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The purpose of this study was to examine the antibacterial and moisture-management properties of waffle knitted fabric treated with Grona triflora extract. The Grona triflora plant extract was initially prepared using the ethanol solvent through the soxhlet apparatus. Further, the tuck waffle rib gaited fabric was coated in different concentrations over the fabric through a padding mangle and then dried. Subsequently, the plant extract-infused fabric samples were subjected to SEM FTIR analysis to assess the effectiveness of the coating. The treated fabric samples were assessed for antimicrobial activity and moisture management assessment. The highest level of antibacterial activity was observed in all treated fabrics. Among the samples, 30% (W/V) of Grona triflora extract-coated fabric has recorded the highest antimicrobial activity. Similarly, different moisture management indices were analyzed for all the treated samples, and the highest level was found in all the treated samples since their OMMC values were more than 0.6. The conclusion is that cloth treated with Grona triflora extract may find use as medical fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the challenges and solutions involved in restoring a historic landmark while integrating modern thermal efficiency and moisture management techniques. It addresses Bodmin Jail's architectural heritage and the complexities inherent in conserving its structure, including managing moisture within thick masonry walls and selecting materials compatible with the building's historic fabric. The paper emphasises the importance of traditional lime mortars and insulation renders, designed to balance thermal performance and moisture control in an exposed environment. The reader will gain insights into conservation strategies that combine traditional and innovative methods, particularly for historic buildings subject to harsh environmental conditions. The paper offers practical knowledge on selecting compatible materials, understanding moisture dynamics within masonry and applying insulating renders in a conservation context. Additionally, readers can expect to learn about the analytical processes used to develop mortars and renders that meet both aesthetic and performance requirements, reinforcing the principles of sympathetic restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the unique interplay between thermal comfort and antimicrobial properties in base fabrics, shaping the foundation for the development of "Smart Socks" as advanced personal protective equipment (PPE). By delving into the inherent qualities of fibers such as cotton, polyester, bamboo, and wool and exploring fabric structures like single jersey, terry, rib, and mesh, the research captures the dynamic relationship between material composition and performance. Terry fabrics emerge as insulators, wrapping the user in warmth ideal for cold climates, while mesh structures breathe effortlessly, enhancing air circulation and moisture wicking for hot environments. Cotton mesh, with its natural affinity for moisture, showcases exceptional moisture management. Antimicrobial testing, focused on fabrics' interactions with Staphylococcus aureus, highlights the dormant potential of bamboo's bio-agents while revealing the necessity for advanced antimicrobial treatments. This study unveils a vision for combining innovative fabric structures and fibers to craft smart socks that balance thermal comfort, hygiene, and functionality. Future directions emphasize sensor integration for real-time physiological monitoring, opening pathways to revolutionary wearable PPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio‐inspired unidirectional flow of tiny aqueous droplets across the fibrous substrate paved the way for the emergence of various advanced materials. In the past, textiles decorated with noncontact‐based wettability‐patterns enabled unidirectional water flow—without flooding the top surface by the transferred water. However, such approaches mostly suffer from a low (≈0.176 µL mm−2 s−1) flow rate and are likely to delay the overall liquid ejection process. Here, a chemically reactive coating capable of tailoring water wettability (121.3° ± 2.4° to 153.3° ± 1.8°) is introduced on commercially available textiles to develop chemically modulated wettability‐pattern for achieving a rapid (2.57 ± 0.28 µL mm−2 s−1) flow rate of water against the gravity with an ability to roll the accumulated liquids on the top surface. The spatially selected and controlled chemical modification with hydrophilic and hydrophobic small molecules through a 1, 4‐conjugate addition reaction yielded a 3D channel with a customized wettability gradient. The pinning and depinning of invaded water through such chemically decorated channels enabled unidirectional and fast penetration of liquid, where the water penetration resistance largely depends on the water penetration direction and dimension of the chemically modulated channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the interests of using green and sustainable chemical innovations to create sustainable products with minimized (or no) chemical hazard potential, the polyester fabric in this work was activated and functionalized with chitosan and its durability was investigated. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer derived from chitin. As it has good biocompatibility, bio-absorption, anti-infectious, antibacterial and hemostatic properties and accelerates wound healing, it is increasingly being researched for the antimicrobial treatment of textiles. Due to the increased demands on the durability of antimicrobial properties during care, its binding to cellulose in cotton and cotton–polyester blends has been researched, but not to polyester alone. Therefore, the functionalization of polyester fabrics with chitosan by thermosol in the form of submicron particles and pad-dry-curing with homogenized gel was investigated in this work. The functionalization with chitosan was carried out on untreated polyester fabric and polyester fabric activated by alkali hydrolysis. In order to reduce the release of chemical substances during the entire life cycle of textile production, no binder was used. The effects were evaluated by electrokinetic analysis (zeta potential), and the mechanical, spectral, moisture management and antimicrobial properties were determined using standard methods. The functionalized polyester fabrics were submitted to 10 washing cycles in a solution of non-ionic surfactant for determination of its durability. It was shown that the functionalization of hydrolyzed polyester fabric with homogenized chitosan gel by pad-dry-curing results in excellent antimicrobial efficacy and moisture management properties while maintaining the mechanical properties of the fabric even after 10 washing cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the moisture management properties of multilayered knitted fabrics for sportswear, incorporating blends of polyester, modal, bamboo, nylon, and Kooltex. The goal is to improve athletic garment comfort and performance by optimizing moisture transport away from the skin. The research investigates 24 multilayered knitted structures created from yarns such as 40Ne modal, bamboo, nylon, and 150 denier polyester including recycled and micro polyester variants. The study finds that absorption rates are significantly affected by fiber type, yarn structure, and fabric density. Higher porosity in the top layer of the fabric generally facilitates more efficient moisture transport. Results show that, in most cases, the top layer's absorption rate exceeds that of the bottom layer, although some structures display exceptions due to differences in stitch density and fabric thickness. Fabrics that combine polyester for moisture transfer with cotton or wool for absorption enhance comfort by effectively wicking sweat away from the body. Statistical analysis reveals a significant correlation (p < 0.05) between stitch density and moisture transport efficiency, with higher stitch densities potentially impeding moisture movement. The results suggest that fabrics combining effective moisture transport, high absorption rates, and suitable structural properties are optimal for sportswear, enhancing comfort and performance during physical activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the factors that affect how materials age is essential for creating a durable product with long-lasting properties. It is also important to prioritize defining aging parameters that reflect the real-world conditions the materials will encounter. For this study, a range of swimwear materials were selected consisting of a blend of polymer (polyamide/polyester) and elastane in varying ratios. In order to simulate aging conditions, materials were immersed in chlorinated outdoor pool water during the summer season, either in shade or the sun, for 200 and 300 h. The materials were tested for mass per unit area, thickness, tensile properties, and moisture management. A slight mass per unit area increase was observed, rising from 1.0% after 200 h of chlorine and sunlight exposure to 3.7% after 300 h. Thickness increased by 1.7% after 200 h and 3.2% after 300 h of chlorine exposure, with no significant effect of sunlight. Breaking force dropped by 12.4% after 200 h in chlorine and 8.2% in chlorine and sunlight, becoming more pronounced after 300 h (65.7% in chlorine and 65.1% in chlorine and sunlight). The overall moisture management capability declined from 0.4888 to 0.3457 after 200 h in chlorine and 0.3393 with sunlight, dropping further after 300 h to 0.3838 and 0.3253, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research reports the results of a work intended to increase the attributes regarding moisture management of acrylic–cotton-blended single jersey fabrics. In a single-step exhaust method, the blended fabric is treated with 60% calcium chloride-based desiccant at 60 °C for 1 h. The multidirectional liquid transport behavior of treated fabric through properties such as time for wetting, rate of absorbing moisture, maximum radius of wetted area, speed of spreading the test liquid, moisture transport index, and total moisture management capacity is analyzed. The experimental results exhibit improvement in the moisture management property of the treated fabrics from 0 to 0.75. The wettability of the fabric is also enhanced as the water contact angle has reduced from 108.37° to 66.45° after the treatment. Treated samples transport the test liquid across the fabric much more quickly than untreated samples due to fabric–desiccant interaction through a strong hydrogen bond. This is characterized by an FTIR peak at 2341 cm−1 which gets reduced after treatment. The impact of desiccant treatment on physical properties such as color strength, fabric thickness and weight was also analyzed. The desiccant treatment shows durability up to five wash cycles equivalent to 25 home laundering cycles, dictating a great prospect of applying this method in the moisture management of cotton–acrylic-blended textiles. Moreover, the presence of randomly deposited desiccant particles on the blended fabric surface confirmed by SEM is achieved in a single step, emphasizing the versatility of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at the modification of the surface properties of twill-5 polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric, in particular to improve its hydrophilicity. It compares the hydrophilic potential and efficacy of two vinyl monomers radically grafted onto the fabric by photoinduced processes. Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and [2-(methacryloyloxy)-ethyl]-trimethylammonium chloride (METAC) affected the wettability of the fabric towards water, significantly reducing the water contact angle (WCA). As a consequence, the treated fabrics showed a good improvement of dynamic moisture management. Adopting specific conditions (e.g., type of monomer and grafting monomer concentration), the grafted PET fabrics remained hydrophilic after washing, laudering, dry cleaning, and rubbing tests; thus, the surface treatment modification resulted to be durable overall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the impact of micro-denier filament on seam comfort properties, five different micro-denier polyester filament threads with different fibre fineness (from medium-fine to micro fibres) have been studied. Sewing threads of 150 deniers are made of textured micro-denier polyester filaments with five different filament numbers, viz 3.94 dpf, 3.1 dpf, 1.38 dpf, 1.04 dpf, and 0.52 dpf; calculated based on the number of filament within the specified fibre diameter. The stitch density 10 stitches/inch is used. It is concluded that wetting time, absorption rate, and spreading speed have improved when the filament fineness is varied from 3.94 dpf to 1.38 dpf and dropped from 1.38 dpf to 0.52 dpf. The seam constructed with 1.38 dpf shows the optimum level of moisture management capacity. OMMC values are also indicating the same results. Increasing filament fineness brings about an increase in air permeability and moisture vapour transmission from the seam made with 3.94 dpf to the seam made with 0.52 dpf, attributable to enhance the availability of free air in the seam structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, ten fabric samples of CoolMax have been produced for preparing reusable face masks. The first group of five woven fabric samples has been produced with different fabric structures (plain weave 1/1, basket weave in warp direction, basket weave in both directions, satin 8, and twill 3/1) with both warp and weft yarns having 750 twists/m. The other group of five woven fabric samples is produced with the same fabric structures but by using 850 twists/m for warp and weft. The plain weave 1/1 fabric is treated with a water-repellent finish. The fabric properties, such as anti-bacterial, moisture, and air permeability, have been evaluated. It is observed that the fabric samples produced from CoolMax with twill, basket weave, and satin would be suitable for the inner and middle layer of the face mask, as they absorb droplets, and liquids and prevent bacteria, while the treated plain weave 1/1 fabric with water-repellent finish can be used for the outer layer. The woven face mask with three layers has been evaluated by objective and subjective methods, and the results show that the air permeability is 15.8 cm³/cm²/s, which is good in terms of breathability as compared to a disposable face mask, and withstand 25 cycles of washing for anti-bacterial property. The suggested woven face mask with three layers can reduce the spreading of the infection of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at determining the moisture management behavior of the silk/bamboo blended fabrics. It is observed that the fabric made from the higher bamboo content has lower wetting time and the fabric made from the higher silk content has higher wetting time. Higher bamboo content fabric has a higher absorption rate, accumulative one-way transport index, spreading speed and overall moisture management capacity as compared to higher silk content fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex evaluation of thermo-physiological comfort for a particular garment is still challenging, as it depends on the different structural parameters and individual properties of textiles. Measurement of relevant fabric characteristics requires very specific laboratory equipment, such as an M 290 moisture management tester (SDL ATLAS) or similar. For this reason, it is obvious that there is a great demand to predict the overall moisture management capability (OMMC) based on the individual properties that are responsible for clothing comfort and testing according to different standards rather than OMMC -specific calculation using the M 290 tester. Therefore, in this research, linear regression analysis was performed using MATLAB software to predict the OMMC for cotton–polyester fabrics knitted in two patterns, namely 1 × 1 rib and half-Milano rib, using four percentages of fibers. Water vapor permeability, water vapor resistance, water absorption capacity, water absorption time, and air permeability were used as input variables for linear regression analysis to predict the OMMC of fabrics. The performed analysis has shown that the OMMC is directly dependent on the relative water vapor permeability and air permeability, and the linear regression equation suggested in this research can predict the suitability of a textile for a particular garment concerning its moisture management behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In diabetic patients, optimised plantar health necessitates meticulously designed hosiery. These specialised socks facilitate a healthy microclimate at the skin–textile interface. This requires that stable conditions of temperature and humidity are maintained during wear. This study investigated the thermal resistance and moisture management properties of socks for diabetics. Fabrics and socks were evaluated on the Alambeta and thermal foot manikin instruments and in wear trials. A novel in vitro method, mimicking in-use conditions, was employed to validate findings and assess sock performance during wear. Fabric structure, especially thickness, had a greater impact on thermal resistance than fibre composition, suggesting that socks with different levels of thermal resistance can be customised according to individual preferences. In terms of moisture management, mohair–wool socks outperformed polyester socks, maintaining significantly lower humidity between the skin and the sock, and meeting the requirement to prevent the drying out of the microclimate significantly better. The enhanced moisture vapour sorption exhibited by the mohair–wool fabric contributes to this effect. Overall, the findings suggest that mohair–wool is an excellent fibre choice for diabetic socks, due to its unique moisture management properties and the possibility to tailor thermal properties through fabric structural design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, expectations from textile products have increased and the comfort features of clothes have gained more importance, especially for leisure and sports clothes. Therefore, the liquid moisture transmission of clothes is quite important, which has a significant effect on the body's ability to cool itself and the user's feeling cold after sweating. A new test instrument “3D-MMD” (3 Dimension Moisture Mapping Device), that measures the liquid moisture transmission feature of the fabrics in multidirection is introduced in this paper. The developed system includes two thermal cameras that allow measurement below and above of the sample. When the test liquid is dropped on the sample, the heat transfer occurs and due to the heat transfer during the transmission of moisture, the surface temperature of wetted and non-wetted parts of the fabric changes. This change is detected in the form of infrared data with the help of thermal cameras and converted into an electronic image. The wet area can be easily created by processing the images of the color visuals coming instantly from the thermal camera. The patent for this new method has been registered by the Turkish Patent and Trademark Office (TR2020/21004). Meanwhile, the international patent application process continues (PCT/TR2021/051223).

Fabric comfort is essential for maintaining both physiological and psychological well-being. The inherent low thermal conductivity and single-layer porous structure of traditional cotton fabrics compromise the body's cooling pathways and moisture management capabilities. Multifunctional fabrics, combining excellent thermal conductivity with superior moisture management, are emerging as potential candidates for the next generation of human thermal management textiles. In this study, a straightforward strategy for preparing dual-function wearable Janus-type fabric is proposed involving electrospinning thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer onto the surface of cellulose cotton fiber and concurrently loading thermally conductive boron nitride nanosheets. The prepared fabric exhibits excellent thermal and moisture management characteristics. It achieves a thermal conductivity of 0.307 W/mK, reducing overall thermal resistance to 10.62 K cm2/W. The practical indoor and outdoor tests in winter demonstrate that the surface temperature of the fabric in contact with human skin is 2.9 and 3.1 °C higher than that of the common fabric, suggesting its favorable heat dissipation ability. The construction of a dual wetting gradient allows for directed moisture transport within the fabric, with a water evaporation rate of 0.276 g/h. Additionally, its robust thermal stability and excellent mechanical properties ensure its reliability for prolonged wearable device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow of moisture through textile surfaces is a complex phenomenon as many factors influenceits transmission. The objective of this research work is to determine the effect of yarn and binding on their ability to prevent or promote moisture transmission within knitted structures. For this, we have developed a series of structures from cotton yarn and five types of polyester with different counts. The study of moisture transmission for the samples we have developed requires various tests to make a comprehensive study including air permeability, porosity, absorption rate, drying time, Fabric-vertical wicking, and moisture absorption. The results found by the absorption rate test showed that the pique jacquard absorbs better than the double face-one facejacquard. Based on the results of moisture management, air permeability and porosity, an optimum knitted structure is developed that corresponds to the good moisture transmission and the air permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the effects of weft yarn (two plied, two plied cotton/PVA, siro core spun, and ring core-spun weft yarn) and fabric structure (plain, twill, and sateen construction) on air and water vapor permeability, vertical wicking height, and moisture management properties of the fabrics were analyzed in detail. The scope of the research was to obtain better performance by producing hollow and microporous structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study is to alleviate discomfort arising from fluctuations in heat and humidity due to environmental and personal factors, aiming to develop functional textiles capable of effectively responding to these changes. To achieve this, systematic pattern designs were implemented on 100% cotton woven fabrics, incorporating hydrophobic characteristics through the application of a water-repellent agent to specific areas. The resulting compatibility of these hydrophobic features with hydrophilic elements endowed the fabrics with moisture management properties. Furthermore, the introduction of a phase-changing material agent to these fabrics imparted heat management capabilities. The rotation printing technique was employed to seamlessly transfer these agents onto the fabric. In assessing the durability of woven fabrics featuring distinct functionalities, a comprehensive examination was conducted, subjecting them to 30 repeated wash cycles within a single process step. The morphological structures of the fabrics produced were meticulously analyzed using SEM (scanning electron microscopy), SEM–EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray analysis) while their chemical compositions were scrutinized through FTIR–ATR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy–attenuated total reflectance). Additionally, a battery of tests, including physical, chemical, liquid absorption, liquid transfer assessments, and DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) analyses, were conducted in accordance with relevant standards. The outcomes of this study demonstrated that the fabrics not only met the criteria of the TS 866 standard, particularly with regard to a rapid response time of less than 10 s, but also exhibited resilience to repeated washings, affirming the enduring efficacy of the incorporated functionalities. According to tearing strength results, slight increase was also observed in treated cotton fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diapers are essential living consumables to infants and elderly. Thermal and tactile comfort of diapers are critical to the well-being of those who use them daily. Prolonged contact with moisture and fecal matter has been identified as a primary factor contributing to diaper dermatitis. The embossing patterns on the diaper’s next-to-skin surface can reduce the contact area and decrease the risk of dermatitis. Current surface embossing designs of baby diapers have limitations in addressing issues related to prolonged usage, lack of support under body pressure, and insufficient reduction of skin contact with the surface layer. This paper reports on the development of a novel moisture-adaptive embossed surface layer through the embedment of a moisture absorbing hydrogel [viz. acrylic acid-co-sodium acrylate (AA-co-SA)] in the embossing structure. The incorporation of tailored AA-co-SA hydrogel dots within the diapers’ inner surface layer resulted in superior thermal and moisture comfort in comparison with existing commercial products. The designed embossments proved effective in reducing the contact area and maintaining an air gap between the skin and the diaper under heavy compression.

This study aims at the modification of the surface properties of twill-5 polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric, in particular to improve its hydrophilicity. It compares the hydrophilic potential and efficacy of two vinyl monomers radically grafted onto the fabric by photoinduced processes. Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and [2-(methacryloyloxy)-ethyl]-trimethylammonium chloride (METAC) affected the wettability of the fabric towards water, significantly reducing the water contact angle (WCA). As a consequence, the treated fabrics showed a good improvement of dynamic moisture management. Adopting specific conditions (e.g., type of monomer and grafting monomer concentration), the grafted PET fabrics remained hydrophilic after washing, laudering, dry cleaning, and rubbing tests; thus, the surface treatment modification resulted to be durable overall.

Government policies focus on the textile sector to follow a tendency towards sustainability and circular economy, thus, raising the use of recycled textiles which require further performance improvement to be completely competitive with other textile products while using secondary treatments that are also environmentally friendly. In this study, a 100% recycled polyester weft-knitted fabric, currently used by commercial brands in the apparel and sport textile industry, is calendered and its properties are examined before and after such treatment. This research investigates variations in the physical (appearance and thickness), mechanical (tensile strength and elastic recovery), and physiological (water vapour resistance, spray test, and wettability) characteristics of the samples. The calendering treatment reduces water vapour resistance up to 23%, which is particularly interesting for garments used in sports. Additionally, the contact angle is increased by the calendering process which translates in poorer wettability. Novel findings of this work include that, whereas in the original fabric sweat marks are visible, sweat stains do not appear on the calendered fabric and moisture management improves, while mechanical properties do not undergo significant changes. These results have not been previosly found in the literature, giving a particular interest to a conventional process in this type of recycled fiber that can contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the textile industry and enhance the performance of treated fabrics. All these aspects make the treatment particularly interesting to improve the technical performance of the textile material while using an economic treatment with low effect on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A specific knitting structure was developed using bamboo, polypropylene, hollow polyester, and polyester staple fiber yarns on the face and reverse sides of the fabric to study the moisture management characteristics of tri-layer knitted fabrics. The techniques in which each type of material regulates moisture affects how warm or cool it feels. The results indicated that the bamboo (outer), hollow polyester (inner), and hollow polyester (middle) fabrics had a higher ability to regulate moisture, providing a high level of comfort, and are suitable for summer, sporty, and sportswear. The results suggest that the hollow polyester yarn used in the inner and middle layers of the tri-layer knitted fabric exhibit a greater level of the comfort property because of their wide wetting radius, high absorption rates, extended wetting times, and short drying times and quick sweat diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the effect of air plasma treatment on moisture management properties of cotton and polyester fibers blended in 0:100, 50:50, 100:0 ratios in four different structures: single jersey, cross-tuck, cross-miss and twill at two different loop lengths 0.29 cm and 0.32 cm is analyzed. It is clearly shown that the knit fabric made of 100% polyester has providing good moisture management properties. The moisture management properties mainly depend on the loop length and fabric structure of the fabric. The fabric made with 100% polyester of cross-miss knit fabric with a loop length of 0.32 cm has good moisture management property. The plasma treatment also has a significant impact on improving the moisture management properties of the fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabric made from fancy yarn, especially neppy yarn has a great environmental impact because the fabric does not need any additional dyeing process. This study involved knitting neppy yarn of two distinct spinning processes, vortex and ring spinning, each having three different percentages of neps. The comfort properties of six different fabrics were evaluated by analyzing various parameters, including moisture management properties, water vapor transmission rate, air permeability, hand feel properties, and bursting strength. Microscopic views were also examined for analyzing the physical appearance of the fabric's surface. The experimental results revealed that fabrics made from vortex-spun neppy yarn (VSNY) exhibit better moisture management, breathability, and hand feel properties than ring-spun neppy yarn (RSNY). Alternatively, bursting strength and water vapor evaporation rate showed a lower trend in fabrics made from vortex-spun neppy yarn. The research findings contribute valuable insights into the potential of vortex spinning techniques for sustainable and comfortable textile production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Quick drying is one of the most crucial factors in the comfort and performance of active sportswear clothing. It helps to keep the wearer dry and comfortable by effectively wicking away sweat and moisture from the body. In the light of this, a substantial number of previous researchers have identified fabric properties and types that have a significant impact on fabric drying performance. Studies have also been conducted to examine the impact of fabric drying on human physiology during sports-related activities. However, there are still some technical knowledge gaps in the existing literature related to the drying performance of active sportswear fabrics. This review article provides a critical analysis of the literature on the impact of various fabric attributes as well as the physiological and environmental factors on moisture management and drying performance. The key issues in this field are determined so that future research can be directed and this scientific field can advance in order to improve the overall performance of active sportswear fabrics.

Over the years, the demands on the durability and quality of polyester fabrics used for sportswear have increased, as these fabrics contribute to athletes' performance. At the same time, the use of recycled polyester material is increasingly being promoted for environmental reasons. This study focused on investigating the properties of standard and recycled polyester fabrics before and after aging according to the developed aging protocol. The surface morphology, thickness, elongation at break, force at break, bursting force, mass loss due to abrasion and moisture management of the fabrics were tested. The results showed that the aging process had no influence on the surface changes in the fabrics. More specifically, there were neither surface cracks on the fibre surface nor chemical changes. The highest decrease in force at break for standard polyester fabrics with elastane was up to 26%, and up to 15% for fabrics made of recycled polyester. The loss of mass due to abrasion was greater for recycled polyester than for standard polyester fabrics. The average ability of the fabrics to absorb moisture decreased by up to 23% after aging, while the wetting time increased by up to 30%, with the highest increase observed in recycled fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The moisture management performance of fabrics under profuse sweating (i.e. the ability to sweat absorb, spread, evaporate, drip, and dry) is crucial to the wearer's comfort and performance, and should therefore be accurately and realistically tested for quality evaluation and product development. However, it is challenging to measure these properties simultaneously under realistic conditions using current evaluation techniques or testing standards. In this article an advanced version of the novel sweating simulator (NSS) is presented with which the skin temperature, sweat temperature, active body posture, and varying sweating rates can be simulated and multiple fabric moisture management properties including liquid sweat accumulation rate, multi-directional spreading rates, variations in downflow rates caused by increasing liquid accumulation, discharge rate, evaporation rate, drying rate, and drying time can be measured concurrently and in real-time during the simulated sweating and drying phases. The high accuracy and excellent reproducibility of NSS measurements were demonstrated through testing eight different kinds of commercial moisture management fabrics to show the potential applications of the NSS. It is believed that the novel sweating simulator, owing to its comprehensive testing capability, will play a key role in the development of next-generation moisture management fabrics for numerous apparel and technical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing dynamic moisture management of textiles is of great significance for smart clothing. However, the current pore‐actuated fabric suffers from macro‐dimensional deformation in response. Moreover, the fabric is limited in its ability to control the direction and speed of sweat transfer. Herein, a patterned cotton fabric (PCF) is proposed by constructing thermal‐triggered transmission channels on the knitted hydrophobic cotton. The resultant fabric can switch the mode of channels spontaneously depending on ambient temperature. When PCF is exposed to the cold environment, the channels are "closed", which prevents the intrusion of rainwater, reducing moisture permeability (12.1% lower than cotton) and maintaining human body temperature (0.8 °C higher than cotton). When the weather gets hot, channels are "open", allowing for efficient transportation of water vapor (18.0% higher than cotton) and directional sweat transportation. This design allows adaptive water vapor gating to synergistically occur with directional liquid transport, maximizing personal warming (when cold and raining) and cooling (when hot and sweating). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modified cellulose (tencel, modal and bamboo) lycra plated single jersey knitted fabrics have been developed with two different loop lengths (2.7mm and 3.4mm) and with different lycra plating (without plating, half plating and full plating), along with the cotton fabrics of same variables. The test results of moisture management properties prove that the overall moisture management capability (OMMC) values of 3.4mm tencel fabric without lycra have the highest value and exhibit an excellent grade in the moisture management test (MMT) chart. This is attributed to the low wetting time, higher bottom absorption rate, higher value of maximum wetted radius and spreading speed and accumulative one-way transport index (AOTI) value. It is also found that the value of OMMC decreases with the increase in elastane content and increases with the increase in loop length. Further, it is also observed that all the developed fabrics fall under the category of good to excellent grades in MMT indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transport of moisture is an important aspect of physiological comfort of clothing usage. The moisture originating from sweat can be in the form of vapour or liquid. Sweat in the form of liquid occurs, whereas the sweat in the form of vapour cannot be efficiently evaporated to the environment. For the stretchable fabrics, it is important to know the influence of stretching on their liquid moisture transport performance. The aim of the present work was to analyse the liquid moisture transport in knitted fabrics at varying degrees of stretch: 0, 15, 20 and 20%, and to assess the effect of stretch ratio on the ability of fabrics to transport the liquid moisture. Measurement was done using the M290 Moisture Management Tester supplemented with the MMT Stretch Fabric Fixture device. The obtained results confirmed that the stretching influences the values of the parameters characterizing the knitted fabrics from the point of view of their ability to transport liquid moisture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transport of liquid water is one of the basic producer requirements to ensure the suitable physiological comfort of drivers. This paper deals with the investigation of car seat covers' efficiency from the point of view of their moisture management. Two methods were used for the evaluation of moisture transport in the car seat cover structures. Both of them use a thermography system for water transport detection. The first method evaluates dynamic water spreading in cross-section in the frontal plane; the second one examines horizontally dynamic spreading of liquid drops on the upper face of the sample. The tested materials were designed to understand the role of the middle layer of textile sandwich car seats in their moisture management behavior. The same PES woven structure in the top layer was used for all tested samples. Knitted spacer fabric (3D spacer fabric), polyurethane foam, and nonwoven were used as padding in the middle layer in car seat covers. In summary, the distribution and transport of liquid moisture in a sandwich structure are fundamentally affected by the middle layer of composite, especially by material composition and the value of porosity. The best results were shown in 3D spacer fabric for car seat covers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research fills in the missing knowledge on the moisture management and air permeability of knitted fabrics developed using mixed cotton/antistatic polyester yarns with both antibacterial and antistatic behavior to enhance their functionality. The effect of the knit pattern, technical side, percentage of fiber mixture and treatment on water absorption capacity and time, relative water vapor permeability and resistance, and air permeability of developed fabrics was investigated. The 1x1 rib knit and half-Milano rib knit patterns were applied in each 4 percentages of cotton and antistatic polyester and 3 types of finishing to prepare 24 fabrics. The water absorption capacity for 1x1 rib knit fabrics was in the range of 182–231% and 162–237% for the half-Milano knitted fabric with the ∼20% increase when increasing the percentage of antistatic polyester or applying the treatment. The water absorption time depended on the pattern, the fabric treatment, and the percentage of the fiber mixture. The applied antibacterial treatment significantly prolonged the water absorption time of most of the dyed and softened samples. The 1x1 rib knitted fabrics showed significantly higher water vapor and air permeability than the half-Milano rib knitted fabrics. The relative water vapor and air permeability of the treated samples increased significantly with an increasing percentage of polyester. Research results are of great practical value when designing new textiles and simulating mathematically their comfort behavior when choosing them for a particular garment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In diabetic patients, optimised plantar health necessitates meticulously designed hosiery. These specialised socks facilitate a healthy microclimate at the skin–textile interface. This requires that stable conditions of temperature and humidity are maintained during wear. This study investigated the thermal resistance and moisture management properties of socks for diabetics. Fabrics and socks were evaluated on the Alambeta and thermal foot manikin instruments and in wear trials. A novel in vitro method, mimicking in-use conditions, was employed to validate findings and assess sock performance during wear. Fabric structure, especially thickness, had a greater impact on thermal resistance than fibre composition, suggesting that socks with different levels of thermal resistance can be customised according to individual preferences. In terms of moisture management, mohair–wool socks outperformed polyester socks, maintaining significantly lower humidity between the skin and the sock, and meeting the requirement to prevent the drying out of the microclimate significantly better. The enhanced moisture vapour sorption exhibited by the mohair–wool fabric contributes to this effect. Overall, the findings suggest that mohair–wool is an excellent fibre choice for diabetic socks, due to its unique moisture management properties and the possibility to tailor thermal properties through fabric structural design.

In this study eri silk/micro denier polyester/bamboo, eri silk/micro denier polyester/tencel plated interlock fabrics and the moisture management properties have been developed and analyzed. The effects of raw material combination and fabric structure on moisture management properties with plated interlock knit fabrics are examined. For this study, two types of plated interlock knit structures have been developed. The outer layer made up of bamboo/tencel yarns (14.8 tex), the middle layer micro denier polyester (125 denier) connected with more tuck points, the next to skin layer made up of eri silk yarns (14.3 tex). The result shows that plated interlock knit structure are highly influences the moisture management properties. When compare to eri silk/micro denier polyester/bamboo and tencel combination Excellent moisture management properties were observed in eri silk/micro denier/tencel combination plated interlock knitted fabrics.

Today, the capacity to regulate moisture is one of the most crucial qualities of knitted fabrics. This study focuses on the interaction between core ratio, twist, and loop length on the moisture management capabilities of single jersey knitted textiles manufactured from 100% regenerated bamboo, 80:20 regenerated bamboo: polyester yarns, and 60:40 regenerated bamboo: polyester yarns. The Box-Behnken experimental design was used to optimize the design parameters in this study. It was discovered that the moisture management qualities were improved by the increased polyester core content, high twist, and short loop length. Single jersey knitted fabrics made from 100% regenerated bamboo yarns swiftly wick away sweat and maintain moisture in their structure, resulting in a very fast wetting rate, spreading speed, and extremely large maximum wetted radius, as well as a very excellent AOTI value and very good OMMC ratings. Additionally, it can be suggested that single jersey knitted textiles consisting of core-spun yarns provide quick absorption and quick drying rates, meeting the needs of sportswear applications.

Cellulose is the most abundant substance existing in the form of plants on the earth. These fibers are obtained either directly or indirectly from the seed, leaves, stem, or wood of plants. Cellulosic fibers are preferred for apparels owing to their abundance, ease of processing, biodegradation, and compatible with the human body in terms of better moisture management, thermal regulation, and tactile comfort. In this study, woven fabric made of four different cellulosic yarns, i.e. cotton, bamboo, tencel, and viscose were produced, and their thermo-physiological comfort properties were compared. The linear density of yarns, and thread density and weave structure (3/1 twill) of all the fabrics were kept constant on the weaving machine. Air permeability, thermal resistance, and moisture management tests were carried out to analyze their thermo-physiological comfort properties. The results showed that cotton fabric showed higher air permeability and thermal resistance as compared to other cellulosic fabrics. Whereas the moisture management properties of tencel fabric were superior to the rest of cellulosic fabrics. Moreover, the effect of cellulosic materials on air permeability and moisture management properties of the woven fabrics was found statistically significant.

This study was aimed to develop knitted denim fabrics by using cotton and eri silk yarns. Three combinations of 3/1 twill knitted denim fabrics were developed. Two materials cotton yarn 30s and eri silk yarn 2/80s Nm with three types (100% cotton, 50% cotton/50% eri silk, 100% eri silk) of knitted denim fabrics were produced. Moisture management properties were tested for the developed samples.100% eri silk knitted denim fabric was found with the excellent accumulative one way transport index % and a very good overall moisture management capability better than that of 100% cotton and 50% cotton/50%eri silk knitted denim fabrics. The results indicated that the eri silk knitted denim fabric is more suitable for active wear and functional wear applications.

In recent times, due to increased environmental awareness, the usage of sustainable, eco-friendly textile products has gained momentum. In this respect, the Soya bean protein fiber (SPF) based fabric structure is considered a potential product. Single Jersey and Single Pique knitted structures were developed by changing the yarn count and loop length using Soya bean fiber for next-to-skin applications. Multidimensional moisture management properties were measured using MTT tester to understand the influence of process parameters (fabric structure yarn count and loop length). Further to this, physical properties and wetness comfort properties of the SPF knitted fabrics were also studied. It was found that the OMMC properties of most of the SPF knitted samples were highly rated. The influence of knit structure, yarn count, and loop length on moisture properties was studied through ANOVA. Similarly, the correlation between the physical parameters and moisture properties was also investigated. The Single Pique structure with finer yarn count and higher loop length configuration showed higher moisture management properties. The fabric thickness was correlated with all the moisture management properties. However, the fabric tightness factor was correlated with all the moisture management properties except MWR and AOTI.

Musa Acuminata SAP has greater influence on moisture management property of the fabric. The fabric finished with Musa Acuminata SAP also shows higher level of comfort. An examination was made on the effect of Musa Acuminata SAP-finished fabric on moisture management properties of the cotton-finished fabric like wetting time, absorption time, spreading area, spreading speed, accumulative one-way transport index, and moisture management capability. The results prove that the fabric finished with the highest concentration of Musa Acuminata SAP at a moderate temperature with the least processing time has good performance in the moisture management behavior of the finished fabric when compared with the lower concentration of Musa Acuminata SAP with the highest temperature at the highest processing time.

Transport of moisture is an important aspect of physiological comfort of clothing usage. The moisture originating from sweat can be in the form of vapour or liquid. Sweat in the form of liquid occurs, whereas the sweat in the form of vapour cannot be efficiently evaporated to the environment. For the stretchable fabrics, it is important to know the influence of stretching on their liquid moisture transport performance. The aim of the present work was to analyse the liquid moisture transport in knitted fabrics at varying degrees of stretch: 0, 15, 20 and 20%, and to assess the effect of stretch ratio on the ability of fabrics to transport the liquid moisture. Measurement was done using the M290 Moisture Management Tester supplemented with the MMT Stretch Fabric Fixture device. The obtained results confirmed that the stretching influences the values of the parameters characterizing the knitted fabrics from the point of view of their ability to transport liquid moisture.

Flammability testing of undergarments is a topic that is often overlooked and rarely on the list of textiles to be tested for fire safety. However, it is particularly important for professionals exposed to fire risk to investigate the flammability of underwear as its direct contact with the skin can be critical to the extent and degree of skin burns. This research focuses on the suitability of affordable blends of 55 wt.% modacrylic, 15 wt.% polyacrylate, and 30 wt.% lyocell fibres that have the potential to be used for flame-resistant underwear. The influence of modacrylic fibre linear density (standard and microfibres), ring spinning processes (conventional, Sirospun, and compact), and knitted structure (plain, 2:1 rib, 2:1 tuck rib, single pique, and triple tuck) on their properties required for thermal comfort in high-temperature environments was investigated. Scanning electron and optical microscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, mechanical testing, moisture regain, water sorption, wettability, absorption, DSC, TGA, and flammability were tested to assess the desired suitability. The wetting time (5–14.6 s) and water absorption time (4.6–21.4 s) of the knitted fabrics have shown excellent ability to transport and absorb water compared to the knitted fabrics created from a conventional blend of 65% modacrylic and 35% cotton fibres. The afterflame and afterglow times of less than 2 s met the criteria for non-flammability of the knitted fabrics according to the limited flame spread test method. The results show that the investigated blends have the potential to be used for affordable flame-retardant and thermally comfortable knitted fabrics for underwear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]