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There is a long-standing argument about whether words or character morphemes are the functional units in reading Chinese. We propose a Character-Word Dual Function (CWDF) model of reading Chinese in which both characters and words are functional units that contribute differentially to orthographic and meaning processes in reading Chinese. Two masked constituent priming experiments examined one of the model's predictions by testing orthographic and meaning priming effects in reading Chinese compounds. The meaning transparency of the prime (a constituent character) and the target (a compound word) was manipulated to distinguish meaning effects from orthographic effects. In transparent pairs, the prime and target were orthographically and semantically related (e.g., 家-家庭 [home-family]); in opaque pairs, the prime and target shared orthography only (e.g., 家-家伙 [home-guy]). Exposure durations of the prime were varied (50ms and 216ms) to allow orthographic and meaning priming, respectively. We manipulated word frequency to reflect the accessibility of word-level representations. The results are as follows: (1) Sharing character level orthography facilitated word reading for both high- and low-frequency words, supporting the assumption of an important role for the character level in orthographic processes. (2) The meaning priming effect was found with the longer exposure duration and only for low-frequency words. High-frequency words produced rapid access, which was not enhanced by the meaning priming of its constituent characters, suggesting that the word functions as the primary meaning provider in reading. These findings are congruent with the CWDF model, which posits that characters are the fundamental orthographic units of written Chinese and that words are primary meaning providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on alphabetic reading presents conflicting findings concerning the timing of orthographic and meaning processes in reading morphologically complex words. Chinese characters offer distinct visual cues for morphemes, enabling straightforward manipulations to examine orthographic and meaning processes. Guided by the Character-Word Dual Function model, we report four priming experiments that test how a reader's lexical quality impacts the emergence of orthographic and semantic priming effects in reading Chinese compounds. We conducted comparisons between native Chinese speakers and Chinese L2 learners, who vary in their quality of lexical representations. By manipulating the semantic transparency of prime-target pairs, we distinguished meaning from orthographic effects. The emergence of these effects was revealed by varying prime exposure durations. Orthographic effects emerged at shorter exposures for both L1 and L2 readers. However, meaning effects appeared at longer exposure durations only for L1 readers. These results confirm the generality of the orthography-first emergence of morphological effect in reading Chinese and suggest that readers' access to morphological meaning relations increases with experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lexical semantic changes spanning centuries can reveal the complicated developing process of language and social culture. In recent years, natural language processing (NLP) methods have been applied in this field to provide insight into the diachronic frequency change for word senses from large-scale historical corpus, for instance, analyzing which senses appear, increase, or decrease at which times. However, there is still a lack of Chinese diachronic corpus and dataset in this field to support supervised learning and text mining, and at the method level, few existing works analyze the Chinese semantic changes at the level of morpheme. This paper constructs a diachronic Chinese dataset for semantic tracking applications spanning 3000 years and extends the existing framework to the level of Chinese characters and morphemes, which contains four main steps of contextual sense representation, sense identification, morpheme sense mining, and diachronic semantic change representation. The experiment shows the effectiveness of our method in each step. Finally, in an interesting statistic, we discover the strong positive correlation of frequency and changing trend between monosyllabic word sense and the corresponding morpheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study describes the principles of designing a morpheme-grammar dictionary of Russian verbs within the framework of systemic linguistics. As a working hypothesis for the creation of the dictionary the concept of G.P. Mel’nikov was chosen according to which the Russian verb, in addition to the binary category of aspect, also has a gradual “quantitative” category, which he proposed to name the category of action degree (CAD). The formal indicators of the grammatical meaning of the CAD are the suffixes -ну-, -Ø-, -e-, -и-, -ыва- . G.P. Mel’nikov believed that taking into account the CAD and highlighting a single stem in the verb paradigm after restoring the actual morphemic composition of each verb form would explain many irregularities in verb inflection and derivation. The analysis of the functioning of the CAD in modern Russian has shown that it has a great applied significance. Suffixes of CAD turned out to be a convenient criterion for dividing Russian verbs into morphological classes, which in turn have made it possible to present Russian verbs in an orderly manner in a lexicographic description. The article reveals the principles of morphemic analysis for identification of root and suffix allomorphs, provides a brief overview of morphological classes of verbs, and explains the structure of the dictionary entry which is a matrix. Matrix notation allows us to compactly represent all suffix and prefix forms of the verb in a systematic way, makes it possible to graphically show grammatical and morphological information as well as etymological and word-formation relationships within the verb system. Morphemic matrices have a high explanatory potential because they offer rich material for studying the mechanisms of word formation and observing the peculiarities of morpheme combinations. Morphemic matrices significantly expand the potential vocabulary, contribute to the development of a feeling for language, and facilitate the acquisition of morpheme-semantic intuition.

Abstract Background Given the increasing number of dementia patients worldwide, a new method was developed for machine learning models to identify the ‘latent needs’ of patients and caregivers to facilitate patient/public involvement in societal decision making. Methods Japanese transcribed interviews with 53 dementia patients and caregivers were used. A new morpheme selection method using Z-scores was developed to identify trends in describing the latent needs. F-measures with and without the new method were compared using three machine learning models. Results The F-measures with the new method were higher for the support vector machine (SVM) (F-measure of 0.81 with the new method and F-measure of 0.79 without the new method for patients) and Naive Bayes (F-measure of 0.69 with the new method and F-measure of 0.67 without the new method for caregivers and F-measure of 0.75 with the new method and F-measure of 0.73 without the new method for patients). Conclusion A new scheme based on Z-score adaptation for machine learning models was developed to predict the latent needs of dementia patients and their caregivers by extracting data from interviews in Japanese. However, this study alone cannot be used to assign significance to the adaptation of the new method because of no enough size of sample dataset. Such pre-selection with Z-score adaptation from text data in machine learning models should be considered with more modified suitable methods in the near future.

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Philological sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article aims to analyze which allomorphs occur more accurately in English and what factors determine them. The problems that the researchers examine enable English learners and readers to pronounce English words, in this case, English morphemes. The theory employed by the researchers is morphophonemics, dealing with how morphemes alter their appearance or pronunciation in response to the sounds that surround them in a given piece of content. The approach or method that the researchers use in this article is descriptive qualitative method based on the data. The findings that the researchers come across are as follows: (a) the definitive article, (b) the definitive article, (c) Derivation, (d) Irregular verbs, (e) Past tense marker (-ed), (f) Present tense morpheme, (g) Plural noun markers, (h) Possessive markers. It can be seen that the shape or pronunciation of an English word depends on the linguistic environment in which it occurs, and it is obvious that morphophonemic change involves not only replacing but also changing the phonological shape of a morpheme. Based on the data, the researchers find that there are two basic types of allomorph, such as morphophonemic changes and suppletion. The researchers also attend to the theory of Pike, stating that sounds tend to be influenced by their environments.

AbstractThe present study aims to explore the acquisition order of eight English grammatical inflectional morphemes, i.e., plural –s, possessive -s’, third person singular, present tense-s, past tense-ed, present participle-ing, past participle-en, comparative-er, and superlative-est by young Sindhi ESL (English as second language learners) learners at the high school. The study aimed to test the hypothesis that the high school English learners do not follow the universal order of grammatical morphemes and to investigate the effect of linguistic interference of L1 (Sindhi) in the acquisition order of English grammatical morphemes. The primary instrument used for data collection in this study was written essays. The time gap between first and second samplings was around three months. A mixed methods research design was utilized. The study used an exploratory-descriptive-qualitative methods coupled with a quantitative as per the objectives of the study corresponding to the research questions. A convenience sampling technique was employed to select participants from 10th Grade level. Specifically, the data was analyzed using the Dulay and Burt (1974) scoring method. The statistical tests were utilized to test the null hypothesis. The data confirmed that they indeed do not follow the universal order of grammatical morphemes. There exists the effect of linguistic inference of L1 in the acquisition order English grammatical morphemes. Finally, the finding is not in line with the sequence as determined by Dulay and Burt (1974), and Brown (1973).

Background: Given the increasing number of dementia patients worldwide, a new method was developed for machine learning models to identify the 'latent needs' of patients and caregivers to facilitate patient/public involvement in societal decision making. Methods: Japanese transcribed interviews with 53 dementia patients and caregivers were used. A new morpheme selection method using Z-scores was developed to identify trends in describing the latent needs. F-measures with and without the new method were compared using three machine learning models. Results: The F-measures with the new method were higher for the support vector machine (SVM) (F-measure of 0.81 with the new method and F-measure of 0.79 without the new method for patients) and Naive Bayes (F-measure of 0.69 with the new method and F-measure of 0.67 without the new method for caregivers and F-measure of 0.75 with the new method and F-measure of 0.73 without the new method for patients). Conclusion: A new scheme based on Z-score adaptation for machine learning models was developed to predict the latent needs of dementia patients and their caregivers by extracting data from interviews in Japanese. However, this study alone cannot be used to assign significance to the adaptation of the new method because of no enough size of sample dataset. Such pre-selection with Z-score adaptation from text data in machine learning models should be considered with more modified suitable methods in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims at investigating morphemic reduplication in terms of its kinds and meanings in Javanese poetry, widely known as geguritan. This descriptive qualitative study obtained the data from an anthology of geguritans entitled Cathetan Kanggo Lintang by Irul S. Budianto. An interpretative method was conducted after the data were noted, listed, verified, and classified based on the kinds of meanings of reduplication as proposed by Wijana. The research findings show that the kinds of reduplication found in the geguritans can be classified into four: full reduplication, reduplication with sound modification, partial initial syllabic reduplication, and reduplication combined with affixation. In addition, only nine out of 12 categories of the meanings of reduplication were found in the data. The absence of the three categories is due to the difference between the language style used in geguritan and the language used in daily conversation.

Word formation is a chapter of the English grammar which requires specific attention not only due to its complexity in forming new words, but also in terms of a variety of means by which it is expressed. Whether it is affixation, composition or derivation, the phenomenon is worth analyzing in order to understand the mechanisms of word formation. Therefore, the work under study aims to reveal the way our mental lexicon accesses thousands of words and word combinations for which we need a lot of linguistic skillfulness. At the same time, the study also focuses on potential difficulties that students meet in relation to the coinage or acquisition of new words which they use in everydaycontexts.

In pleremic writing systems, which also include contemporary Chinese, pronunciation and meaning are associated with a single grapheme. Every system however contains exceptions that disrupt its integrity. “Zero-meaning sinograms” are such an existing paradox within their own system. Although they are graphemes that represent a syllable, they do not constitute an independent meaningful unit. This paper aims to shed light on the problematic perception of zero-meaning sinograms. Based on corpus-driven analysis, this paper intends to illustrate distinctive features of zero-meaning sinograms in relation to their ability to derive new lexemes and consequently, to their compatibility with other sinograms. The second purpose of this study is to suggest a classification system that reflects the distribution of zero-meaning sinograms within standard contemporary lexicon, and thus provide a comprehensive view on this widely overlooked topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Philological sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Turkmen Turkish is included in the eastern branch of Oghuz Turkic dialects. Although it has different features from other Turkish dialects in many aspects, some of its features are also different from other Oghuz Turkish dialects. Another important feature that distinguishes Turkmen Turkish from both other Turkish dialects and Oghuz Turkic dialects is the use of the dative case suffix. When the dative case suffix is added to the words ending with vowels, the y sound is inserted in other Oghuz phrase Turkish dialects such as Turkey Turkish, Azerbaijan Turkish, Gagauz Turkish, while the suffix is added directly without a consonant in the Standard Turkmen Turkish and in the majority of Turkmen dialects. When the first studies on Turkmen Turkish are examined and some dialects with few speakers are examined, it is seen that the y sound is added. In addition, in some of the first studies on Turkmen Turkish, the dative case suffix is provided as +(y)A. In this study, the +(y)A form of the dative case in dialects and in the first grammars has been revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Akofena is the property of Universite Felix Houphouet Boigny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Words are composed of morphemes. The notion that morphemes are words is not necessarily true. While some single morphemes can function as words, some words have two or more morphemes. Furthermore, it is wrong to consider morphemes to be syllables. In contrast, many words only have one syllable and two morphemes; examples are "cats," "runs," and "barked." Morpheme can be classified as either Free or Bound Morpheme. It applies the Bound Morpheme's restriction, which included eight inflectional affixes. The goal is to determine how pupils use bound morphemes. This study's research tool was acquired through testing. Knowing the sort of error and where it happens helps with testing. The procedures for data analysis were applied by the data analysis methodologies. Counted the Bound Morpheme first. Second, they were divided into groups. Thirdly, the number of frequently occurring terms was counted. Fourthly, determined which word should be chosen and which should not be. Then, based on the total number of words with the ratings Excellent, Good, Fair, and Poor, percentages were calculated. Meanwhile, based on the results of the The student's ability in implementing the Inflectional Affixes is 38% as a very good category, 25% as a good category, 25% as a fair category, and 12% as a low category in implementing the Inflectional Affixes of Bound Morpheme on the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biblos: Revista da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra is the property of Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The field of linguistics, the scientific study of human natural language, is a growing and exciting area of study, with an important impact on fields as diverse as education, anthropology, sociology, language teaching, cognitive psychology, philosophy, computer science, neuroscience, and artificial intelligence, among others. Indeed, the last five fields cited, along with linguistics, are the key components of the field of cognitive science, the study of the structure and functioning of human cognitive processes. In spite of the importance of the field of linguistics, many people, even highly educated people, will tell you that they have only a vague idea of what the field is about. Some believe that a linguist is a person who speaks several languages fluently. What is linguistics, then? Fundamentally, the field is concerned with the nature of language and (linguistic) communication. It is apparent that people have been fascinated with language and communication for thousands of years, yet in many ways we are only beginning to understand the complex nature of this aspect of human life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Adab Al-Basrah is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper points out that in Czech linguistics, recent developments in word-formation are not reflected sufficiently, which holds true as well for empirically based criticisms of the core concept of morpheme. The paper introduces very briefly the framework of Construction Grammar, and goes on to argue on empirical grounds for a constructionist account of Czech word-formation. The arguments are based on a) derivation-inflection interactions in Czech, b) the positional boundness of word-formation units, c) the non-compositional meaning (and yet the productivity) of certain morphological constructions, d) the impossibility of describing certain productive processes (e.g. those in the realm of prosodic morphology) purely with reference to morphemes, and e) various instances of complex constructions (zooming in especially on prefixation-valency interactions) which show that it is not sufficient to describe only the behavior of morphemes that are part of these more complex constructions. The paper calls for the reevaluation of Czech word-formation and attempts to illustrate that the above-mentioned phenomena cannot be adequately explained on a morpheme-based account, while the constructionist approach does not suffer from this deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on alphabetic reading presents conflicting findings concerning the timing of orthographic and meaning processes in reading morphologically complex words. Chinese characters offer distinct visual cues for morphemes, enabling straightforward manipulations to examine orthographic and meaning processes. Guided by the Character-Word Dual Function model, we report four priming experiments that test how a reader's lexical quality impacts the emergence of orthographic and semantic priming effects in reading Chinese compounds. We conducted comparisons between native Chinese speakers and Chinese L2 learners, who vary in their quality of lexical representations. By manipulating the semantic transparency of prime-target pairs, we distinguished meaning from orthographic effects. The emergence of these effects was revealed by varying prime exposure durations. Orthographic effects emerged at shorter exposures for both L1 and L2 readers. However, meaning effects appeared at longer exposure durations only for L1 readers. These results confirm the generality of the orthography-first emergence of morphological effect in reading Chinese and suggest that readers' access to morphological meaning relations increases with experience., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

This research aims to classify and identify morphemes recognition in English. The method used in this study is qualitative descriptive method. In providing data, the researcher uses listening and note-taking technique. The data used in this study were retrieved from the book Top Grammar: A Guide to Write English. While the theory used is the theory of the principle of morpheme recognition. The results of this discussion can be classified into six principles of morpheme recognition namely (1) the form of indefinite pronouns, comparative and superlative degree and reflexive pronouns; (2) singular and plural forms; (3) the form of the past participle in regular {-d}/{-ed} and irregular {–n} forms; (4) singular and plural nouns, present and past verbs; (5) the form of homonyms and in principle; and (6), the form of free morpheme and bound morpheme. From the results of the classification, morpheme units can be identified based on word form, word class and also the meaning that appears.

This article is investigates medical terminology descriptions, analyzes medical terms according to their semantics with structure and discusses new terms emergence specifics in the modern medical language. Based on comparative and theoretical analysis methods, productive word-building elements in the Kyrgyz, Russian and English languages were revealed. Scientific and technological progress at the present stages characterized by a constant expansion of international information exchange in various area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is investigating medical terminology descriptions, analyzes medical terms according to their semantics with structure and discusses new terms emergence specifics in the modern medical language. Based on comparative and theoretical analysis methods, productive word-building elements in the Kyrgyz, Russian and English languages were revealed. Scientific and technological progress at the present stages characterized by a constant expansion of international information exchange in various area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. The results of previous research on the book of Song of Songs showed a significant difference of opinion among the scholars regarding the book's final editorial. This research aimed to trace the final period of the editorial of the Song of Songs based on Hebrew characteristics according to the period of development as stated by experts. The authors use a language research method that includes the phoneme, morphology, and syntax aspects to trace the final stage of the editor of the book of Song of Songs. The results of the analysis showed that the Song of Songs shows characteristics from ancient Hebrew to post-exilic and is heavily influenced by other languages such as Aramaic, Persian, and Greek. The fact showed that the book Song of Songs has a revision of language and contextualitation through a very long period and the final editorial is at least settled in the Persian-Greek period. Abstrak. Hasil penelitian terdahulu terhadap kitab Kidung Agung menunjukkan perbedaan pendapat yang signifikan di antara para ahli mengenai redaksi akhir kitab tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan menelusuri periode akhir redaksi kitab Kidung Agung dengan didasarkan pada ciri-ciri bahasa Ibrani sesuai periode perkembangannya sebagaimana yang telah dikemukakan oleh para ahli. Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian bahasa yang meliputi aspek fonem, morfologi dan sintaksis untuk menelusuri tahap akhir redaksi kitab Kidung Agung. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kitab Kidung Agung menunjukkan ciri dari bahasa Ibrani kuno hingga pasca-pembuangan serta banyak dipengaruhi oleh bahasa lainnya seperti Aram, Persia dan Yunani. Fakta tersebut menunjukkan bahwa kitab Kidung Agung mengalami revisi bahasa dan kontekstualisasi lewat periode yang sangat panjang dan redaksi akhir setidaknya diselesaikan pada periode Persia-Yunani.

This paper aims to offer an extra-phonological analysis for a purely phoneticphonological phenomenon: epenthetic glides in Taqbaylit. In this language, both epenthetic glides [j] and [w] may appear in specific contexts and are usually considered a hiatus-repairing strategy. We will discuss the different contexts where all types of glides appear and focus on the glides that are not lexically motivated. More precisely, we will discuss the epenthetic glides that surface at the junction between a noun/verb and their clitics. We aim at explaining and formalizing the distribution of epenthetic glides, whose motivation goes beyond phonology.

This paper presents a method that uses a web questionnaire to create a corpus containing spontaneous utterances of natural ideas, which may contain grammatical mistakes. In an experimental implementation of the method, the subjects were informed that they were receiving nursing care from a person, and they were required to answer a web-based questionnaire in which their responses were recorded as speech utterances. Compared to the Wizard of Oz approach and interview-based corpus-creation methods, the presented method simplifies the collection of utterances. Furthermore, we conducted a two-fold assessment to verify the effectiveness of the presented method. First, the approach exhibited a significant reduction in workload compared to interview-style utterance collection. Second, we compared the variety of expressions collected when subjects were informed that they were talking to a person with those collected when they were informed that they were communicating with a nursing robot. The results indicate that, although the number of utterances was larger for a robot than for a person, in terms of other metrics such as time efficiency index, the total number of morphemes, the average number of morphemes per utterance, the number of unique morphemes, and coefficient of variation, the utterances were larger for a human speech target than for a robot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Adab Al-Basrah is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Linguistica Lithuanica is the property of Institute of the Lithuanian Language and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)