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. Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.)De.Wit is cultivated in Iraq as an ornamental plant .In this paper anatomical characters of different parts of Leucaena leucocephala were studied in details ,the study included the characteristics of the epidermal cells ,as the anticlinal walls and the distribution of stomatal complexes of the leaflet ,stem, calyx and corolla .The ornamentation of cuticle as well as the internal structure of the stem ,pulvinus ,petiole ,leaflet and fruit were described , different types of crystals distribution in different parts of the plant also present .It was found that most characters have a good taxonomic value as a diagnostic characters for this species.

Copyright of Bulletin of Botanical Research is the property of Bulletin of Botanical Research Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To reduce the volume of landfill sludge, a more environmentally friendly technology is used to study the effects of different freeze–thaw–vacuum pretreatment modes. In addition to the cumulative effect of cooling time within different temperature bands, we analyse the temperature difference loss rate of shallow sludge over the period of cooling. During the annular freezing process, the mechanism of ice front formation is revealed by exploring the energy transfer process of landfill sludge. When repeated freeze–thaw–vacuums are performed, the pretreatment modes of a single pre-freeze–thaw and two consecutive pre-freeze–thaws are compared. The superiority of two modes is discussed in the light of local differences in dewatering performance and overall settlement trend characteristics. Furthermore, the final micromorphological structure indicates that the repeated freeze–thaw–vacuum pretreatment mode of sludge is affected by its depth to a certain extent. It is found that factors such as sludge depth and radial water migration have a significant impact on the time accumulative effect and energy transfer of frozen sludge. The sludge treatment mode of two consecutive pre-freeze–thaws has a better effect on the overall dewatering and reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract [Objective] Most species of Phoebe are similar in morphology and the boundaries among species are blurring, making the identification and recognition of species difficult, particularly in the period without flowers and fruits. Micromorphological characteristics of leaves are valuable for the interspecific identification of plants, but studies on Phoebe in this aspect are still scarce. [Methods] In this study, authors observed leaf morphology and micromorphology of eight species and one variant of Phoebe in Hubei Province using stereo microscope and light microscope. For all species, authors measured and analyzed both the quality and quantity properties of stomata and trichomes. The purpose was to provide the basis for the identification and classification of Phoebe. [Results] Four types of leaf shapes were characterized, including large, medium, small, and irregular leaves of Phoebe plants. Trichomes were grouped into thin pubescent, thick pubescent, villous, and mixed pubescent and villous (villous trichomes are mainly found on leaf veins). The trichoid density of P . hunanensis (200 mm-2) differed significantly from P . bournei, P . chekiangensis, and P . sheareri (under 100 mm-2). Shapes of epidermis cells were polygon or irregular, and the anticlinal wall in epidermis cells was classified into straight-curved, sinuolate or undulated. The shape of stomata was wide oval or nearly round. Density of stomatal apparatus was the highest in P . sheareri and the lowest in P . chinensis and P . hunanensis (less than 500/mm2). In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between density and aspect ratio of stoma, as well as density and length of trichome. [Conclusion] The combination of morphological and micromorphological characteristics of leaves not only provided basis for identification and differentiation of the nine species but also provided references for interspecific identification of Phoebe.

Pollen morphology of 12 salt-tolerant grasses (Calamagrostis pseudophragmites, Cenchrus biflorus, Cenchrus ciliaris, Cenchrus pennisetiformis, Cymbopogon jwarancusa, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crus-galli, Saccharum griffithii, Saccharum ravennae, Saccharum spontaneum, and Urochloa ramosa) from the Salt Range was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). The main aim was the elucidation of taxonomic significance of pollen morphology, which might be useful for taxonomists in the identification of halophytic Poaceae taxa. The described pollen morphology is a good source of taxonomic characteristics that can help in species and genera differentiation. The investigated variations in the pollen micromorphological features and exploration of new palynological traits support and strengthen the systematics of Poaceae. The pollen shape of all studied species was sub-spheroidal, and exine ornamentation includes microechinate-areolate (11 spp.) and microechinate (1 spp.). Two types of pollen apertures were reported, i.e., monoporate (11 spp.) and diporate (Cenchrus pennisetiformis). The annulus was found in all species while operculum was observed only in three species. The univariate and multivariate analyses were used to analyze the quantitative data. The highest pollen viability values (%) depicted the adaptability of Poaceae taxa in the salt region. Overall, the pollen characteristics in polar and equatorial view, apertures, annulus, operculum, and surface ornamentation of pollen grains of the family Poaceae are of great taxonomic significance for the species identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollen morphology of 12 salt-tolerant grasses (Calamagrostis pseudophragmites, Cenchrus biflorus, Cenchrus ciliaris, Cenchrus pennisetiformis, Cymbopogon jwarancusa, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crus-galli, Saccharum griffithii, Saccharum ravennae, Saccharum spontaneum, and Urochloa ramosa) from the Salt Range was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). The main aim was the elucidation of taxonomic significance of pollen morphology, which might be useful for taxonomists in the identification of halophytic Poaceae taxa. The described pollen morphology is a good source of taxonomic characteristics that can help in species and genera differentiation. The investigated variations in the pollen micromorphological features and exploration of new palynological traits support and strengthen the systematics of Poaceae. The pollen shape of all studied species was sub-spheroidal, and exine ornamentation includes microechinate-areolate (11 spp.) and microechinate (1 spp.). Two types of pollen apertures were reported, i.e., monoporate (11 spp.) and diporate (Cenchrus pennisetiformis). The annulus was found in all species while operculum was observed only in three species. The univariate and multivariate analyses were used to analyze the quantitative data. The highest pollen viability values (%) depicted the adaptability of Poaceae taxa in the salt region. Overall, the pollen characteristics in polar and equatorial view, apertures, annulus, operculum, and surface ornamentation of pollen grains of the family Poaceae are of great taxonomic significance for the species identification.

This study aimed to determine the change in micromorphological characteristics depending on the species and the climate conditions in some landscape plants grown in areas with different climate conditions. For this purpose, leaf samples of five different woody species from the areas dominated by continental, Black Sea and Mediterranean climates were collected, and the scaled images of these samples were obtained via scanning electron. The stoma length, stoma width, pore length, pore width and stoma density were determined using the measurements conducted on these scaled images. The obtained data were evaluated statistically, and changes in these characteristics depending on the climate and the species were determined. The lowest values for all characteristics, except stoma density, were obtained in the terrestrial climate, whereas the highest values were obtained in plants grown in the Mediterranean climate. In terms of stoma density, the lowest value was obtained in plants grown in the Mediterranean climate, whereas the highest values were obtained in terms of other characteristics, and the highest value was obtained in plants grown in the terrestrial climate, whereas the lowest values were obtained in terms of other characteristics. However, when the changes depending on the species were examined, it was determined that different species react differently depending on the climate type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prevention against the adulteration of traditional Chinese medicine in an accurate way has been long exploring. Vitex trifolia fruit (VTF), as a widely used analgesic in East Asia, has frequently been found to be adulterated with five adulterants, namely Vitex cannabifolia fruit (VCF) (Fam. Verbenaceae), Vitex negundo fruit (VNF) (Fam. Verbenaceae), Piper cubeba fruit (PCF) (Fam. Lauraceae), Euphorbia lathyris seed (ELS) (Fam. Euphorbiaceae), and Vaccinium bracteatum fruit (VBF) (Fam. Ericaceae). In this study, the methods of micromorphological identification, microscopic identification, and chemical analysis were combined to distinguish VTF from its five adulterants comprehensively. As a result, the micromorphological features in terms of fruit or seed epidermis were photographed by stereomicroscopy firstly. Secondly, the microscopic characteristics of various herb powders were captured under light microscopy. Thirdly, 33 nonvolatile components and 124 volatile components in VTF were identified by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC‐Orbitrap‐MS) and comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry (GC × GC–MS), respectively. Furthermore, betulinic acid, persicogenin, and the volatile 4‐(2,2,6‐trimethyl‐bicyclo[4.1.0]hept‐1‐yl)‐butan‐2‐one were screened out to be the specific markers of VTF distinctive from the adulterants. Collectively, VTF and its five adulterants were distinguished successfully by the comparison of micromorphological, microscopic characteristics, and chemical profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Botanical Research is the property of Bulletin of Botanical Research Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The characteristics of particles and microorganisms on leaf surfaces have great significance for the near-surface environment and ecology. Here, fresh leaves of holly and Ligustrum were examined from different functional areas in Qingdao. Environmental scanning electron microscopy was used to observe particles and microorganisms on the leaf surfaces during different seasonal, and Illumina high-throughput sequencing was performed to analyze the phyllosphere bacterial community structure. The results showed that the retention of TSP on leaves in autumn and winter was higher than in spring and summer. The leaves of the two plants were more likely to retain PM 10 and PM 2.5 ; however, the dust retention capacity of holly leaves was higher than that of Ligustrum, especially for particle sizes greater than 10 μm. The numbers of particles on the leaf surfaces along an urban main road were higher than in two other locations, and were greatly affected by ground dust and automobile exhaust emissions. The community structure of phyllospheric microorganisms showed distinct seasonal variation, with different types of fungi, fungal spores, and mycelium observed on the leaf surfaces. Mycelium was more frequently detected on leathery leaves, and fungal spores with even folds were detected on the leaf epidermis of Ligustrum. The relative abundances of phyllospheric microorganisms were highest on leaves from an urban park, explained by a positive effect of humidity on growth. Significant differences in bacterial community abundance were observed between seasons. Specifically, bacterial abundance was highest in spring and lowest in summer. γ-Proteobacteria were the dominant bacteria, and the two plants shared a similar core microbial community. In addition, the phyllospheric bacterial community structure of leaves from urban arterial roads with ground dust pollution was significantly different from the leaves collected from other city areas. Our research results suggest a significant correlation between the leaf-surface particles and microbial community structure on representative plants in different areas of the city, which provides reference information for urban greening activities.

This research aimed to determine changes to some micromorphological characteristics of certain landscape plants grown in areas with different dominant climate types. Leaf samples were collected from eight woody plant species in areas with terrestrial, Black Sea, and Mediterranean climate types in Turkey. Then, scaled images of the collected leaf samples were obtained using SEM. StomaLength, StomaWidth, PoreLength, PoreWidth, and StomaDensity were determined using measurements made on the images. Data were statistically evaluated, and the changes to these characteristics by climate type and species were determined. The results show that the lowest values were for plants grown in the terrestrial climate, while the highest values were for plants grown in the Mediterranean climate for all characteristics except SDEN. For SDEN, the lowest value was for plants grown in the Mediterranean climate, while the highest value was obtained for plants grown in the terrestrial climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]