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The information technology (IT) industry is becoming more widely renowned for its professionals seeking global career opportunities. These individuals independently build careers abroad, often receiving limited economic benefits while facing socially conditioned perceptions from their employers, peers, managers and clients. However, there is little research on how they perceive their personal and social worlds, and use their knowledge, skills and other personal resources to shape their careers in these circumstances. This study explores the meaning of being a foreign professional as understood by the IT professionals themselves by reflecting on their expectations, emotions and interactions with others. In-depth interviews were conducted with 11 non-national professionals working in domestic IT companies in Germany. We used interpretative phenomenological analysis to gain insight through their individual perspectives into their agentic work behaviours and the injustices they perceived. We identified three major themes that explained how participants interpreted their roles in their organisations (reinterpretation), resituated themselves in their interactions with clients (recontextualisation) and changed the way they made sense of their status in their current circumstances (reframing). The experiential themes were discussed in light of literature, while individual nuances led us to identify unexplored features of the studied phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Migrant workers are recognized as a vulnerable group of population in the context of accessibility to healthcare services as they are likely to experience multiple challenges and barriers. This study aimed to assess the awareness and perceived knowledge on health insurance coverage among documented migrant workers in Brunei Darussalam. Methods: This cross-sectional, interviewer-administered study used a pre-designed questionnaire on migrant workers attending the Foreign Worker Health Screening Centre from June until September 2019. Data were analyzed for association between perceived insurance status on health-seeking behavior. Results: The study obtained responses from 469 documented migrant workers (93.8%). 75.1% reported being aware of and having health insurance coverage; and of these, 57.1% were aware of the type of health insurance cover they had. 45.5% and 50.6% had poor knowledge whether their health insurance covered for hospitalization or outpatient expenses, respectively. No significant association was found between the migrant workers' perceived status of insurance and not seeking medical care due to financial barriers (p > 0.05). Conclusions: A high proportion of documented migrant workers in Brunei Darussalam reported knowledge of having health insurance; however, there was lack of awareness on its actual coverage. By including migrants' health in a nation's healthcare governance, the health rights of migrant workers can be addressed thus aiming to achieve universal health coverage for all individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The "Migrants' Approached Self‐Learning Intervention in HIV/AIDS for Tajiks" (MASLIHAT) recruits and trains Tajik labour migrants who inject drugs as peer educators (PEs) in delivering HIV prevention information and encouragement to adopt risk‐reduction norms and practices within their diaspora social networks while reducing their own HIV risk. Methods: The MASLIHAT intervention was tested in Moscow in a cluster‐randomized controlled trial with 12 recruitment sites assigned to either the MASLIHAT intervention or an equal‐time peer‐educator training focused on other health conditions (TANSIHAT). From October 2021 to April 2022, 140 male Tajik migrants who inject drugs were recruited as PEs to attend the 5‐session MASLIHAT training or the TANSIHAT non‐HIV comparison condition. Each participant in both groups recruited two network members (NMs) who inject drugs with the intent to share with them the information and positive strategies for change they had learned (n = 280). All PEs and NMs (n = 420) participated in baseline and follow‐up interviews at 3‐month intervals for 1 year. All received HIV counselling and testing. Modified mixed effects Poisson regressions tested for group differences in injection practices, sexual risk behaviours and heavy alcohol use over time. Results: At baseline, across both groups, 75% of participants reported receptive syringe sharing (RSS), 42% reported condomless sex and 20% reported binge drinking at least once a month. In contrast to TANSIHAT where HIV risk behaviours remained the same, significant intervention effects that were sustained over the 12 months were observed for receptive syringe and ancillary equipment sharing among both MASLIHAT PEs and NMs (p < 0.0001). Significant declines in the prevalence of sexual risk behaviours were also associated with the MASLIHAT intervention (p < 0.01), but not the comparison condition. Binge alcohol use was not affected in either condition; the MASLIHAT intervention had a transitory effect on drinking frequency that dissipated after 9 months. Conclusions: The MASLIHAT peer‐education intervention proved highly effective in reducing HIV‐related injection risk behaviour, and moderately effective in reducing sexual risk behaviour among both PEs and NMs. Network‐based peer education is an important tool for HIV prevention among people who inject drugs, especially in environments that are not amenable to community‐based harm reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Belügyi Szemle / Academic Journal of Internal Affairs is the property of Ministry of Interior of Hungary and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Migrant workers are recognized as a vulnerable group of population in the context of accessibility to healthcare services as they are likely to experience multiple challenges and barriers. This study aimed to assess the awareness and perceived knowledge on health insurance coverage among documented migrant workers in Brunei Darussalam. Methods This cross-sectional, interviewer-administered study used a pre-designed questionnaire on migrant workers attending the Foreign Worker Health Screening Centre from June until September 2019. Data were analyzed for association between perceived insurance status on health-seeking behavior. Results The study obtained responses from 469 documented migrant workers (93.8%). 75.1% reported being aware of and having health insurance coverage; and of these, 57.1% were aware of the type of health insurance cover they had. 45.5% and 50.6% had poor knowledge whether their health insurance covered for hospitalization or outpatient expenses, respectively. No significant association was found between the migrant workers’ perceived status of insurance and not seeking medical care due to financial barriers (p > 0.05). Conclusions A high proportion of documented migrant workers in Brunei Darussalam reported knowledge of having health insurance; however, there was lack of awareness on its actual coverage. By including migrants’ health in a nation’s healthcare governance, the health rights of migrant workers can be addressed thus aiming to achieve universal health coverage for all individuals.

Background and Objective Insufficient sleep associated with long work hours and prolonged smartphone usage is common among migrant workers. Considering their increased recruitment in Bangalore’s (South India) restaurant industry, it is essential to assess their sleep quality and its relationships with work-time and smartphone use. Methods Ninety migrant restaurant workers recruited using a snowball sampling technique were surveyed using a comprehensive semi-structured questionnaire to collect sociodemographic details, work schedules, and smartphone usage patterns. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was utilized to assess sleep quality of these migrant workers (global score of >5 indicated poor sleep quality). Associations between sleep quality, work schedules, and smartphone usage pattern were then assessed using relevant statistical tests. Results The mean age of migrants was 26.4 ± 8.5 years. Their average work-time was 10.1 ± 1.6 hours with an average smartphone use of 60 (30–90) minutes per day. Approximately 22.2% of the population had poor sleep quality according to PSQI. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed significant associations of poor sleep quality with work-time exceeding 10 hours (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 5.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3–21.5), continuous smartphone usage of more than 1 hour (AOR = 5.4; 95% CI = 1.3–22.2), and frequent headaches due to smartphone use (AOR = 23.4; 95% CI = 3.4–161.4). Conclusions This study demonstrated that over one fifth of migrant workers had poor sleep quality, with excessive work-time, prolonged smartphone use, and frequent smartphone-induced headaches predicting a poor sleep quality. Consequently, migrant workers should receive awareness sessions on sleep hygiene and responsible smartphone use.

Abstract Background In Bangladesh, remittances constitute a substantial portion of the country’s foreign exchange earnings and serve as a primary source of income. However, a considerable number of Bangladeshi citizens reside overseas without proper documentation, exposing them to significant challenges such as limited access to healthcare and socioeconomic opportunities. Moreover, their irregular migration status often results in engaging in risky health behaviors that further exacerbate their vulnerability. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the risky health behavior and HIV/STI susceptibility of Bangladeshi irregular international migrants residing across the globe with undocumented status. Methods Using a qualitative Interpretative Phenomenological Approach (IPA), 25 illegal migrants were interviewed who are currently living illegally or returned to their home country. The author used a thematic approach to code and analyze the data, combining an integrated data-driven inductive approach with a deductive approach. Concurrent processing and coding were facilitated by employing the Granheim model in data analysis. Results The study identified four risky health behaviors among irregular Bangladeshi migrants: hazardous living conditions, risky jobs, suicidal ideation, and tobacco consumption. Additionally, the authors found some HIV/STI risk behavior among them including engaging in unprotected sex, consuming alcohol and drugs during sexual activity, and having limited access to medical facilities. Conclusions The findings of this study can be used by health professional, governments, policymakers, NGOs, and concerned agencies to develop welfare strategies and initiatives for vulnerable undocumented migrant workers.

The necessity for financial management skills among migrant workers was underscored by the prevalence of a family member engaging in overseas employment within Indonesian households. This was evident in the imperative role finance played in encouraging migrant employees to maximize their earnings beyond what they could achieve in Indonesia. In this study, the ABCD (asset-based community development) strategy was employed to empower the Japanese IPMI community, utilizing existing community assets for sustainable development. The Indonesian Muslim Nurses Association, a supportive network, facilitated mutual growth and the establishment of ukhuwah Islamiyyah, contributing to a robust community fabric. IPMI served as a pivotal venue for enhancing the community's financial literacy through various levels of community service. Before returning to Indonesia, migrant workers took proactive steps in financial planning, including saving for retirement and other financial goals. Migrant employees, upon joining IPMI, actively recorded costs, tracked income, and projected investments for pension funds through direct practice. This past-tense abstract emphasizes the crucial role of financial empowerment and community support in the journey of migrant workers. The result shows after this community service, many migrant workers aware about financial management and gained a deeper understanding of financial management principles, enabling them to make informed decisions regarding budgeting, saving, and investing.

The increasing prevalence of grandparenting has drawn attention to the effects of this alternative childcare arrangement on children's growth. For Chinese migrant worker families, grandparents are the primary caregivers for the left-behind children. This article examines the factors that contribute to the dominance of grandparenting in these families, highlighting the challenges faced by rural left-behind children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Bangladesh, remittances constitute a substantial portion of the country's foreign exchange earnings and serve as a primary source of income. However, a considerable number of Bangladeshi citizens reside overseas without proper documentation, exposing them to significant challenges such as limited access to healthcare and socioeconomic opportunities. Moreover, their irregular migration status often results in engaging in risky health behaviors that further exacerbate their vulnerability. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the risky health behavior and HIV/STI susceptibility of Bangladeshi irregular international migrants residing across the globe with undocumented status. Methods: Using a qualitative Interpretative Phenomenological Approach (IPA), 25 illegal migrants were interviewed who are currently living illegally or returned to their home country. The author used a thematic approach to code and analyze the data, combining an integrated data-driven inductive approach with a deductive approach. Concurrent processing and coding were facilitated by employing the Granheim model in data analysis. Results: The study identified four risky health behaviors among irregular Bangladeshi migrants: hazardous living conditions, risky jobs, suicidal ideation, and tobacco consumption. Additionally, the authors found some HIV/STI risk behavior among them including engaging in unprotected sex, consuming alcohol and drugs during sexual activity, and having limited access to medical facilities. Conclusions: The findings of this study can be used by health professional, governments, policymakers, NGOs, and concerned agencies to develop welfare strategies and initiatives for vulnerable undocumented migrant workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The largest portion of migrant labor in Thailand originates from Myanmar, with almost half consisting of female workers. Most female migrant workers (MWs) are of reproductive age and often experience physical illnesses, including pregnancy and childbirth. Although access to prenatal care and delivery services for Myanmar MWs has been previously studied, their challenges in accessing other reproductive health services (HSs) have not yet been explored. Purpose: This study aimed to explore problems in accessing health services experienced by women of reproductive age (WRA) who were members of the Myanmar migrant workforce in Thailand. Methods: The present study employed a qualitative research design. The samples consisted of 20 informants aged 18-49 years old, who were Myanmar WRA working as migrant laborers for more than one year. They were subdivided into two groups: 10 participants provided information through in-depth interviews, and the other 10 participated in focus group discussions, with each group comprising 5 individuals. The researchers selected informants using criterion sampling. Data analysis utilized the Diekelmann and Allen method. Results: The findings revealed two general themes, including care ineligibility and problems in accessing health services. The six major issues among Myanmar WRA include inability to purchase or renew health insurance cards (HICs), HIC or social security wage deduction avoidance, communication issues, hospital inexperience, the transit fare, and admission refusal. Conclusion: Despite available health services, migrant women from Myanmar encounter barriers such as inability to purchase health insurance cards, wage deduction concerns, communication issues, hospital unfamiliarity, transportation expenses, and admission refusal. Addressing these barriers through policy interventions and support mechanisms is crucial for enhancing healthcare access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the number of refugees worldwide continues to increase, Human Resource Management (HRM) scholars and practitioners have an opportunity to rethink their role in advancing workforce integration for this highly vulnerable group of jobseekers. In this introduction to a special issue on refugee workforce integration, we argue that in order to promote comprehensive and sustainable solutions, scholars and practitioners alike need to understand refugee employment as a long‐term undertaking. We propose a four‐phase temporal model of refugee workforce integration, highlighting the potential role of HRM at the various stages of the integration process. We identify practical recommendations for HRM professionals to consider and several areas for future research in support of evidence‐based solutions. While our paper focuses specifically on refugee employment, we argue that temporality should be considered by all HRM scholars working within the domain of global mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction The “Migrants’ Approached Self‐Learning Intervention in HIV/AIDS for Tajiks” (MASLIHAT) recruits and trains Tajik labour migrants who inject drugs as peer educators (PEs) in delivering HIV prevention information and encouragement to adopt risk‐reduction norms and practices within their diaspora social networks while reducing their own HIV risk. Methods The MASLIHAT intervention was tested in Moscow in a cluster‐randomized controlled trial with 12 recruitment sites assigned to either the MASLIHAT intervention or an equal‐time peer‐educator training focused on other health conditions (TANSIHAT). From October 2021 to April 2022, 140 male Tajik migrants who inject drugs were recruited as PEs to attend the 5‐session MASLIHAT training or the TANSIHAT non‐HIV comparison condition. Each participant in both groups recruited two network members (NMs) who inject drugs with the intent to share with them the information and positive strategies for change they had learned (n = 280). All PEs and NMs (n = 420) participated in baseline and follow‐up interviews at 3‐month intervals for 1 year. All received HIV counselling and testing. Modified mixed effects Poisson regressions tested for group differences in injection practices, sexual risk behaviours and heavy alcohol use over time. Results At baseline, across both groups, 75% of participants reported receptive syringe sharing (RSS), 42% reported condomless sex and 20% reported binge drinking at least once a month. In contrast to TANSIHAT where HIV risk behaviours remained the same, significant intervention effects that were sustained over the 12 months were observed for receptive syringe and ancillary equipment sharing among both MASLIHAT PEs and NMs (p < 0.0001). Significant declines in the prevalence of sexual risk behaviours were also associated with the MASLIHAT intervention (p < 0.01), but not the comparison condition. Binge alcohol use was not affected in either condition; the MASLIHAT intervention had a transitory effect on drinking frequency that dissipated after 9 months. Conclusions The MASLIHAT peer‐education intervention proved highly effective in reducing HIV‐related injection risk behaviour, and moderately effective in reducing sexual risk behaviour among both PEs and NMs. Network‐based peer education is an important tool for HIV prevention among people who inject drugs, especially in environments that are not amenable to community‐based harm reduction.

This study investigates the economic implications of migration, specifically focusing on the monetary expenses incurred during the migration process and the fundraising methods employed by the Gulf migrant workers from Bihar. The research involved a sample of 400 participants obtained using a three-stage cluster sampling method. The participants were Gulf migrant labourers originating from the Siwan and Gopalganj districts of Bihar. The findings of the chi-square test indicate that both technical education and prior job experience have a significant impact on reducing migration expenses. However, it is worth noting that the process of getting visas through agents is costly, even though the majority of migrant workers rely on the services of agents. The average overall expense for Gulf migration exceeds three times the earnings acquired in the destination country. The regression analysis revealed that several factors, such as the age of migrant workers, technical education, source of visa, level of education, and prior job experience, had a statistically significant influence on the cost of migration. For the fund-raising strategy, migrant labourers rely largely on their parents and social networks. The practice of obtaining funds from moneylenders is still prevalent among migrants. The study sheds light on the key determinants of migration costs for workers and emphasizes the crucial role of social networks and family support in facilitating migration. Additionally, this study offers policy recommendations aimed at reducing the financial burden associated with migration and it proposes that the government should engage in partnerships with financial institutions to establish dedicated lending initiatives for migrant workers, referred to as migration loans.

Abstract Background A high burden of physical, mental, and occupational health problems among migrant workers has been well-documented, but data on undocumented migrant workers are limited and their well-being has rarely been compared to that of the general population. Methods Using data from a cross-sectional survey of non-professional migrant workers in South Korea in early 2021, we described their physical, psychological, social well-being and health behaviors across a wide range of outcomes, including self-rated health, occupational injury, cigarette smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, meal pattern, happiness, mental illness, social support, and social participation. The outcomes were first compared between documented and undocumented migrant workers in generalized linear regressions adjusting for potential confounders. Then, the well-being of the migrant workers was compared against that of the general population using data from the Korean Happiness Survey, which is a nationally representative survey of the South Korean general population conducted in late 2020. The parametric g-formula was performed to adjust for potential confounders. Results After adjusting for potential confounders, the undocumented migrant workers were less likely to be happy or participate in social communities, and much more likely to have anxiety or depression, smoke cigarettes, or engage in heavy alcohol consumption than the documented migrant workers. When compared to the general South Korean population, an evident social gradient emerged for happiness and mental illness; the undocumented experienced the worst outcome, followed by the documented, and then the general population. Also, the undocumented migrant workers were more likely to smoke cigarettes than the general population. Conclusion The undocumented migrant workers face considerably greater challenges in terms of mental health and happiness, demonstrate higher rates of risky health behaviors such as smoking and heavy drinking, and experience a lack of social support and community integration. A stark social gradient in happiness, mental illness, and cigarette smoking exists among the documented, undocumented migrant workers and the general population in South Korea. Socio-structural factors are likely to play a crucial role in contributing to the suboptimal level of overall well-being of undocumented migrant workers. Policy-level interventions as well as interpersonal efforts are in urgent need.

Background: A high burden of physical, mental, and occupational health problems among migrant workers has been well-documented, but data on undocumented migrant workers are limited and their well-being has rarely been compared to that of the general population. Methods: Using data from a cross-sectional survey of non-professional migrant workers in South Korea in early 2021, we described their physical, psychological, social well-being and health behaviors across a wide range of outcomes, including self-rated health, occupational injury, cigarette smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, meal pattern, happiness, mental illness, social support, and social participation. The outcomes were first compared between documented and undocumented migrant workers in generalized linear regressions adjusting for potential confounders. Then, the well-being of the migrant workers was compared against that of the general population using data from the Korean Happiness Survey, which is a nationally representative survey of the South Korean general population conducted in late 2020. The parametric g-formula was performed to adjust for potential confounders. Results: After adjusting for potential confounders, the undocumented migrant workers were less likely to be happy or participate in social communities, and much more likely to have anxiety or depression, smoke cigarettes, or engage in heavy alcohol consumption than the documented migrant workers. When compared to the general South Korean population, an evident social gradient emerged for happiness and mental illness; the undocumented experienced the worst outcome, followed by the documented, and then the general population. Also, the undocumented migrant workers were more likely to smoke cigarettes than the general population. Conclusion: The undocumented migrant workers face considerably greater challenges in terms of mental health and happiness, demonstrate higher rates of risky health behaviors such as smoking and heavy drinking, and experience a lack of social support and community integration. A stark social gradient in happiness, mental illness, and cigarette smoking exists among the documented, undocumented migrant workers and the general population in South Korea. Socio-structural factors are likely to play a crucial role in contributing to the suboptimal level of overall well-being of undocumented migrant workers. Policy-level interventions as well as interpersonal efforts are in urgent need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Over the past 5 years, the number of Vietnamese migrant workers in Japan has grown rapidly to become the largest group of migrant workers in the country. They hold various statuses of residence and are subjected to multifactorial stressors. Aims: The current study's aim is to investigate the association between psychological distress experienced by Vietnamese workers and their work environment. Another aim is to discuss issues involving migrant workers by comparing the characteristics of workers in the major statuses of residence. Methods: The study applied a cross-sectional design, and included a nationwide self-administered online questionnaire that was conducted in Vietnamese in 2022. The questionnaire included the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), workplace interpersonal factors as well as factors related to work and health. A multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate factors associated with psychological distress. Results: Of 933 Vietnamese workers, 37% were grouped as distressed under the K10 cutoff. Fewer opportunities to speak with Japanese co-workers, lower welfare and workload ratings, and the visa statuses including 'Technical Intern Training' were significantly associated with psychological distress. Unexpectedly, those in 'Engineer/Specialist in Humanities/International Services (ESI)' category who are deemed to hold better conditions demonstrated the highest amounts of distress. Conclusion: Outside of unsatisfactory working environments, differing situations depending on status of residence could produce various sources of distress. The difficult aspects of Japan's distinct culture seem to contribute to their distress, especially for those who have more interactions with Japanese co-workers. A push for a multicultural society, where migrant workers can pursue proactive life designs of their own choosing, is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID pandemic exacerbated existing inequalities as well as those between researchers and the researched. This experiential note discusses the ethical dilemmas and practical difficulties that I as a feminist researcher and activist have encountered between 2020 and 2022. This was while in the process of my research as well as engagement with COVID-19-related advocacy work. I argue that, even as one was displaced from one's status as a researcher, these skills were required in advocacy with various branches of the government. Formal research investigations involving fieldwork required that I attend to the needs of the 'researched' through humanitarian outreach and advocacy. Such a displacement of the identity of the researcher, I argue, points to the issues at stake in doing feminist research, even during ordinary times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of migrant workers in Taiwan has been increasing annually. Over the past decade, migrant workers have contributed to the nation's economic growth, particularly in the construction, fishing, nursing, and public service sectors. Although many practitioners and scholars have articulated the significance of managing and understanding the migrant workers' work and living conditions, research on the complex influences targeting their shopping behavior, attachment, and customer loyalty has not been steady. This study aimed to develop and empirically test a framework to examine the effects of store image, service quality, product attributes, and sales promotion on store and brand attachments, affecting customers' loyalty to stores among migrant workers. The study employed the Mehrabian-Russell Model and attachment theory as theoretical bases. Empirical data was collected from 504 migrant workers in Taiwan through the purposive sampling technique using a questionnaire survey. Data analysis, hypotheses testing, and model validation were performed through SmartPLS 3.2.8 statistical software. The findings showed that store image and service quality were positively related to store attachment. Product attributes and sales promotion were positively related to brand attachment. Additionally, store and brand attachments are positively related to customer loyalty. Therefore, store and brand attachment were mediators linking store image, service quality, product attributes, and sales promotion to customer loyalty. According to the findings, the study offers implications and suggestions for researchers and practitioners in the retail sector, especially for retail stores related to migrant workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Derecho is the property of Revista Chilena de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Supporting the social security rights of migrant workers and their family members as a human rights issue has been the focus of many international institutions in the last century. One of the manifestations of this attention is the issue of recognizing and accepting their acquired social security rights; among the examples of acquired social security rights of migrant workers, the contribution periods acquired by them in the country or countries of their previous employment should be considered. Considering the importance of this issue for migrant workers, this paper examines the legal aspects of the international transfer of social security contribution periods. The findings of this research indicate that the international transfer of contribution periods has several conditions, including: membership in the insurance system, residence in the host country, and the existence of an international social security agreement between the migrant worker's origin and destination country. Currently, most of the developing countries are facing various challenges in the field of international transfer of contribution periods, the most prominent of which are: limitations of the internal transfer of contribution periods, differences in the social security system of countries and the negative approach of countries towards concluding agreements between International social security or accession to the documents approved by the United Nations and the International Labor Organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The government has issued laws and regulations regarding the protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers. However, the large number of Indonesian Migrant Workers abroad has led to many problems faced by Migrant Workers. Purpose. In this thesis, the problem is how the protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers according to Law Number 18 of 2017 and how the government's efforts in providing legal protection for Indonesian Migrant Workers. Method. In conducting this research the author uses library research and field research, which is in the form of data collection and is extracted based on literatulism such as, books, print media, electronic media, internet media and interviews, the data is obtained from legal materials related to the Protection of Indonesian Migrants. Results. The results and conclusions of the research show that the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers based on Law Number 18 of 2017, the protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers is all efforts to protect the interests of prospective Indonesian Migrant Workers and / or Indonesian Migrant Workers and their families in realizing the guaranteed fulfillment of their rights in legal, economic and social aspects Conclusion. The government's efforts so far can be seen in the form of laws and regulations issued in response to the needs of Indonesian Migrant Workers. Indicators of the condition of protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers can at least be seen from three aspects, namely pre-placement, placement and post-placement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Everyday leisure creates opportunities for migrant–local encounters and these encounters play important roles in urban migrants' lives as they further their integration into the city. However, migrant workers are not homogeneous, with prominent identifiable differences between generations. This current paper analyses migrant workers' leisure patterns and constraints in Guangzhou, China, with a particular focus on generational differences. Based on survey data collected in 2018, we have identified three leisure patterns, namely Transformed (i.e., higher leisure consumption and longer travelled distance for leisure), Prolonged (i.e., longer leisure time) and Traditional (i.e., lower leisure consumption, shorter leisure time and shorter travelled distance). In addition, significant generational differences are observed: first, while the Transformed Pattern is predisposed to be the new generation's choice, almost half of the first generation retains the Traditional pattern; second, the first generation tends to report more substantial leisure constraints subjectively, but their leisure patterns are contrarily more affected by objective constraint indicators, such as gender, working hours, living with family members and residential location. The new generation is more influenced by subjective constraint indicators such as their attitude towards leisure, lack of like-minded companions or mobility choices. This study contributes to the extant literature by offering a typology of leisure patterns considering multiple dimensions of leisure behaviours, and further revealing the diversification of migrant workers' leisure life in the dynamic urban context. Findings suggest that the two generations may value leisure differently, indicating inevitable lifestyle changes of the newcomers in Chinese cities. Our findings may also provide some suggestions for policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to a lack of stability, there has been an increase in migration from neighboring countries to Turkey since 2012. Hence, with the rising rate of migrant workers, issues concerning the employment and occupational safety of migrant workers have emerged. This study aims to compare the occupational safety perceptions and occupational accident levels of domestic and immigrant workers and to offer suggestions for helping immigrant workers work in a sustainable environment in terms of health and safety. The questionnaire was preferred as the data collection method for the research. A total of 11 questions were prepared to obtain information about the workers, and 25 questions were designed to determine their perceptions of occupational safety, for the 125 immigrants and 937 domestic workers who participated in the study. An independent sample t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and linear regression analysis were used. According to the results of this analysis, the safety perception level of migrant workers is lower than that of domestic workers. The safety perception levels of male, young, and inexperienced individuals are lower than all other groups. Age and education level reduce the occupational accident rate of migrant workers. Conversely, while age decreases the occupational accident level, sectorial experience increases the occupational accident rate for domestic workers. The study also offers some suggestions to boost the health and occupational safety level of immigrant workers sustainably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on a migrant worker with schizophrenia including auditory hallucinations and violent behavior. The worker had returned to Taiwan to quarantine and accept medical treatment. The nursing period was from December 16th, 2020 to January 27th, 2021. The author collect data through case history and discussion which was analyzed with five perspectives of psychiatry, and confirmed nursing problems involving a deficiency in self-care, resistance to following instructions, violent behavior, and perceptual alterations. Given the case was in quarantine, and the nature of the disease, an across-team cooperative nursing plan was started. For instance, insure the cleanliness of the body, comply to quarantine measures, build up therapeutic relationship with the case and provide a safe environment to avoid violence, escape, and any problem situations. Additionally, an attempt was made to teach the case to observe mental states to help separate reality and hallucinations to cope with auditory hallucination. Thus, patient education in Filipino was given to increase medicine-taking obedience. Finally, in order to continue the medical treatment after return to Philippines, video calls was made to contact the case's brother in Philippines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper documents the experiences of two different groups of 'essential' Filipino migrant workers during the pandemic: female domestic workers and male seafarers, each confined in new ways in their work/home situations and spaces. These two categories of workers make up a large proportion of migrants within the Philippines' extensive export labour economy. For domestic workers, the Canadian government virtually stopped processing applications for permanent resident status. Held in limbo in their temporary work status, many domestic workers experienced increased employer control over their movements and their bodies. Seafarers have been no less immobilised, disallowed from leaving their workplace (their ship) when in port or within the normal and expected work period of 9 months at sea. Extended 'shifts' at sea for some seafarers have left other seafarers at home, waiting in the Philippines in precarious situations of loss of income and mounting debt. In the case of both domestic workers and seafarers, the pandemic and a range of state and international regulatory failures and/or gaps have placed temporary workers into new conditions of precarity and into intensified experiences of immobility. We also show how their immobilisation as precarious workers reverberates throughout their families, and across the globe. Drawing on interviews with migrant workers, this essay documents the experiences of two different groups of 'essential' Filipino migrant workers: female domestic workers and male seafarers, each confined in new ways during the pandemic in their work/home situations and spaces. In the case of both domestic workers and seafarers, state and international regulatory failures and/or gaps placed temporary workers into new conditions of precarity and into intensified experiences of immobility. We root these conditions of precarity within histories of the feminisation of Filipino labor and geographies of racial capitalism and empire. We show how immobilisation as precarious workers reverberates throughout the families of domestic workers and seafarers, and across the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In China, betel nut users were initially concentrated in specific regions and ethnic groups. However, in recent years, public health concerns have been raised because betel nuts, addictive substances, have become largely used by Chinese migrant workers. Methods: This study adopts an anthropological fieldwork research methodology to investigate the rise in betel nut consumption among Chinese migrant workers. We observe the everyday lives of migrant workers in the rural-urban area of Wuhan. We use in-depth interviews to understand their psychology and behaviors toward betel nut consumption. Discussion: The study's results indicate that the observed increase in betel nut consumption among migrant workers is not only the result of the spread of betel nuts across regions and groups, but more importantly, it is related to the working and living conditions, social interaction, consumption culture, and masculinity image of migrant workers. The consumption of betel nuts reflects the political-economic structure and socio-cultural background to which Chinese migrant workers belong. Conclusion: The increasing consumption of betel nuts is a social issue that requires thorough research and government engagement. We contend that anthropology research may help identify the social mechanisms incentivizing betel nut consumption and solve the related public health issues among Chinese migrant workers from public policy and social governance perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration affects almost every nation, emphasizing the need to guarantee social security rights for all migrants and their families. This article focuses on the rights of workers who migrate between the countries of the European Union (EU) and the Ibero‐American community. In the EU, social security systems are increasingly coordinated through Regulation No. 883/2004 and its Implementing Regulation No. 987/2009. In the Ibero‐American community, coordination is sought through the Ibero‐American Social Security Convention. Despite convergence between these two international instruments, coordination is still lacking between them. This article presents a comparative analysis to articulate the necessary mechanisms to guarantee coordination, to respect the social security rights of migrant workers. We focus on the cooperation and coordination between regional as well as national systems, specifically looking at the need for and aims of a rapprochement between these two major international coordination instruments to provide greater EU‐Ibero‐American cooperation. Finally, the importance of promoting greater international cooperation in social security policy and administration is highlighted, to engender the adequate protection of the rights as well as the free movement of migrant workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 21st century, migrations have become increasing-ly intense, since they are often planned with a specific goal and could cause major social changes. Unfortunately, since there is no definition of the term ‘migrant’, countries face a particular challenge in protecting migrant workers’ right to work. The International Labour Organization, the Council of Europe, and the European Union have made significant contributions to establishing and developing the migrant worker protection system. At the national level, governments and trade unions contribute to migrant workers’ protection by adopting laws to control migrations. However, with many social, political, and economic factors at play, countries can’t always control immigration within their own territory. The author’s hypothesis is that the position of migrant workers depends significantly on the host country’s im-migration and labour policies. The paper concludes that the application of general provisions prescribed at the international level cannot and does not fully protect the rights of migrant workers. Given this, it is not surprising that certain countries and trade unions have begun to protect their interests by adopting legal regulations to manage mi-gration within their territory. The paper identifies the fear that labour migration will negatively affect trade unions’ image in those countries where trade unions are weak and disjointed, without real power to influence decision-makers. Finally, when analysing the position of migrant workers in the Republic of Serbia, the author points that the motives for labour force emigration from Serbia are extremely strong, so even if certain changes were to be made to labour con-ditions, there would be no reduction in emigration. This is because workers’ motives for emigration go beyond mere dissatisfaction with labour conditions, but are rather linked to their general dissatisfaction with the quality of life in Serbia

This article discusses the challenges of co-infection with Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi, two species of malaria parasites. The article presents a case study of a 39-year-old Burmese man who presented with symptoms of P. vivax infection, but was later found to also have P. knowlesi infection. The article highlights the difficulty in distinguishing between the two species through microscopic examination and emphasizes the importance of molecular diagnostic methods like PCR for accurate identification of mixed infections. The article also mentions the prevalence of P. knowlesi in certain regions and the need for further research on its incubation period. Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of considering co-infection or mixed species in severe cases of P. vivax malaria and the significance of molecular diagnosis for appropriate treatment. [Extracted from the article]

The high number of uneducated Indonesian Female Migrant Workers (FMW) in Taiwan makes migrant workers a vulnerable group to receive discriminatory treatment, to get less access to health services, and to experience sexual violence or harassment. Psychological problems and lack of family support for IMWs are exacerbated by low literacy skills. The aim of this community service training is to improve the IMWs wellbeing. The training was followed by 16 migrant workers. Prior to the training program, the pre-test result showed that the lowest score of the participants was 5 and the highest score was 14. The average score of the participants' pre-test was 9.72. After the training activities were completed, a post-test was conducted to determine if there will be any changes in knowledge. The results of the post-test indicated that the lowest score of participants is 10 and the highest 15. The average post-test score of participants was 13.27. Based on the test results, it can be concluded that there is an increase in the average test score given, with an increase of 3.55. Participants who took part in the training experienced an increase in knowledge related to the topics of the training material provided. Therefore, assessment and training related to language or communication, occupational health, psychosocial health, and job skills training are needed to be improved for the FMW.

This paper explores the question of what traceability systems mean for the labour situation of fishworkers; for whom and in what respects is traceability effective, and what impact do these systems have? The limited social criteria in fishery governance is a core reason for recurrent problems of extreme abuse of fishworkers around the world, including trafficking, forced labour and so called modern slavery. New traceability systems, thus, now include social criteria to advance sustainable fisheries globally. Drawing from a Thai fisheries reform case study, we analyse how the new labour traceability system emerges and is perceived by migrant fishworkers. We base our analysis on interviews, documents and two periods of fieldwork in Thailand. We argue that labour traceability is a double-edged sword. While fishworkers have seen major improvement in limiting extreme abuse, labour traceability has a downsides of state surveillance and costs passed onto workers. Moreover, traceability does not solve underlying problems regarding the complex formalization of migrant workers, working conditions on fishing boats, freedom to change employer or the everyday vulnerability of being a migrant worker. Thus, while labour traceability has promising policy relevance for the integration of labour rights into fisheries governance, it requires contextual underpinning in migrant circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Current models of inclusive workplaces are primarily based on the perceptions of vulnerable workers, whereas attention for employer's perceptions is lacking. This scoping review addresses this issue by mapping the literature that covers employer's perceptions on the application and importance of organisational policies and practices aimed at the inclusion of vulnerable workers. Methods A literature search for qualitative and quantitative research articles was conducted in MEDLINE, Scopus, ProQuest, PsychInfo, Google Scholar and Web of Science. Studies were included when (a) they reported on practices aimed at the inclusion, participation, or rehabilitation of (b) workers with disabilities, a low education or migration background, or who were long-term unemployed, and (c) were based on samples of employers or their representatives. Results The search resulted in 3,134 articles. In total, 38 articles met the inclusion criteria of this study. We identified seven types of inclusive practices to stimulate the inclusion of vulnerable workers that employers applied and/or perceived as valuable: senior management commitment, recruitment and selection, performance management and development practices, job accommodations and redesign of work, supportive culture, external collaborations with other employers, and monitoring. Conclusions Our review identified seven categories of inclusive practices that pertain to all stages of the employee journey of vulnerable workers. These categories move beyond those reported in studies based on employee samples, for instance by highlighting the importance of monitoring and collaborations with other employers. Hence, our findings stress that insight into employers' perceptions about effective measures is crucial to increase labour market participation of vulnerable groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay draws upon a digital ethnography and in-depth interviews with Bangladeshi low-wage migrant workers in Singapore to theorize the COVID-19 outbreak in dormitories housing the workers as a crisis of the consuming city. Building on the concept of extreme neoliberalism, we examine the ways in which the erasure of worker voice as a technique of smart governmentality coded into the "Singapore model" underlies the pandemic outbreak. The in-depth interviews document the ways in which the poor infrastructures for migrant living are already always in crisis because of their exploitative design that maximizes profits while undermining the health, wellbeing, and dignity of workers. In this backdrop, the workers narrate strategies of resistance, enacted in articulations that resist and disrupt the smart propaganda crafted by the authoritarian state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine and manufacturing migrant workers in the new era are side by side cooperation and interaction of the new labor force form. Based on the dynamic survey of China's floating population in 2011 and the data collected by the International Federation of Robotics, the Bartik instrument variable method is used to analyze the impact of industrial robots on the employment quality of the floating population in manufacturing industry at the city level. As the city scale expands, industrial robots have an inverted U-shaped effect on the employment quality of manufacturing migrant workers. Industrial robots have a positive U-shaped influence on the number of hours that migrant workers in manufacturing work, with an inflexion point of 1.3721 units per 10,000 workers. The influence of industrial robots on migrant workers' working conditions in the manufacturing sector was U-shaped, and 1.668 units per 10,000 workers marked the tipping point. Nevertheless, industrial robots have an inverse influence on the occupation stability of migrant workers in the manufacturing industry. Precisely, the installation density of industrial robots in the manufacturing industry has a detrimental impact on the occupational stability of migrant employees. Industrial robots are negatively associated with the working conditions of migrant workers employed in manufacturing. There were detrimental effects on the employment quality of manufacturing migrant workers in cities with higher and lower population densities. In the end, for every manufacturing farmer using an industrial robot, the likelihood of being miserable and almost happy went up by 2.64 percent and 5.59 percent, respectively, while the likelihood of being happy went down by 7.62 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Joni Haryanto,1,2 Ferry Efendi,1,2 Retno Indarwati,1,2 Heri Kuswanto,3 Elida Ulfiana,1,2 Eka Mishbahatul Mar’ah Has,1,2 Gading Ekapuja Aurizki,1,2 Anna Kurniati,4 Wedad M Almutairi5 1Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; 2Community Health, Geriatric and Family Nursing Research Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; 3Department of Statistics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, Indonesia; 4Directorate of Health Workforce Deployment, Directorate General of Health Workforce, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia; 5Faculty of Nursing, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Ferry Efendi, Email ferry-e@fkp.unair.ac.idBackground: Despite the significant number of Indonesian nurses joining the Japanese National Nursing Licensure Examination (JNNLE), only a few of those were successful. Indonesian nurses as one of active migration player to Japan’s market remain a critical support in supporting human resources for health in Japan. However, the successful nurses’ perspectives have yet to be understood entirely. This study aimed to explore the experiences of Indonesian nurses who successfully passed the JNNLE.Methods: This study used a descriptive qualitative approach. The participants were twenty Indonesian nurses who have passed the licensure examination. This study was carried out by semi-structured interviews conducted virtually. The data were analyzed using thematic content analysis.Results: Five themes were discovered in this study: language ability as the key to succeeding in the exam, strategies to passing the exam, supporting resources as factors to increase the passing rate, understanding the nature of nursing exam, and internal motivation to be recognized as a professional nurse in a foreign country.Conclusion: Indonesian nurses who passed the Japanese national nursing licensure examination tend to deploy planned strategies. Honing the language skills while working and living in Japan is very important, while structured support systems in the hospital, government, and social network are imperative to learning the new knowledge in the area of nursing care in Japan.Keywords: Indonesia, Japan, migrant worker, migration, nurse licensure examination, migration policy

Abstract Background Migrant workers are among the most vulnerable populations in society. This study explored the health-literacy experiences of migrant workers in South Korea and how the workers’daily lives have been affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods We conducted a series of semi-structured individual and focus-group interviews with 23 migrant workers (eight Cambodians, six Nepalese, four Sri Lankans, three Bangladeshis, and two Pakistanis) residing in the Daegu and Busan metropolitan areas of South Korea. All interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were analyzed using content analysis. Results Migrant workers had difficulty accessing and using health care services due, in large part, to linguistic barriers and a lack of an adequate support system. Four main themes were identified: difficulty understanding and using medical services, obtaining necessary health and safety information, the impact of COVID-19, and protecting oneself from becoming infected with COVID-19. Most workers depended on information from social networking services (SNS) and co-workers. Conclusions Migrant workers’ difficulty with health care access was exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings suggest the necessity of enhancing migrant workers' health literacy, along with the use of SNS as a viable pathway for sharing health information and resources.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to (i) describe the prevalence of overqualification at work among immigrants in Sweden and (ii) analyze any association between overqualification and the risk of hospitalization for somatic and psychiatric disease among refugees and labor immigrants. METHODS: We performed a prospective register study in a cohort of 120 339 adults who immigrated to Sweden in 1991–2005 and were employed in 2006. Education-occupation status was defined as the combination of an individual’s highest level of education and their occupation skill level. Individuals were followed from 2007 to 2016 with regard to hospitalization for a psychiatric, cardiovascular, respiratory or musculoskeletal disease or diabetes. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated in a multivariate Cox regression analysis adjusted for age, gender, reason for residence and duration of residence. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of overqualification among immigrants with an academic education was 39%. Overqualified individuals had an increased risk of hospitalization for any disease (HR 1.33, 95% CI 1.21–1.46) compared to "job-matched with an academic education". However, the risk estimates were lower than that of "job-matched with no academic education" (HR 1.56, 1.46–1.68). The increased risk of hospitalization for a psychiatric disease of overqualified individuals did not differ from that of job-matched with no academic education. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that being overqualified was associated with poorer health outcomes than job-matched individuals with an academic education. Considering the high prevalence of overqualification in immigrants, this constitutes a concern, for both society and individuals.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated time trends in occupational exposure to various chemicals in Sweden and the distribution across demographic and labor market sectors. METHODS: Exposure to six chemicals was investigated from 1980 to 2013 by application of a job exposure matrix to national population registers. Respirable crystalline silica (RCS), diesel engine exhaust, welding fumes, wood dust, chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents, and lead were selected to represent different groups of chemicals. Trends in exposure prevalence were investigated by linear regression and compared to the occupationally active population. Confidence intervals for the rate of change over time were obtained by bootstrapping. RESULTS: The proportion of workers born outside the Nordic countries increased over time in those exposed to RCS, diesel exhaust and wood dust. There was a shift of exposed jobs to small companies (

We report a case of ‘tennis racket sign’ in the chest radiograph of a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). This graphic but relatively unknown sign helped us pinpoint the diagnosis. Our patient, a 24-year-old male migrant worker, presented with a five-month history of a racking cough with expectoration of blood-streaked sputum. No antecedent fever existed, but he had a concomitant loss of appetite and weight. He was seen in three different primary care facilities, and three chest radiographs were performed. These radiographs were reported as normal, with no overt evidence of pulmonary infection. Antibiotics were not useful. We believed that the history and our finding of scattered, fine crepitations in both upper zones of the lungs warranted a repeat chest radiograph. This demonstrated shadowing that we recognised as the tennis racket sign. We told the patient that the radiological shadow pointed to the diagnosis of PTB. We were able to convince the patient and his employer that the bacteriological presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis needed to be confirmed by sputum acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear and culture. Sputum AFB smears on three different days were positive. Because of financial constraints, the patient requested referral to the government Chest Clinic (Klinik Dada) for treatment. This case report highlights a good learning point for the primary care physician evaluating a chronic cough with a chest radiograph. A ‘normal-looking’ chest radiograph does not rule out PTB. PTB may manifest radiographic patterns we are not familiar with; the tennis racket sign is a good case in point.

OBJECTIVES: Evidence suggests that precarious employment can have detrimental effects on workers’ health, including mental health. Migrant workers are discussed to be especially vulnerable to such effects. Thus, we systematically reviewed existing research on the association between precarious employment and migrant workers’ mental health. METHODS: Three electronic databases (Web of Science, PsycINFO and PubMed/Medline) were searched for original articles on quantitative and qualitative studies published from January 1970 to February 2022 in English, German, Turkish and Spanish. Multiple dimensions of precarious employment were considered as exposure, with mental health problems as outcomes. Narrative synthesis and thematic analyses were performed to summarize the findings of the included studies along with risk of bias and quality assessment. RESULTS: The literature search resulted in 1557 original articles, 66 of which met the inclusion criteria – 43 were of high quality and 22 were of moderate quality. The most common exposure dimensions analyzed in the studies included temporariness, vulnerability, poor interpersonal relationships, disempowerment, lacking workers’ rights and low income. The outcome measures included stress, depression, anxiety and poor general mental health. The prevalence of these outcomes varied between 10–75% among the included quantitative studies. All qualitative studies reported one or more dimensions of precarious employment as an underlying factor of the development of mental health problems among migrants. Of 33 quantitative studies, 23 reported evidence for an association between dimensions of precarious employment and mental health. CONCLUSION: The results of this review support the hypothesis that precarious employment is associated with migrant workers’ mental health.

Bac kground: Temporary foreign workers (TFWs) in Canada became the focus of public and media scrutiny in 2013 for allegedly replacing Canadian workers. One group of workers escaped the same scrutiny despite working in similar occupational categories--International Experience Canada (IEC) participants, primarily white, young workers from a variety of European countries, Australia, and New Zealand. Analysis: This article explores the significance of the spectre of whiteness to contemporary Canadian migration governance and employs critical discourse analysis, paying attention to the tone of select front-page coverage of the IEC program in two Canadian and two Irish news outlets. Conclusions and implications: The limited coverage of ethnically white IEC participants shielded them from the negative scrutiny experienced by racialized TFWs. "Irish" became a stand-in for the infinite variability of whiteness in Canadian nationhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of its aging population, China initiated in 2012 a relaxed birth control policy after a three‐decades‐long implementation of the restrictive one‐child policy. This paper examines how China's relaxed birth control policy leads to gender inequality. It specifically focuses on migrant workers because they account for a significant portion of the working group. Using the National Migrant Population Dynamic Monitoring Survey from 2014 to 2016, we found that China's two‐child pilot policy reduced female labor force participation by 1.4 percentage points. This negative effect was more pronounced for women with higher educational levels or working in the private sector because employers foresee greater risks of productivity decline. We demonstrated that the gender pay gap increased from RMB956 to RMB1,053 during this same period. Pinpointing these unintended consequences brought about by the relaxation of the one‐child policy helps provide a more complete picture of inequality and make sense of persistent relative poverty in Chinese society. To counteract gender discrimination, females are advised to work outside their home jurisdictions and take advantage of positive peer effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]