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This study investigates the impact of acetylation treatment on Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Parota) starch, focusing Morphological, Physico‐chemical and thermal impact induced by varying acetylation levels. The research employed scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to examine the structural and thermal alterations resulting from acetylation. These analyses also evaluated the starch's thermal stability. Through titration, the degree of substitution and acetyl group content were quantified, demonstrating significant morphological transformations in the starch, such as increased particle size and the appearance of surface cracks on the granules. The study revealed that the degree of substitution, which changes with the duration of acetylation, markedly influences the starch's physicochemical properties, including hydrophobicity and thermal stability. Initially, acetylation reduced the gelatinization temperature, suggesting a decrease in the energy required for gelatinization. Over longer acetylation periods, however, the gelatinization temperature increased, likely due to enhanced crystallinity or molecular reorganization. These findings indicate that acetylated Parota starch has potential applications in the food industry as an encapsulating agent and in the thermoplastics industry as a plasticizer, dependent on the level of acetylation. This research underscores the utility of specific chemical modifications to adapt starch properties for various industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age-related liver changes can have important implications for health and metabolic function. This study aimed to describe the morphoquantitative alterations of the liver in senescent rats compared to adult rats. Twelve male rats were used, divided into 6-month-old adults (group A) and 36-month-old senescent rats (group S). Morphometric and histopathological studies, quantification of collagen types I and III, and stereological analyses were performed to determine the volume density of mononucleated (VvhepM) and binucleated (VvhepB) hepatocyte nuclei, surface area density (SvhepM), and number density (NvhepM) of mononucleated hepatocyte nuclei. The findings reveal an alteration of the normal liver tissue architecture in senescent rats and the presence of inflammatory lesions and fibrosis. In addition, there was a decrease in body and liver mass and volume. Group S showed a significant reduction in VvhepM and NvhepM; however, SvhepM was significantly higher. No significant differences were noted in the percentage of binucleated hepatocytes between the two groups. This study reveals substantial morphological changes in the aging liver, with possible functional implications. More research is needed on the underlying mechanisms and their consequences at older ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Organic insecticides against Aedes aegypti L. mosquitoes are regarded as one of the most important tools for containing arboviruses transmitted by this species, such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya in tropical countries including Thailand, considering the development of mosquito resistance to synthetic chemical larvicides. The most critical way to contain outbreaks is to control the vector that transmits pathogens. Monoterpenes are new, effective, and eco-friendly alternatives. This study investigated the larvicidal and pupicidal activities of two monoterpenes—geranial and trans-cinnamaldehyde—and their combinations. The efficacies of each formulation were compared against each other and temephos. Binary mixtures were significantly more effective than single formulations or temephos. They are safe for the non-target aquatic predator, guppies (Poecilia reticulata). These combinations make excellent insecticides for both larvae and pupae mosquito vector control, and the results open up the opportunity for both compounds to be developed into eco-friendly products. Monoterpenes are effective and eco-friendly alternatives to conventional chemical larvicides. We tested single and binary mixtures of monoterpenes—geranial and trans-cinnamaldehyde—for their larvicidal and pupicidal activities against Aedes aegypti L. and for non-target toxicity on guppies (Poecilia reticulata Peters), using 1% (w/w) temephos as a reference. Geranial and trans-cinnamaldehyde at 250 ppm showed stronger larvicidal and pupicidal activities with a 100% mortality rate and an LT50 ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 h. All combinations were strongly synergistic against larvae and pupae compared to single formulations, with an increased mortality value (IMV) of 6% to 93%. The combination of geranial + trans-cinnamaldehyde (1:1) at 200 ppm showed the highest impact, with an IMV of 93%. The strongest larvicidal and pupicidal activities, a 100% mortality rate, and an LT50 of 0.2 h were achieved by geranial + trans-cinnamaldehyde (1:1) 500 ppm. They were thirty times more effective than a 1% temephos solution (LT50 ranging from 6.7 to 96 h) and caused obviously shriveled cuticles and a swollen respiratory system. All single and binary mixtures were not toxic to the guppies. Thus, the combination of geranial + trans-cinnamaldehyde has great potential as a safe insecticide for controlling mosquito larvae and pupae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jiangming Yu,1 Zhengguang Xiao,2 Ronghua Yu,1 Xiaoming Liu,1 Haojie Chen1 1Department of Orthopedics, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Radiology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Haojie Chen, Department of Orthopedics, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, People’s Republic of China, Email chenhaojie97@126.comBackground: Thoracolumbar vertebral fractures are common pathological fractures caused by osteoporosis in the elderly. These fractures are challenging to detect. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of Hounsfield units for osteoporotic thoracolumbar vertebral non-compression fractures in elderly patients with low-energy fractures.Methods: The retrospective case-control study included elderly patients diagnosed with osteoporotic thoracolumbar vertebral fractures and non-fractured patients who underwent computed tomography examinations for lumbar vertebra issues during July 2017 and June 2020.Results: This study included 216 patients with fractures (38 males and 178 females; average age: 77.28± 8.68 years) and 124 patients without fractures (21 males and 103 females; average age: 75.35± 9.57 years). The difference in Hounsfield units of the target (intermediate) vertebral body significantly differed between the two groups (54.74 ± 21.84 vs 5.86 ± 5.14; p< 0.001). The ratios of Hounsfield units were also significantly different between the two groups (1.38 ± 1.60 vs 0.13 ± 0.23; p< 0.001). The cut-off value for the difference in Hounsfield units to detect osteoporotic spine fractures was 25.35, with high sensitivity (98.5%), specificity (99.9%), and the area under the curve (AUC) (0.999, 95% CI: 0.999– 1). The cut-off value for the odds ratio of Hounsfield units was 0.260, with high sensitivity (99.1%), specificity (92.7%), and AUC (0.970, 95% CI: 0.949– 0.992).Conclusion: The difference between Hounsfield units and the odds ratio of Hounsfield units might help diagnose osteoporotic thoracolumbar vertebral non-compression fractures in elderly patients with low-energy fractures.Keywords: multi-slice spiral computed tomography, thoracolumbar vertebrae, fractures, osteoporosis, morphological changes

Aging is an inevitable biological process that affects the function of all organs, including the adrenal gland, which is essential for producing steroid hormones that regulate metabolism, stress response, and immune activation. Understanding how aging affects the morphology of this gland is crucial to developing interventions to mitigate its adverse effects. Thus, this study aimed to describe the morphoquantitative alterations of the adrenal gland in senescent Sprague Dawley rats compared to adult rats. Twelve male rats were divided into 6 adult rats aged 6 months (group A) and 6 senescent rats aged 36 months (group S). Histopathological studies, quantification of collagen fibers types I and III, and stereological analysis were performed to determine the volume density (Vv), surface area (Sv), and number (Nv) of the nuclei of the zona fasciculata cells. Adrenal gland tissue from group S presented dysplasia, metaplasia, intracellular fat accumulation, fibrosis, blood vessel dilation, and increased presence of apoptotic cells. Capsule thickening and increased collagen type I were also observed. There was a significant decrease in Vv, Sv, and Nv of zona fasciculata nuclei in group S compared to group A. The results indicate that aging induces significant morphoquantitative changes in the adrenal gland, which could contribute to the decrease in glucocorticoid production and alterations in aldosterone and cortisol secretion observed in senescence. Understanding these alterations is crucial to developing interventions that mitigate the adverse effects of aging on the endocrine system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Copper mine tailings contain a large amount of heavy metal waste and have high toxicity. When tailings come into contact with rainfall, heavy metals dissolve and migrate to the surrounding soil and water through water flow, causing pollution to the environment. To this end, the migration patterns of heavy metals in the soil of copper mine tailings ponds under rainfall leaching were studied. Method: The heavy metal values in the soil environment of copper mine tailings in Heilongjiang region were collected and processed. The shower simulation was conducted using a leaching simulation device, which can simulate the migration process of heavy metals in tailings under natural rainfall conditions, thus more accurately reflecting the actual situation. Use distilled water and a peristaltic pump to carry out constant flow rate leaching, measure the pH value of the leaching solution, and analyze the migration content and morphological changes of heavy metals. Result: According to the research results, the dissolution of Fe, Mn, Cu, and as mainly occurs in the early stage of leaching, while the dissolution of Cd mainly occurs in the early stage of leaching, and there will be secondary dissolution release in the middle and late stages of leaching; The various states of heavy metals have changed before and after leaching, with the smallest change in the active form of Fe. The activity of Mn and As increases after leaching, while the activity of Cu and Cd decreases after leaching. Conclusion: Under leaching, the forms of various heavy metals in soil will change to varying degrees, thereby affecting their ecological and health risks. These findings are of great significance for understanding the migration and transformation mechanisms of heavy metals in soil and developing corresponding pollution prevention and control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work studies the multiple sources of impacts and disturbances in the Laja River (Central Chile) and evaluates the changes in water and sediment flows and planimetric geomorphic changes. The disturbances sources correspond to hydroelectric plants, water withdrawals for irrigation and the sustained decrease trend in rainfall in the basin. The changes in the plan‐view shape of the river reach were quantified using remote sensing techniques, through a supervised classification of Landsat 5 TM and 8 OLI satellite images, identified Water (W), Islands and Riverine Vegetation (IRV) and Bars and Banks Without Vegetation (BBWV), obtained a Kappa index>0,83 for a period of 15 years (2006–2021). Compared with historical records, the period of analysis shows a decrease in annual rainfall by 17.5%. In addition, water withdrawals for irrigation have contributed to a 64% decrease in monthly stream discharge during the dry season. As a consequence of the decrease in annual rainfall and water withdrawals for irrigation, the sediment transport capacity has also decreased by 10.5%. The changes in morphological driving variables (stream flows and sediment transport regimes) have manifested themselves in morphological changes, where it was possible to establish that a change in the channel form occurred in the last 15 years, going from a river with a single channel to a braided one. An important vegetation establishment has accompanied this morphological change on both riverbanks and the central bars. The colonizing vegetation corresponds to fast‐growing non‐native species (Salix spp., Populus spp. and Alnus spp). A stabilization of the channel form is expected, consolidating itself as a braided section with alternating vegetated bars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rising resistance to antimicrobials, particularly in the case of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), represents a formidable global health challenge. Consequently, it is imperative to develop new antimicrobial solutions. This study evaluated 68 Chinese medicinal plants renowned for their historical applications in treating infectious diseases. Methods: The antimicrobial efficacy of medicinal plants were evaluated by determining their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against MRSA. Safety profiles were assessed on human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. Mechanistic insights were obtained through fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (FM and TEM). Synergistic effects with vancomycin were investigated using the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI). Results: Rheum palmatum L., Arctium lappa L. and Paeonia suffructicosaas Andr. have emerged as potential candidates with potent anti-MRSA properties, with an impressive low MIC of 7.8 µg/mL, comparable to the 2 µg/mL MIC of vancomycin served as the antibiotic control. Crucially, these candidates demonstrated significant safety profiles when evaluated on Caco-2 and HepG2 cells. Even at 16 times the MIC, the cell viability ranged from 83.3% to 95.7%, highlighting their potential safety. FM and TEM revealed a diverse array of actions against MRSA, such as disrupting the cell wall and membrane, interference with nucleoids, and inducing morphological alterations resembling pseudo-multicellular structures in MRSA. Additionally, the synergy between vancomycin and these three plant extracts was evident against MRSA (FICI < 0.5). Notably, aqueous extract of R. palmatum at 1/4 MIC significantly reduced the vancomycin MIC from 2 µg/mL to 0.03 µg/mL, making a remarkable 67-fold decrease. Conclusions: This study unveil new insights into the mechanistic actions and pleiotropic antibacterial effectiveness of these medicinal plants against resistant bacteria, providing robust evidence for their potential use as standalone or in conjunction with antibiotics, to effectively combat antimicrobial resistance, particularly against MRSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food-grade titanium dioxide (E171) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are common food additives for human consumption. We examined multi-organ toxicity of both compounds on Wistar rats orally exposed for 90 days. Rats were divided into three groups: (1) control (saline solution), (2) E171-exposed, and (3) ZnO NPs-exposed. Histological examination was performed with hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ceramide (Cer), 3-nitrotyrosine (NT), and lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP-2) were detected by immunofluorescence. Relevant histological changes were observed: disorganization, inflammatory cell infiltration, and mitochondrial damage. Increased levels of Cer, NT, and LAMP-2 were observed in the liver, kidney, and brain of E171- and ZnO NPs-exposed rats, and in rat hearts exposed to ZnO NPs. E171 up-regulated Cer and NT levels in the aorta and heart, while ZnO NPs up-regulated them in the aorta. Both NPs increased LAMP-2 expression in the intestine. In conclusion, chronic oral exposure to metallic NPs causes multi-organ injury, reflecting how these food additives pose a threat to human health. Our results suggest how complex interplay between ROS, Cer, LAMP-2, and NT may modulate organ function during NP damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lower Indus River (LIR) in the Southern Sindh has experienced by multiple measurable changes in its planform and longitudinal profiles over the last 100 years. This research deals with a hydrodynamic model coupled with rough set theory (RST) model findings that accounts for the prediction of lateral and vertical morphodynamic evolution observed over the 32 km reach during the flood episode of 2020. Human interferences and hydrodynamic aspects during high flood periods were assessed in the context of channel morphology. Surveyed cross-sections were used to construct the geometry using two-dimensional (2D) Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) model, and simulation was completed under the unsteady flow values among the highest runoff and bankfull values. The island and natural bend of the river have higher values of velocities and shear stresses, and consequently higher erosion and incision rate was observed. The bank erosion was computed with high precision (R2 = 0.83) based on improved connection of erodibility coefficient and excess shear stress technique. The present study findings will be helpful to assist in the implementation of river protection works at the given locations of Indus River and will serve as a framework for similar river reaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil (TTO) is an antimicrobial agent, and hence, its use in fabricating nanoparticles (NP) may be useful in providing more efficacious antimicrobial agents. The current research aimed to test the antimicrobial efficacy of TTO and its TTO-Metal-NPs against oral microbes: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus mutans. The antimicrobial activity of TTO and zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) nanoparticles (NPs) and the combined effects of antimicrobial agents were investigated using agar well diffusion assays. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to identify the phyto-constituents of TTO. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), dynamic light scatter (DLS), and zeta potential were utilized to analyze the biogenic nanoparticles' morphology, size, and potential. The antimicrobial mode of action was determined by assessing the morphological changes under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The TTO extracts converted Zn and Fe ions to NPs, having an average size of 97.50 (ZnNPs) and 102.4 nm (FeNPs). All tested agents had significant antibacterial efficacy against the tested oral microbes. However, the TTO extract was more efficacious than the NPs. Combination treatment of TTO with antibiotics resulted in partial additive effects against P. gingivalis and partial antagonistic effects against E. faecalis, S. mutans, and common mouthwashes (Oral B and chlorhexidine). TTO and NP-treated bacteria underwent morphological changes on treatment. M. alternifolia phytochemicals could be useful for further research and development of antimicrobial NPs. The current study highlights the variance in activity observed for different types of bacteria and antagonistic effects seen with common mouthwashes, which represent a threat to therapeutic efficacy and heighten the risk of clinical microbial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diatom cell walls are diverse and unique, providing the basis for species identification and supporting the ecological and economic value of diatoms. However, these important structures sometimes change in response to environmental fluctuations, especially under salt adaptation. Although studies have shown that salinity induces morphological plasticity changes in diatom cell walls, most research has focused on physiological responses rather than molecular mechanisms. In this study, Skeletonema subsalsum was cultured under four salinity conditions (0, 3, 6, 12). Through morphological and physiological methods, we found that salinity increased the cell diameter, protrusion lengths, distance between adjacent cells (DBCs), and nanopore size, while reducing cell height and silicification degree. To further investigate the mechanism underlying morphological changes in S. subsalsum, complementary transcriptome analysis was performed. In total, 20,138 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified among the four treatments. Among them, 231 DEGs were screened and found to be closely associated with morphological changes, of which 107 were downregulated and 124 were upregulated. The findings demonstrated that elevated salinity inhibited silicon transport and deposition via downregulating the expression of DEGs involved in functions including chitin metabolism, putrescine metabolism, and vesicle transport, resulting in reduced silicon content and cell height. Increased salinity promoted the expression of DEGs related to microtubules (MTs), actin, and ubiquitin, which synchronously induced morphological changes. These findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of the salt tolerance of algae and a foundation for future studies on cell wall morphogenesis.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe psychological condition resulting from traumatic experiences, leading to long-term physiological changes in the body. It affects mental health and induces hormonal imbalances that disrupt the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, influencing multiple organ systems. While PTSD is often linked with comorbid conditions like depression and anxiety, its effects on the hepatobiliary system are less understood. Aim. This study aimed to assess PTSD's impact on liver morphology in rats of different sexes and compare the severity of changes between males and females, contributing to the understanding of stress-related physiological effects. Materials and Methods. The experiment involved 40 Wistar rats, divided into control and PTSD-induced groups for both sexes. A validated stress induction protocol was used, followed by a thorough morphological analysis of liver specimens fixed in 10% formalin and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Histopathological evaluation focused on liver architecture, hepatocyte condition, vascular integrity, and cellular organization. Results. Control animals displayed standard liver structure, while PTSD-induced groups exhibited significant morphological changes, such as dystrophic alterations in hepatocytes, congestion in hepatic veins, and the formation of blood clots. Female rats showed more pronounced changes than males, including hepatocyte swelling and vacuolization, indicating heightened cellular stress and reduced regenerative capacity. Conclusions. The findings highlight that PTSD-related liver changes were more significant in female rats, emphasizing the importance of considering gender differences in stress-related disorders. These alterations suggest a complex interaction between chronic psychological stress and liver physiology, warranting further research on mechanisms by which PTSD affects the hepatobiliary system and potential therapeutic interventions. for at-risk populations.

Patients undergoing high-dose radioiodine ablation (RAI) therapy in Nuclear Medicine Department need to be isolated in a special designed ward for a few days. Large amount of clinical radioactive wastewater from patient body is produced during high-activity RAI therapy. The radioactive wastewater needs to store in a delay tank until the radioactivity decayed below acceptable limit before being discharged and indirectly limit the patient admission and treatment. This study is to propose an alternative antibacterial adsorbent for I-131 extraction from clinical radioactive wastewater at the nuclear medicine department using graphene oxide silver (GOAg) and bamboo activated carbon (BAC). The synthesised adsorbents and their sediments (filtered sample) were analysed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) for morphological analysis and analysed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). XPS spectra for C 1s adsorbents show intensity peaks at 284.45 eV (C=C) and 285.3 eV (C–C) for GOAg and its sediments, and 284.35 eV (C–C), 287.00 eV (C=O), and 290.07 eV (π–π∗ transitions) for BAC and its sediments. FTIR spectra reveal various functional groups of adsorbents: C=C (1637.50772 cm−1), C=O (1340.48041 cm−1), and C–O–C (1031.88060 cm−1) for GOAg and its sediments, and C=C (1635.57897 cm−1), C–C (1257.54421 cm−1), and C–O (1188.10925 cm−1) for BAC and its sediments. XRD patterns exhibit peaks at 2θ = 27.82°, 29.39°, 32.24°, and 46.22°, which can be attributed to the (002) diffraction plane, (220) crystallographic plane, (111) plane of Ag2O, and (200) crystallographic plane, respectively, for GOAg and its sediments. Meanwhile, the peaks at 2θ = 26.56° and 42.41°, which correspond to (002) and (100) planes, respectively, for BAC and its sediments. The d-spacing and the crystallinity index of each adsorbent were also determined. The estimation of the remaining β− particles during the adsorption of I-131 was carried out using PHITS. The finding of this study is beneficial for alternative radionuclide extractions technique from clinical radioactive wastewater in nuclear medicine.

Metallic nanowires (NWs) are sensitive to heat treatment and can split into shorter fragments within minutes at temperatures far below the melting point. This process can hinder the functioning of NW-based devices that are subject to relatively mild temperatures. Commonly, heat-induced fragmentation of NWs is attributed to the interplay between heat-enhanced diffusion and Rayleigh instability. In this work, we demonstrated that contact with the substrate plays an important role in the fragmentation process and can strongly affect the outcome of the heat treatment. We deposited silver NWs onto specially patterned silicon wafers so that some NWs were partially suspended over the holes in the substrate. Then, we performed a series of heat-treatment experiments and found that adhered and suspended parts of NWs behave differently under the heat treatment. Moreover, depending on the heat-treatment process, fragmentation in either adhered or suspended parts can dominate. Experiments were supported by finite element method and molecular dynamics simulations.

Acute retinal pigment epitheliitis (ARPE; also known as Krill disease), a disease first described in the nineteen seventies, is characterized by fine pigment stippling in the macular area, surrounded by hypopigmented halo. The etiology of the disease is not yet known. The patient reported that he used to eat berries picked from the forest in the radioactive contaminated area in late June to early July, 2023. He complained of transient metamorphopsia and reduced vision in the left eye, and received eye examination including optical coherence tomography, general check-up, blood cell counts and whole body radionuclide content study. He was diagnosed with bilateral APRE. On the basis of measurements with the expert whole-body counter, the wholebody burden of Сs-137 for the patient was 505 Bq, and the estimated annual effective dose from internal radiation was 0.011 mSv/y. The estimated dose value was substantially lower than the basic dose limit for the population of 1 mSv/y as per requirement of the Law of Ukraine. Because APRE is a rare disease with an unknown etiology, careful attention deserves to be given to the finding of the disease in a patient who has sustained short-term exposure to ionizing radiation due to the incorporation of Сs-137 into his body tissues. For the first time it has become possible to assess adequately doses from internal radiation in a patient with APRE, which will allow to optimize efforts for further research on the etiology of this rare disorder.

Simple Summary: This research article investigates the ploidy's impact on daylilies' (Hemerocallis spp.) response to water deficit conditions. By analyzing the morphological and physiological changes in diploid and tetraploid plants under drought stress, this study aims to elucidate the adaptive mechanisms that contribute to their differential tolerance levels. The results reveal distinct responses in the chlorophyll content, flavonoid accumulation, and nitrogen balance between the two ploidy groups, highlighting the superior stress resistance of tetraploid daylilies. The conclusions emphasize the importance of considering ploidy in understanding plant responses to drought stress and suggest the potential for cultivating drought-tolerant varieties to mitigate water scarcity challenges. This study's insights hold significant value for society by informing strategies for sustainable floriculture, enhancing greenery resilience to climate change, and promoting water-efficient plant breeding practices. This study aimed to understand the differences in the performance of diploid and tetraploid daylily cultivars under water deficit conditions, which are essential indicators of drought tolerance. This research revealed that tetraploid daylilies performed better than diploid varieties in arid conditions due to their enhanced adaptability and resilience to water deficit conditions. The analysis of the results highlighted the need to clarify the specific physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the enhanced drought tolerance observed in tetraploid plants compared to diploids. This research offers valuable knowledge for improving crop resilience and sustainable floricultural practices in changing environmental conditions. The morphological and physiological parameters were analyzed in 19 diploid and 21 tetraploid daylily cultivars under controlled water deficit conditions, and three drought resistance groups were formed based on the clustering of these parameters. In a high drought resistance cluster, 93.3% tetraploid cultivars were exhibited. This study demonstrates the significance of ploidy in shaping plant responses to drought stress. It emphasizes the importance of studying plant responses to water deficit in landscape horticulture to develop drought-tolerant plants and ensure aspects of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the acute toxicity of gaseous sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on 8-week-old sea bass (Centropristis striata) in a synthetic marine water environment. SO2 was generated by reacting sodium sulfite with hydrochloric acid, producing concentrations ranging from 2 ppm to 45 ppm, while NO2 was generated using copper metal flakes and concentrated nitric acid. LC30, LC50, and LC90 were determined after 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours for each gas, indicating the concentrations at which 30%, 50%, and 90% mortality occurred, respectively. Results showed a concentration-dependent increase in mortality rates for both SO2 and NO2, with 100% mortality observed at higher concentrations within the experimental duration. Behavioral observations included equilibrium loss, jumpings, gulping air, restlessness, erratic swimming, opercular movements, and sluggishness, which intensified over the 96-hour period. Morphological changes such as body patches, skin discoloration, scale shedding, mucus secretion, sedimentation of chemicals, and gill clumping were more pronounced with NO2 exposure and further exacerbated by the mixture of SO2 and NO2. The combined exposure demonstrated synergistic effects, leading to enhanced mortality rates and more severe behavioral and morphological alterations. These findings provide crucial comprehension of the toxic effects of gaseous pollutants on sea bass, emphasizing the importance of considering combined impacts in environmental risk assessments. The observed changes serve as indicators of environmental pollution, highlighting the need for effective mitigation strategies to protect aquatic ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mammary gland is a target organ for hormones in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and ovaries. In the postnatal period of animal ontogenesis, breast growth, and development are determined by the estrous cycle and pregnancy. One of the most pressing problems in morphology, mammology, and reproductology of animals is the study of the structure of the breast at the macro and microscopic levels. However, modern studies on the morphology of animals' breasts are mainly devoted to the features of pathomorphological changes in the breast during carcinogenesis. The work aims to conduct a scientific review of the study of normal breast morphology in domestic carnivores. Electronic publication searches have been conducted in the Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases over the past 20 years. The principles of objectivity and a comprehensive attitude to studying the chosen problem are used. The authors of the review article review the current scientific literature and summarize current knowledge on the features of dog and cat breast morphology. The anatomical structure of the breast of animals is presented with an emphasis on its topography. According to the description of the microscopic structure of the breast, its main structural components are characterized by secretory parts (alveoli and tubes) and intraparticle excretory ducts. Anatomical characteristics of the nerves, blood, and lymphatic vessels of the mammary glands of dogs and cats are presented. Morphological changes in the mammary gland of dogs and cats at different stages of the estrus cycle and during pregnancy are described; in particular, the mammary gland is at rest (inactive) during proestrus and estrus. According to diestrus, due to an increase in progesterone levels, successive morphological changes occur, in particular, stromal and ductal proliferation; early development of lobules with branching ducts and proliferation of alveoli; the dominance of glandular tissue with large lobules containing secretory material; early regression, an increase in interparticle connective tissue, eosinophilic protein secretion in dilated ducts and alveoli. Complete involution of the alveoli and tubes of the breast is recorded at the end of the anestrus. The described anatomical and microscopic features of the structure of the mammary glands of dogs and cats are relevant for the comparative morphology of carnivores at different stages of the sexual cycle and during pregnancy. Data on blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and innervation of the breast are essential for its functional characteristics in normal and pathological conditions, particularly for developing a reasonable model of breast extirpation in malignant tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the discovery of extracorporeal lithotripsy, there has been an increased interest in studying shock wave-induced cavitation, both to improve this technique and to explore novel biotechnological applications. As shock waves propagate through fluids, pre-existing microbubbles undergo expansion and collapse, emitting high-speed microjets. These microjets play a crucial role in the pulverization of urinary stones during lithotripsy and have been utilized in the delivery of drugs and genetic materials into cells. Their intensity can be amplified using tandem shock waves, generated so that the second wave reaches the bubbles, expanded by the first wave, during their collapse. Nevertheless, there is little information regarding the control of microjet emissions. This study aimed to demonstrate that specific effects can be obtained by tuning the delay between the first and second shock waves. Suspensions containing Aspergillus niger, a microscopic fungus that produces metabolites with high commercial value, were exposed to single-pulse and tandem shock waves. Morphological changes were analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Proteins released into the medium after shock wave exposure were also studied. Our findings suggest that, with enhanced control over cavitation, the detachment of proteins using conventional methods could be significantly optimized in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the east of Jask City, four severe floods with high discharge occurred in the Sadij River between 2009 and 2019. This research aims to evaluate the morphological changes of the Sadij River due to the occurrence of floods over a period of 11 years and in the four significant floods during 2009, 2014, 2017, and 2019. Geomorphic effects on the river were extracted using Landsat and Google Earth satellite images. GIS10.5 software and the Fluvial Corridor were used to investigate the morphological changes caused by floods in the river. The erosion and sedimentation levels were evaluated with the RNCI model. The results showed that the average width of the channel decreased by about 38 m, and the length of the river increased by about 3510 m in the floods between 2009 and 2019, corresponding to the increase in the curvature coefficient of the river from 1.40 to 1.56. According to the results of RNCI, the flood of 2019 with a discharge of 1167.73 m³ caused the highest amount of erosion compared to the other floods. Among the studied reaches, the most changes in geometrical parameters belonged to reach B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This prospective cohort study aims to investigate the morphological and functional changes in abdominal muscles following pregnancy and evaluate the efficacy of abdominoplasty in restoring muscle integrity. Methods: A total of 100 women were recruited, including 50 postpartum women who underwent abdominoplasty within 12 months postpartum and 50 age-matched nulliparous women as controls. Ultrasound imaging was used to assess abdominal muscle morphology, including diastasis recti width and muscle thickness, preoperatively and at 6 and 12 months post-abdominoplasty. Functional assessments, including muscle strength and endurance, were conducted using standardized tests. Statistical analysis was performed to compare preoperative and postoperative measurements within the abdominoplasty group and between the abdominoplasty group and controls. Results: Significant improvements in abdominal muscle morphology and function were observed following abdominoplasty. Reductions in diastasis recti width and increases in muscle thickness were evident at 6 and 12 months post-abdominoplasty compared to preoperative measures. Functional assessments demonstrated enhanced muscle strength and endurance post-abdominoplasty. No significant changes were observed in the control group over the study period. Conclusion: Abdominoplasty emerges as an effective intervention for addressing post-pregnancy abdominal changes, offering improvements in both aesthetics and functionality. By restoring abdominal muscle integrity and function, abdominoplasty contributes to enhanced abdominal contour and patient satisfaction. However, further research is warranted to optimize surgical techniques and patient selection criteria, as well as to evaluate long-term outcomes and complications associated with abdominoplasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute retinal pigment epitheliitis (ARPE; also known as Krill disease), a disease first described in the nineteen seventies, is characterized by fine pigment stippling in the macular area, surrounded by hypopigmented halo. The etiology of the disease is not yet known. The patient reported that he used to eat berries picked from the forest in the radioactive contaminated area in late June to early July, 2023. He complained of transient metamorphopsia and reduced vision in the left eye, and received eye examination including optical coherence tomography, general check-up, blood cell counts and whole body radionuclide content study. He was diagnosed with bilateral APRE. On the basis of measurements with the expert whole-body counter, the wholebody burden of Сs-137 for the patient was 505 Bq, and the estimated annual effective dose from internal radiation was 0.011 mSv/y. The estimated dose value was substantially lower than the basic dose limit for the population of 1 mSv/y as per requirement of the Law of Ukraine. Because APRE is a rare disease with an unknown etiology, careful attention deserves to be given to the finding of the disease in a patient who has sustained short-term exposure to ionizing radiation due to the incorporation of Сs-137 into his body tissues. For the first time it has become possible to assess adequately doses from internal radiation in a patient with APRE, which will allow to optimize efforts for further research on the etiology of this rare disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River junctions act as critical nodes in river networks because they can affect flows, sediment transports, and morphological and ecological patterns. River junctions subject to the unidirectional flow have been widely studied in the last decades; in contrast, the efforts are limited regarding the understanding of flow behaviors and morphological changes around tidal river junctions. In this study, a numerical model coupling two- and three-dimensional (2D-3D) domains is established to study the flow patterns and sediment motion of the tidal reach of Rongjiang River (RR), which has a typical tidal river junction. The simulation results show that the continuous process of alternating merging and separating streams leads to the swing of flow dynamic axes in the planar field, and results in the periodic inversion of secondary flows (helical flows) around the junction. These features are unique and different from the hydrodynamics of fluvial junctions. Moreover, a simulation of the particle moving indicates that the periodic 3D circulation around the junction can make the suspended sediment tend to gather in the north branch, which leads to the net input of the sediment into the north branch. Additionally, the long-term morphological evolutions and potential changes are analyzed by historical data and a numerical experiment. The numerical experiment results illustrate the significant sedimentation at river banks and deepening at mid-channels under the effects of tidal currents, which also demonstrates that the net sediment input to the tributary is a potential cause and mechanism of the distinct bed discordance in tidal river junctions. Furthermore, these findings emphasize the importance of periodical flow behaviors and local hydraulics on the dynamics around the tidal river junctions, which can expand the understanding of physics both in tidal and non-tidal river reaches and provide a reference for tidal river management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil (TTO) is an antimicrobial agent, and hence, its use in fabricating nanoparticles (NP) may be useful in providing more efficacious antimicrobial agents. The current research aimed to test the antimicrobial efficacy of TTO and its TTO-Metal-NPs against oral microbes: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus mutans. The antimicrobial activity of TTO and zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) nanoparticles (NPs) and the combined effects of antimicrobial agents were investigated using agar well diffusion assays. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to identify the phyto-constituents of TTO. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), dynamic light scatter (DLS), and zeta potential were utilized to analyze the biogenic nanoparticles’ morphology, size, and potential. The antimicrobial mode of action was determined by assessing the morphological changes under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The TTO extracts converted Zn and Fe ions to NPs, having an average size of 97.50 (ZnNPs) and 102.4 nm (FeNPs). All tested agents had significant antibacterial efficacy against the tested oral microbes. However, the TTO extract was more efficacious than the NPs. Combination treatment of TTO with antibiotics resulted in partial additive effects against P. gingivalis and partial antagonistic effects against E. faecalis, S. mutans, and common mouthwashes (Oral B and chlorhexidine). TTO and NP-treated bacteria underwent morphological changes on treatment. M. alternifolia phytochemicals could be useful for further research and development of antimicrobial NPs. The current study highlights the variance in activity observed for different types of bacteria and antagonistic effects seen with common mouthwashes, which represent a threat to therapeutic efficacy and heighten the risk of clinical microbial resistance.

The heart valve design is optimally adapted to their physiological function, i.e., the uniform distribution of blood flow in the heart chambers, so even small changes in the structural components of the valves, which are initially functionally compensated, play a significant role in the development of heart disease in the later stages of a patient's life. The study aimed to determine the effect of chronic haemodynamic trauma on the structural reorganisation of human heart valves. A total of 1377 human heart valves were evaluated, which were obtained during valve prosthetics at the Amosov National Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery from 2010 to 2022. The study identified a full range of macro- and microscopic changes in morphological structures that are characteristic of rheumatic heart disease, infective endocarditis, dysplastic and destructive changes in heart valves. The set of all morphological features was combined into the algorithm “Morphological manifestations of acquired heart disease of different genesis”. It has been established that changes in the mitral valve architecture can cause the transformation of its structural components, which causes a violation of the valve's functional capabilities. The study demonstrated that persistent changes associated with chronic haemodynamic injury reduce the mechanical strength of the valve, despite the compensatory mechanism of subendothelial smooth muscle fibre hyperplasia in the heart valve leaflets. Subsequently, these damages can, on the one hand, be complicated by fibrosis, fatty degeneration and calcification, and on the other hand, compensatory mechanisms are involved in the process, namely hyperplasia of subendothelial muscle cells, which often form continuous layers that should strengthen and strengthen the mechanical strength and thus the functional competence of the valves. Mitral valve dysplasia can develop secondary infective endocarditis, rheumatism, and degenerative valve disease. The algorithm for determining the patterns of morphological changes in the valvular apparatus of the heart in various variants of acquired defects of inflammatory and non-inflammatory genesis can be used to improve the etiopathogenetic drug treatment of patients with acquired heart disease, as well as a theoretical basis for the development of new types of valve-preserving operations

Morphological changes along the cross-section of canals affect the canal's performance to fulfill the desired operations. The Suez Irrigation Canal is a vital canal that provides the surrounding region with drinking water via about 21 drinking water treatment plants and serves about 140,000 feddan of irrigated land. However, the actual canal capacity is incapacitate to convey sufficient water for drinking and irrigation necessities. This research particularly evaluates the morphological changes in the Suez Canal's performance and increasing its ability to transport the required discharges with adequate operations. For this purpose, extensive field measurements and a numerical model (SOBEK 1D) were adapted to evaluate the canal capacity and operation under the required flow conditions. In total, 890 canal cross-sections were surveyed and 16-flow discharge measurements were considered to identify the actual geometric and hydraulic characteristics. The SOBEK 1D model was used to simulate different scenarios of canal cross-sections under changing flow conditions. The results showed that the actual canal mainly suffered from sedimentations that reduced the canal's capacity to transport the design flow discharges. In summary, rehabilitation of the canal is intensely recommended, in addition to the planned and sufficient clearance activatesof the canal to keep effective operations. HIGHLIGHTS Analyzing the morphological changes on the Suez Canal operations.; Quantitative evaluation of the canal sedimentations along the canal.; Applying the SOBEK 1D model to simulate different scenarios of canal cross-sections under changing flow conditions to define the canal capacity and performance.;

The use of microalgae in biotechnological studies is increasing day by day because of their ability to produce and store secondary metabolites under extreme conditions. When the culture conditions such as light, nutrients, pH, and temperature are modified, the synthesis and storage amount of these secondary metabolites change. In this study, the effects of different nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations on the morphological changes, growth, biochemical composition, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of Desmodesmus multivariabilis were investigated. The study results show that changing of the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in the microalgae culture medium is an effective strategy for changing growth, biochemical composition, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity parameters of microalgae. All culture conditions should be detected, depending on the substance desired to be obtained from microalga and its biotechnological application. Therefore, this study is substantial as it is the first study on this concept with D. multivariabilis, and for obtaining economically important bioactive compounds of this species, this paper will play a key role.

Age-related liver changes can have important implications for health and metabolic function. This study aimed to describe the morphoquantitative alterations of the liver in senescent rats compared to adult rats. Twelve male rats were used, divided into 6-month-old adults (group A) and 36-month-old senescent rats (group S). Morphometric and histopathological studies, quantification of collagen types I and III, and stereological analyses were performed to determine the volume density of mononucleated (VvhepM) and binucleated (VvhepB) hepatocyte nuclei, surface area density (SvhepM), and number density (NvhepM) of mononucleated hepatocyte nuclei. The findings reveal an alteration of the normal liver tissue architecture in senescent rats and the presence of inflammatory lesions and fibrosis. In addition, there was a decrease in body and liver mass and volume. Group S showed a significant reduction in VvhepM and NvhepM; however, SvhepM was significantly higher. No significant differences were noted in the percentage of binucleated hepatocytes between the two groups. This study reveals substantial morphological changes in the aging liver, with possible functional implications. More research is needed on the underlying mechanisms and their consequences at older ages.

Monoterpenes are effective and eco-friendly alternatives to conventional chemical larvicides. We tested single and binary mixtures of monoterpenes—geranial and trans-cinnamaldehyde—for their larvicidal and pupicidal activities against Aedes aegypti L. and for non-target toxicity on guppies (Poecilia reticulata Peters), using 1% (w/w) temephos as a reference. Geranial and trans-cinnamaldehyde at 250 ppm showed stronger larvicidal and pupicidal activities with a 100% mortality rate and an LT50 ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 h. All combinations were strongly synergistic against larvae and pupae compared to single formulations, with an increased mortality value (IMV) of 6% to 93%. The combination of geranial + trans-cinnamaldehyde (1:1) at 200 ppm showed the highest impact, with an IMV of 93%. The strongest larvicidal and pupicidal activities, a 100% mortality rate, and an LT50 of 0.2 h were achieved by geranial + trans-cinnamaldehyde (1:1) 500 ppm. They were thirty times more effective than a 1% temephos solution (LT50 ranging from 6.7 to 96 h) and caused obviously shriveled cuticles and a swollen respiratory system. All single and binary mixtures were not toxic to the guppies. Thus, the combination of geranial + trans-cinnamaldehyde has great potential as a safe insecticide for controlling mosquito larvae and pupae.

Naegleria fowleri is the causative agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a rapid and acute infection of the central nervous system with a fatal outcome in >97% of cases. Due to the infrequent report of cases and diagnostic gaps that hinder the possibility of recovering clinic isolates, studies related to pathogenesis of the disease are scarce. However, the secretion of cytolytic molecules has been proposed as a factor involved in the progression of the infection. Several of these molecules could be included in extracellular vesicles (EVs), making them potential virulence factors and even modulators of the immune response in this infection. In this work, we evaluated the immunomodulatory effect of EVs secreted by two clinic isolates of Naegleria fowleri using in vitro models. For this purpose, characterization analyses between EVs produced by both isolates were first performed, for subsequent gene transcription analyses post incubation of these vesicles with primary cultures from mouse cell microglia and BV-2 cells. Analyses of morphological changes induced in primary culture microglia cells by the vesicles were also included, as well as the determination of the presence of nucleic acids of N. fowleri in the EV fractions. Results revealed increased expression of NOS, proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-a, and IL-23, and the regulatory cytokine IL-10 in primary cultures of microglia, as well as increased expression of NOS and IL-13 in BV-2 cells. Morphologic changes from homeostatic microglia, with small cellular body and long processes to a more amoeboid morphology were also observed after the incubation of these cells with EVs. Regarding the presence of nucleic acids, specific Naegleria fowleri DNA that could be amplified using both conventional and qPCR was confirmed in the EV fractions. Altogether, these results confirm the immunomodulatory effects of EVs of Naegleria fowleri over microglial cells and suggest a potential role of these vesicles as biomarkers of primary acute meningoencephalitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aimed at assessing chemical, topographical, and morphological changes induced by Nd : YAG laser treatment of dental enamels by means of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fifteen human enamel specimens were obtained, three of samples were kept untreated as a control while the others twelve samples were equally divided into four groups where each group have a three samples according to treating approach as: G1:(untreated);G2: (treated with Nd:YAG laser, 100 mJ/pulse,10 Hz/1064nm); G3(treated with Nd:YAG laser, 500 mJ/pulse, 10 Hz/1064nm); G4(treated with Nd:YAG laser 1000 mJ/pulse, 10 Hz/1064nm), and finally G5(treated with Nd:YAG laser, 1000 mJ/pulse, 10 Hz/532nm) respectively. Beside many craters and cracks, the AFM results showed fractures with depths of 19.23 nm, 174.7 nm, 216.9 nm, 207.4 nm and 156.5 nm and width of 559.2 nm, 833.4 nm, 1115 nm, 695.0 nm, and 5142 nm for all Groups respectively. The highest surface roughness was found in G5 with 111.4 nm while the lowest surface roughness was found in G1 to be 14.3 nm. The inside surface of the fissures was also rough. The SEM micrographs revealed modifications to the morphology. EDS was used to measure the phosphorous (P), calcium (Ca), oxygen (O), and carbon (C) percentages presented in crater areas and their surroundings, Ca, P, O, and C levels were observed to vary significantly at the crater and its rim, a lower percentage of C wt% were realized corresponding to laser treatment of 1000 mJ/Pulse laser energy. However, it was not feasible to recognize a specific chemical arrangement in the craters. It is also concluded that the higher depth and particular edge of ablated part when teeth were irradiated by laser with 1000 mJ/10Hz/1064nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Late diagnosis of sepsis is associated with adverse consequences and high mortality rate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of hematologic research parameters, that reflect the cell morphology of blood cells, available on the BC 6800 plus automated analyzer (Mindray) for the early detection of sepsis. Materials and Methods: A complete blood count (CBC) was performed by Mindray BC 6800 Plus Analyzer in 327 patients (223 with a confirmed diagnosis of sepsis following sepsis-3 criteria, 104 without sepsis), admitted at the Intensive Care Unit of the Novara's Hospital (Italy) and in 56 patients with localized infection. Results: In univariate logistic regression, age, Hb, RDW, MO#, NMR, NeuX, NeuY, NeuZ, LymX, MonX, MonY, MonZ were associated with sepsis (p < 0.005). In multivariate analysis, only RDW, NeuX, NeuY, NeuZ, MonX and MonZ were found to be independent predictors of sepsis (p < 0.005). Morphological research parameters are confirmed to be predictors of sepsis even when analyzing the group with localized infection. Conclusions: In addition to already established biomarkers and basic CBC parameters, new morphological cell parameters can be a valuable aid in the early diagnosis of sepsis at no additional cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thyroid hormone in the hypothalamus acts as a key determinant of seasonal transitions. Thyroid hormone‐levels in the brain are mainly regulated by the hypothalamic tanycytes and pituitary pars tuberalis (PT)‐specific cells. TSHβ produced by the PT‐specific cells stimulates Dio2 expression and decreases Dio3 expression of the tanycytes. Both tanycytes and PT‐specific cells in photosensitive animals exhibit remarkable changes of morphological appearance and expressions of genes and proteins under different photoperiods. Long photoperiods induce increased gene‐ and protein‐expressions and active features. Short photoperiods cause the decreased gene‐ and protein‐expressions and inactive features. In the PT, expressions of TSHβ, common α‐subunit of glycoprotein hormones (α‐GSU), and MT1 receptor of melatonin receptors and eyes absent 3 change under different photoperiods. Diurnal rhythms of α‐GSU mRNA expression are observed in the PT of Djungarian hamsters. Hes1, Nkx2.1, and LIM homeodomain gene 2 (Lhx2) are involved in the differentiation of PT. In the hypothalamic tanycytes, expressions of Dio2, Dio3, vimentin, serine/threonine kinase 33, GPR50, Nestin, Retinoid signaling genes (retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1, cellular retinol binding protein 1, and Stra6), monocarboxylate transporter 8, and neural cell adhesion molecule change under different photoperiods. Rax, Lhx2, Nfia/b/x, and fibroblast growth factor 10 are involved in the differentiation of tanycytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Handeliodendron bodinieri L. is a unique and endangered species that inhabits south China. It has a high oil and timber yield and ornamental value. However, the scarcity of its resources has increased in recent years due to poor competitiveness, poor habitat, excessive logging and resource destruction. Thus, it is important to protect and utilize their germplasm resources. Somatic embryogenesis (SE) induction is a rapid propagation technique that can be used to propagate saplings quickly, prepare artificial seeds, and prevent the extinction of H. bodinieri. To establish a technical system of the SEs of H. bodinieri and determine their morphological and anatomical changes, young (mature) embryos of H. bodinieri were used as explants to induce SE under different combinations of plant growth regulators [6-Benzylaminopurine (BA), 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 3-Indolebutyric acid (IBA), and abscisic acid (ABA)], different concentrations of activated carbon (AC) (500 mg/L and 1,000 mg/L), and sucrose (2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%) additions to Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture medium in this study. The development of SEs was recorded and the morphological comparisons between embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus were performed. The results showed that the SEs of H. bodinieri developed from embryogenic callus (an indirect induction pathway). The SEs in the MS + 1.36 µM 2,4-D, MS + 4.52 µM 2,4-D + 4.44 µM BA + 1,000 mg/L AC medium had the best effects on the induction of young and mature embryos, respectively. Additionally, the types and concentrations of exogenous hormones significantly affected the proliferation of SEs. The best effect on the proliferation of somatic embryos was achieved with the MS + 2.22 µM BA + 2.46 µM IBA + 500 mg/L AC medium (multiplicity value-added reached 4.37). Different external hormones and sucrose concentrations significantly affected the maturation and germination of SEs. The best results of maturation and germination were obtained with the MS + 2.22 µM BA + 4.92 µM IBA + 500 mg/L AC medium (with a count of 3.92). The cell size, structure, arrangement, and division status between the embryogenic callus and non-embryogenic callus of H. bodinieri were considerably different in various developmental stages. The process of SEs originated from single or multiple cells on the surface or in the inner layers of the embryogenic callus and passed through four distinct stages, including globular embryo, heart-shaped embryo, torpedo embryo, and cotyledonary embryo. During the cotyledonary embryo stage, V-shaped vascular bundles were observed, which is a key indicator of somatic embryo formation. This study may act as a framework for establishing an SE technology system for H. bodinieri and provide technical support for the large-scale propagation of this species.Key message: In this study, we determined the effects of different exogenous substances on the proliferation, maturation, and germination of the somatic embryos of H. bodinieri, identified the markers, and investigated the development of H. bodinieri somatic embryos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphological responses of two mesotidal beaches located in different coastal settings (embayed and open sandy beaches) on the northwestern Iberian coast were monitored during the winter of 2018/19. The offshore wave time series analysis is related to high-resolution topo-bathymetric measurements to explore spatial-temporal morphological variability at monthly to seasonal scales. Both locations are subjected to the North Atlantic wave climate which exhibits a pronounced seasonality. Throughout the last decade (2010–2020), significant wave heights reached values of up to Hs~9 m during winters and up to Hs~6 m during summers. On average, approximately 12 storms occurred annually in this region. The results clearly reveal divergent morphological responses and sediment transport behaviors at the upper beach and the intertidal zone during the winter for each location. In the embayed beach (Patos), sediment transport in the nearshore is governed by cross-shore processes between the beach berm and a submerged sandbar. In contrast, the open beach (Mira) showed dynamic sediment exchanges and three-dimensional morphologies alternating between accumulation and erosion zones. Overall, both beaches exhibited an erosional trend after the winter, particularly concerning berm erosion and the subaerial beach volume/shoreline retreat. This study highlights the contrasting morphodynamic response on open and embayed beaches to winter conditions, integrating both the subaerial and submerged zones. Local geological and environmental factors, as well as the coastal management strategies applied, will influence how the beach responds to winter wave events. Monitoring and understanding these responses are essential for effective coastal management and adaptation to changing climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It remains an open question how the hydrodynamics and morphology in sharp meander bends adapt to the changes in flow and sediment conditions induced by upstream damming. This study reports a comprehensive investigation into the morphological changes, patterns of mean and secondary flows and sediment transport around two consecutive sharp bends in the Middle Yangtze River (MYR), and explains these changes from the viewpoint of flow‐sediment transport‐morphology interaction based on field measurements. With the Three Gorges Project operation, the MYR suffered a remarkable channel degradation due to a sudden decrease of incoming sediment discharge. The point bars were removed, and outer‐bank benches (OBB) formed upstream of the bend apices, which resulted in quite different flow and sediment transport patterns in the bends. The highest velocity zones and center‐region cells of secondary flow were more toward the inner bank due to the lack of point bars, and the outward migration of momentum was delayed. Flow recirculation zones were observed over the OBBs, covering 12%–58% of the channel width. The transport rates of suspended load accounted for 98% of the total sediment load, and the outward shift of the highest transport rate zone was confined by the OBBs, which reduced the effective width of sediment transport. These changes in flow and sediment transport re‐inforced the morphological changes around the sharp bends: the velocity redistribution and evolution of scour factor lagged more behind planform curvature, which further promoted the erosion of point bars and the development of OBB. Key Points: Deformation pattern is characterized by erosion of point bars and deposition of outer‐bank benchesFlow and sediment transport patterns in the sharp bends of forced river systems differ from those bends of natural river systemsMeasurements of flow patterns and sediment transport in very sharp bends were provided with unprecedented details [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Recent evidence has shown changes in body size and shape of individuals, which are suggested to be a result of global warming caused by climate change. Here, we explored the spatiotemporal changes in wing length and body mass of 24 wintering bird species in Northern Europe and how these relate to temperature anomaly. Location: Finland and Sweden, Europe. Time Period: 50 years, 1970 to 2020. Major Taxa Studied: Birds, 24 species. Methods: We used site‐specific, long‐term winter ringing data containing wing length and body mass measurements from across Sweden and Finland for 24 bird species. We modelled wing length and body mass change over time, in relation to the spatioclimatic gradient and as response to temperature anomalies (of [i] the same winter as the ringing took place, [ii] the previous winter and [iii] the previous spring) by accounting for phylogenetic relatedness between species and their species‐specific responses to each predictor of interest. Results: We show that across all species, body size has decreased since the 1970s, with a negative relationship between wing length and temperature anomalies of previous winters, suggesting carry‐over effects likely linked to body size‐related survival or dispersal. Body mass was negatively related to the temperature anomaly of the same winter, indicating more immediate effects related to reduced fat reserves during mild winters. Main Conclusions: Our results highlight a climate‐driven decrease in body size across several species and its association with positive anomalies in winter temperature in the high latitudes. However, the responses are not spatially uniform and there is considerable species‐specific variation, emphasizing the importance of conducting multispecies studies when investigating responses to climate change. The mechanisms of decreasing wing length and body mass seem to differ and underline the immediate and carry‐over effects of temperature warming during the nonbreeding season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the overtime histological changes in the lungs after intoxication with baclofen alone or in combination with ethanol.Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out on 35 male Wistar rats weighing 290-350 g and aged 20 weeks. The animals were split into 7 equal groups (n=5); test drugs were administered via nasogastric tube: rats from Groups 1, 3 and 5 were treated with baclofen at 85 mg/kg; rats from Groups 2, 4 and 6 received similar dose of baclofen and 40% alcohol by volume at a dose of 7 ml/kg; control group rats were not administered with any drugs. Animals of all groups were removed from the experiment by cervical dislocation under anesthesia (chlorolase) after 3 hours (Groups 1, 2), 4.5 hours (Groups 3, 4) and after 24 hours (Groups 5, 6, and the controls). Lung tissue samples were examined by light microscopy. The nonparametric Kraskel-Wallis test was used for multiple comparisons between the groups, and nonparametric Mann–Whitney test with Bonferroni correction was used for pairwise comparison.Results. Light microscopy showed no pathological changes in the lungs of the Control group animals. Baclofen alone, or in combination with ethanol caused significant circulatory disorders (venular and capillary fullness, hemorrhages in the interalveolar septa (IAS) and alveoli, sludge phenomenon), emphysema, atelectasis and distelectasis, and pulmonary edema. IAS thickness in rats from all experimental groups was different from that in animals from the Control group, all differences confirmed by the Kruskel-Wallis test: H=748, p=0.00001.In Group 1 animals IAS was 44.2% thinner (p=0.00052) vs the control Group, while in all remaining experimental groups it was, on the contrary, thicker: in Group 2 – 57.6% increase in thickness (p=0.000038), in Group 3 – 99 % (p=0.00001), in Group 4 – 2.2-fold increase (p= 0.00001), in Group 5 – 2.1-fold (p= 0.00001), in Group 6 – 2.5-fold increase (p= 0.00001). Most significant increase in IAS thickness (6-fold, p=0.00001) occurred within the period from 3 to 4.5 hours after administration of baclofen, while within the period from 4.5 to 24 hours no statistically significant increase occurred (p=0.99). Co-administration of baclofen and ethanol caused 2.8-fold (p=0.00001) increase in IAS thickness after 3 hours as compared to the effects of baclofen only. IAS thickness at 4.5 hours after baclofen and ethanol co-administration increased by additional 41.8% as compared to thickness at 3 hours (p=0.00001). IAS became 11.8% thicker at 24 hours vs 4.5 hours (p=0.87). At 24 hours IAS was 21.7% (p= 0.0011) thicker after baclofen and ethanol co-administration vs baclofen alone. The alveoli size increased by 69.4% (p=0.00001) in Group 1 animals vs the Control group, by 14.3% (p=0.43) - in Group 2, by 55% (p=0.00004) - in Group 3, by 26.3% (p=0.002) - in Group 4, by 45% (p=0.0003) - in Group 5 (baclofen, 24 h), by 43.3% (p=0.0004) – in Group 6 (baclofen and ethanol, 24 h). Co-administration of baclofen and ethanol initially caused a slight increase in alveoli size, bur 3 hours later there was a visible shrinkage in the diameter of alveoli by 32.5% (p= 0.003) vs baclofen mono, 4.5 hours later – by 18.5% (p= 0.062), and 24 hours later – by 1.2% (p= 0.99), that is, the differences were leveled.Conclusion. The combined effects of baclofen and ethanol induce more severe alterations in pulmonary tissue compared to baclofen alone. The pathological changes in the lungs reached their maximum by 24 hours, which confirmed by morphometric assessment. Morphological changes in pulmonary tissue alongside with established chemical properties of the two agents can be used to diagnose cases of intoxication either with baclofen alone or in combination with ethanol.

Recently, the risks of radiation danger have significantly increased. This is connected with the start of a full-scale war against Ukraine and the seizure of the Zaporizhzhya NPP by the Russian Federation, which has the second most powerful arsenal of nuclear weapons in the world. The majority of studies devoted to the effect of radioactive radiation on the human body and animals absolutely do not take into account the ecotoxic effect of the carrier and a chemical element. At the same time, the body does not distinguish between radioactive and non-radioactive isotopes of chemical elements and interacts with them during exchange processes. The aim of the work was to study the influence of stable cesium on the microscopic structure of striated muscle tissue, both skeletal and cardiac ones. The results of our research revealed that intensive accumulation of cesium for 24 days occurred in all the examined organs and tissues. In fact, the most intensive accumulative process appeared to be in the heart by 214.9 times and by 695.3 times with skeletal muscles, with a simultaneous decrease in potassium content by 19.2% and 29.1%, respectively, compared to intact rats. We can talk about the presence of two mechanisms of action of cesium on tissues, including striated muscles: as an antagonist of potassium, which concerns the transport system of the latter and as a toxic element that initiates peroxide processes with subsequent modification of membranes and their potassium channels. Functional disturbances in the work of potassium channels of excitable tissues in the repolarization phase occur in the conditions of an increase in intracellular cesium in striated muscles. These disorders can proceed according to the type of acquired "potassium" channelopathies, which in the myocardium can manifest in the form of rhythm disorders, prolonged QT syndrome, etc. This leads to the appearance of significant violations of the histological structure of the examined tissues. Cesium has pronounced damaging effects on both skeletal and cardiac striated muscle tissue, with morphological changes in skeletal and cardiac striated muscle tissue being generally similar. Dystrophic changes in the nuclei and cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes and striated muscles, signs of impaired blood circulation in the microcirculatory channel with the formation of vascular wall edema, destruction of endothelial cells, various types of hemorrhages and lymphohistiocytic infiltration of the stroma of fibers are the consequences of the toxic effect of cesium on tissues. Thus, the results of changes in the histological structure of striated muscles under the action of cesium chloride obtained by us indicate a fairly high cytocidal activity of stable cesium.

Using Landsat satellite images, this study evaluated the morphological evolution of the Binahaan River, Palo from 2000-2020. It focuses on quantifying the morphological changes in terms of river planform parameters namely channel width, channel length, channel area, and sinuosity, as well as erosion and accretion rates. Multi-temporal satellite images were collected and analyzed to recognize the quinquennial and seasonal alterations. With the quantification of the spatial extent and rates of bank-line alterations by means of remote sensing, the purpose is to better understand the erosion and accretion processes of the Binahaan River from the perspective of its planform parameters. Throughout the study period, the river experienced significant morphological changes in planform; however, no consistent trend was found due to the dynamic nature of the river. The seasonal and quinquennial erosion and accretion rates of the river were also analyzed. It was found that the right bank line was more susceptible to erosion and accretion. Seasonally, the river was more prone to sediment accumulation which led to the narrowing of channel widths and decreasing channel area. In the quinquennial comparison during the dry seasons, the river was mostly dominated by erosion, while during wet seasons, the river was more prone to accretion. In terms of change in the area, whether by loss or gain of land, the river consistently displayed increasing change from 2000 to 2020. The results of this study could be utilized to develop an integrated strategy for its management and restore the fundamental processes that shape and maintain the river.