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Background: Understanding the relationships between the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphism, colorectal polyps, and CRC risk can aid in advancing personalized medicine approaches in CRC prevention. The aim of the current study is to identify the association of C677T polymorphism of the MTHFR gene with the risk of colorectal polyps in the Azerbaijani population. Methods: This study included 125 patients with colon polyps and 155 healthy individuals as a control group. DNA was extracted from venous blood samples obtained from patients and healthy individuals, and the results were analyzed through polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: Wild-type, heterozygote, and homozygous mutant were revealed within 69 (55.2%), 49 (39.2%), and 7 (5.6%) patients and within 100 (64.5%), 45 (29%), and 10 (6.5%) healthy controls, respectively. However, no significant statistical associations were observed between CT and TT genotypes, dominant (CC vs. CT + TT) and recessive (CC + CT vs. TT) models, and the mutant T allele and disease risk. There were also no significant differences between patients and controls regarding age, sex, smoking and alcohol use. Conclusion: Our research did not reveal any significant association between the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and susceptibility to colorectal polyps in the Azerbaijan population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Whether the polymorphisms of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T or A1298C are associated with hemorrhagic stroke is controversial. Herein, we evaluate the association between the C677T or A1298C polymorphisms of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene and hemorrhagic stroke. METHODS: Relevant research literatures were searched in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, WanFang, VIP and SinoMed databases. Two persons screened, extracted information, and assessed the quality of the literature. Five genetic models were established: allelic model (T vs. C and C vs. A), dominant model [(CT+TT) vs. CC and (AC+CC) vs. AA], recessive model [TT vs. (CC+CT) and CC vs. (AA+AC)], codominant heterozygous models (CT vs. CC and AC vs. AA), and codominant homozygous models (TT vs. CC and CC vs. AA). Analyses were performed using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 14 software, Cochrane’ Q test and I2 statistics were used to evaluate heterogeneity, and the combined odds ratio (OR) value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used as effect indicators. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore sources of heterogeneity, sensitivity analyses to assess the stability of conclusions, and funnel plots, Begg test, Egger test, and trim and fill methods to assess publication bias. RESULTS: Twenty-four high-quality research articles were included, including 23 case-control articles and 1 cross-sectional study. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism was associated with hemorrhagic stroke, and the five genetic models were statistically significant [T vs. C: OR=1.39, 95% CI: 1.18-1.64; (CT+TT) vs. CC: OR=1.46, 95% CI: 1.18-1.80; TT vs. (CC+CT): OR=1.54, 95% CI: 1.20-1.96; CT vs. CC: OR=1.31, 95% CI: 1.08-1.58; TT vs. CC: OR=1.78, 95% CI: 1.31-2.43]. Subgroup analysis suggested that the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T was associated with hemorrhagic stroke in Asian populations, but not in Europe and Africa. The OR value increased with aging. In studies controlling for confounding factors (age and sex) in case and control groups, pooled effect sizes suggested a statistically significant correlation. Considering the reporting rates of various false positive results, it is speculated that the possibility of false positives is small. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase A1288C polymorphism was insignificantly associated with hemorrhagic stroke [C vs. A: OR=1.16, 95% CI: 0.98-1.37; (CC+AC) vs. AA: OR=1.19, 95% CI: 0.96-1.48; CC vs. (AC+AA): OR=1.27, 95% CI: 0.86-1.88; AC vs. AA: OR=1.04, 95% CI: 0.71- 1.51; CC vs. AA: OR =1.37, 95% CI: 0.90-2.06]. The positive results obtained by the subgroup analysis were not reliable after the false positive result reporting rate test. CONCLUSION: Overall, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T locus polymorphism is associated with hemorrhagic stroke, and carrying the mutant T allele is an important risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke, especially in Asian populations, and the older the higher the risk. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase A1298C locus polymorphism is insignificantly associated with hemorrhagic stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The current study sought to investigate the association between the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) variant (rs1801133) and the risk of developing hypertension (HTN) in an indigenous South African population. Methods: A total of 442 participants (hypertensive, n = 279 and nonhypertensive, n = 163) from the indigenous tribe residing in Mthatha, Eastern Cape (South Africa) were recruited. HTN was defined as a systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of =130/80 mmHg following American Heart Association guidelines. The genotyping of MTHFR (rs1801133) was assessed using MassARRAY® System. Thereafter, the association between rs1801133 in various genetic models and HTN was determined by logistic regression model analysis. Furthermore, the interaction between rs1801133 and selected risk factors on HTN was performed using the open-source multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR). Results: The low frequency of the T allele (5%) was also observed when compared with the C allele (95%) in both cases and controls. After adjusting for confounding factors (gender, smoking status, BMI, and blood glucose levels), there were no significant associations were observed between rs1801133 and the risk of HTN in all genetic models: genotypic (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.29-1.95, p = 0.56), dominant (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.35-2.16, p = 0.75), co-dominant (OR 1.33, 95% CI 0.51-3.48, p = 0.55) and allelic (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.49-1.62, p = 0.70) in logistic regression analysis. However, a significant interaction was reported among rs1801133, age, and gender (p < 0.0001) with the risk of HTN. Conclusion: The present study reports on the lack of association between MTHFR (rs1801133) and the risk of HTN in an indigenous South African tribe. However, an interaction between gender, age, and rs1801133 was observed. Thus, future studies with a large sample size are required to further validate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundTo systematically evaluate the association of MTHFR genetic polymorphisms, maternal folic acid intake, and the time when folic acid intake was started with the risk of congenital heart disease (CHD) and investigated the role of their interaction on infant CHD risk in Chinese populations.MethodsA case–control study involving 592 CHD cases, 617 health controls, and their mothers was performed. The exposures of interest were single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the MTHFR gene, maternal folic acid use, and the time when folic acid use was started. We applied the logistic regression model to explore the strength of association.ResultsOur findings showed that mothers lacking folic acid intake had a significantly higher risk of CHD in offspring (aOR = 2.00; 95%CI: 1.34–2.98). Mothers who started to use folic acid from the first trimester of the fetation (aOR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.22–2.23) or from the second trimester of the fetation (aOR = 7.77; 95% CI: 2.52–23.96), compared with those starting to use folic acid from 3 months previous to the conception, were at a significantly higher risk of CHD in offspring. Genetic variants at rs2066470 (AA vs. GG: aOR = 5.09, 95%CI: 1.99–13.03), rs1801133 (AA vs. GG: aOR = 2.49, 95%CI: 1.58–3.93), and rs1801131 (TG vs. TT: aOR = 1.84, 95%CI: 1.36–2.50; GG vs. TT: aOR = 3.58, 95%CI: 1.68–7.63) were significantly associated with the risk of CHD based on the multivariate analysis. Additionally, statistically significant interactions between maternal folic acid intake and genetic variants of the MTHFR gene at rs1801133 and rs1801131 were observed.ConclusionAn association of maternal folic acid intake and the time when intake was started with the risk of CHD in offspring was found. What's more, maternal folic acid fortification may help counteract partial of the risks of CHD in offspring attributable to MTHFR genetic mutations.Registration numberhttp://www.chictr.org.cn/edit.aspx?pid=28300&htm=4, identifier: ChiCTR1800016635.

Aims: The current study sought to investigate the association between the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) variant (rs1801133) and the risk of developing hypertension (HTN) in an indigenous South African population.Methods: A total of 442 participants (hypertensive, n = 279 and non-hypertensive, n = 163) from the indigenous tribe residing in Mthatha, Eastern Cape (South Africa) were recruited. HTN was defined as a systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of ≥130/80 mmHg following American Heart Association guidelines. The genotyping of MTHFR (rs1801133) was assessed using MassARRAY® System. Thereafter, the association between rs1801133 in various genetic models and HTN was determined by logistic regression model analysis. Furthermore, the interaction between rs1801133 and selected risk factors on HTN was performed using the open-source multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR).Results: The low frequency of the T allele (5%) was also observed when compared with the C allele (95%) in both cases and controls. After adjusting for confounding factors (gender, smoking status, BMI, and blood glucose levels), there were no significant associations were observed between rs1801133 and the risk of HTN in all genetic models: genotypic (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.29–1.95, p = 0.56), dominant (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.35–2.16, p = 0.75), co-dominant (OR 1.33, 95% CI 0.51–3.48, p = 0.55) and allelic (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.49–1.62, p = 0.70) in logistic regression analysis. However, a significant interaction was reported among rs1801133, age, and gender (p < 0.0001) with the risk of HTN.Conclusion: The present study reports on the lack of association between MTHFR (rs1801133) and the risk of HTN in an indigenous South African tribe. However, an interaction between gender, age, and rs1801133 was observed. Thus, future studies with a large sample size are required to further validate these findings.

In this review, we have gathered and analyzed the available genetic evidence on the association between the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR), rs1801133 and the risk of Hypertension (HTN) in African populations, which was further compared to the global data evidence. This review was reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol and Human Genome Epidemiology Network (HuGENet) guidelines. Literature was retrieved through major search databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and African Journal Online. We identified 64 potential studies, of which 4 studies were from the African continent and 60 studies were reported globally. Among the studies conducted in Africa, only two (n = 2) reported a significant association between the MTHFR (rs1801133) and the risk of developing HTN. Only one (n = 1) study population was purely composed of black Africans, while others were of other ethnicities. Among studies conducted in other continents (n = 60), forty-seven (n = 47) studies reported a positive association between MTHFR (rs1801133) and the risk of developing HTN, whereas the remaining studies (n = 14) did not show a significant association. Available literature suggests an apparent association between rs1801133 and HTN in global regions; however, such information is still scarce in Africa, especially in the black African population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), painless loss of central and/or peripheral vision, is a multifactorial disease caused by insufficient blood flow through the posterior ciliary arteries to the optic nerve head. Mutations in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, triggering hyperhomocysteinemia as a consequence of a decreased activity of the codified enzyme, have been considered to be among the risk factors of NAION. Objective: The main aim was to study the association of the most common MTHFR genetic polymorphisms C677T and A1298C with NAION in a Spanish population. Methods: In this case-control study, the association of the most common MTHFR polymorphisms was investigated in 94 unrelated native Spanish patients diagnosed with NAION and 204 healthy controls. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms located in the MTHFR gene, C677T (rs1801133) and A1298C (rs1801131), were analyzed by DNA sequencing and TaqMan assays. Results: The allelic and genotypic frequencies of the MTHFR variants obtained in the NAION group were not significantly different when compared with the control group. A higher frequency of the C677T/A1298C genotype, codifying the nonmutated MTHFR form, was obtained in control subjects (11.27%) compared to NAION patients (4.26%), suggesting a protective effect of the wild-type protein, although this result was not conclusive considering the obtained confidence interval (CI) (95% CI: 0.13–1.06). Study of additional clinical factors including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia showed no association with a higher risk of NAION. Conversely, the clinical history of heart or cerebrovascular diseases was significantly higher in NAION patients compared to controls. Over the world, risk variants of the MTHFR gene are highly frequent, excluding African black populations, indicating a racial influence. Conclusions: The MTHFR variants did not significantly increase the risk of suffering from NAION. However, considering that individuals with at least one of the risk variants have the MTHFR enzyme with decreased activity, it cannot be ruled out that these mutations are relevant for the development of NAION in a subgroup of the population with other specific characteristics. These may include high plasma levels of homocysteine along with nutritional deficiencies including low folate or vitamin B12 and the combination of systemic and local risk factors.

Objective: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine-reproductive-metabolic disorders of women at reproductive age, affecting 5-15% of the women worldwide. Although the pathogenesis of PCOS is not well defined, it is associated with an increased risk of premature coronary artery disease (CAD). Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is associated with hyperlipidemia and is an independent risk factor for CAD. The most common cause of HHcy is related to the deficiency of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between different genotypes of MTHFR C677T and the risk of PCOS. Material and Methods: Two hundred twenty voluntary premenopausal women (110 healthy controls and 110 PCOS patients) were included in the study. All the volunteers underwent a physical examination along with biochemical hormonal evaluation and genetic analysis. Results: The genotyping analyses and genetic model of inheritance analyses revealed that the frequencies of CC, CT, and TT genotypes in the control and PCOS group to be 51.8%, 45.5%, and 2.7% and 51.8%, 48.2%, and 0%, respectively. The frequency of C and T alleles in the control and PCOS group was determined to be 74% (C: 0.74/155) and 26% (T: 0.26/53), and 75% (C: 0.75/167) and 25% (T: 0.25/53), respectively. The "T" additive, "T" dominant, and "C" recessive models it found that the CT vs. CC (OR:1.06 Cl:0.62-1.83), CC vs. TC+TT (OR: 0.99 Cl: 0.58-1.72), and TC+TT vs. CC (OR: 0.99 Cl: 0.58-1.70), respectively, did not show an increase in the PCOS risk. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that the different genotypes of MTHFR C677T were not associated with the risk of PCOS in Turkish women from Central Anatolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The relation between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase)MTHFR( polymorphisms and the risk of developing Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is not still clear, while there are reports about the association of MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms with developing CLL, there are other reports that rolled out the association of MTHFR polymorphisms with developing CLL. Therefore herein we carried out this meta-analysis to clear the association of MTHFR polymorphisms with the risk of CLL, Methods: A comprehensive search was performed through PubMed, Scopus and Embase from inception to Aug 2020. Odds ratios (OR) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for five possible genetic models were calculated. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the Cochran Q test and the I2 statistic. Results: Totals of 1290 cases and 1887 controls for the C677T polymorphism and 1117 cases and 1256 controls for the A1298C polymorphism were included in our analysis. Analyzing the MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms genotypes showed an association between MTHFR polymorphism at A1298C under Allelic model and the risk of CLL (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.01–1.25), however there was no association between MTHFR polymorphism at MTHFR C677T and risk of CLL. Conclusion: The risk of developing CLL might be associated with MTHFR polymorphism at A1298C under allelic model and not associated with MTHFR polymorphisms at C677T, However, further studies considering other factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, gene-gene interaction and environmental condition are needed to clear the true association of MTHFR polymorphisms with CLL.

Background: The use of molecular genetic technologies has made it possible to show that the genetic factor plays a significant role in the development of obesity. In addition, in obese people the supply with vitamins, in particular with folic acid, is largely controlled genetically.Aim: To study an association of the rs1801133 polymorphism of the MTHFR gene with folic acid deficiency in the residents of the Moscow region depending on their body mass index.Materials and methods: rs1801133 polymorphisms were identified in 326 subjects (74 male and 252 female) aged from 20 to 65 years, living in the Moscow region. The DNA was isolated from blood by the sorption on silica gel-coated magnetic particles. DNA was isolated with the use of the epMotion 5075 automatic station (Eppendorf, Germany). To identify the polymorphism, a polymerase chain reaction was used, followed by cleavage of the Hinf1 restriction endonuclease products, with analysis of these products by gel electrophoresis. The equipment CFX96 Real Time System (BIO-RAD, USA) was used. Folic acid was measured by ID-Vit® Folic Acid test system (R-Biopharm, Germany).Results: According to the results of folic acid measurements in blood, a deficiency of this vitamin was found in 24.2% of the studied residents of the Moscow region. Analysis of the genotyping results did not show any association of the rs1801133 MTHFR gene polymorphism with the serum levels of folic acid. However, in the subjects with overweight and obesity, there was a statistically significant association between the T allele of the rs1801133 of the MTHFR gene polymorphism and a low level of folic acid (odds ratio 2.5, 95% confidence interval 1.09–5.74, p = 0.03).Conclusion: The rs1801133 polymorphism of the MTHFR gene significantly contributes to the development of folic acid deficiency in overweight and obese individuals.

The article provides data on 114 patients with stage 2 primary arterial hypertension (AH) according to the WHO classification (2008) and the development of complications associated with hemostasis violations depending on the nationality of patients (Mordva-Moksha, Russians) and polymorphism methyltetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene carrier state. Polymorphic genotypes were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) along with traditional clinical and instrumental studies. The analysis of MTHFR gene polymorphic genotypes carriage showed a significant predominance of intermediate genotypes (88% – CT genotype at position 677, 66% – AC genotype at position 1298) regardless of nationality of patients with AH. The carriage of “unfavourable” TT genotypes of MTHFR gene at position 677 prevails in men of the Mordva-Moksha (20%) as compared with the patients of Russian nationality. During a 3-year follow-up, 12% of patients with AH (6.9% of MordvaMoksha and 5.1% of Russian) suffered acute myocardial infarction (MI) or acute cerebrovascular accident (ACVA). Cardiovascular complications (MI/ACVA) developed 1.5 times more often in Mordva patients than in patients with AH of Russian nationality. IM occurred 3 times more often in Mordva-Moksha men than in patients with AH of Russian nationality. The Mordva-Moksha men with AH, who were carriers of the “unfavourable” TT genotypes of MTHFR gene at position 677, developed a complication in the form of MI in 100% cases.

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Vitamin B12 deficiency is regarded as the prevailing cause of subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord (SCD). Nevertheless, the genetic predisposition to SCD remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the association between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism and SCD. We investigated MTHFR C677T polymorphism in SCD patients and found that the distribution of MTHFR C677T genotypes was significantly different between SCD patients and age-matched controls. Furthermore, the T allele frequency was markedly increased in SCD compared with the controls. In addition, the plasma homocysteine concentrations in subjects with the TT genotype were significantly elevated compared to those with the CC genotype. Logistic regression analysis results revealed that the MTHFR C677T genotype (TT vs. CT and CC) and vitamin B12 deficiency were risk factors for SCD. Our findings indicate that the T allele of the MTHFR C677T confers a strong genetic predisposition to SCD and provide evidence of an association between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and SCD. These data reveal a potential mechanism underlying SCD.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) as a severe neurological emergency, is represented by variable conditions in its clinic presentation, onset, risk factors, neuroimagistic features and outcome. The genetic polymorphism of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T and A1298C was associated with CVST. We aimed to characterize the prevalence of MTHFR gene polymorphisms associated with cardiovascular risk factors in the group of patients with CVST. Also, we studied additional causes associated with CVST including local infections, general infections, obstetric causes (pregnancy, puerperium) and head injury. This is a retrospective study including 114 patients which referred to our hospital between February 2012–February 2020. The protocol included demographic (age, sex), clinical, neuroimagistic features, paraclinic (genetic polymorphism of MTHFR, factor V G1691A—Leiden, prothrombin G20210A, PAI-1 675 4G/5G; Homocysteine level, the lipid profile, blood glucose and Glycohemoglobin HbA1c, high- sensitive C- reactive protein- hsCRP) data, as well as treatment and outcome. The mean age was 37.55 years with a female predominance (65.79%). In the first group of patients with inherited thrombophilia (60 cases; 52.63%) we found genetic mutation includes MTHFR C677T (38.59%) and A1298C (14.03%), factor V G1691A- Leiden (15.78%), prothrombin G20210A (2.63%), PAI-1 675 4G/5G (42.98%), and hyperhomocysteinemia (35.08%). At the second group with other etiology of CVST, except thrombophilia, we included 54 patients (47.36%). The most common sites of thrombosis were the superior sagittal sinus (52.63%). Headache was the most common symptom (91.22%) and seizures were the main clinical presentation (54.38%). The MTHFR polymorphism was significantly correlated with higher total cholesterol (TC) (p = 0.023), low- density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) (p = 0.008), homocysteine level (tHcy) (p < 0.001). Inside the first group with MTHFR polymorphism we have found a significant difference between the levels of homocysteine at the patients with MTHFR C677T versus MTHFR A1298C polymorphism (p < 0.001). The high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) was increased in both groups of patients, but the level was much higher in the second group (p = 0.046). Mortality rate was of 2.63%. Demographic, clinical and neuroimagistic presentation of CVST in our study was similar with other studies on the matter, with a high frequency of thrombophilia causes. MTHFR gene polymorphisms (C677T and A1298C) are increased in prevalence in CVST. PAI-1 675 4G/5G gene mutation seems to be involved in CVST etiology. Plasma C-reactive protein level and hyperhomocysteinemia should be considered as a prognostic factor in CVST.

Background: Understanding the relationships between the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase ( MTHFR ) gene polymorphism, colorectal polyps, and CRC risk can aid in advancing personalized medicine approaches in CRC prevention. The aim of the current study is to identify the association of C677T polymorphism of the MTHFR gene with the risk of colorectal polyps in the Azerbaijani population., Methods: This study included 125 patients with colon polyps and 155 healthy individuals as a control group. DNA was extracted from venous blood samples obtained from patients and healthy individuals, and the results were analyzed through polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and agarose gel electrophoresis., Results: Wild-type, heterozygote, and homozygous mutant were revealed within 69 (55.2%), 49 (39.2%), and 7 (5.6%) patients and within 100 (64.5%), 45 (29%), and 10 (6.5%) healthy controls, respectively. However, no significant statistical associations were observed between CT and TT genotypes, dominant (CC vs. CT + TT) and recessive (CC + CT vs. TT) models, and the mutant T allele and disease risk. There were also no significant differences between patients and controls regarding age, sex, smoking and alcohol use., Conclusion: Our research did not reveal any significant association between the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and susceptibility to colorectal polyps in the Azerbaijan population.

Thrombophilia is a rare but potentially catastrophic phenomenon occurring in patients having tendency of thrombosis. It may lead to serious complications. The etiology of thrombophilia is thought to be multifactorial and related to both acquired and inherited factors. Inflammatory bowel disease is an acquired cause of thrombophilia. Thromboembolic events are seen during inflammatory bowel disease, especially during the active period of the disease. In inflammatory bowel disease, thrombus formation in portal, splenic and mesenteric veins are not common. Besides, the association of genetic disorders related to metabolism of homocysteine with inflammatory bowel disease has been evidenced, especially in Crohn disease and rarely in ulcerative colitis. We present a rare case of ulcerative colitis in association with combined portal, splenic and mesenteric vein thrombosis. The patient was recently diagnosed with the disease which was in the inactive period. Interestingly, our patient was also heterozygous for the mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene.

The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene is one of the most investigated of the genes associated with chronic human diseases because of its associations with hyperhomocysteinemia and toxicity. It has been proposed as a prototype gene for the prevention of colorectal cancer (CRC). The major objectives of this meta-analysis were to examine the polymorphism-mutation patterns of MTHFR and their associations with risk for CRC as well as potential contributing factors for mutations and disease risks. This analysis included 33,626 CRC cases and 48,688 controls across 92 studies for MTHFR 677 and 16,367 cases and 24,874 controls across 54 studies for MTHFR 1298, comprising data for various racial and ethnic groups, both genders, and multiple cancer sites. MTHFR 677 homozygous TT genotype was protective (p < .05) for CRC for all included populations; however, with heterogeneity across various racial–ethnic groups and opposing findings, it was a risk genotype for the subgroup of Hispanics (p < .01). Additional countries for which subgroup analyses resulted in 677 TT as a risk genotype included Turkey, Romania, Croatia, Hungary, Portugal, Mexico, Brazil, U.S. Hawai’i, Taiwan, India, and Egypt. Countries with the highest mutation rates and risks for both MTHFR 677 and 1298 genotypes are presented using global maps to visualize the grouping patterns. Meta-predictive analyses revealed that air pollution levels were associated with gene polymorphisms for both genotypes. Future nursing research should be conducted to develop proactive measures to protect populations in cities where air pollution causes more deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We studied the role of maternal folic acid supplementation in modifying the effects of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C677T and A1298C) gene polymorphisms in Iranian children with oral clefts. Materials and Methods: Forty-seven newborn infants with orofacial cleft and their mothers were selected randomly. Mothers were matched regarding dietary folate intake. The genotyping on venous blood was carried out. Consistency between maternal and child genotypes was analyzed. Results: Genotype consistency was not statistically significant in both C677T and A1298C gene variants (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Maternal folic acid consumption may not have any significant effect on modifying C677T and A1298C polymorphisms in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is the key enzyme of folate/homocysteine metabolic pathway. C677T polymorphism of MTHFR gene was reported as risk factor for congenital defects, metabolic and neuropsychiatric disorders. Numerous case-control studies investigated C677T polymorphism as risk factor for schizophrenia but results of these studies were contradictory. To draw a conclusion, a meta-analysis of all available case-control studies was performed. PubMed, Google Scholar, Springer Link and Elsevier databases were searched for eligible case-control studies. Pooled odds ratio with 95%CI was used as an association measure and all statistical analyses were performed by Open Meta-Analyst and MIX software. Total 38 studies with 10,069 cases and 13,372 controls were included in the present meta-analysis. Results of meta-analysis showed significant associated between C677T polymorphism and risk of schizophrenia (OR TvsC = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.10–1.27, p = < 0.001; OR CTvsCC = 1.10, 95%CI = 1.04–1.17, p = <0.001; OR TTvsCC = 1.40, 95%CI = 1.20–1.64, p = <0.001; OR TT+CTvsCC = 1.19, 95%CI = 1.09–1.30, p = <0.001). We also performed subgroup and sensitivity analyses. Subgroup analysis was done according to ethnicity and significant association was found between C677T polymorphism and risk of schizophrenia in all three ethnic populations—African (OR = 2.51; 95%CI = 1.86–3.40; p = <0.001), Asian (OR = 1.21; 95%CI = 1.10–1.33; p = <0.001) and Caucasian (OR = 1.07; 95%CI = 1.01–1.14; p = 0.01). In conclusion the results of the present meta-analysis suggested that the MTHFR C677T polymorphism is a risk factor for schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) functions as a main regulatory enzyme in folate metabolism. The association of MTHFR gene Ala222Val polymorphism with male infertility in an Iranian population was investigated by undertaking a meta-analysis and in-silico approach. A genetic association study included 497 men; 242 had unexplained infertility and 255 were healthy controls. Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism was used for genotyping MTHFR -Ala222Val. OpenMeta[Analyst] software was used to conduct the analysis; 22 studies were identified by searching PubMed and the currently reported genetic association study. A novel in-silico approach was used to analyse the effects of Ala222Val substitution on the structure of mRNA and protein. Genetic association study revealed a significant association of MTHFR-222Val/Val genotype with oligozoospermia (OR 2.32; 95% CI, 1.12 to 4.78; P = 0.0451) and azoospermia (OR 2.59; 95% CI 1.09 to 6.17; P = 0.0314). Meta-analysis for allelic, dominant and codominant models showed a significant association between Ala222Val polymorphism and the risk of male infertility ( P < 0.001). In silico-analysis showed MTHFR -Ala222Val affects enzyme structure and could also change the mRNA properties ( P = 0.1641; P < 0.2 is significant). The meta-analysis suggested significant association of MTHFR -Ala222Val with risk of male infertility, especially in Asian populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of epidemiological studies have evaluated the association between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T polymorphism and sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL), but the results were inconsistent. The aim of this meta-analysis was to clarify more accurately the association of this polymorphism with SSNHL. A systematic literature search of the associated studies up to May 1, 2014, was conducted using the following electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, Medline, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure. Statistical analyses were performed by STATA12.0 software, with odds ratios (ORs) and their 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Six eligible studies including covering 1,271 objects were identified. A pooled analysis of these studies showed no significant association between C677T polymorphism and risk of SSNHL: T vs. C (OR = 1.334, POR = 0.105); TT vs. CC (OR = 1.580, POR = 0.231); CT vs. CC (OR = 1.500, POR = 0.123); TT vs. CC + CT (OR = 1.326, POR = 0.293); and TT + CT vs. CC (OR = 1.540, POR = 0.102). But in subgroup analysis, a significant association was found in European populations (T vs. C, OR = 1.542, 95 % CI 1.008-2.359, P = 0.046; TT vs. CT + CC, OR = 1.856, 95 % CI 1.245-2.767, P = 0.002). There was no significant association in any model in the Asian populations. The present meta-analysis suggests that MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism is significantly associated with increased risk of SSNHL disease in European populations, but no statistically significant association was found between the MTHFR C677T gene mutation and SSNHL in Asian. Further large and well-designed studies are needed to confirm this association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We studied the role of maternal folic acid supplementation in modifying the effects of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C677T and A1298C) gene polymorphisms in Iranian children with oral clefts. Materials and Methods: Forty-seven newborn infants with orofacial cleft and their mothers were selected randomly. Mothers were matched regarding dietary folate intake. The genotyping on venous blood was carried out. Consistency between maternal and child genotypes was analyzed. Results: Genotype consistency was not statistically significant in both C677T and A1298C gene variants (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Maternal folic acid consumption may not have any significant effect on modifying C677T and A1298C polymorphisms in children.

Objective: The association between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677 > T polymorphisms and pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) risk in Asia is controversial. The aim of this meta-analysis was to further assess the relationship between MTHFRC677 > T polymorphisms and pediatric ALL for Chinese children. Materials and Methods: Studies about the MTHFR C677 > T polymorphisms and pediatric ALL risk were searched in the Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, Wanfang and CNIK databases. The genotype of the case and control group were extracted and pooled by meta-analysis. The association between ALL risk and C677 > T polymorphisms was demonstrated by odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Twelve articles were included in this study with 1803 ALL cases and 4146 controls. In recessive genetic model (TT vs. CC + CT), the OR was 0.37 (95%CI: 0.31-0.43); in dominant genetic model (TT + CT vs. CC) the OR was 0.94 (95%CI: 0.82-1.06); and in the homozygous model the OR was 0.84 (95%CI: 0.69-1.03). Conclusion: The results indicated that Asian children with TT genotype of MTHFR gene may have less risk of developing ALL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Folate, an essential micronutrient, is a critical cofactor in one-carbon metabolism. Mammals cannot synthesize folate and depend on supplementation to maintain normal levels. Low folate status may be caused by low dietary intake, poor absorption of ingested folate and alteration of folate metabolism due to genetic defects or drug interactions. 2. Folate deficiency has been linked with an increased risk of neural tube defects, cardiovascular disease, cancer and cognitive dysfunction. Most countries have established recommended intakes of folate through folic acid supplements or fortified foods. External supplementation of folate may occur as folic acid, folinic acid or 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF). 3. Naturally occurring 5-MTHF has important advantages over synthetic folic acid - it is well absorbed even when gastrointestinal pH is altered and its bioavailability is not affected by metabolic defects. Using 5-MTHF instead of folic acid reduces the potential for masking haematological symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency, reduces interactions with drugs that inhibit dihydrofolate reductase and overcomes metabolic defects caused by methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism. Use of 5-MTHF also prevents the potential negative effects of unconverted folic acid in the peripheral circulation. 4. We review the evidence for the use of 5-MTHF in preventing folate deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-syndromic cleft lip/palate ( NSCL/ P) is a common congenital defect in Mexico. Periconceptional intake of folic acid ( FA) may reduce the risk of this malformation. Although the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase ( MTHFR) enzyme participates in folate metabolism, several studies failed to find any association between NSCL/ P and the MTHFR C677 T and A1298 C polymorphisms. However, interactions among NSCL/ P, MTHFR gene polymorphisms, and FA intake have not been explored in Mexican populations. This case-control study included 132 patients with NSCL/ P and 370 controls from Mexico City. Maternal FA consumption during pregnancy was examined, as were the MTHFR C677 T and A1298 C polymorphisms and gene- FA interactions. Maternal FA intake during the periconceptional period was lower in cases (1.5%) than in controls (13%), with the risk of delivering a child with NSCL/ P lower in mothers who consumed FA ( OR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.19-0.44). In addition, the risk of NSCL/P was lower in children with the TT than the CC genotype of MTHFR C677T ( OR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.23-0.68), after Bonferroni correction and exclusion of stratification. No evidence of gene- FA interaction was found. These results indicate that maternal FA intake and the TT genotype of the MTHFR C677 T polymorphism in children independently reduced the risk of NSCL/ P in our population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Folates are the vitamin B derivatives that play important roles on cell metabolism. They function in cell proliferation, cell growth, amino acid and purine biosynthesis. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase enzyme is crucial for folate metabolism and some variations in the gene that encode the enzyme may cause some problems affecting enzyme kinetics. Absence of folates causes a range of pathologies from neural tube defects to congenital anomalies. Recently, variations in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene are associated with neurological and psychiatric diseases like Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and bipolar diseases and the role of these variations in these diseases were better diagnosed and described. In this review, upon giving brief information about folates, we aim to specify the association of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene with Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, bipolar and schizophrenic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To systematically evaluate the association of MTHFR genetic polymorphisms, maternal folic acid intake, and the time when folic acid intake was started with the risk of congenital heart disease (CHD) and investigated the role of their interaction on infant CHD risk in Chinese populations., Methods: A case-control study involving 592 CHD cases, 617 health controls, and their mothers was performed. The exposures of interest were single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the MTHFR gene, maternal folic acid use, and the time when folic acid use was started. We applied the logistic regression model to explore the strength of association., Results: Our findings showed that mothers lacking folic acid intake had a significantly higher risk of CHD in offspring (aOR = 2.00; 95%CI: 1.34-2.98). Mothers who started to use folic acid from the first trimester of the fetation (aOR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.22-2.23) or from the second trimester of the fetation (aOR = 7.77; 95% CI: 2.52-23.96), compared with those starting to use folic acid from 3 months previous to the conception, were at a significantly higher risk of CHD in offspring. Genetic variants at rs2066470 (AA vs. GG: aOR = 5.09, 95%CI: 1.99-13.03), rs1801133 (AA vs. GG: aOR = 2.49, 95%CI: 1.58-3.93), and rs1801131 (TG vs. TT: aOR = 1.84, 95%CI: 1.36-2.50; GG vs. TT: aOR = 3.58, 95%CI: 1.68-7.63) were significantly associated with the risk of CHD based on the multivariate analysis. Additionally, statistically significant interactions between maternal folic acid intake and genetic variants of the MTHFR gene at rs1801133 and rs1801131 were observed., Conclusion: An association of maternal folic acid intake and the time when intake was started with the risk of CHD in offspring was found. What's more, maternal folic acid fortification may help counteract partial of the risks of CHD in offspring attributable to MTHFR genetic mutations., Registration Number: http://www.chictr.org.cn/edit.aspx?pid=28300&htm=4, identifier: ChiCTR1800016635., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Zhong, Song, Liu, Sun, Zhang, Chen, Diao, Li, Li, Shu, Wei, Zhu, Wang and Qin.)

Folic acid and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) may affect the development of human cancer. However, few studies have evaluated folate intake and MTHFR in susceptibility to and prognosis of patients with ovarian cancer. We conducted a prospective case-control study in 215 ovarian cancer patients and 218 controls (all Chinese) between Jan. 2004 and Jan. 2007. MTHFR C677T genotyping was done by PCR-RFLP. All patients were followed up until Dec. 2010. We found a 2.43-fold increased risk of ovarian cancer among MTHFR 677TT carriers, and a decreased risk of ovarian cancer in individuals with high folate intake (OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.32-0.94). Cox regression survival analysis showed that among the ovarian cancer patients, those carrying the 677TT genotype had a higher risk of death (HR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.20-4.79), while high folate intake was associated with a lower risk of death (HR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.33-0.88). Moreover, MTHFR 677CC carriers with higher folate intake showed a lower risk of death from ovarian cancer (HR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.27-0.82). In summary, high folate intake may lessen susceptibility and improve the prognosis of ovarian cancer patients, while the MTHFR 677TT genotype appears to increase ovarian cancer risk and worsen its prognosis in a Chinese population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]