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The lexical neologisms of the modern English language, which appeared in the period 2020—2021, are investigated. The units that have appeared under the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic and represent the modern content of the linguistic concept PANDEMIC in English in terms of possible reference of the semantics of the language with the ethnic cultural codes of modern carriers of this linguoculture are analyzed separately. The results of the analysis, which make it possible to predict the transition of individual neologisms from the elements of speech to the composition of the language are presented. The linguistic perspectives of the functioning of neologisms that appeared during the period from the beginning of the pandemic to the present moment, as well as the prospects for the functioning of separately taken derivational components such as pan-, cov-, demic, corona- are considered. The characteristic features of the neologisms of the 2020 and 2021 pandemic are analyzed separately in order to identify development trends and then predict the possibility of their survival in modern English. The selected neological units are examined for compliance with the fudge factor developed by the American neologue A. Metcalfe. This classification is complemented by the parameters developed by domestic researchers in the field of neology. Conclusions are made about potentially different prospects for the survival of neologisms in terms of form and content.

A thoroughly annotated and complete modern English translation and normalization of More’s correspondence has been needed for a long time. Many new letters have been uncovered in the 75 years since the publication of Elizabeth Roger’s still-indispensable edition, and intervening scholarship has prompted the reevaluation of important details of chronology and authorship. This article details the story of the work begun by a team of German scholars working under Hubertus Schulte-Herbrüggen in the 1980s towards bringing a new edition to fruition and offers introductions, notes, and translations to the so-called Utopia correspondence between Henry VIII and his ambassadors in the Low Countries as a sample of recently-renewed efforts to bring out a new edition of More’s correspondence.

The present paper attempts to describe the divergences between nearly synonymous phrasal verb/simplex pairs from court trials dating back to the Late Modern English period (LModE). The intention was to evaluate the effects that each verb form might exert in discourse, interpreting the lexical choice as functionally linked to the contents of the legal-lay discourse, that is the discourse between lay people and professionals in the courtroom (Heffer 2005: xv). Research to date has highlighted how the choice of one form or another needs to be explained in terms of register and degree of expressiveness (Bolinger 1971: 172; McArthur 1989: 40; Hiltunen 1999: 161; Claridge 2000: 221). However, no studies have yet evaluated the difference between phrasal verbs and simplexes from a phraseological perspective, or reflected on how their use is functionally linked to the communicative needs in courtroom settings. The study was conducted on the Late Modern English-Old Bailey Corpus (LModE-OBC), a self-compiled corpus that covers the century 1750–1850 and that includes a selection of trials drawn from The Proceedings of the Old Bailey, London’s Central Criminal Court.

Real-life is closely linked to speech. How and what we communicate often speaks both about ourselves and about the conditions in which we find ourselves. The same applies to the situation around the coronavirus pandemic. One way or another, it influenced the way and the subject we talk about. In this article, we consider the measurement of speech changes under the influence of a pandemic on the example of the political discourse of English-speaking countries. Our goal was to find out how the coronavirus influenced political discourse and what specific examples can be used to demonstrate this. To carry out research, we used general and special scientific methods, in particular, content analysis, linguistic analysis. Among the sources, we have studied are scientific articles on the research topic, as well as materials of publications of the world's leading media on the research topic. As a result of this work, we concluded that the political discourse reflects the situation around the coronavirus in terms of the speaker and the goals he sets for himself. At the same time, for professional politicians, the pandemic has become a platform for a power struggle, so some of them openly manipulate information. One of the interesting areas of research is the means of communication in a crisis, in particular, the use of Internet memes to demonstrate their political position. This, as well as coronaviral neologisms, need further study.

The article focuses on the study of synergetic approach to the principles of Modern English word-formation system structural organization and development. Word-formation is regarded as a complex open non-equilibrium system with non-linear scenarios of development. The structural organization of the English language in general and word-formation endo-system in particular ensures their ability to self-organize via accepting and adapting new language units, meanings and functions (in terms of synergetic – innovative substance, energy and information) or their dissipation. Special attention is paid to the phenomenon of language units’ functional trans orientation which contributes to the enrichment of word-forming devices and leads to the improvement of verb creative mechanisms.

This article is about studying the features of using youth slang in the process of studying English at the university. The analysis of the usage of slang expressions among the younger generation is identified. It is found that the definition of slang is beginning to attract the attention of modern philologists. There are now quite a number of slang definitions that are often contradictory. It is investigated that Ukrainian slang has a huge amount of English borrowing. This article is about analyzing the concept of youth slang in modern English. The relevance of our research is that youth slang is in constant development. It has also been determined that modern slang in the English language, being an integral part of the language, is one of the most relevant and controversial problems of modern lexicology. Thus, the reasons for the increase in the slang share in the modern teenager's speech include social factors; the importance of a language for communication with peers; the influence of the media (reading newspapers and magazines, watching TV shows), Internet resources. The main characteristic of youth slang is the constant emotionality, expressiveness, appreciation, and imagery of youth speech. This contributes to the overall dynamics of the Ukrainian literary language. The results of the investigation prove the assumption of the wide use of Anglicism; in most cases, a youth slang represents English borrowing or phonetic associations; it is necessary to pay attention to the attraction of foreign words especially when the process is so fast. This study helps to solve the problem of determination, the nature, and the main features of the phenomenon under study.

The present article studies structural models and semantic content of parenthetical insertions in modern English fiction. The relevance of the research is determined by its focus on the study of the corpus of parenthesis in the modern English language within the framework of the general science issue ‘man and the language’. The study is novel in that it is carried out using evidence from modern English literature (texts written by S. King, J. Barnes, D. Mitchell, J. Coe, Laura van den Berg). This article will be of interest to researchers dealing with problems of parenthesis in modern English and to specialists in semantic syntax.

The article explores the phenomenon of semantic compression in small format metatexts within the contemporary English scientific discourse. Abstracts to scientific articles from international citation databases, in particular those of Scopus and Web of Science, are analysed with the aim of eliciting ways of semantic compression. The latter is viewed as a key parameter of a scientific abstract, whose semantic quality is the main factor responsible for further integration of the research results into the global knowledge pool. It is presumed that an abstract, being a secondary small-format text, represents an exact semantic copy of the original scientific article, hence compression is viewed as a mechanism of redistributing the functional load of the eliminated units of the original by means of increasing the informative potential of the remaining elements within the secondary small-format text. In the process of pragma-semantic and discourse analysis, a specific complex of semantic compression methods is revealed on every level of scientific abstract organization; in particular, compression means are elicited on the structural and semantic textual levels, as well as on the morphological, lexical, syntactic and graphical ones. The revealed patterns, on the one hand, expand our understanding of compression mechanisms typical of small-format texts in general; on the other hand, the practical data obtained as a result of the analysis can be used by a wide range of researchers while writing abstracts in English for publications in high-ranking international scientific journals.

В статье рассматриваются лексико-семантические характеристики сокращений современного англоязычного газетного дискурса на материале англоязычных электронных изданий The New York Times, The Guardian, Forbes, The Independent, The Telegraph, Sunday-Times, особенности их функционирования. Газетный дискурс представлен как сфера функционирования различных сокращений, а именно контракций, усечений, блендинга, аббревиаций. Предметом выступают сокращенные лексические единицы, их функционирование в современной прессе и стратегии их передачи с английского языка на русский. Обработка фактического материала позволяет произвести количественный анализ лексики и определить наиболее характерный тип аббревиаций для текстов СМИ, определить их функции. Анализ материала позволяет фиксировать тот факт, что среди рассмотренных лексических единиц, именно аббревиатуры преобладают в современном газетном дискурсе, что подтверждает влияние событийности на изменение лексического состава языка и является мощным средством его пополнения. Функционирование образно-оценочных и культурно-маркированных сокращений в газетном дискурсе может как облегчать, так и усложнять восприятие информации. Однако сокращенные лексические единицы содержат широкий информационный потенциал, что позволяет фиксировать основное значение текста в памяти получателя и влияет на восприятие информации в нужном автору направлении. Словарь, включенный в текст, приобретает как информативное, так и эмоционально-оценочное значение. ____________________________ © Фомина С.Б., 2021 The article observes the lexical and semantic characteristics of abbreviations of the modern English-language newspaper discourse based on material of the English-language electronic publications from of The New York Times, The Guardian, Forbes, The Independent, The Telegraph, Sunday-Times, discusses the functioning of abbreviations. Newspaper discourse is presented as the sphere of functioning of various abbreviations, such as contractions, clipping, blending, abbreviations. The subject is abbreviated lexical units, their functioning in the modern press and strategies for their transfer from English into Russian. Factual material analysis allows carrying out a quantitative analysis of the vocabulary and determine the most typical type of abbreviations for media texts, their functions. The analysis of the material proves quantitative superiority of abbreviations that prevail in modern newspaper discourse that confirms the influence of eventfulness on the change in the lexical composition of the language and is a powerful means of replenishing it. The functioning of figurative and evaluative and culturally-marked abbreviations in newspaper discourse facilitates and complicates the perception of information at the same time. However, abbreviated lexical units contain a wide information potential, which allows fixing the main meaning of the text in the receiver's memory and affects the perception of information in the direction the author needs. The vocabulary included in the text acquires informative and emotionally evaluative value as well.

Статья посвящена изучению стилистических особенностей произведений современного литературного процесса на материале романов Маргарет Этвуд “The Blind Assassin”, Анны Бернс “Milkman” и Хилари Мантел “Giving up the Ghost”. В данной работе отмечается, что литература служит некоего рода лакмусовой бумажкой, запечатлевающей и отражающей всеобщее стремление к упрощению языка, его отдельных единиц и синтаксических структур. По мнению исследователей, подобные тенденции приводят к упрощению не только устных форм языка, но и языка художественной прозы, тем самым понижая ее эстетическую значимость и культурологический статус. В статье описывается процедура общефилологического анализа художественного текста и его основные методы. Среди исследователей нет единого мнения относительно поэтичности литературных произведений и роли в ее формировании различных языковых единиц. Некоторые ученые рассматривают тропы как один из обязательных элементов любого художественного текста, представляя их как нечто независимое и существующее даже в изоляции от текстового пространства. Согласно другому мнению, формирование стилистических приемов обусловлено взаимодействием языковых единиц, которые, лишь попадая в структуру текста, приобретают несвойственные им ранее образность и метафоричность. Проведенный филологический анализ материала исследования позволил опровергнуть распространенное мнение о крайнем обеднении стилистического потенциала современных англоязычных романов и установить, что задачей авторов современного литературного процесса является создание текстов, чья стилистическая организация не только сохранит статус литературы как искусства слова, но и сможет приблизить произведение к описываемой действительности. The article is devoted to the study of stylistic peculiarities of the literary works of the modern literary process on the material of the novels “The Blind Assassin” by Margaret Atwood, “Milkman” by Anna Burns and “Giving up the Ghost” by Hilary Mantel. The article notes that literature serves as some sort of a touchstone depicting and reflecting the universal desire to simplify the language, its separate units and syntactic structures. According to scientists, such tendencies lead to simplification of both oral speech and literary prose, which understates its esthetic value and cultural status. The article describes the procedure of philological analysis of a literary text and its basic methods. There is no common opinion on the poetry of literary works and on what role linguistic units play in its creation among scientists. Some researchers consider tropes one of the essential elements of any literary work, viewing them as something independent and existing even in isolation from the text. Others believe that the formation of stylistic devices results from interaction of linguistic units, which acquire earlier extrinsic imagery and metaphorical character only in the structure of a text. The philological analysis of the research material made it possible to refute a widespread impression of utmost impoverishment of stylistic potential in modern English novels and to establish the aim of modern literary process writers, which is to create texts which stylistic organization will not only preserve the status of literature as the art of the word but will also be able to bring the text closer to the described reality.

В статье анализируется современная англоязычная историография революций 1917 г., Гражданской войны и интервенции, происходящих на Северном Кавказе и при­влекающих внимание как отечественных, так и зарубежных исследователей. От­мечен интерес последних к региону как в XX, так и в XXI вв. Актуальность темы определяется возможностью познакомиться с исследованиями англоязычных авто­ров, с их взглядами на историческое прошлое народов Северного Кавказа в общерос­сийском контексте, с ролью горцев в формировании геополитического пространства тех лет. Цель работы – выявить среди доступной зарубежной литературы труды англоязычных исследователей XX в., в которых рассматриваются события 1917–1921 гг. на Северном Кавказе, и проанализировать их. В ходе исследования были использова­ны методы описания, анализа, принцип объективности и др. В работе показано, что в англоязычной историографии уделяется внимание Северокавказской Горской респу­блике, Юго-Восточному союзу казачьих войск, горцев Кавказа и вольных народов сте­пей, взаимоотношениям народов региона с Россией, зарубежными державами, с пред­ставителями Южного Кавказа, влиянию религии на политику горцев. Они отмечали возможности, которые предоставили народам Северного Кавказа события 1917 г.: организации различных политических советов, новых местных правительств и т.д. В рассматриваемых исследованиях анализируются также процессы противостоя­нии различных групп населения, приводившие к вооруженным столкновениям. В целом труды иностранных авторов дополняют материал отечественных исследователей и способствуют расширению исследовательских горизонтов. The paper examines the studies of English-language authors on the events of the revolutions of 1917, the civil war and intervention, which attract the attention of both native and foreign researchers. It was noted the interest of the English-language authors in the North Caucasus in the XX, and in the XXI century. The work is relevant, as it provides an opportunity to get acquainted with the research of English-language authors, with their view on the historical past of the peoples of the North Caucasus, associated with the history of Russia as a whole, with their role in the geopolitical context. The purpose of the paper is to identify the works of English-language researchers of the XXth century in foreign literature about the events in the North Caucasus in the period 1917–1921 and try to analyze them. The following methods were used in the study: method of description, analysis, principle of objectivity, etc. The paper shows that foreign authors in their works paid attention to the North Caucasian Mountain Republic, the Southeastern League of Cossack Hosts, Mountaineers of the Caucasus and Free Peoples of the Steppes, to the relations of the peoples of this region with the Russians, Great Powers, with its neighbours in the Caucasus, the impact of religion on mountaineer politics. They noted the opportunities that the events of 1917 provided to the peoples of the North Caucasus, including the organization of various political councils, new local governments, etc. English-language scholars also dwelt on the confrontation among the population, which led to armed clashes. The works of foreign authors help to supplement the material of native researchers and significantly broaden the research horizon.

Mainly seen in rising interest to learning foreign languages in our state. There has been made many attempts to create new ways and methods of teaching foreign languages. This research is based on language properties of purely English language, and comparative analysis linguistic features between English and Uzbek. The rising interests to learning foreign require establishing new methods and ways of teaching language. The most effective method of teaching language is considered to find counterparts of language units and expressions from Uzbek language. Besides that it is important to take into consideration special features of national similarities of native language.

The article highlights the importance of English reading as a type of linguistic activity that has great cognitive value and actually implements communicative, educational, and developmental function for high school students, and at the same time, considers the specifics of usage of innovative technologies as modern tools for English reading and learning a foreign language in general, as well as the suitability of using innovative technologies in the process of learning foreign languages at schools for high school students. There are many new methods of teaching English, and a necessary condition for choosing a particular method of teaching that is suitable for both teacher and student - knowledge of innovative learning technologies. Innovative technologies have become an integral part of a holistic educational process and can increase its effectiveness, as they affect the student's consciousness, feelings and will, form a creative personality that is able to effectively apply the acquired knowledge, skills and abilities in practice in any sphere of public life. English reading is a type of linguistic activity that allows not to imitate, but to reproduce one of the forms of real communication in English. With the help of reading in a foreign language, students get acquainted with the world of their foreign peers, with songs, poetry and fairy tales, available samples of children's fiction of the country whose language is studied. Looking at the process of reading from a psychological point of view, we can say that the process of perception and understanding of the text is directly related to thinking and memory. When a student perceives a text, he identifies the most important links in it and synthesizes them into a single whole. At the same time, memory helps logical and technical thinking. The main principles of integration of innovative technologies in the process of learning English are: movement from whole to separate, student-centred classes, purposefulness and relevance of classes, their focus on achieving social interaction facilitated by teacher’s faith in their students' success, language integration and language acquisition using knowledge from other fields of science. As a result of the use of innovative technologies, an information-rich educational process is created.

Введение. Исследуются фразеологические единицы с компонентом time в текстах литературных произведений известного американского писателя Ирвина Шоу (1913–1984). Цель – рассмотреть функционирование фразеологических единиц с компонентом time в англоязычном художественном тексте с помощью семантического и контекстуального анализа. Материал и методы. Материал исследования отбирался в романах: «Acceptable Losses» («Допустимые потери») (1982), «Bread Upon Waters» («Хлеб по водам») (1981), «Beggarman, Thief» («Нищий, вор») (1977), «Voices of a Summer Day» («Голоса летнего дня») (1965), «Lucy Crown» («Люси Краун») (1956), «The Troubled Air» («Растревоженный эфир») (1951). Использовался метод сплошной выборки, фразеологической идентификации и семантического анализа фразеологического значения в контексте. Результаты и обсуждение. Фразеологические единицы современного английского языка с компонентом time можно сгруппировать по семантическому значению. В материале исследования выделяется семь групп со значением: повторяемость (постоянно, часто, иногда), длительность (долго), временной отрезок (ожидание или пустая трата времени), временная точка (благоприятное время), временные отношения (последовательность, своевременность, одновременность), шкала времени (настоящее, прошлое, будущее) и субъективно оцениваемое время (приятное, неприятное). Фразоупотребления встречаются в узуальной и окказиональной форме. Среди прочих были рассмотрены следующие фразеологические единицы для упомянутых фразеосемантических групп: all the time, for the hundredth time, from time to time (повторяемость); half the time, take one’s time (длительность); a waste of time, stall for time, bide one’s time (временной отрезок); in one’s own time (временная точка); one thing at a time, it’s about time, at the same time (временные отношения); for the time being, at the time, for old times’ sake, in good time (шкала времени); have a good time, have a hard time, give smb a rough time (субъективно оцениваемое время). В контекстном употреблении зачастую раскрываются дополнительные оттенки значения фразеологической единицы. Заключение. Делаются наблюдения об особенностях реализации фразеологического значения в контексте. Результаты исследования могут применяться в спецкурсах, семинарах по фразеологической стилистике современного английского языка. Introduction. This article describes the use of phraseological units with the word component “time” on the basis of texts from the literary works of the American writer Irwin Shaw (1913–1984). Aim. To trace the usage of phraseological units with the component “time” in the context of literary texts with the help of semantic and contextual analysis. Material and methods. The research material includes several novels of the author of the fifties and eighties of the twentieth century: “Acceptable Losses” (1982), “Bread Upon Waters” (1981), “Beggarman, Thief” (1977), “Voices of a Summer Day” (1965), “Lucy Crown” (1956), “The Troubled Air” (1951). The method of phraseological semantic analysis was used as well as the method of phraseological identification. Results and discussion. The article considers phraseological contexts in detail concerning their semantics. Set expressions are distinguished by the following meaning: repeatability, duration, time interval, time point, time relations, time scale and subjectively estimated time. Within each group there is an additional separation by differential seme and examples of phraseological units with the discussed meaning. Repeatability (constantly, often, sometimes): all the time, for the hundredth time, from time to time. Duration (long): half the time, take one’s time. Time period (waiting or a waste of time): a waste of time, stall for time, bide one’s time. Time point (favorable time): in one’s own time. Temporary relations (simultaneity, sequence, at the time arranged): one thing at a time, at the same time, it’s about time. Timeline (present, past, future): for the time being, at the time, for old times’ sake, in good time. Subjectively estimated (pleasant or unpleasant): have a good time, have a hard time and give smb a rough time. Conclusion. Phraseological contexts are found in normal and occasional forms. The usage of phraseological units in speech exposes additional shades of meaning. The actual material and conclusions of this work can be applied in teaching special aspects of phraseological stylistics and the use of modern English set expressions in speech.

This article discusses Pragmatic functions of the phraseological units of modern English, its history and development paths, as well as different types of phraseological units. One of the most debatable problems in modern phraseology is the problem of functioning of phraseological units (PU). The results of studying the basic pragmatic functions of phraseological units in modern English are provided in this paper. The theoretical background of the research is based on the phrase logical concept introduced by. A. V. Kunin. The research is carried out on the language material extracted from modern lexicographic sources.

The system-level complexity of language has been thoroughly investigated in terms of Zipf’s law, whose quantitative features have proved to reflect text/language typology. This study extends the sc...

The article is devoted to the study of the intertext in modern English and Spanish rock-song discourses. The research focuses on the sources of intertextual elements and methods of implementing intertextuality in rock compositions. The study is justified by the variety of forms and mechanisms of sense formation in rock-song discourse that serves as a peculiar communication medium in the contemporary multicultural world. The research shows that the intertext of the rock-song discourse is influenced by the precedent phenomena of social, political and cultural life of both an individual nation and the world community as a whole; is formed by a variety of media, literary and religious prototexts, and is realized through citation, allusions, different forms of prototext modifications. The choice of the prototext is influenced by such factors as the genre of a composition, the issues addressed by the author, the author’s personality and social stand, linguistic culture producing the rock content, as well as social-political environment.

The aim of the research is to study the phenomenon of body positivity in sports advertising discourse using advertising posters in English-speaking countries (Great Britain, USA, Australia). The study is based on sports advertising messages (157 images) published in periodicals, as well as placed in the form of posters and banners over the period from 2015 to 2020. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the interdisciplinary approach to the study of the phenomenon of body positivity in relation to the modern English social advertising discourse. As a result of the research, specific implementation and representation features of the phenomenon of body positivity in the English sports advertising field have been revealed, as well as peculiarities in their perception by representatives of the English-language linguistic culture.

Qisqartma (abrevatsiya) lar uzoq tarixga ega bo'lib, butun bir so'zni yozib bo'lmaslik uchun yaratilgan. Bu vaqtni tejash, shuningdek maxfiylikni ta'minlash uchun amalga oshirilishi mumkin. Yunonistonda ham, Rimda ham so'zlarni bitta harflarga qisqartirish odatiy hol edi. Rim yozuvlarida "So'zlar odatda bosh harf yoki so'zlarning harflari yordamida qisqartirilgan va ko'pgina yozuvlarda kamida bitta qisqartma mavjud". Biroq, "ba'zilari o'zlarining kontekstiga qarab bir nechta ma'noga ega bo'lishi mumkin edi. Akademik Britaniyada filologik lingvistik nazariyaning o'sishi davrida qisqartirish juda moda bo'lib qoldi. Ammo yillar o'tishi bilan ba'zi uslubiy qo'llanmalarda konventsiya yo'qligi yoki ikki so'zli qisqartirishlarni nuqta bilan qisqartirish kerakligini va qaysi birini qisqartirish kerakligini aniqlash uchun uni qiyinlashtirdi. Zamonaviy ingliz tilida qisqartirish uchun bir nechta konventsiyalar mavjud va tanlov chalkash bo'lishi mumkin. Umumjahon qabul qilingan yagona qoida shundan iboratki, u izchil bo'lishi kerak va buni osonlashtirish uchun noshirlar o'zlarining afzalliklarini uslubiy qo'llanmada ifodalashadi. Tug'ilgan savollarga quyidagi bo'limlardagi savollar kiradi. Agar asl so'z katta harf bilan yozilgan bo'lsa, unda uning qisqartmasining birinchi harfi katta harfni saqlab qolishi kerak. Agar so'z bir harfdan ko'proq qisqartirilsa va dastlab kichik harflar bilan yozilgan bo'lsa, unda katta harf bilan yozishga hojat yo'q. Biroq, har bir so'zning faqat birinchi harfi olinadigan iborani qisqartirganda, barcha harflar katta harflar bilan yozilishi kerak, masalan, YTD da yilga, bosma elektron karta uchun tenglikni va sizning ma'lumotlaringiz uchun. Ushbu maqola shuni ko'rsatadiki, hozirgi kunda har bir kishi kundalik ishlatadigan so'zlarni qisqartirish mumkin. Qisqartirish tilni soddalashtirishning umumiy tendentsiyasini aks ettiradi va bu butun dunyo bo'ylab kompyuterga ega bo'lgan odamlarga tegishli.