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Aiming at the deformation and fracture of shaft wall caused by freezing and thawing of topsoil and water pressure of aquifer in severe cold mining area, fiber bragg grating strain sensors are installed along the circumferential and longitudinal direction of shaft wall, the damage identification method of shaft wall structure is proposed, the real-time monitoring system of shaft wall deformation is established, and the deformation and failure threshold of concrete structure is determined through the compression test of concrete samples, and the real-time monitoring and early warning of shaft lining structure are realized. The monitoring results of the auxiliary shaft wall of Lingdong Coal Mine in severe cold mining area for nearly a year show that the shaft wall fiber bragg grating monitoring system can monitor in real time, has good stability, good coupling with concrete materials, and is easy to form a sensor monitoring network. The maximum circumferential strain and axial strain of shaft wall are both lower than the yield strength threshold of concrete, indicating that the shaft wall is in a stable stage at present.