either persistent or resolved post-partum IGT. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a High-Fat High-Sucrose (HFHS) or a Chow (CTL) diet, one week before mating and throughout gestation (G). Following parturition, HFHS dams were randomized to two subgroups: one switched to Chow diet and the other one maintained on HFHS diet throughout lactation (L). Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed and plasma metabolome-lipidome were characterized at G12 and L12. We found that: (1) in GDM pregnant-dams, IGT was associated with incomplete fatty acid oxidation (FAO), enhanced gluconeogenesis, altered insulin signaling and oxidative stress; (2) improved glucose tolerance post-partum seemed to restore complete FAO along with elevation of nervonic acid-containing sphingomyelins, assumed to impart β-cell protection; and (3) persistence of IGT after delivery was associated with metabolites known to predict the early onset of insulin and leptin resistance, with maintained liver dysfunction. Our findings shed light on the impact of post-partum IGT evolution on maternal metabolic outcome after an episode of GDM. They suggest innovative strategies, implemented shortly after delivery and targeted on these biomarkers, should be explored to curb or delay the transition from GDM to T2D in these mothers.