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The article discusses the challenges faced in efforts to promote equity, diversity, inclusion, access, and social justice (EDIASJ) in the United States, particularly in academia. The authors propose the adoption of a critical race theory (CRT) framework in library and information science (LIS) to address these issues. They introduce the concept of InfoCrit, which adapts CRT principles to the information professions, aiming to break cycles of exclusion, discrimination, misrepresentation, and misappropriation. The article emphasizes the importance of understanding CRT and its principles, and presents propositions for implementing InfoCrit in the information professions. The authors also highlight the need for concrete actions, such as hiring more information professionals of color, combating racism in everyday practices, engaging with minoritized communities, and promoting a well-rounded LIS education centered on CRT curriculum. The article concludes by presenting a special issue that explores applications of CRT in LIS and calls for lasting and substantive equitable change in the profession. [Extracted from the article]

Evidence is sparse on how community-based health-promoting programs can be culturally adapted for racially minoritized, immigrant older adult populations. Choose to Move (CTM) is an evidence-based health-promoting program that enhances physical activity and mobility and diminished social isolation and loneliness in older adults in British Columbia, Canada. However, racially minoritized older adults were not reached in initial offerings. We purposively sampled CTM delivery staff (n = 8) from three not-for-profit organizations, in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, that serve Chinese older adults. We used semistructured interviews, ethnographic observations, and meeting minutes to understand delivery staff's perspectives on factors that influence CTM adaptations for Chinese older adults. Deductive framework analysis guided by an adaptation framework, Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications-Enhanced, found three dominant cultural- and immigration-related factors influenced CTM adaptations for Chinese older adults: (a) prioritizations, (b) familiarity, and (c) literacy. Findings may influence future program development and delivery to meet the needs of racially minoritized older adult populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study contributes to the diversity literature by probing whether diversity papers are cited as frequently as nondiversity papers in management and industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology journals. Based on the stigma‐by‐association theory, I argue that as a result of their association with minority groups, diversity papers may be devalued and thus "othered" by scholars. Using a citation analysis of 46,930 papers published in 29 peer‐reviewed management and I/O psychology journals, I present empirical evidence in Study 1 that diversity papers were cited significantly less frequently than nondiversity papers. The authors' gender and institutional prestige, journal tier and domain, and year of publication were not moderators. In Study 2, I used a scenario experiment to demonstrate the stigma‐by‐association effect. The authors' gender demonstrated a significant moderating effect in this experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on diversity suffers from several shortcomings, leading to conflicting views or unjustified beliefs about ethnic minorities in advertising. Evidence is needed to show whether advertising has indeed become more ethnically diverse over time, whether any cultural differences exist, and whether ethnic diversity in advertising in new media differs from that in traditional media advertisements. Building on extant research and social role theory, this study provides two empirical studies, a meta-analysis and content analysis, and questions commonly held beliefs in the diversity literature. The findings show that any increase in ethnic minority representation in advertising is fully captured by the fact that ethnic minorities in the general population have increased and that relevant changes have occurred only in Eastern societies where the overrepresentation of the white minority has decreased. Ethnic minorities are well represented in online and TV media but not in print media. Except for the product use of ethnic minority endorsers, stereotyping prevails and barely differs between old and new media. These findings have implications for both researchers and advertisers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article talks about the need for libraries to analyze their collections, programs, toys, and policies by doing a diversity audit that can function as a steppingstone towards an improved collection development policy. Topics include the concept of diversity audits in libraries, automated diversity audit service offered by several vendors, and the features of the diversity audit tool completed by Cooperative Computer Services (CCS).

Background: Iron-Folate Acid Supplementation (IFAS) interventions have been recognized globally as key in reducing the burden of anemia among pregnant women. However, adherence to and determinants of IFAS remain indistinct, as it is the main constraint with supplementation therapy, particularly among minority populations. Hence, this study sought to determine the adherence to and predictors of IFAS among nomadic Fulani pregnant women in the West Gonja Municipality of Ghana. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional design was employed to involve 130 respondents between February to July, 2022 in the West Gonja Municipality of Ghana. Fulani pregnant women aged 15–49 years, possessing maternal and child health record book and were given iron-folate supplements within 16 weeks and resided within the study area ≥ 6 months before/during the data collection period were included in the study. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine independent predictors of IFAS using SPSS version 25.0 (p ≤ 0.05 deemed statistically significant across all models). ResultsUptake of and adherence to IFAS was 47.7% and 35.5% respectively. Major barriers to IFAS uptake were forgetfulness (25.7%) and unavailability (20.0%). About 65.4% of the respondents revealed poor knowledge of IFAS. Spousal occupation (AOR = 0.17, p = 0.010), spousal income (AOR = 4.125, p = 0.050) and knowledge on IFAS (AOR = 0.259, p = 0.039) were predictors of IFAS. Conclusions: Poor adherence to and knowledge on IFAS were noted in the study and highlighted as a grave public health concern. Thus, nutrition and antenatal educational programs should give necessary attention to adherence to IFAS during pregnancy, particularly among nomadic and other vulnerable and minority populations to limit the burden of illnesses. Plain language summary: Poor adherence to iron-folic acid supplementation (IFAS) has been linked to greater risks of maternal anemia and currently serves as one of the major supplementation therapy challenges during pregnancy. This paper aims to determine the adherence and predictors of IFAS among Fulani pregnant women in the West Gonja Municipality of Ghana. We recruited 130 Fulani pregnant women in a community-based cross-sectional study. Those who met the inclusion for the study were recruited. Adherence to and knowledge on IFAS was low. Forgetfulness was the main iron-folate supplementation barrier. Spousal occupation, spousal income and knowledge on IFAS were the predictors of iron-folate (IF) supplementation. Community health interventions should be intensified to capture remote populations. Governmental policies should also be strengthened particularly at the antenatal level for a healthier pregnant population base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large cultural institutions have been given goals that go well beyond their conventional artistic endeavours. Opera houses are no exception. One strategy they attempt is to stage community productions, but how does this activity match with institutions that seek “artistic excellence”? We focus on a case study of the Gran Teatre del Liceu, Barcelona, and firstly see to what extent productions staged by large cultural institutions can be considered community-based programmes. Secondly, we analyse if these programmes are realistic in terms of reaching their target population. Lastly, we study the degree of participation achieved. In order to do so, we review the concepts of access and participation to build our own analytical framework. We also follow a qualitative and quantitative methodology, performing interviews and fielding a questionnaire to participants. We think that our research and results are relevant from both an analytical point of view and an empirical perspective: in terms of access, the Liceu worked towards correcting the underrepresentation of minority groups in artistic forms that obtain public funding, but these efforts were limited; regarding participation, the opera was developed for, with and by the community depending on the action analysed, and it combined crowd-sourcing, co-creation and audience-as-artist actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are avoidable differences (i.e., inequities) in the prevalence and distribution of chronic pain across diverse populations, as well as in access to and outcomes of pain management services. Digital pain self-reporting tools have the potential to reduce or exacerbate these inequities. This study aimed to better understand how to optimise the health equity impact of digital pain self-reporting tools on people who are experiencing (or are at risk of) digital pain inequities. Methods: This was a qualitative study, guided by the Health Equity Impact Assessment tool—digital health supplement (HEIA-DH). We conducted three scoping focus groups with multiple stakeholders to identify the potential impacts of digital pain self-reporting tools and strategies to manage these impacts. Each group focused on one priority group experiencing digital pain inequities, including older adults, ethnic minorities, and people living in socio-economically deprived areas. A fourth consensus focus group was organised to discuss and select impact management strategies. Focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using a framework approach. We derived codes, grouped them under four pre-defined categories from the HEIA-DH, and illustrated them with participants' quotes. Results: A total of fifteen people living with musculoskeletal pain conditions and thirteen professionals took part. Participants described how digital pain self-reports can have a positive health equity impact by better capturing pain fluctuations and enriching patient-provider communication, which in turn can enhance clinical decisions and self-management practices. Conversely, participants identified that incorrect interpretation of pain reports, lack of knowledge of pain terminologies, and digital (e.g., no access to technology) and social (e.g., gender stereotyping) exclusions may negatively impact on people's health equity. The participants identified 32 strategies, of which 20 were selected as being likely to mitigate these negative health equity impacts. Example strategies included, e.g., option to customise self-reporting tools in line with users' personal preferences, or resources to better explain how self-reported pain data will be used to build trust. Conclusion: Linked to people's personal and social characteristics, there are equity-based considerations for developing accessible digital pain self-reporting tools, as well as resources and skills to enable the adoption and use of these tools among priority groups. Future research should focus on implementing these equity-based considerations or strategies identified by our study and monitoring their impact on the health equity of people living with chronic pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is a comparative reading of dissociation and spirit possession as worthwhile tropes of analyzing the fragmented selves to lay basis of interpretation of similar works with African and Western cultural heritages. In spite of availability of critical works on pathological consequences of othering on African immigrants, this comparative reading is absent. Some literary scholars interrogate the clinical trope and point out the need to incorporate both the clinical and spirit possession tropes, whereas most literary scholars focus on clinical madness as a consequence of othering, this paper extends it to spirit possession among migrant characters. The article adopts postcolonialism and concepts from diverse fields to enable comparison of the clinical and possession tropes with reference to Brian Chikwava’s Harare North (2009). The study is anchored in ideas of scholars from different disciplines such as depth psychology (dissociation) and anthropology (spirit possession) as theoretical bases of interpretation. To ensure a flawless interaction of these theorists who occupy different academic disciplines, I foment an interdisciplinary exegesis by adopting Ato Quayson’s ‘Calibrations’ theory, which is a fine-tuned tool for textual close reading that ‘oscillates’ rapidly between different domains – the literary-aesthetic, the social, the cultural, and the political. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Not surprisingly, incarceration's extreme separation and stress have significant negative effects on romantic relationships. Unfortunately, few programs have been developed to improve jailed individuals' romantic relationship with their non‐incarcerated partner. The present study investigated the effectiveness of the individual version of the digital OurRelationship program for incarcerated individuals. The current study is a program evaluation of services provided by PayTel Inc. (a provider of eLearning and communication devices in US jails) between June 2020 and November 2021. Of the 5411 individuals in a romantic relationship who started the program, 3034 completed it. Following completion of the program, 78% reported feeling “Mostly” or “Very Satisfied” with the program, and 77% reported “Slight” to “Strong” agreement that their relationship benefited from the program. Individuals' relationship confidence (d = 0.36) and relationship knowledge (d = 0.33) significantly improved during the program. Women and Latino/Hispanic and Asian/PI individuals experienced the largest pre‐post gains in relationship functioning. Furthermore, racial/ethnic minority groups tended to report higher satisfaction with the program. Overall, the high rates of program satisfaction and significant pre‐post changes—combined with their reduced barriers to dissemination—support the delivery of digital relationship programs for jailed individuals interested in strengthening their relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: At the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the mission of the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) is to ensure that all patients and providers have timely and continued access to safe, effective, and high-quality medical devices and safe radiation-emitting products. Although the CDRH has observed enrollment differences in some clinical trials, no systematic analysis has been conducted regarding enrollment differences in baseline demographics, to our knowledge. Methods: The CDRH has summarized information on study participants and their baseline demographics in public-facing documentation for all authorized medical devices that involved orthopaedic clinical studies from 1985 to 2020. Descriptive analyses and exploratory statistical testing have been conducted to investigate the reported percentages by sex and race compared with those reported in the U.S. National Census and the American Joint Replacement Registry (AJRR), respectively. Results: We identified 94 submissions and corresponding combined clinical trials from 261 original clinical study arms with 34,193 participants. Most of the submissions reported age and sex, while only 36 submissions (38.3%) reported racial demographics. Among the 88 trials providing enrollment by sex, the female enrollment percentage ranged from 22.2% to 88.7%, with a mean of 55.0%. In the submissions that reported racial data (38.3%), White and Black patients had a mean enrollment of 89.2% (range, 64.8% to 98.7%) and 6.2% (range, 0.4% to 20.7%), respectively. The enrollment for other minority groups ranged from 0% to 3.0%. These clinical trials have shown numerically lower female representation (55.0%) but higher White representation (89.2%) than what has been reported in the AJRR. The other racial groups have participated much less than their corresponding percentages in the U.S. population, but they are similarly represented in the AJRR. Conclusions: The clinical trials supporting the FDA's authorization of orthopaedic devices had a wide range of sex and racial enrollments. It appears that female enrollment mirrors the percentage of women in the U.S. population. However, despite prior efforts, some racial groups are still underrepresented. The FDA has made a commitment to advancing health equity as part of the 2022-2025 Strategic Priorities of the CDRH. We hope that the results of this study will help health-care professionals make informed clinical decisions when using medical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Measuring intercultural attitudes can aid in understanding and addressing persistent inequities in healthcare. Instead of creating new instruments, several sources call for a more rigorous revalidation of existing instruments towards a more broad population. As an example of such an existing instrument, the EMP-3 (Ethnic Minority Patients) focuses on the attitudes of physicians towards ethnic minority patients. Starting from a robust theoretical underpinning and a rigorous methodological setup, the present study revalidates the EMP-3 instrument for physicians towards the REMP-3 instrument for graduate healthcare practitioners. Methods: We assessed the reliability and validity of the old EMP-3, which we then updated to a new REMP-3 instrument. We used structural equation modeling to model the framework of intercultural effectiveness on two waves of independent data, N2021 = 368 and N2022 = 390. Within this framework, we tested the new REMP-3 instrument as an operationalization of intercultural attitudes. We conducted a confirmatory factor analysis on the first wave, after which we made adaptations to the original EMP-3 instrument to obtain a new REMP-3 instrument. The new REMP-3 instrument was then cross-validated using the data of the second wave. Results: The new REMP-3 instrument is a psychometric upgrade compared to the EMP-3. The REMP-3 now has a cross-validated structure, with three subscale dimensions (i.e., task perception, background perception and the perceived need to communicate) and an overarching higher-order, full-scale dimension. Both the subscales as well as the full instrument show acceptable to good internal consistency reliability, with a reduced number of items from eighteen to ten. As theoretically predicted, the REMP-3 also functions as a measure of intercultural attitudes in an intercultural competence framework. Conclusion: Ultimately, the REMP-3 instrument can contribute to more equity in healthcare by concisely and reliably assessing and monitoring attitudes in healthcare practitioners. This attitude assessment represents the potential of learning new skills and knowledge to address interactions with ethnic minority patients, which is especially useful during training situations like an internship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the so far unresearched position of Christian home education in England and, specifically, the implications of the proposed English Schools Bill (2022) for this minority religious group. We consider the case for external protection of their practices, as well as charges of internal restriction within the context of largely unregulated home education. Quantitative and qualitative survey data from 462 Christian home educators is analysed to elucidate the minority positioning of the group before considering whether sufficient opportunities exist within the proffered education to proselytise, question and reject the faith if desired. We conclude that Christian home educators in the UK constitute a minority group in need of political recognition to continue in the educational aspects of their faith. We also conclude that whilst, in this data set, internal restrictions are not evident, Christian home education is not homogenous. We argue that opportunities for heresy and apostasy need to be clearly open to children being educated at home for religious reasons but argue that further research and a theoretical framing of ongoing public debate, rather than recourse to law, constitute a way forward more likely to protect pluralism and minority freedoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Discrimination constitutes a source of stress for minority groups, leading to heightened levels of depression. Discrimination can also elicit positive responses aimed at reducing detrimental impacts. The stress experienced by minority groups may impact their mindset and influence their negative emotional responses. Israeli Jewish society comprised for many years two large communities: the dominant Ashkenazi people, who emigrated from East Europe, and the Mizrahi discriminated minority whose members came from Muslim countries. The Mizrahi minority has become a mainstream community over time, and its size equals the Ashkenazi group. This change raises an interesting issue that has not been investigated empirically: What characterizes the psychological responses to the stress of a formerly discriminated minority? Methods: Two representative samples responded to a similar questionnaire measuring inhibiting and bolstering coping strategies. The first sample of 930 people participated in this structured survey between October 12 and 19, 2022. No external adversity threatened Israel at that time. The second sample of 1,608 Israeli Jews participated between October 11 and 17, 2023, a few days after Hamas attacked the southern region of Israel, killed more than a 1,000 people, and kidnapped 100. We examine the impact of moderate and extreme stress of war on the maladaptive levels of anxiety and depression. Furthermore, we investigated the shielding psychological coping measures of this former minority, as compared to Ashkenazi group's response. Results: Results show that the formerly minority Mizrahi group expresses higher levels of depression, anxiety, and sense of danger under extreme stress compared to the Ashkenazi group. Mizrahi individuals compensated concurrently for these negative emotions by fostering enhanced hope and societal resilience compared to the other group. Discussion: The main contributions of the present study are (a) Demonstration that psychological responses of descendants of a minority group to highly stressful conditions do not necessarily agree with their current status as a mainstream community. (b) Indicating that the phenomenon of concurrently enhanced negative and positive responses in face of extreme stress is associated with ethnic origin and history. (c) Associating the effects of different socio-demographic variables with the psychological response of the investigated groups to extreme and moderate stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Attainment inequalities exist for ethnic minority students graduating from higher education institutes (HEIs) in the UK. Previous research has investigated the outcomes and experiences of students from ethnic minority backgrounds on health and social care programmes. However, studies exploring ethnic minority speech and language therapy (SLT) students' experiences have only focused on international students and were conducted in Australia. No known studies exploring the experiences of both home‐domiciled and international SLT students from ethnic minority backgrounds have been conducted in the UK. Aims: To explore the experiences of home‐domiciled and international ethnic minority students on a SLT training programme and to identify ways to improve these experiences. Methods & Procedures: All SLT students attending a pre‐registration postgraduate course who identified as being from an ethnic minority background were invited to participate. Two focus groups, one for three international students and one for six home students, were conducted. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Outcomes & Results: Three themes were identified that illustrated students' current experiences and how experiences could be improved: (1) feeling an outsider, explores students' sense of belonging in SLT education; (2) finding ways to manage, describes the strategies used by students to cope with their experiences of marginalization, and how adopting these strategies impact on their well‐being; and (3) promoting inclusion, explains how the training programme could be modified to improve the experience of ethnic minority students. Conclusions & Implications: A better understanding of the experiences of ethnic minority SLT students can help others to support them more effectively. The findings suggest that making changes to SLT training programmes could improve ethnic minority students' outcomes and experiences. These include: more training for staff and students, support groups for ethnic minority students, sharing lived experiences of students and experienced SLTs from ethnic minority backgrounds, and clearer ways of reporting racist incidents. International students would benefit from receiving more information on HEI support services and cultural practices in the UK. What this paper adds: What is already known on this subject: Previous studies have investigated the experiences of ethnic minority students on a range of HEI programmes, including those for students of physiotherapy and occupational therapy. The only studies investigating the experiences of ethnic minority SLT students are those exploring how international SLT students in Australia can be supported on professional placement. What this paper adds to the existing knowledge: This study explores the experiences of home and international SLT students in the UK who identify as being from minority ethnic backgrounds. Findings suggest that these students feel like outsiders, affecting their sense of belonging. The need to find and implement strategies to manage their feelings of marginalization impacts on their well‐being. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?: The findings suggest measures to promote the inclusion of ethnic minority SLT students to improve their experiences and support their well‐being. These include more training for all staff and students and the creation of a 'lived experiences library' where students and experienced SLTs from ethnic minority backgrounds could share positive experiences as well as ways of dealing with challenges. Clearer ways of reporting racist incidents would be beneficial for all students. International students would benefit from receiving more information on HEI support services and cultural practices in the UK. It is important that ethnic minority SLT students are involved in developments that aim to improve their experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the association between exposure to rare earth elements and metabolic syndrome and its components will not only help physicians better assess health risks but also help prevent and control the occurrence and development of metabolic syndrome. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between rare earth elements (REEs) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods: We used a cross-sectional design based on the baseline data of the Prospective Cohort Study of Chronic Diseases in Ethnic Minority Natural Population in Guangxi in China. Logistic regression and BKMR models were employed to evaluate the association between REEs and risk of MetS. Results: Although REEs were not significantly associated with MetS, certain elements such as La, Pr, and Nd were negatively associated with abdominal obesity, whereas Ce, Pr, Nd, and Dy were positively associated with hypertension. BKMR models suggested a U-shaped relationship between mixed REEs and MetS, with varying effects on abdominal obesity and high blood pressure. Conclusions: This study suggests that exposure to REEs may be associated with a reduced risk of abdominal obesity and an increased risk of high blood pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study assessed changes (in relation to smoking status) in tobacco use, attitudes toward TFC policies, and tobacco use risk knowledge by applying a three Wave repeated cross-sectional assessment. Participants: Participants were students at Wave 1 (n = 2,169), Wave 2 (n = 2,576), and Wave 3 (n = 2,169) and faculty at Wave 1 (n = 256), Wave 2 (n = 204), and Wave 3 (n = 180). Methods: Measures regarding sociodemographics, tobacco use, attitudes toward TFC policies, and tobacco use risk knowledge were completed. Results: Compared with Wave 1, more students reported having quit smoking within the last six months at Waves 2 and 3. The negative attitudes toward TFC policies of those who reported quitting in the last six months aligned with those of nonsmokers. Conclusions: Study findings suggest smoking status as a relevant covariate to focus on to further strengthen and refine existing TFC policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study examines the relationship between minority stress and academic outcomes for ethnic minority college students in the U.S. We explore to what extent anxiety functions as a potential mediating mechanism for these relationships. Participants: Data were obtained from 347 undergraduate ethnic minority college students attending a public university in West Texas. Results: Results revealed that minority stress was significantly related to anxiety symptoms when controlling for ethnic minority group membership. Additionally, it was found that anxiety symptoms significantly mediated the relationship between minority stress and major satisfaction, controlling for ethnic minority group membership. Conclusions: This study contributes to the existing psychological literature on ethnic minority college students by highlighting the extent that minority stress is related to certain academic outcomes, taking a step further to investigate anxiety as a mechanism that may explain these relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between religion and health tends to be framed positively. Religion has been found to act as a coping mechanism and source of support in times of ill health. In this paper, we focus on the disruptive effect of chronic illness on religious practice and cultural engagement. Drawing on interviews with ethnic minority adults with end‐stage kidney disease, who also identify as religious, we introduce the concept 'cultural disruption'. While religious practice and belief was found to provide strength and comfort we also found that chronic illness had a disruptive impact on religious and cultural practice that participants attempted to manage. To highlight the potential disruptive effect of chronic illness on religious faith and cultural engagement we identify three elements of cultural disruption—disruption to religious practice, disruption to sense of self and identity and disruption to wellbeing. We conclude by suggesting that understanding and accounting for the potential of cultural disruption when diagnosing, treating and supporting people with chronic illness offers an alternative entry point to the life‐worlds of patients who identify as religious and the things that are important to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Racial and ethnic minoritized groups report disproportionately lower trust in the health-care system. Lower health-care system trust is potentially related to increased exposure to racial discrimination in medical settings, but this association is not fully understood. We examined the association between racial discrimination in medical care and trust in the health-care system among people with and without a personal cancer history. Methods We examined racial discrimination and trust in a nationally representative American adult sample from the Health Information National Trends Survey 6. Racial discrimination was defined as any unfair treatment in health care on the basis of race or ethnicity. Trust in the health-care system (eg, hospitals and pharmacies) was grouped into low, moderate, and high trust. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to compare low and moderate trust relative to high trust in the health-care system and estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results A total of 5813 respondents (15% with a personal cancer history) were included; 92% (n = 5355) reported no prior racial discrimination experience during medical treatment. Prior experiences of racial discrimination were positively associated with low (OR = 6.12, 95% CI = 4.22 to 8.86) and moderate (OR = 2.70, 95% CI = 1.96 to 3.72) trust in the health-care system relative to high trust. Similar associations were observed when stratifying by personal cancer history. Conclusion Respondents who reported racial discrimination during medical encounters had lower trust in the health-care system, especially respondents with a personal cancer history. Our findings highlight the need to address racial discrimination experiences during medical care to build patient trust and promote health-care access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What explains ethnic minorities' attachment to the state? Our current understanding has primarily considered structural factors, particularly access to political power and modernization. Diverging from existing explanations, I theorize that mundane experiences with the state, in street-level bureaucracy, can inform ethnic minorities' attitudes toward the state. What they see and experience in street-level bureaucracy signals to ethnic minorities what their prospects might be in a country that is politically dominated by another ethnic group. Leveraging extensive fieldwork in Myanmar, I show that ethnic minorities who have had positive encounters with street-level bureaucrats express stronger attachment to the state. This is the case even when an ethnic group is in direct conflict with the state. I also find that service experiences are more relevant in explaining ethnic minorities' attachment to the state compared to factors highlighted in existing research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This review explores the significant differences in the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of urologic cancers, including prostate, bladder, kidney, and testicular cancers, among different population groups. By examining factors like race, socioeconomic status, and access to specialized care, we aim to highlight the disparities that exist in urologic oncology and suggest strategies to ensure that all patients, regardless of their background, receive equitable treatment. The findings from this study are crucial for clinicians, policymakers, and researchers to understand the barriers faced by underserved populations and to develop interventions that can improve cancer care for everyone. Health disparities in urologic oncology, particularly in prostate, bladder, kidney, and testicular cancers, significantly impact patient outcomes across different demographic groups. This narrative review aims to investigate the extent and drivers of these disparities, focusing on the influence of race, socioeconomic status, and geographic location on diagnosis, treatment, and survival outcomes. We conducted a comprehensive review of the existing literature and analyzed data from national cancer databases to identify patterns of inequity. Our findings reveal that minority populations, individuals with lower socioeconomic status, and those residing in underserved areas are less likely to receive timely and guideline-based care, leading to worse outcomes. This review underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions, including policy reforms, health system restructuring, enhanced community outreach, and increased funding for disparity-focused research, to ensure equitable access to high-quality oncologic care. Addressing these disparities is crucial for improving cancer outcomes and achieving health equity in urologic oncology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the model of intersectional invisibility, we tested the consequences of work‐related misbehavior for women of Turkish and German descent (i.e., misbehavior involving mistakes that are stereotypically associated with masculine or feminine traits, eliciting negative evaluations). Across a series of four preregistered experiments (Ns = 746, plus two pre‐registered experiments in an Additional Supplement), we investigated evaluations of female targets in a male‐typed, highly qualified job context. We focus on exclusion and promotion decisions. A single‐paper meta‐analysis substantiates findings across samples who have different experiences regarding racism and in personnel selection. Our findings reveal a nuanced picture: Misbehavior associated with stereotypically feminine traits led to more negative consequences for Turkish women than for German women, resulting in more frequent exclusion and less frequent promotion for Turkish women. In contrast, misbehavior associated with stereotypically masculine traits led to more favorable outcomes for Turkish than German women. Thus, revealing a complex relationship between type of misbehavior and ethnicity, we identify leader prototypes as an explanatory mechanism, rather than aversive racism or shifting standards. Results suggest that Turkish women are discriminated against most for showing stereotypically feminine behavior confirming gendered racialized steretoypes, but may experience less backlash when showing counter‐stereotypical behavior than German women. We find double standards in evaluations of highly qualified women of Turkish versus German descent, with interactions with the type of misbehavior suggesting complex interplays of gender, ethnicity, and information provided about the individual in career advancement and exclusion. Public significance statement: Across a series of experiments, we show that women of Turkish descent (being part of the biggest group experiencing racism in Germany) may face double standards when they show some form of misbehavior in the workplace. Compared to women of German descent, they tended to be promoted less and excluded more from their team when misbehavior was associated with stereotypically feminine behavior. In contrast, they were evaluated more positively when they showed misbehavior associated with stereotypically masculine traits and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of depressive symptoms has rapidly accelerated among recent US adolescent birth cohorts, yet there remains little understanding of trends among racialized and minoritized groups. These groups may experience depressive symptoms due to the deleterious effects of structural racism. Using 2005-2020 Monitoring the Future survey data, we examine all racialized groups using within-group analyses to observe trends in high levels of depressive symptoms across cohorts. Generally, across racialized groups and ages, the odds of high depressive symptoms increased in recent birth cohorts. For example, among 15- to 16-year-old students racialized as American Indian or Alaska Native and Black Hispanic/Latine, the 2003-2006 birth cohort had 3.08 (95% CI, 2.00-4.76) and 6.95 (95% CI, 2.70-17.88) times' higher odds, respectively, of high depressive symptoms as compared with the 1987-1990 birth cohorts. Moreover, in a given year, 15- to 16-year-olds generally experienced the highest depressive symptoms compared with 13- to 14-year-olds and 17- to 18-year-olds, suggesting that age effects peaked during midadolescence. Depressive symptoms increased among US adolescents by birth cohort, within all racialized and minoritized groups assessed. Public health efforts to reduce disparities may consider barriers such as structural racism that may impact the mental health of racialized/minoritized adolescents while increasing access to culturally competent mental health providers and school-based services. This article is part of a Special Collection on Mental Health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the importance of equity in pediatric healthcare. It highlights how equity is hardwired into human psyche at an early age and how people have not yet achieved equity in child health and the academic workforce. It addresses why it is the pediatrician's imperative to relentlessly pursue equity. It proposes a roadmap for the steps that pediatricians can take to eliminate disparities and achieve equity.

Although suicide prevention trainings (SPT) have been a standard approach for suicide prevention for years, researchers have noted a need for more clarity in the definition of core competencies for SPTs, particularly in the areas of diversity and culture. Recent research has identified key theoretically- and empirically-based cultural considerations for suicide prevention, but translation is needed to infuse these standards for culture-related competencies into SPTs. This study performed a systematic literature review with a thematic synthesis analytic approach to establish a set of curricular guidelines for infusion of cultural considerations into SPTs. The study also examined the extent to which existing community trainings already incorporate cultural components. Based on the thematic synthesis of 39 SPT studies from 2010 to 2020 and seminal reviews of the cultural and suicide literature, results identified three overarching categories of cultural curricular competencies (suicide knowledge and awareness, suicide intervention skills, and curriculum delivery) and 14 core cultural curricular subthemes for community trainings (e.g., culturally informed risk factors and warning signs, systemic inequities, etc.). These three categories with 14 core cultural curricular competencies comprise the Culturally Infused Curricular Framework (CICF) for Suicide Prevention Trainings. The majority of trainings (62%) included five or less out of 14 total possible core cultural competencies in their training curricula, pointing to insufficient integration of cultural components in existing community trainings. This study's research-based guideline establishes a culture-inclusive framework to strengthen content and approach of community trainings and suicide prevention across cultural groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic reform is needed to address racism as a root cause of mental health inequities, such as understanding how community mental health (CMH) agencies' practices and policies may impact care provided to racially minoritized populations. This study described and examined associations between CMH clinicians' multicultural knowledge and awareness and agency practices and policies to improve care for Clients of Color. CMH clinicians (N = 119) across Washington State reported on their multicultural competence and agencies' practices and policies in an online survey. Multicultural competence was assessed with the Multicultural Counseling Knowledge and Awareness Scale (MCKAS), which assesses respondents' knowledge of multicultural counseling frameworks and awareness of multicultural counseling issues. Agency policies were examined with an adapted version of the Multiculturally Competent Service System (MCSS) Assessment Guide, which asked respondents to endorse the degree to which their agencies had taken specific steps to better serve racially and ethnically minoritized populations across 11 domains, including policies, linguistic diversity in services, and quality monitoring and improvement. Multicultural knowledge and awareness were generally high across the sample. Clinicians commonly endorsed that their agencies had mission statements that were committed to cultural competence. Endorsement of concrete steps to improve services for non-English speaking clients was associated with greater multicultural knowledge and awareness, and practices to monitor and improve care provided to Clients of Color were associated with lower scores. Addressing mental health inequities requires multifaceted solutions. Results highlight the potential of examining agency practices and policies as one solution to improve care for Clients of Color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the United States, breast cancer remains one of the most diagnosed cancers among females and remains the second leading cause of cancer death. In addition, breast cancer is most likely diagnosed at an advanced stage among Hispanic females in the United States due to lower mammogram utilization. Aims: The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a multilevel, multicomponent community-based breast cancer screening intervention called the Breast Cancer Education Screening and NavigaTion (BEST) program. The primary outcome was the completion of a screening mammogram 4 months post-intervention. Method: We used a pragmatic approach for evaluation, utilizing a quasi-experimental delayed intervention design. We recruited women from the community aged between 50 and 75, uninsured or underinsured, and overdue for screening. Results: Six hundred participants were recruited (300 intervention and 300 control). Among completers, the screening rate was 97% in the intervention group and 4.4% in the control group (RR = 22.2, 95% CI: 12.5–39.7, p <.001). In multivariable analysis, age ≥ 65 (RR = 1.29, p =.047), perceived benefits (RR = 1.04, p =.026), curability (RR = 1.24, p <.001), subjective norms (RR = 1.14, p =.014), and fatalism (RR =.96, p =.004) remained significantly associated with screening outcome. Conclusion: A multicomponent, bilingual, and culturally tailored intervention effectively facilitated breast cancer screening completion in an underserved population of Hispanic women. Individuals with improved screening outcomes were more likely to have higher positive beliefs. Our study has important implications regarding using multicomponent interventions in increasing breast cancer screening completion in poorly screened populations. It also highlights differences in health belief motivation for breast cancer screening completion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This qualitative, phenomenological study explored the lived experience of the intersectionality of ageism and racism among older adults, with a focus on interpersonal experiences. Fifteen participants 60+ years of age (M = 67, SD = 7.45) in the U.S. Mountain West identifying as Black, Latino(a), Asian-American/Pacific Islander, or Indigenous engaged in a 1-hour interview. A three-cycle, inductive coding process involved five coders who independently coded interviews and engaged in critical discussion to resolve disagreements. An audit trail, member checking, and peer debriefing enhanced credibility. Findings: The results detail four umbrella themes and nine subthemes. The subthemes demonstrate experiences of the intersectionality of ageism with racism reflected through (1) increased disrespect, (2) cultural differences in respect for elders, (3) tokenization, (4) physical appearance, (5) being ignored or discriminated against due to others' discomfort, (6) intersecting experiences of pity, hate, and violence, (7) unspoken bias (including racial profiling), (8) microaggressions: questioning intelligence/ability, and (9) microaggressions: slurs. Multiple themes highlighted how ageism may be racialized through stereotypes related to mental (in)capability. Applications: Social work practitioners and researchers can apply the findings from this study to explore interventions aimed at reducing interpersonal, racialized ageist microaggressions related to mental incapability. At the community level, anti-racism and anti-ageism initiatives should collaborate by applying an enhanced understanding of the ways ageism and racism intersect through pity, hate, and violence particularly in public settings such as shopping centers. The findings from this study can also help shape policies aimed at reducing racial profiling and hate crimes toward older adults of color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is important variation in the occurrence of Paget's disease in different regions and populations. There are though few data concerning the occurrence of clinically diagnosed disease in black and ethnic minority groups in the United Kingdom (UK). We undertook an anonymised search using an integrated primary and secondary care-based database in Greater Manchester, covering a population of over 3 million people. We looked also among those with a first positive COVID test, the influence of Paget's disease on subsequent admission to hospital within 28 days. Within our database, there were 534,571 people aged 60 years and over alive on 1 January 2020. The majority were white (84%) with 4.7% identifying as Asian or Asian British, and 1.27% Black or Black British. There were 931 with clinically diagnosed Paget's disease. Overall prevalence in the greater Manchester area was 0.174%. Prevalence was higher in men than women (0.195 vs 0.155%). Compared to the prevalence of Paget's in whites (0.179%) the prevalence was lower among those identifying as Asian or Asian British (0.048%) and higher among those identifying as Black or Black British (0.344%). Prevalence increased with increasing deprivation. Clinically diagnosed Paget's disease is uncommon affecting 0.174% of men and women aged 60 or more years. Within Greater Manchester, it was more common in those identifying as Black or Black British and less common in those identifying as Asian or Asian British. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bullying during the peer review process is an overlooked form of academic bullying. Measures to limit its negative impact are insufficient, necessitating new initiatives to protect individuals and the integrity of science. If unaddressed, peer review bullying will undermine diversity, equity, and inclusion, particularly harming early-career researchers and minorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth with disabilities often encounter many challenges in securing employment. Although the common barriers that youth face are well documented, little is known about the experiences of youth who have multiple minoritized identities in finding and maintaining employment. Youth with disabilities who belong to racial minoritized groups may encounter ableism and racism and other forms of discrimination at work. Exploring the experiences of racial minoritized youth with non-apparent disabilities is important given the growing concern about social inequities that are linked to disadvantage and differential access to resources such as employment. We used a qualitative design involving semi-structured interviews with 19 youth (13 women, 3 non-binary, 3 men), aged 17–30 (mean 23.5 years). An inductive thematic analysis was applied to analyze the data. We identified the following themes: (1) challenges finding and maintaining employment; (2) the extent of safety and comfort with disclosing minoritized identities in the workplace (i.e., comfortable disclosing; uncomfortable disclosing; did not need to disclose and/or hiding identities); (3) workplace discrimination based on minoritized identities (i.e., ableism, racism, ableist racism, gendered ableism, racist and gendered ableism); (4) impact of discrimination (i.e., negative affective outcomes, social and work adjustment, impact on professional development) and coping strategies (i.e., advocacy, networking, peer support); and (5) advice for youth and employers. Our study highlights the extent of racism and ableism that racial minoritized youth with non-apparent disabilities experience in the workplace and the importance of rehabilitation clinicians supporting their inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mapping health outcomes related to environmental health hazards at the county level can lead to a simplification of risks experienced by populations in that county. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Environmental Public Health Tracking Program has developed sub-county geographies that aggregate census tracts to allow for stable, minimally suppressed data to be displayed. This helps to highlight more local variation in environmental health outcomes and risk data. However, we wanted to understand whether the aggregation method used was aggregating sociodemographically similar or dissimilar areas with one another. This analysis attempts to explore whether the distributions of select people who may be at increased risk for exposure to environmental health hazards as identified by the Tracking Program are preserved in these sub-county geographies with the census tracts used as the foundation to create them. Methods: Mean values of three sociodemographic characteristics (persons aged 65 years and older, people from racial and ethnic minority groups, and population below the poverty level) for each sub-county geography in five states were calculated and placed into five break groups. Differences in break groups were determined and compared for each sub-county geography and census tract. Results: The sociodemographic characteristics among the census tracts and two aggregated sub-county geographies were similar. In some instances, census tracts with a low population or a highly skewed population (e.g., very high percentage of population aged 65 years and older) were aggregated with dissimilar census tracts out of necessity to meet the requirements set by the Tracking Program's aggregation methodology. This pattern was detected in 2.41-6.59% of census tracts within the study area, depending on the sociodemographic variable and aggregation level. Conclusions: The Tracking Program's sub-county aggregation methodology aggregates census tracts with similar characteristics. The two new sub-county geographies can serve as a potential option for health officials and policymakers to develop targeted interventions using finer resolution health outcome and environmental hazard data compared to coarser resolution county-level data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical social media literacy—the ability to critically evaluate and interpret racist social media content (critical consumption) and to produce and disseminate antiracist social media content (critical prosumption)—may help counter the negative psychological consequences of online racism, including internalized racism. We examined whether critical social media literacy (critical consumption and prosumption) buffered the association between online racism and internalized racism. We conducted latent moderated structural equation modeling to analyze online convenience data from 338 racially minoritized emerging adults (Mage = 23.28; Asian, n = 96; Black, n = 108; Latine, n = 118). Greater exposure to online racism was associated with significantly higher levels of internalized racism; critical consumption weakened this association, while critical prosumption did not. Results suggested that critical social media literacy, particularly consumption—the intellectual basis and analytical skills to apprehend racist digital content—can be effective in mitigating the internalized racism linked to online racism among racially minoritized emerging adults. Implications include translating these findings into antiracist interventions to counter online racism and its deleterious behavioral health consequences. Public Significance Statement: Critical social media literacy can protect racially minoritized emerging adults from online racism, including by attenuating internalized racism—a correlate of numerous behavioral health outcomes. It is imperative to promote critical education that empowers racially minoritized individuals with the social media literacy needed to counteract the 21st-century cyberscape of racial hate and violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnic identity is theorized to be a critical aspect of human development and is shown to be associated with health and well-being. The Ethnic Identity Scale is a widely used measure that assesses key aspects of ethnic identity development (Umaña-Taylor et al., 2004). The Multicultural Identity Integration Scale (MULTIIS) is a measure that has been more recently developed to assess key aspects of identity integration for individuals with multicultural identities (Yampolsky et al., 2016). Despite the ongoing utilization of these instruments, a comprehensive psychometric evaluation within Multiracial populations has yet to be established in extant literature. Addressing this gap, the present study aims to examine the internal consistency, factor structure, and other psychometric characteristics of the Ethnic Identity Scale and MULTIIS within a sample of 1,012 Multiracial adults in the United States. The majority of the sample identified as female (67.5%, n = 683), straight (80.1%, n = 798), having attained less than a college degree (62.3%, n = 627), and having a household income less than $60,000 (57.4%, n = 552). The majority of participants (55%, n = 557) were classified as having White and non-White racial/ethnic backgrounds, 45.0% (n = 455) as non-White. Findings suggest the Ethnic Identity Scale fits the data poorly by all measures, despite supporting the three-factor structure recommended in the original study; the MULTIIS fits the data acceptably by all measures and supports both a three-factor first-order and eight-factor second-order structure recommended in the original study. Analyses of the MULTIIS three-factor first-order model's measurement invariance across race, gender, educational attainment, and household income identified variance for specific latent factors. Overall, the MULTIIS performed acceptably; however, studies relying on the MULTIIS should account for differential measurement. Implications for clinical, scientific, and public health practice are discussed. Public Significance Statement: Racial, ethnic, and cultural identity development are increasingly recognized as integral to the health and well-being of racially minoritized populations. The study highlights a significant gap in the assessment of ethnic and cultural identity, showing that current measurement tools might not be suitable or may need careful interpretation for Multiracial individuals. With the increasing growth of Multiracial populations in the United States, it is vital to ensure that these tools are appropriate for use with this diverse group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective Method Results Conclusion This study draws on life narrative data and an intersectional framework to explore features of narratives around structural domains, aiming to better understand the possible impacts of these domains on identity.Through in‐depth semi‐structured interviews with 177 young adults from primarily minoritized groups (73% Asian American or Latine, 59% Women, Median Parent Income = $50,001 to $75,000), we gathered 885 life narratives. Young adults narrated a domain‐general, ethnic/racial, gender, social class, and intersectional experience. Features capturing the content (Presence of Structural Domains, Connection to and Between Structural Domains) and process (Meaning Making, Affective Tone) of narratives were explored.Structural domains manifested uniquely within narratives such that ethnicity/race was discussed most frequently across narratives, whereas gender and social class were mentioned more in narratives about those domains. Additionally, Meaning Making was highest in self‐defining narratives and positively correlated with the number of structural domains present within and across narratives. Affective Tone was most positive in self‐defining narratives and most negative in social class narratives, which also contained the lowest Connection to Structural Domain.This study combines an intersectional framework and life narrative data to understand how structural domains manifest within young adults' experiences, revealing how those domains are interconnected and may impact identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: School discipline has potential life‐long consequences for students. Disabled youth can be misunderstood and experience harsh discipline and are at increased risk for negative outcomes, yet little research includes their voices. The aim of this study was to explore past school discipline experiences among disabled adults. METHODS: Disabled adult perspectives (N = 9) regarding past school discipline experiences were explored employing qualitative descriptive methodology framed by the Peace and Power Conceptual Model. Peace‐Power versus Power‐Over‐Powers involve actions/behaviors reflecting critical emancipation or oppression of those in power. RESULTS: Eight peace‐power versus power‐over themes emerged: "humiliating," "threatening," "escaping," "observing," "avoiding," "diverging," "isolating," and "failing." IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOL HEALTH POLICY, PRACTICE, AND EQUITY: Disabled students can experience oppressive power‐over dynamics separating them from others because they are unable to meet rigid classroom expectations. Educators may lack awareness of structural biases shaping reactions warranting need for school policies and practices promoting restorative justice, social‐emotional learning, and inclusion. CONCLUSIONS: Classroom discipline can represent emancipatory peace‐power or oppressive power‐over powers. Not all teacher interactions represent 1 power or the other. Future research should focus on including disabled student voices informing school discipline practices. Educators' perspectives of their role fostering inclusive classrooms should also be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A previously underappreciated factor, the specific letters used to label the groups, was found to influence the magnitude of the well-established illusory correlation (IC) effect. The typical IC effect of an association between the minority group and the rarer (negative) behavior was strong when the minority group was labeled with an infrequent letter (e.g. X, Z) and the majority group was labeled with a frequent letter (e.g. S, T), but the effect was eliminated (or reduced) with the reverse pairing of the majority group with an infrequent letter. The letter label effect was also found with the A and B labels most commonly used in this paradigm. The results were consistent with an explanation based on the affect associated with the letters due to the mere exposure effect. The findings reveal a previously unexplored way that the names for groups may influence stereotype formation, contribute to the debate on the mechanism underlying IC, and illustrate how arbitrarily chosen labels for groups and other objects in social research may bias processing in unexpected ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A superhumanization bias involves attribution of qualities that are beyond human to a certain group. Waytz and colleagues reported evidence supporting this bias among White Americans wherein Black targets were perceived as more capable of possessing superhuman qualities than White targets. We sought to better understand the nature of this effect by using different response scales (forced choice vs. Likert) and instruction sets (supporting vs. not supporting existence of superhuman abilities). Results across three studies replicate the superhumanization effect and demonstrate the necessity of several key methodological features; however, under the most realistic survey conditions (i.e. allowing unbiased decisions, being truthful about the existence of such abilities), no significant superhumanization bias emerged. Additionally, in conditions with significant bias, the size of the effect was relatively small, suggesting that this bias may not be as widespread as previously believed; indeed, only a minority of participants showed superhumanization in the predicted direction. Findings support the importance of exploring how arbitrary methodological decisions change inferences about psychological phenomena in the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the interconnection of ethnic boundary-making and collective responsibility, with reference to the social-humanitarian work of Russia's ethnic minority organizations. Employing data from interviews with minority representatives, it shows that the notion of collective responsibility has played a role in reproducing (symbolic) ethnic boundaries, through the interplay of three factors: ethnic institutions, social networks and power distribution. These processes unfold in a sociopolitical context that places an emphasis on stability and security. Meanwhile, macro-level dynamics (state-endorsed discourses and structural conditions) interact with micro-level processes (minority representatives' experiences and actions) – both impacting upon Russia's nationalities policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recruiting ethnic minority police officers is widely seen as a way to improve police effectiveness and police/public relations, and systematic reviews are often commended as the most robust way to evaluate such policies. We argue that the tenets of classic systematic review are, however, inadequate to that task, and that a more inclusive methodological palette would advance our understanding of this and other important policing policies. Our principal empirical example is a systematic review we conducted that examined whether ethnic minority recruitment has beneficial effects on arrest rates and public satisfaction with police. After evaluating 10,791 studies, eleven satisfied methodological inclusion criteria, but they could not offer conclusive evidence on the effects of minority recruitment on arrest rates or public satisfaction. The example illustrates the obstacles to systematic reviews in contemporary police research. We then profile recent studies that benefit cumulative understanding of the effects of minority recruitment by employing more diverse methodologies, with each study addressing a distinct component that coheres around a logic model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has shown that racial discrimination is detrimental to the ethnic minorities in accommodation and hospitality sectors. However, whether racial discrimination happens during the stage of online booking before check-in remains unclear. Leveraging a natural experiment of the anti-discrimination policy implemented on Airbnb and face recognition techniques to identify the racial information of hosts and guests, this study reveals that racism from hosts against ethnic guests indeed exists during the stage of online booking. The results indicate that the monthly proportion of ethnic guests increases 5% after the launch of anti-discrimination policy. We also find that discrimination exists between ethnic hosts and ethnic guests, which was not documented in previous studies. Moreover, the anti-discrimination policy in relieving racism plays a bigger role among hosts with severe racial discrimination. These findings are critical for online booking platforms to set anti-discrimination policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents findings from a national survey of 1034 Muslim Australians, examining the relationship between educational qualifications and Islamist-jihadist interpretations of Islam. A minority of respondents identified with indicators of Islamism, while a smaller sub-group identified with those associated with jihadism. Respondents educated in STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) fields were more likely than their HSS (humanities and social science) counterparts to accept ideas associated with Islamism and to a much lesser extent jihadism. Ideas associated with jihadism were more likely among respondents without a tertiary qualification than among those educated in either HSS or STEM fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic pain is a major global health problem. Untreated pain causes particular suffering in marginalized communities. Most studies investigating chronic pain in sub-Saharan Africa stem from South Africa and Nigeria. Pastoralists are particularly underrepresented in pain research. The main objective of this study is to investigate the burden of chronic pain in adult pastoralists in the Somali Regional State of Ethiopia. We conducted a cross-sectional household survey among adult pastoralists (aged 18 years or older, N = 299) by face-to-face interviews. To randomly select households, we applied GPS-based household localization and recruitment. Chronic pain was self-reported by 17.0% (95% CI: 10.8-25.7) of male and 34.7% (95% CI: 28.4-41.5) of female adult pastoralists. The prevalence of chronic pain increased with age from 5.4% (95% CI: 0.8-30.1; 18-34 years) to 27.1% (95% CI: 15.1-43.7; 35-54 years) to 69.1% (95% CI: 53.7-81.1; 55 years and older). The body sites most commonly affected among those with chronic pain were knees (37.2%), followed by lower back (33.7%) and head (23.3%). The data for the first time provide insights into the burden of chronic pain among Somali pastoralists and reveal associated risk factors. The results support the planning of locally adapted health interventions for pastoralist-specific pain management considering the effects of chronic pain on pastoralists’ daily lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African American patient populations are disproportionately diagnosed with severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) compared to non-Hispanic white adults. Research suggests a link between OSA and anxiety. However, OSA and anxiety symptoms may present differently across minority groups. Research examining the reliability and validity of measures used to assess anxiety symptom severity in African American patient populations living with OSA is needed. This pilot study evaluated the reliability and validity of the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anxiety short form and the longer State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State (STAI-S) in a sample of African American adults recently diagnosed with OSA. In this cross-sectional pilot study, 32 African American patients newly diagnosed with OSA were recruited from an academic sleep medicine clinic in the Southeastern United States to complete survey measures. Participants completed the 6-item PROMIS Anxiety short form and 20-item STAI-S. Cronbach's alphas assessed the internal reliability of measures, and concurrent validity between measures was assessed using correlation coefficients (r s). Both PROMIS Anxiety and STAI-S showed excellent internal consistency with Cronbach's α ≥.90. The PROMIS Anxiety T-scores and STAI-S scores were positively moderately correlated with each other (r s =.68; p <.0001), indicating concurrent validity. These results illustrate that both the PROMIS Anxiety and STAI-S scales have strong internal reliability in this sample of African American adults with co-occurring OSA and prediabetes. The brief PROMIS Anxiety short-form measure is validated to the longer STAI measure in this sample. An advantage of the PROMIS Anxiety scale is that it has a lower participant burden when completing questionnaires, contributing to a more refined approach to diagnosis and management when both OSA and anxiety coexist. These findings also underscore the importance of validating psychometric measures in marginalized populations, such as African Americans, who have historically been underrepresented in psychometric research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on our society and economy, including devastating impacts on marginalized populations. It has also placed significant demands on health service psychology training programs and their trainees. Almost overnight, trainees had to quickly learn and implement best practices in telehealth, and training programs had to navigate short and long-term challenges, all while ensuring the safety and well-being of trainees, trainers, clients, and our community. The goal of the current project is to describe the challenges and opportunities our trainees and training program encountered when transitioning to telehealth during the early phases of the pandemic, with a specific focus on those trainees completing the stress and trauma track within our school psychology doctoral program. Four total case studies by three trainees at different levels within the stress and trauma track and the program director are presented. We conclude with lessons learned and advice for other health service psychology training programs, especially those that train health service psychologists focused on working with children and youth who have experienced trauma. Public Significance Statement: Our case studies and lessons learned during the transition to telehealth at the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic suggest that health service psychology training programs must develop competencies in delivering evidence-based interventions, including those focused on stress and trauma, via both in-person and telehealth modalities. They would also benefit from broadening the role of school psychologists to prepare for advances in technology and assume leadership during crisis events that affect the well-being of their communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing from four electoral models for the election of Bosniak and Croat representatives to the collective Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, this article proposes a set of favorable conditions for the application of territorial distribution requirements in deeply divided societies. It shows that it is possible to deliver stable consociational outcomes using territorial distributive requirements for bi-national polities. Territorial distributive requirements result in stable democracy only under appropriate consociational conditions for the election of multi-person presidencies in dyadic societies with a demographic imbalance of power, whereas centripetal techniques prevent minority groups from choosing their most-preferred representatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Canadian Association of Radiologists supports equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) in employment. It is imperative that institutions implement recruitment and retention practices to ensure a diverse workforce. This requires considerable attention to each step in the process, including the job posting, candidate search, hiring committee composition, interviews, hiring decision, and retention and promotion. Job postings must be widely distributed and visible to underrepresented groups. The candidate search should be completed by a diverse committee with expertise in EDI. All committee members must complete EDI and anti-bias training and conduct a broad search that ensures underrepresented groups are encouraged to apply. Interviews must be offered to all candidates. The hiring decision must avoid the use of subjective criteria. Recruitment of members of underrepresented groups ensures a diverse workforce, and organizations should commit resources to the retention and promotion of these members. Mentorship programs must be implemented and incentives provided to faculty members to serve as mentors. Transparent guidelines for promotion made universally available on department or institution websites. Recruiting a diverse workforce in Medical Imaging will only be achieved if EDI are central to the organization's goals and strategic plan. All organizational policies, practices, and procedures must be reviewed with an intersectional lens to identify potential gaps, areas for improvement, and areas of strength in the recruitment and retention of members of underrepresented groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]