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The relationship between microbial communities and mineralogical/mechanical changes was studied regarding the biodeterioration of Portland cement (PC) and calcium sulfoaluminate cement (CSAC) in a wastewater treatment plant. An in situ experiment was conducted by submerging 12 independent PC and CSAC specimens in a sand-trap structure for 10, 30, 75, 150, and 240 days. The microbiological analyses of the 16S rRNA genes of bacteria and Archaea from the biofilms and the geochemical analysis were performed on the studied specimens. The results showed that while there were characteristic changes in PC specimens over time, CSAC specimens showed few biodeterioration effects. The dominant bacteria identified from the biofilms of specimens belonged to the classes of Gammaproteobacteria (8.4–32.4%), Bacilli (1.6–21.6%), Clostridia (4–15.4%), Bacteroidia (2–18.8%), Desulfovibronia (0.5–19%), Campylobacteria (0.4–26.8%), and Actinobacteria (1.8–12.8%). The overall relative abundance of the bacteria linked to biodeterioration processes increased to more than 50% of the total bacterial communities after 75 days of sewage exposure and was found to be strongly correlated with several PC deterioration parameters (e.g., mass loss, calcite and ettringite minerals), whereas no significant correlation was revealed between these genera and CSAC characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of thermoactivated hardened cement powder (HCP) is the basis for studying the performance of thermoactivated recycled concrete powder (RCP). Previous studies have mostly focused on thermoactivated RCP, while thermoactivated HCP is taken as the research object in this paper. The effects of different thermoactivated conditions on the mass loss rate, density, initial and final hardening time, standard consistency water powder ratio, and compressive strength of the test block made from thermoactivated HCP were studied. Furthermore, the mineral composition, microstructure, chemical elements, hydration heat, and hydration products of thermoactivated HCP made from different thermoactivated conditions were analyzed. The test results indicated that the average initial harden time of the 600, 800, 1000, and 1200 °C of thermoactivated HCP are 15, 1160, 85, and 13 min, respectively. In terms of phase change of HCP at different heating temperatures, when the heating temperature reached 800 °C, the diffraction peaks of C-S-H and CaCO3 disappear, while the diffraction peaks of C3S, β-C2S, and αC2S began to appear. AFt and Hydrotalcite are completely decomposed and C-S-H loses adsorbed water with temperature from 35.9 to 201.7 °C. Ca(OH)2 is completely decomposed with temperature from 413.3 to 457.4 °C. CaCO3 is completely decomposed with temperature from 457.4 to 731.6 °C. In terms of changes in the proportion of chemical elements after hydration of thermoactivated HCP, the values of Ca/Si of hydrated cement is 1.78. The average values of Ca/Si after hydration of 1000 and 1200 °C thermoactivated HCP are 3.32 and 3.33, respectively, while the average values of Ca/Si after hydration of 600 and 800 °C thermoactivated HCP are 2.74 and 2.6. These research conclusions provide a foundation for the application of thermoactivated HCP. HIGHLIGHTS: The mass loss rate, density, and compressive strength of hardened cement powder made from different heating conditions were studied. The standard consistency water powder ratio, initial and final hardening time of hardened cement powder made from different thermoactivated conditions were analyzed. The mineral composition, microstructure, chemical elements, hydration heat, and hydration mechanism of hardened cement powder made from different thermoactivated conditions were revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the suboptimal physical properties and distinctive geological conditions of deep coalbed methane reservoirs, any reservoir damage that occurs becomes irreversible. Consequently, the protection of these deep coalbed methane reservoirs is of paramount importance. This study employs experimental techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and micro-CT imaging to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the pore structure, mineral composition, fluid characteristics, and wettability of coal seams 3# and 15# in the northern Qinshui Basin of China. The objective is to elucidate the types of reservoir damage induced by fracturing fluid intrusion along with potential contributing factors. This research is critical for ensuring safe drilling practices, effective gas injection, and efficient development strategies for coalbed methane reservoirs. The findings indicate that the mineral composition of the coal rock consists of 18.52% clay minerals, 34% quartz, and 8.98% calcite. Furthermore, hydrophilicity and natural fractures within the coal rock may lead to water-sensitivity, velocity- sensitivity, alkali- sensitivity, and acid- sensitivity damages to the coalbed methane reservoir. There exists good compatibility between fracturing fluids and both coal rock as well as formation water. The fine particles generated from hydraulic fracturing are prone to transport through the coal seam while obstructing pore throats. Thus exhibiting pronounced velocity sensitivity characteristics in this reservoir type. Coal rock demonstrates pronounced stress sensitivity. As the effective stress escalates from 2 MPa to 10 MPa, there is a marked decrease in the permeability of coal rock. With increasing effective stress, the pore structure and natural fractures within the coal rock are compressed more tightly, resulting in a diminished permeability of the coal rock. When exposed to fracturing fluid saturation, not only does the volume of these particles expand but they can also cause blockages that result in up to a 60% reduction in fracture flow capacity. These insights are vital for optimizing fracturing designs aimed at protecting reservoir integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the influencing factors of the shear failure behavior of rock joints, especially the shear instability characteristics, direct shear tests were performed on marble joints with various grain sizes under different constant normal loads (CNLs). The experimental results show that the grain size and CNL have significant effects on the shear mechanical properties of rock joints. The peak shear strength (τp), peak shear displacement (up), post-peak modulus (S), and stress drop (Δτ) of rock joints all increase first and then decrease with the increase in grain size, but they increase with the increase in CNL. The mineral composition and microstructure also have a certain influence on the shear mechanical properties of rock joints. In addition, the post-peak soften modulus (Sp) was proposed to describe the shear instability characteristics of rock joints, and its relationship with grain size and CNL was established. The mechanical model of the shear instability of rock joints was established, and the shear instability criterion of rock joints was proposed based on the stiffness criterion and the proposed post-peak soften modulus (Sp). This paper further reveals the shear instability mechanism of rock joints, which can provide a reference for the stability analysis of jointed rockmass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scarcity, unstable nutritional quality and environmental cost of imported forages in arid insular regions like Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands (Spain) need exploring sustainable local alternatives. This study evaluated the nutritional quality of twelve native and endemic plant species categorized into legumes, grasses, and a mixed group, cultivated under controlled conditions. The bromatological profiles, focusing on fiber, protein, lipids, and minerals, showed significant differences among plants in key parameters of forage quality: neutral detergent fiber (NDF; 24.2–71.3%), acid detergent fiber (ADF; 9.0–40.5%), acid detergent lignin (ADL; 2.0–15.8%), crude protein (CP; 6.1–20.9%), total lipids (TL; 1.5–6.3%), ash content (25.4–88.6%), enzymatic organic matter digestibility (EOMD; 5.9–10.9 MJ/kg), metabolizable energy (ME; 5.9–10.9 MJ/kg), and relative feed value (RFV; 74.8–317.9). Among lipids, all species had a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; 34.7–63.1% of total fatty acids), mainly α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3 n-3; 24.8–54.4%) and linoleic acid (LA; 18:2 n-6; 6.4–25.0%). Other beneficial lipid molecules for animal health such as γ-linolenic acid (GLA; 18:3 n-6), stearidonic acid (SDA; 18:4n-3) and phytosterols (PTS) were detected in specific species. Mineral composition analysis revealed that only Ca, Na, Fe and Cu levels were near or above the established maximum tolerable levels (MTLs) in some species. According to literature, most of the species had a similar or slightly lower nutritional value compared to conventional forages such as alfalfa. Thus, the evaluated native species pool could serve as alternative feed for ruminants during forage shortages, suggesting their combined use to improve livestock health and product quality. This research emphasizes the untapped potential of native plant biodiversity to enhance sustainable agro-livestock practices in arid regions, supporting livestock nutrition and conserving unique botanical heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal conductivity is a decisive parameter in all geothermal applications. In addition to the influencing factors of density, saturation, porosity, temperature and pressure, it is, above all, the geochemical and mineralogical composition that determines the thermal conductivity in rocks and soils. This study focuses on selected rock samples from Southern and Central Germany regarding major element oxides and minerals as well as distributed thermal conductivity. We examined clastic and chemical sedimentary, as well as igneous and metamorphic rocks, ranging from the Paleozoic to Cenozoic age. Measurements were conducted by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and optical scanning with a thermal conductivity scanner (TCS). The results show significant correlations between thermal and geochemical parameters. Chemical composition significantly impacts thermal conductivity. Higher quartz and SiO2 contents generally lead to increased thermal conductivity, while aluminum silicates, common in clay minerals, correlate with lower conductivity. For carbonates, increased density or reduced porosity enhances conductivity. Structural differences and differing mineral concentrations influence the measurement variability along the sampling axis. This is especially visible in clastic sedimentary rock samples, where porosity decreases while cementation of the matrix increases thermal conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-based medicines have garnered attention in natural product research for years due to their potential for managing diabetic problems. In this study, rats with alloxan-induced diabetes were used to examine the effects of mineral-enriched Artocarpus heterophyllus seed oil (AhSO) on lipid profiles and redox signalling. Following chemical analysis on AhSO, 36 albino rats were divided into six groups (A-F of n=6). Group A: The typical controls received food and water. Groups B-F: One intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg body weight of alloxan was used to induce diabetes. Group B, the negative control, was not given any treatment. Group C (treated with 1000 mg/kg body weight of metformin). For 28 days, groups D-F received daily dosages of AhSO at 2.5 mL/kg, 5.0 mL/kg, and 7.5 mL/kg. According to the results, the mineral compositions of AhSO were 80.34 (Ca), 79.78 (K), 62.90 (Mg), 52.87 (Na), 3.01 (Fe), 1.33 (Zn), 0.58 (P), 0.34 (Cu), and 0.13 (Mn) in decreasing order of concentration in mg/100 g. Furthermore, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-C), catalase (CAT) activity, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), malondialdehyde (MDA), LDL-C (LDL-C), triglycerides, and total cholesterol were significantly (p < 0.05) lowered in treated than in untreated diabetic rats. This study proposed that AhSO may have mitigated lipid profiles and redox signaling in diabetic rats due to its enhanced mineral composition. Thus, we suggest that AhsO may be explored as a potential nutraceutical to treat diabetic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas hydrate (GH) is an unconventional resource estimated at 1000--120,000 trillion m³ worldwide. Research on GH is ongoing to determine its geological and flow characteristics for commercial production. After two large-scale drilling expeditions to study the GH-bearing zone in the Ulleung Basin, the mineral composition of 488 sediment samples was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Because the analysis is costly and dependent on experts, a machine learning model was developed to predict the mineral composition using XRD intensity profiles as input data. However, the model's performance was limited because of improper preprocessing of the intensity profile. Because preprocessing was applied to each feature, the intensity trend was not preserved even though this factor is the most important when analyzing mineral composition. In this study, the profile was preprocessed for each sample using min-max scaling because relative intensity is critical for mineral analysis. For 49 test data among the 488 data, the convolutional neural network (CNN) model improved the average absolute error and coefficient of determination by 41% and 46%, respectively, than those of CNN model with feature-based preprocessing. This study confirms that combining preprocessing for each sample with CNN is the most efficient approach for analyzing XRD data. The developed model can be used for the compositional analysis of sediment samples from the Ulleung Basin and the Korea Plateau. In addition, the overall procedure can be applied to any XRD data of sediments worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of fruit by-products to develop new food products could be an advantageous approach to meet the demand for healthy foods and reduce food waste. In this study, the amino acid and mineral profiles of melon peel flour were evaluated. Non-essential/toxic elements were also determined. Furthermore, two formulations (biscuit and muffin) were developed with 50% and 100% melon peel flour, respectively. The bioaccessibility of essential minerals in these two formulations was also determined. These innovative products presented interesting contents of amino acids and high levels of minerals, contributing significantly to daily mineral requirements, mainly magnesium (18–23%), phosphorus (13–28%), molybdenum (14–17%), and manganese (10–13%). Regarding the in vitro bioaccessibility of minerals in the developed formulations, magnesium, manganese, sodium, and phosphorus were those with the highest values (75–108%). Based on these results, melon peel has the potential to improve global food security, nutrition, economic well-being, and overall health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp are widely recognized as a nutritious and flavorful food choice due to their tender and delicious meat. This study evaluated the nutritional composition of three economically important shrimp species: Penaeus merguiensis, Penaeus monodon, and Penaeus indicus, collected from the coastal areas of Pakistan. All shrimp species were found to be high in protein and low in fat content. The ratio of essential amino acids (EAAs), non-essential amino acids (NEAAs), and total amino acids (TAAs) varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05) among species, with P. indicus showing slightly higher values. Regarding fatty acid analysis, total saturated fatty acid content was found to be 35.04% in P. merguiensis, 52.43% in P. monodon, and 44.77% in P. indicus. Similarly, the polyunsaturated fatty acid content was found to be 26.24%, 26.77%, and 24.74%, in P. merguiensis, P. monodon, and P. indicus, respectively. Based on nutrient yield, P. monodon stands out as the most nutrient-dense species, followed by P. indicus and P. merguiensis. Overall, the present study suggests that all shrimp species can be used as a healthy choice of food and a good source of animal protein for human consumption. These findings provide valuable insights into the role of shrimp in promoting a healthy and balanced diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the valorisation of edible mushrooms from the province of Taza, Morocco, the present study, carried out for the first time, aims to evaluate the mineral composition, phenolic content, antibacterial activity and self‐preservation potential of wild Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. from Taza. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES) determined the mineral salt content. We performed aqueous extractions using decoction, infusion and maceration, as well as hot and cold organic extractions with ethanol, acetone and diethyl ether. We then carried out a qualitative and quantitative analyses of the chemical composition. The antibacterial activity of the aqueous and organic extracts was studied using the disc diffusion method and by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and bactericidal concentrations (MBCs). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyse the correlation between the chemical composition and antibacterial activity. Mineral analysis showed that the mushroom is rich in minerals, especially K (3578.4), Fe (2969.16), P (1818.66) and Mg (183.657) mg/kg dry matter. Quantitative analysis showed that the diethyl ether extract had the highest flavonoid content (846.07 ± 1.87 mgEQ/gE), the aqueous macerated extract was the richest in polyphenols (20.51 ± 0.45 mg EAG/gE) and the acetone extract had the highest catechic tannin content (17.13 ± 1.10 mgEC/gE). A study on antibacterial activity demonstrated that the decocted was bactericidal against Proteus mirabilis, while the aqueous macerated extract was bactericidal against Bacillus subtilis. The macerated diethyl ether extract was bacteriostatic against Proteus mirabilis, whereas the ethanolic extract was bactericidal against Staphylococcus aureus. This study showed that this mushroom is abundant in minerals and phenolic compounds, demonstrating its nutritional and therapeutic interest. In addition, this mushroom has antibacterial potential, which provides it the ability to protect itself against infection by pathogenic bacteria during storage and commercialization. PCA correlated the richest extracts in phenolic compounds and antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mineral composition in coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs significantly influences fracture morphology, making the description of reservoir heterogeneity challenging. This study develops a fracture propagation model for CBM reservoirs that incorporates the varying mineral properties within the reservoir's lithology. Dynamic logging data are considered to characterize rock mechanical properties, which form the basis for in situ stress estimation. Using an adjusted critical circumferential stress calculation for coal rock, the model considers the impact of complex lithology on fracture propagation. A comprehensive fractal index is introduced to capture the influence of different minerals on fracture morphology and propagation randomness. Models representing clay, quartz, and pyrite with varied compositions were constructed to explore the effects of each mineral on fracture characteristics. In single-component models, clay-rich reservoirs exhibited the highest induced fracture density, with quartz and pyrite showing approximately 65% and 20% of the fracture density observed in clay, respectively. Fractures primarily propagated toward quartz-rich regions, while pyrite significantly inhibited fracture growth. In mixed-mineral models, increasing the quartz proportion by 40% resulted in a 20 m increase in fracture length and a 30% reduction in fracture density. Fractures predominantly propagated around pyrite boundaries, demonstrating pyrite's resistance to fracture penetration. Clay and quartz promote fracture development, whereas pyrite hinders fracture formation. The fracture inversion model presented here effectively captures the influence of complex mineral distributions on fracture morphology, offering valuable insights for optimizing fracturing production strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent years, the consumption of energy drinks (EDs) by adolescents and young adults has increased significantly, so concerns have been raised about the potential health risks associated with excessive ED consumption. Most analyses on EDs focus on the caffeine content. Research on the content of minerals (essential and toxic) in energy drinks can be considered scarce. Therefore, there is a need for research stating the actual status of heavy metal content in commercially available energy drinks. Methods: This research presents the determination of the total concentrations of macro-elements and trace elements (TEs), such as Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, B, Zn, V, Sr, Ba, Pb, Cd, and As in nine samples of energy drinks using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) techniques. Results: The order in the content of macro-minerals in the EDs was as follows: Na > K > Mg > Ca. The results showed that ED 1, ED 3, and ED 7 samples had the highest micro-mineral concentrations. All the samples had a hazard quotient and hazard index < 1, indicating no non-carcinogenic risk from exposure to single or multiple heavy metals in both the adolescent and adult age groups. Some samples exceeded the threshold limit of acceptable cancer risk for As, Ni, and Cr in both adolescents and adults. Conclusions: This assessment showed that in addition to health implications based on the caffeine content of EDs, there might be a carcinogenic risk associated with the toxic element content of these beverages. This research also highlights notable differences in the TE levels among various ED brands, which may have important implications for consumer well-being and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A patty is a crushed, compacted and flattened small cake of ground meat (beef) or fish or legumes, grains, vegetables, or meat alternatives usually fried. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the mineral characteristics and organoleptic properties of Musa balbisiana (wild banana) pseudostem collected from San Francisco, Mainit, Surigao del Norte and Philippines incorporated into patty formulations using appropriate standard procedures. The study employed a completely randomized design with five treatments replicated three times, where patties were formulated with different proportions of M. balbisiana pseudostem core (MB): T1: Flour-based T2: MB 100% T3: MB 75% T5: MB 50% T5: MB 25%. The pseudostem core showed the following chemical contents in ppm: Potassium-106,451, phosphorus-3,682, calcium-3,817, and magnesium-2,977. Sensory evaluation by 50 semitrained panelists showed that MB 75% achieved optimal results, performing comparably or superior to the control in several attributes, notably surpassing it in color (8.49 vs. 8.14, p<0.05) and texture (8.39 vs. 7.78, p<0.05) ratings while maintaining high acceptability in appearance (7.59), aroma (7.41), and taste (7.61). Correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships between appearance and aroma (r = 0.988) and general acceptability (r = 0.942). At the same time, mineral content showed consistent moderate negative correlations with taste (r = -0.697) and general acceptability (r = -0.497). These findings demonstrate that M. balbisiana pseudostem core can effectively replace up to 75% of flour in patty formulations while maintaining or enhancing sensory qualities, significantly advancing sustainable ingredient utilization in food product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opuntia ficus-indica, also known as the prickly pear, is a cactus belonging to the Cactaceae family. For centuries, this remarkable plant has been valued for its medicinal, environmental, and culinary uses. The primary objective of this research is to examine and contrast the chemical composition, functional attributes, and nutritional significance of Opuntia ficus-indica cladodes sourced from three distinct regions in Morocco: Oulad Boubker, Imzouren, and Skoura. According to the results, moisture content differs significantly between the three sites, from 88.21 ± 0.20% to 92.11 ± 0.10%, with an acid pH value. While the ash content remained consistent across all three samples. Carbohydrate content ranging from 55.40 ± 0.08% to 55.90 ± 0.60%, fat content from 2.30 ± 0.21 to 2.62 ± 0.09, protein from 7.54 ± 0.03% to 9.07 ± 0.16%, crude fibers from 20.52 ± 1.87% to 21.00 ± 0.20%, and soluble fibers from 15.08 ± 0.16% to 16.33 ± 1.25%. Additionally, total chlorophyll content varied between 102.64 ± 8.93 and 144.80 ± 3.08 mg.100 g−1 DM. The functional properties showed considerable differences between the three samples: the water holding capacity ranged from 109.58 ± 0.11 to 174.95 ± 0.06 g water.100 g−1 DM, the oil holding capacity from 129.27 ± 0.39 to 146.51 ± 0.39 g oil.100 g−1 DM and the solubility index from 25.75 ± 0.60 to 33.18 ± 0.15 g solids.100 g−1 DM. Mineral analysis revealed significant differences based on location. The concentrations of potassium exhibited a considerable elevation compared to those of magnesium, calcium, sodium, iron, and zinc. Moreover, the existence of diverse organic functional entities, including alcohols, ketones, and acids, was authenticated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. A differential distribution of the chemical composition of cladodes according to region was confirmed by nutritional, mineral and functional characterization and functional groups of cladodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee, one of the most consumed beverages globally, is a significant source of antioxidants. The present study investigated the mineral content, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity of coffee extracts prepared by room temperature maceration and hot water infusion. The results showed the influence of the preparation method on the analyzed parameters, demonstrating that Robusta green coffee has a superior antioxidant activity to Arabica. However, after roasting, Arabica outperformed Robusta in antioxidant activity. Antimicrobial activity was effective against Gram-negative bacteria, moderate against Gram-positive bacteria, and weak against fungi for roasted coffee samples. Mineral content, performed by atomic absorption spectrometry, showed the presence of beneficial elements such as Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg, K, and Na, confirming that both types of green coffee contain only healthy substances without harmful metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although finger millet is considered the future food, there are currently very few reports on how it reacts to salinity stress. This study aimed to compare the responses of twenty-seven native finger millet landraces under salt stress (0 mM to 250 mM NaCl in Hoagland solution). The degree of germination, seedling growth, biomass output, carotenoid content, membrane damage, and mineral accumulation were used to assess stress tolerance. With an increase in NaCl concentration, all landraces saw a drop in biomass production, shoot length, root length, and germination percentage. The decline was greater in ST-JA-SM and less in ST-JA-WA among landraces. All of the landraces showed a decrease in carotenoid content (108.76 ± 7.56 to 1.96 ± 0.83 µg mg−1 FW) with increasing salt concentration, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) content (0.17 ± 0.05 to 8.36 ± 0.53 µM g−1 FW) was found to be increasing due to the stress imposed by salinity. The salt stress-sensitive landraces ST-JA-SM had greater MDA than the salt stress-tolerant ST-JA-WA. NaCl stress increased sodium and potassium levels in the seedlings of all the landraces. The magnitude of Na+ and K+ ions accumulation was higher in ST-JA-WA and less in ST-JA-SM. The salt tolerance indices for K+ ranged from 0.94 to 1.19, and that of Na+ ranged from 0.71 to 1.51. Combined these findings suggest that ST-JA-SM is stress-sensitive and ST-JA-WA is a stress-tolerant landrace that can be exploited in crop improvement programs. Additionally, it can be used as a participant in research on stress tolerance alleviation with noble elements like silicon or selenium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the development of a high-quality functional bread, it is of crucial importance to find a compromise between improving the functional value of the product and impairing its quality. Therefore, the primary aim of this work was to define the effects of carob pulp powder (CP; 10–20% on flour basis) on the rheological behavior of dough and quality parameters of bread. The introduction of CP caused a major increase in dough resistance to extension while significantly decreasing dough extensibility, resulting in a lower volume with a denser crumb structure of the obtained bread samples. The negative effects of the CP on the dough and bread characteristics were partially compensated by the addition of dry sourdough (DS) as an improver at the level of 5–10% (flour basis). It was determined that by combining 15% CP and 10% DS, bread of very good sensory quality can be produced. The content of total dietary fiber (6.48 g), Mn (0.76 mg) and Cu (0.21 mg) per 100 g of the mentioned bread was sufficient for the nutritional claims "high in fiber", "high in manganese" and "source of copper". The obtained bread had a content of total phenols 10 times higher than the control and 5.5, 12 and 26 times higher antioxidant activity determined by FRAP, DPPH and ABTS tests, respectively. Moreover, microbiological tests confirmed the durability of the bread with 15% CP and 10% DS of up to seven days. Therefore, carob pulp powder can be successfully applied in the production of bread whose characteristics are adapted to modern trends in nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since plant's edible parts are one of the most important sources of nutrition, agronomic biofortification plays a huge role in overcoming mineral deficiency worldwide. The field-based research trial was set up in 2 years (2020 and 2021) with seven different treatments of foliar Zn and Se biofortification: 1. control (without Se or Zn solutions); 2. Se_1 treatment: 10 g/ha Se; 3. Se_2 treatment: 20 g/ha Se; 4. Se_3 treatment: 30 g/ha Se; 5. Zn_1 treatment: 3 kg/ha Zn; 6. Zn_2 treatment: 6 kg/ha Zn; 7. Se_3 Zn_2 treatment: 30 g/ha Se + 6 kg ha Zn. There were six soybean varieties of the 00 to I maturity group (Ika, Korana, Lucija, Sonja, Sunce, and Toma) included in the study, which originated from the Agricultural Institute Osijek, Croatia. After sampling the plants at the harvest, the macro- and micronutrient status in the grain, pods, leaves, and stems were determined, as well as nutrient removal by the plant. In general, biofortification treatment has a very significant influence (p < 0.001) on both Zn and Se accumulation in soybean grain and the removal of the elements within all above-ground organs. The highest increments of Zn in the soybean grain were determined at the Zn_2 treatment, which was 43% higher than the control treatment. The Toma variety accumulates the highest Zn in the grain (61.47 mg/kg), and the Lucija variety accumulates the highest Se (1070.71 µg/kg). The Se content in the soybean grain was the highest at the Se_3 treatment, where it was 53 times higher compared to the control. The linear regression showed that for each kg Zn and g Se applied, the grain status increased by 3.18 mg/kg and 338.71 µg/kg, respectively. The highest Zn nutrient use efficiency (NUE) of foliar biofortification for grain (2.6%) and vegetative mass (4.4%) was with 3 kg/ha (Zn_1). Generally, for all the Se treatments, it was found that the seed and vegetative mass yields of 4.0 t/ha have average Se NUE, around 38%, and vegetative mass of around 6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comprehensive information on sediment mineral composition is helpful in the design and development of hydropower projects. The present study reports the matrix flushing approach for quantitative sediment mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the Bhagirathi river basin. Fifteen locations were selected, and sediment samples were collected from the bank deposits of the Bhagirathi river and its several tributaries. The minerals were identified using the XRD technique and were quantified by incorporating the matrix flushing method. XRD patterns reveal the presence of quartz, feldspar, diopside, biotite, muscovite, garnet, silicates, clay, carbonates, oxides, and zeolite minerals, with quartz being dominant. The highest content of quartz (85.58%), feldspar (6.99%), diopside (6.63%), biotite (8.39%), muscovite (8.47%), garnet (4.87%), silicates (17.71%), clay (2.71%), carbonates (3.89%), oxides (2.73%), and zeolites (5.78%) was observed in the sediments of Bhagirathi river basin. The maximum number of minerals was identified in the main Bhagirathi stem, the Kakoragad, and the Pilangad tributary. Principal component analysis shows that the first five eigen values account for 78.15% of the overall variance of the mineral distribution. This also reveals the interrelation of occurrence and source of multiple minerals identified in an individual principal component (PC), like PC1, which reveals interrelations between feldspar, muscovite, and clay, and PC2 indicates quartz, biotite, and oxides. As per the International Electrotechnical Commission standard 62364 (Hydraulic machines—Guidelines for dealing with hydro-abrasive erosion in kaplan, francis, and pelton turbines. In 62364 © Iec:2019 (2nd ed.)), sediment involves 84–99% of hard minerals, which determined hardness factors between 0.84 and 0.99, depicting high hydro-abrasive erosion potential in the Bhagirathi river basin. The outcomes of this study shall be helpful for developers in developing strategies to tackle the sediment related problems in HPPs. This study will enable hydraulic turbine developers to select suitable hydraulic turbine material and erosion-resistant coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of our research is to study wild Portulaca oleracea L., collected from different floristic regions in Bulgaria and under different soil and climatic conditions of development concerning chemical composition, mineral composition and bioactive compounds. Plant and soil samples (n = 21) were collected in the period - beginning of June till the end of September 2023 from different regions of Bulgaria (Thracian lowland, Stara planina mountain, Black Sea coast and Tundzha hilly country). The following have been determined in dry matter (DM) - moisture, dry matter, crude protein, crude fats, ash and nitrogen-free extracts (NFE), energy, carbohydrates and bread units; mineral composition (Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, Zn and Fe) and bioactive compounds in methanol extract (total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoid compounds (TFC) and radical scavenging capacity). In fresh state, the samples have been tested for ascorbic acid (vitamin C), total titratable organic acids, dry matter and respective water content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shale oil is one of the most promising alternative unconventional energies in the world, and Lucaogou Formation shows significant exploration potential, becoming the primary target in northwestern China. This paper compared the mechanical properties of shale layered samples from oil layer and interlayer of Lucaogou Formation, using uniaxial compressive tests with real-time micro-CT scanning. After that, the mineral analysis was conducted on one cross-section of the fractured sample to analyze the influence of mineral composition and distribution on micro-crack propagation. Such research has rarely been reported before. The results showed the surface porosity and elastic modulus of oil-bearing samples is larger than that of the interlayer samples, while the uniaxial compressive strength is lower. Besides, when there is only one dominant mineral with a content greater than 60%, a main crack tends to form at this area; When there are 2~3 major minerals with a content of 10%-60%, a fractured zone with many fine micro-cracks is more likely to form here. Finally, the higher the Moh's hardness of the mineral, the more difficult it is for micro-cracks to develop through it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current study investigates the changes in physical, nutritional, and antioxidant compositions of two dragon fruit species H. costaricensis (HC) and H. udantus (HU) from 7 days after fruit set (DAFS) to maturity. In both species during development, physical parameters such as length, diameter, weight, volume, and pulp percentage increased, while peel percentage decreased. Mature HC fruits have a spherical shape with a length of 7.91 ± 0.14 cm, while HU fruits were oval, measuring 9.13 ± 0.19 cm. Moisture content declined during maturation, with mature HC and HU fruits containing 82.91 ± 1.23% and 80.53 ± 0.46% moisture, respectively. In both HC and HU, ash content remained around 1%, and dietary fiber content decreased significantly, while crude protein levels increased, reaching 4.04 ± 0.03% in HC and 4.64 ± 0.05% in HU at maturity. Chemical composition analysis indicated increases in total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, and total soluble solids (TSS) during maturation, with mature HC fruits having higher TSS (13.59 ± 0.92 ºBrix) compared to HU fruits (11.91 ± 0.04 ºBrix). Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content peaked during the early developmental stages and in the peel of mature fruits for both species, then decreased as the fruits matured. This study enhances the understanding of dragon fruit's maturation process and nutritional benefits, offering crucial information for optimizing cultivation, postharvest handling, and consumption practices. By identifying key stages for nutrient and antioxidant maximization, these findings may contribute to improved agricultural practices and the development of value-added products from dragon fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Microplastics (MPs) form when plastic debris is released into the aquatic environment, where they decompose and have deleterious effects on aquatic life. This study aimed to examine the harmful impacts of polystyrene MPs (PS-MPs) on the growth, carcass composition, hematology, digestibility, histopathology, and mineral analysis of Catla catla (11.09 ± 0.09 g/fish). Six experimental diets were prepared using canola meal (CM) as the base, each containing varying levels of PS-MPs: a control diet without MPs, and diets with 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% PS-MPs. For ninety days, three groups of 15 fingerlings each were fed the test diets at a rate of 5% of their live, wet body weight. The growth rate and feed intake of C. catla fish showed a significant decline after the exposure to the diet containing 2.5% PS-MPs. Dietary inclusion of 2.5% PS-MPs resulted in reduced weight gain (g) and increased FCR. Mineral content and nutritional digestibility declined as PS-MP levels rose. PS-MPs led to a decrease in ash and protein content, while causing an increase in moisture levels and body fat. Moreover, exposure to PS-MPs resulted in significant reduction in RBCs, PLT, Hb, PCV, and MCHC, while WBCs, MCH, and MCV showed substantial increases. The histological analysis of the gut revealed elevated intestinal irregularities at 2.5% PS-MPs level. Notably, the present study revealed that PS-MPs accumulate in the gut, compromising the nutritional quality and overall well-being of C. catla fingerlings.

This research was carried out to evaluate the field performance of some mung bean accessions and their nutritional composition for inclusion in household diet. Twenty-one (21) accessions of mung bean were evaluated in the early and late season of 2022 at Ile-Ife, and in the early season at Kishi out-station of the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T), Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria. The experiment was established according to randomized complete block design with three replications. Agronomic and yield data were collected. Six of the mung bean accessions were randomly selected and analyzed for proximate, mineral composition and sensory properties along with two cowpea varieties as standard checks. MB-3, 6, 14 and 15 produced the highest seed yield across the locations (Ile-Ife early season, Ile-Ife late season, and Kishi early season). However, the performance was generally better in the early season than in the late season. The mung bean samples had slightly lower protein values than the standard checks. The mung bean samples had considerably higher mineral levels (p ≤ 0.05) than the control samples. Moin-moin (processed bean cake) made from some of the mung bean samples compared favorably with that from Ife brown cowpea (standard check). This work revealed good adaptability of the mung bean accession to southwest agro-ecology of Nigeria. It also revealed better nutritional quality of mung bean relative to cowpea for inclusion in household meals.

The food processing industries produce large volumes of wastewaters but poor management has resulted to environmental problems. The reuse of such wastewaters as organic fertilizer containing essential plant nutrients for irrigational purposes is an attractive management strategy. The improper disposal and poor management of these wastewaters from some selected food industries within Makurdi, necessitated the assessment of the physicochemical characteristics, mineral constituents and water quality indices in comparison with FAO and WHO standard limits. Three (3) wastewater samples were collected from Seraph Oil Mill (SOWW), Miva Rice Nigeria Limited (MRWW), and Chile Fish Farm (CFWW). The wastewater samples were analyzed for the physicochemical properties and mineral elements using standard methods and micro-wave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES) respectively, and water quality indices calculated. The results of the physicochemical parameters revealed pH values ranging from 5.63 ± 0.57 to 7.60 ± 0.03, electric conductivity from 2.72 ± 0.01 to 206.5 ± 0.47 µScm−1, viscosity from 1.73 ± 0.01 to 93.3 ± 0.58 mPa.S, total solids (TS) ranged from 0.039 ± 0.001 to 3.02 ± 0.1 mgL−1, chemical oxygen demand (COD) ranged from 53.9 ± 4.7 26, 336.7 ± 398.0 mgL−1 while biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) ranged from 13.8 ± 0.92 to 23.3 ± 1.35 mgL−1. The mineral concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Na, S, NO3, Cu, Pb, Cr ranged from below detection limit −280.13 ± 1.07 mgL−1 for SOWW wastewater, 0.04 ± 0.003-2344.02 ± 0.09 mgL−1 for MRWW wastewater and 0.017 ± 0.002–501.29 ± 0.09 mgL−1 in CFWW wastewater. All the heavy metals tested were within the permissible limits except for lead (Pb), with the value 0.103 ± 0.003 in SOWW sample. The microbial loads of the samples (total bacteria and total fungi) ranged from 0.72 x 106–13.0 x 106 and 0–14.0 x 104 respectively. The analysis revealed that there was no significance difference between the physicochemical properties and mineral compositions at p≤0.05. The water quality indices for the wastewaters irrigation suitability showed; 6.06–22.91% Sodium adsorption rate (SAR), 22.75–72.00% sodium (% Na), 9.66–31.89% soluble sodium (SSP), 7.91–29.50 magnesium absorption ratio (MR), 1.74–132.16 mg/L total dissolved solutes (TDS) and 0.11–0.46 Kelley’s ratio (KR). The findings indicated that the wastewaters were suitable for irrigation purposes except for the unsuitable values of Na % (72%) in SOWW. The overall water quality of the studied wastewaters is suitable for the growth of vegetables and other crops. This study will establish a baseline data for future research, because little/no information is available about the comparability and utilization of these wastewaters. If properly applied, these wastewaters can be used for the recycling of nutrients for vegetable irrigation, reduce pollution from indiscriminate disposal, and improve water quality.

The organic-rich strata of the Lower and Middle Jurassic occur within separate blocks, covering significant areas of the Carpathian Foredeep basement, the Bârlad Depression and the Dobrogean Foredeep. The deposition of these strata resulted from an anoxic event, leading to the formation of a globally important source rock level. The Rock-Eval pyrolysis results for the Middle Jurassic rocks in the Ukrainian part of the Carpathian Foredeep basement indicated a total organic carbon content of 1.61â14.98 wt%, with type II/III kerogen at an early mature to mature stage. Based on time-temperature index calculations, the top of the oil window occurs at the depth of 2200 m in the Ukrainian part of the Carpathian Foredeep basement, and at 1000 m in both the Bârlad Depression and the Dobrogean Foredeep. The former achieved thermal maturity during the Neogene period, while the latter two entered the oil window towards the end of the Cretaceous period. Across the entire study region, the Lower and Middle Jurassic strata are situated in the oil window over extensive areas, suggesting their potential inclusion in the petroleum system. Hydrocarbons generated by the ToarcianâBathonian organic-rich rocks may contribute to the formation of MesozoicâMiocene accumulations in the Carpathian Foredeep basement and some oil fields in the Carpathian flysch sequence. In the Bârlad Depression and the Dobrogean Foredeep, hydrocarbon occurrences may be expected in the Upper Jurassic reservoir rocks, potentially sourced by the Middle Jurassic black shales.

Abstract The coal-rock reservoir exhibits a dual porous medium characteristic, where fractures are the primary contributor to permeability, while pore structure influences the gas adsorption properties of coal rock. Gas adsorption induces swelling in the coal matrix, leading to a reduction in fracture width and subsequently causing decreased permeability and reduced well production. Investigating the impact of geological characteristics of coal-rock on gas adsorption and desorption properties can enhance our understanding of the patterns governing changes in coal-layer production. This study focused on the 3# coal seam in China's Qinshui Basin as its research subject. It involved an analysis of mineral composition, physical properties, gas content, and pore structure characteristics to explore the adsorption traits of different gases and conduct experimental studies on variations in gas adsorption and desorption capabilities under diverse conditions. The research findings suggest that the coal rock in the study area is primarily characterized by micropores and small pores, with well-developed larger pores and fractures. The pore connectivity is somewhat limited, and the predominant pore size ranges from 100 to 200 nm. The average permeability measures 0.198 × 10–3 µm2, while the mean specific gas content stands at 21.7 m3/t. Analysis of the isothermal adsorption curve reveals a substantial increase in adsorption when pressure falls below 3.5 MPa due to a steep slope; as pressure continues to rise, there is a gradual upward trend in adsorption until reaching 8 MPa, after which point adsorption increases slowly and stabilizes. Results from binary gas adsorption–desorption experiments indicate low desorption levels and rates for CO2 components compared to relatively higher desorption amounts and rates for CH4 components. Furthermore, it was observed that CO2 has a displacement effect on CH4; higher CO2 concentrations are more conducive to CH4 release and CO2 storage.

This study compares the nutritional composition of two commercially important crustaceans, Farfantepenaeus notialis and Macrobrachium vollenhovenii, to assess their dietary suitability. Proximate and mineral analyses were performed on dried samples of each species, evaluating fat, protein, ash, moisture, and mineral concentrations. Results reveal significant differences. F. notialis showed higher fat (1.79% ± 0.001%) and protein (6.69% ± 0.2%) compared to M.vollenhovenii (fat: 1.54% ± 0.001%; protein: 5.34% ± 0.4%), making it a more energy-dense protein source. Conversely, M. vollenhovenii had higher ash (5.38% ± 0.002%) and moisture (22.12% ± 0.004%), with higher calcium (256.24 mg/g ± 0.74) and potassium (71.02 mg/g ± 0.76) content, key for bone health and cardiovascular function. F. notialis was richer in iron (5.18 mg/g ± 0.03), useful for preventing iron deficiency. Both species had substantial zinc levels (~ 0.8 mg/g), essential for immune health. T-tests confirmed significant differences in nutritional parameters and minerals. The findings highlight the benefits of including both species in diets for improved nutritional diversity, especially in regions with limited food options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible insects may solve the current problem of the greater demand for food for the world's growing human population. This work aimed to examine the impact of blanching (BL) and ultrasound (US) at 20 and 50 °C as a pretreatment method on the chemical composition, mineral composition, FTIR spectra, presence of allergens and microorganisms, and properties of the isolated oil of freeze-dried superworm larvae. The US treatment resulted in significantly lower protein content (31.65–33.34 g/100 g d.m.) compared to untreated (36.38 g/100 g d.m.) and BL (37.72 g/100 g d.m.) samples. The study demonstrated that the US-treated insects exhibited a lower content of crustacean and mollusk allergens than the BL insects, and the lowest content of tested allergens was found in the US_50°C superworm larvae. Furthermore, oil isolated from US_50°C insects exhibited the lowest SFA and the highest PUFA content and the best prospective nutritional properties expressed through theoretical health indices. The presence of Enterobacteriaceae and anaerobic spore-forming bacteria was not detected in the tested insects, proving suitable microbiological quality. It appears that using US treatment is a promising alternative to traditional blanching of insects before drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey is a sweet syrup mixture substance produced by honey bees. Contradictory results have been reported on the influence of organic and conventional beekeeping on the properties of honey. The aim of this research was to determine the potential difference between organically and conventionally produced honey of the same botanical origin (linden, acacia, chestnut, meadow). It was shown that the electrical conductivity (0.16–0.98 mS/cm), optical rotation (−1.00 − (−2.60) [α]D20), pH values (3.30–4.95), free acidity (4.0–9.0 mmol/kg), total content of phenolic (76.5–145.9 μg GAE/g dry weight (d.w.)) and flavonoids (48.7–307.0 μg QE/g d.w.), antioxidant potential, phenolic profile, mineral composition, color (−8.62–126.57 mmPfund) and sensory characteristics, although statistically significant differences were found, were not significantly improved better in the organic samples. All organic honey samples were richer in hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (60.5–112.1 μg CGAE/g d.w.) compared to conventional honey (56.7–91.1 μg CGAE/g d.w.) of the corresponding botanical origin. The results show that organic beekeeping does not lead to the production of honey with significantly better physicochemical, nutritional and sensory properties compared to conventionally produced honey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhanced geothermal systems in hot dry rocks are among the most promising sources of green renewable energy, with increasing interest in Central and Eastern Europe. The effective implementation of enhanced geothermal systems in new areas is based on the use of insights from ongoing projects, particularly in the study of petrophysical properties and reservoir stimulation technologies. This study aimed to characterize hot dry rocks in Central Europe by analyzing permeability, porosity, mineral composition, elastic properties, and brittleness index to assess their susceptibility to hydraulic fracturing. Drill core samples were collected from three formations: granites from the Karkonosze Mountains, volcanic rocks from the Gorzów Block, and tight sandstones from the Mogilno-Łód´z Trough. The results indicated that the petrophysical properties and mineral compositions of these rocks are comparable to the corresponding Western European formations. Altered granites and some volcanic rocks showed significant decreases in wave velocities compared to intact samples, while sedimentary formation exhibited lower elastic moduli, indicating less favorable conditions for the development of the fracture network. Dynamic elastic tests suggested that brittleness index interpretation should differ between sedimentary and igneous hot dry rocks. In sedimentary formations, high brittleness index values indicate zones with elevated potential for complex fracture networks, aligning with the classic brittleness index concept. On the contrary, in igneous formations, low brittleness index values indicate zones of alteration and well-developed natural fractures, which are beneficial for hydroshearing stimulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]