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[ES] La digitalización de la agricultura es una realidad en nuestros días, incluyendo el uso de sensores para el manejo sostenible del riego y la fertilización. Para no encarecer en demasía la instalación de estos sensores, muchas casas comerciales recomiendan la instalación de una sola estación de medida con la que gestionar el riego y la fertilización de toda la parcela. Sin embargo, la experiencia ha demostrado que en muchos casos el suelo de las parcelas no es lo suficientemente uniforme como para manejar el riego y la fertilización de manera uniforme en toda la parcela. El presente Trabajo Final de Máster pretende determinar si el manejo del riego y de la fertilización de una parcela experimental, que incluye una plantación de caqui y una de granado, ubicada en el centro de experiencias Cajamar en Paiporta, puede realizarse de manera única para cada uno de los cultivos o si, por el contrario, debe subdividirse en distintas zonas dependiendo de sus características edáficas. Para ello se tomarán muestras en muestrearán 12 puntos de muestreo a dos profundidades (25 y 50 cm) en cada cultivo, lo que supone un total de 48 muestras, obteniendo de cada muestra sus propiedades físicas (textura, porosidad y densidad aparente) y químicas (concentración en cationes y aniones, carbonatos, contenido en materia orgánica, conductividad eléctrica y pH). Para la gestión del riego se suele recomendar la instalación de equipos para la medida del contenido hídrico del suelo o del potencial hídrico, destacando por su relativo bajo coste y facilidad de uso, la instalación de sensores de capacitancia y tensiómetros, respetivamente. En cada uno de los cultivos estudiados, se han instalado ambos tipos de sensores, que serán comparadas entre sí mediante las curvas de retención de humedad determinadas en laboratorio con un equipo de Placas Richards y con un equipo Hyprop, estableciendo la tecnología recomendable en el caso de estudio. Con los datos registrados por los sensores recomendados (sensores de capacitancia o tensiómetros) se establecerá el manejo del riego recomendado para cada cultivo., [EN] The digitalization of agriculture is a reality today, including the use of sensors for the sustainable management of irrigation and fertilization. In order to avoid making the installation of these sensors too expensive, many commercial houses recommend the installation of a single measurement station with which managing the irrigation and fertilization of the entire plot. However, experience has shown that in many cases the soil on plots is not uniform enough to handle irrigation and fertilization evenly across the plot. This Master's Final Project aims to determine if the irrigation and fertilization management of an experimental plot, which includes a persimmon plantation and a pomegranate plantation, located in the Cajamar experience center in Paiporta, can be carried out in a unique way for each one of the crops or if, on the contrary, it should be subdivided into different zones depending on its edaphic characteristics. For this, samples will be taken at 12 sampling points at two depths (25 and 50 cm) in each crop, which represents a total of 48 samples, obtaining from each sample its physical (texture, porosity and bulk density) and chemical properties. (concentration in cations and anions, carbonates, organic matter content, electrical conductivity and pH). For irrigation management, the installation of equipment for measuring the water content of the soil or the water potential is usually recommended, standing out for its relative low cost and ease of use, the installation of capacitance sensors and tensiometers, respectively. In each of the crops studied, both types of sensors have been installed, which will be compared with each other through the moisture retention curves determined in the laboratory with a Richards Plate equipment and with a Hyprop equipment, establishing the recommended technology in the case study. With the data recorded by the recommended sensors (capacitance sensors or tensiometers), the recommended irrigation management for each crop will be established.

A reliable and practical method of hygric property characterisation is a major determinant in properly analysing hygric performance of built constructions. The current empirical approach, however, yields data that are still incomplete, not fully representative, and not entirely reliable. In this study, hygric properties are therefore determined directly from pore structure information by applying stationary unsaturated pore-scale physics to model moisture storage and transport. The pore space is captured by visualisation techniques and further extracted into a discrete network of variably shaped pore bodies interconnected by pore throats. In this network, corner and surface adsorption and capillary condensation are simulated to define the moisture storage. Air entrapment is furthermore considered to determine the capillary moisture content. The resulting spatial moisture distribution in the pore network allows moisture to flow, in wet elements in the liquid phase and in dry elements in the vapour phase. The adsorbed corner and surface films moreover enable additional liquid flow. These various simultaneous flows aggregately define the transport property. A comparison to measured data validates the presented hygric property model.

Water resources can be used more efficiently by including sustainable substrate components like coir that increase water-holding capacity. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of coir amendment rate on plant available water and plant gas exchange, with the goal of optimizing substrate available water and determining the optimum coir amendment rate in a greenhouse environment. The second objective was to establish the optimum method of determining plant available water using either plant gas exchange parameters or substrate physical properties. Greenhouse experiments were conducted with Hydrangea paniculata &lsquo, Jane&rsquo, (Little Lime&reg, hardy hydrangea) potted with one of five different coir rates (0%, 10%, 25%, 40% and 65%) mixed with pine bark on a volume basis. Plant gas exchange parameters and substrate water content were measured daily over a range of increasingly drier substrate moisture contents. Actual photosynthetic rates increased with increasing coir amendment rate and were highest with 65% coir amendment. Amending pine bark with coir increased the water storage capacity, plant available water, and plant gas exchange parameters. Results suggest that 65% coir amendment rate was the optimum amendment rate among those tested in a greenhouse environment and plant photosynthetic rate was the better method of determining plant available water.

En este documento se encuentra la revisión de literatura de los suelos no saturados, se describen los fenómenos de succión, histéresis, formas de medir la succión y algunas ecuaciones para determinar la capacidad portante., In this document you will find the literature review of unsaturated soils, the suction phenomena, hysteresis, ways to measure suction and some equations to determine the bearing capacity are described., Pregrado, Ingeniero(a) Civil

Para estudos de movimento da água no solo tornam-se imprescindíveis o conhecimento de suas propriedades físicas e hidráulicas e suas correlações. Ambas as propriedades têm importância fundamental no armazenamento e transporte de água, tal como, também, de nutrientes e no controle da infiltração, sendo influenciadas pelas condições de superfície do solo. Neste contexto buscou-se realizar, com o presente estudo, a caracterização físico-hídrica de solos de duas bacias experimentais (Jatobá e Mimoso/Pesqueira, PE) do semiárido brasileiro, em diferentes profundidades e distintas coberturas vegetais (cobertura natural, solo descoberto, cultivo morro abaixo, palma em curva de nível e barramento de pedra com cobertura morta). Observou-se alta variabilidade da condutividade hidráulica nas camadas até 50 cm além de decaimento dos teores de areia, de matéria orgânica e da condutividade hidráulica com a profundidade, no perfil dos solos, nas bacias estudadas. Já com relação às diferentes coberturas vegetais constatou-se que não houve diferença significativa entre médias da condutividade hidráulica entre os diferentes tratamentos conservacionistas avaliados, para as profundidades estudadas.For the study involving the water movement in soil, it becomes imperative to know their physical and hydraulic properties and their correlations. Both are of fundamental importance in the storage and transport of water and nutrients and in controlling infiltration, being influenced by the conditions of the soil surface. In this context, this study aimed to perform physical and hydraulic characterization of the soil in two experimental basins (Jatoba and Mimoso/Pesqueira, PE), in the brazilian semiarid, at different depths and vegetation cover conditions (natural vegetation, bare soil, cultivation downhill, palm contour and stone micro walls with mulching). High variability of hydraulic conductivity was observed in layers up to 50 cm. Besides this there was a decrease in sand content, organic matter, and hydraulic condutivity with depth, the soil profile in the studied basins. On the other hand, with respect to different vegetation cover, it was observed that there was no significant difference in mean hydraulic conductivity among the different evaluated conservation treatments, for the analysed depths.

Para estudos de movimento da água no solo tornam-se imprescindíveis o conhecimento de suas propriedades físicas e hidráulicas e suas correlações. Ambas as propriedades têm importância fundamental no armazenamento e transporte de água, tal como, também, de nutrientes e no controle da infiltração, sendo influenciadas pelas condições de superfície do solo. Neste contexto buscou-se realizar, com o presente estudo, a caracterização físico-hídrica de solos de duas bacias experimentais (Jatobá e Mimoso/Pesqueira, PE) do semiárido brasileiro, em diferentes profundidades e distintas coberturas vegetais (cobertura natural, solo descoberto, cultivo morro abaixo, palma em curva de nível e barramento de pedra com cobertura morta). Observou-se alta variabilidade da condutividade hidráulica nas camadas até 50 cm além de decaimento dos teores de areia, de matéria orgânica e da condutividade hidráulica com a profundidade, no perfil dos solos, nas bacias estudadas. Já com relação às diferentes coberturas vegetais constatou-se que não houve diferença significativa entre médias da condutividade hidráulica entre os diferentes tratamentos conservacionistas avaliados, para as profundidades estudadas. For the study involving the water movement in soil, it becomes imperative to know their physical and hydraulic properties and their correlations. Both are of fundamental importance in the storage and transport of water and nutrients and in controlling infiltration, being influenced by the conditions of the soil surface. In this context, this study aimed to perform physical and hydraulic characterization of the soil in two experimental basins (Jatoba and Mimoso/Pesqueira, PE), in the brazilian semiarid, at different depths and vegetation cover conditions (natural vegetation, bare soil, cultivation downhill, palm contour and stone micro walls with mulching). High variability of hydraulic conductivity was observed in layers up to 50 cm. Besides this there was a decrease in sand content, organic matter, and hydraulic condutivity with depth, the soil profile in the studied basins. On the other hand, with respect to different vegetation cover, it was observed that there was no significant difference in mean hydraulic conductivity among the different evaluated conservation treatments, for the analysed depths.

O Estado de Goiás tem sua economia basicamente voltada para a agropecuária. Os solos de cerrado passaram a ser atrativos com a mecanização da agricultura, a irrigação artificial e a utilização de corretivos químicos. Esta evolução tecnológica propiciou um uso mais intenso e se torna necessário um estudo mais profundo das características dos solos para um manejo adequado, buscando reduzir impactos negativos. A degradação das propriedades físicas do solo é um dos principais processos responsáveis pela perda de qualidade estrutural e pelo aumento da erosão hídrica. Este trabalho teve por finalidade analisar a textura, a densidade específica do solo, a densidade específica de partículas, a porosidade e a curva de retenção de umidade de quatro classes de solos agricultáveis do Estado de Goiás, possibilitando determinar quais classes de solos são mais susceptíveis à erodibilidade. As coletas foram realizadas da porção central à porção sudoeste do território goiano, em uma área tipicamente de domínio de cerrado. Foram utilizados os cálculos de estatística descritiva, com nível de confiança de 95%. Para as análises de textura e de curva de retenção hidráulica foi utilizado o teste de correlação para comparação entre as médias. O neossolo quartzarênico (RQ) apresentou maior propensão a erodibilidade que as demais classes de solos avaliadas, sendo, portanto, mais vulnerável à erosão hídrica avaliando-se apenas pelo fator de erodibilidade (K). Técnicas de uso e manejo do solo podem reduzir a perda de solos por erosão hídrica. Agriculture is the main economical activity in the state of Goiás, Brazil. The soils of the savannah (cerrado) became a source of attraction when the mechanization of agriculture, irrigation and the use of corrective chemicals were introduced. Since these technological advances have provided a more intense use, deeper studies on soil characteristics and proper management were required to reduce negative impacts. The degradation of the soil’s physical properties is one of the main processes which cause loss of structural quality and erosion by water. The soil’s texture, specific density, specific gravity of particles, porosity curve and moisture retention of four classes of agricultural soils of Goiás were examined to determine which classes of soil were more susceptible to erosion. Samples were collected from the central to the southwestern region of the state of Goiás, characterized as savannah. Descriptive statistics, with a confidence level of 95%, were employed. Correlation test for averages comparison was used to analyze texture and hydraulic retention curve. Dystrophic quartzose soil had a higher propensity towards erosion than other soil classes. In fact, it was the most vulnerable to erosion by water when the erosion factor (K) was taken into account. Usage techniques and soil management may reduce soil loss by erosion.

The moisture storage parameters of three different building materials: calcium silicate, ceramic brick and autoclaved aerated concrete, are determined in the hygroscopic range and overhygroscopic range. Measured sorption isotherms and moisture retention curves are then combined into moisture storage functions using the Kelvin equation. A comparison of measured results with global characteristics of the pore space obtained by mercury intrusion porosimetry shows a reasonable agreement; the median pore radii by volume are well within the interval given by the beginning and the end of the characteristic steep parts of the moisture retention curves.