Search

Discussions of host–microbe interactions in mosquito vectors are frequently dominated by a focus on the human pathogens they transmit (e.g. Plasmodium parasites and arboviruses). Underlying the interactions between a vector and its transmissible pathogens, however, is the physiology of an insect living and interacting with a world of bacteria and fungi including commensals, mutualists and primary and opportunistic pathogens. Here we review what is known about the bacteria and fungi associated with mosquitoes, with an emphasis on the members of the Aedes genus. We explore the reciprocal effects of microbe on mosquito, and mosquito on microbe. We analyse the roles of bacterial and fungal symbionts in mosquito development, their effects on vector competence, and their potential uses as biocontrol agents and vectors for paratransgenesis. We explore the compartments of the mosquito gut, uncovering the regionalization of immune effectors and modulators, which create the zones of resistance and immune tolerance with which the mosquito host controls and corrals its microbial symbionts. We examine the anatomical patterning of basally expressed antimicrobial peptides. Finally, we review the relationships between inducible antimicrobial peptides and canonical immune signalling pathways, comparing and contrasting current knowledge on each pathway in mosquitoes to the model insect Drosophila melanogaster. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sculpting the microbiome: how host factors determine and respond to microbial colonization'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A proposta deste estudo é examinar a correspondência da infestação pelo mosquito Aedes aegypti, através do Índice Breteau, por bairros, no período entre 2015 a 2017, com a temperatura de superfície estimada (TSE) da cidade Montes Claros-MG. Certas investigações apontam as questões hidroclimáticas como as que mais corroboram para intensificação larvária do inseto proposto. A metodologia consistiu na aquisição e organização dos dados relativos ao Índice Breteau do referido mosquito; a geração da imagem com a temperatura de superfície estimada da cidade; e o exame, com a aplicação da regressão linear múltipla, da associação de tais variáveis. Por meio dos resultados foi verificado que o modelo empregado (p < 0,01 e R² = 0,83) foi significativo, e as variáveis mais explicativas para o Índice Breteau de 2017, sejam - o Índice Breteau de 2016 (p < 0,01) e o desvio-padrão (p < 0,03) das temperaturas. Conclui-se que há ligação entre a maior infestação larvária pelo mosquito Aedes aegypti com as áreas onde existem maiores picos de calor.

Aedes aegypti MOSQUITO, THE CASE OF THE MONTES CLAROS-MG CITY Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examinate the correspondence of Aedes aegypti infestation, through of Breteau Index, by neighborhoods, in the period among the years 2015 and 2017 with land surface temperature (LST) of the city Montes Claros-MG. Some investigations shows the hydroclimatic issues as the one most corroborate to larval infestation of the proposed insect. The methodology consisted in the acquisition and organization of the data related to the Breteau Index of mentioned mosquito; the generation of the image with the estimated surface temperature of the city; and examining with the application of multiple linear regression, the association of such variables. With the results is verified that the model employed (p <0.01 and R² = 0.83) is significant, and the most explanatory variables for the Breteau Index of 2017 are - the Breteau Index of 2016 (p <0, 01) and the standard-deviation (p < 0.03) of the temperatures. Arrival the conclusion that the larval infestation of Aedes aegypti has relationship with areas where exist the highest heat peaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delivery of originators of infectious and parasitic illnesses on new territories can pass by means of mosquitoes which in modern conditions extend quickly. Getting on new territories they take roots and provide transfer of this or that originator. Or they provide initial case rate, and then viruses start to circulate among mosquitoes – natural representatives of local fauna. As it was with virus Denge delivered to Greece with mosquitoes Aedes aegypti. This kind of a mosquito by 1950 has been destroyed at the Black Sea coast of Caucasus. In the beginning of 21 centuries this kind again began to be found out in earlier free territories. Occurrence after 50-years absence of an effective carrier in the south of Russia is serious biological threat to epidemic well-being of the country in case of delivery of originators arbovirus infections.

A case and control study represented by 155 and 310 houses, respectively, to identify risk factors related to the positivity to Aedes aegypti mosquito in the area of the Municipal Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out during 2012. Among the risk factors there were: unprotected low deposits, dirty yards, likings, high deposits and others, about which the odds ratio, the population attributable reason and the etiologic fraction were obtained. It was concluded that such factors perpetuated the presence of the vector focuses in those homes of the aforementioned health area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional de corte transversal acerca del nivel de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre la prevención del mosquito Aedes aegypti y del dengue en la población de tránsito del Municipio Diez de Octubre en La Habana, en el año 2008. El objetivo del estudió fue describir estos aspectos en beneficio de la lucha contra el vector y la enfermedad. Se confeccionó un cuestionario de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas (CAP), el cual se aplicó a personas mayores de 17 años, previamente seleccionadas en el muestreo. Se realizaron grupos focales con los moradores y entrevistas a profundidad con los trabajadores de la salud. Como medida de resumen se utilizó el porcentaje. Lo más relevante encontrado en cuanto al lugar de reproducción del mosquito fue la presencia de salideros y matorrales. Los factores considerados como favorecedores de los criaderos son los tanques con agua destapados, los salideros, los matorrales, los pomos destapados a la intemperie, las gomas viejas al descubierto, las plantas en agua, los huecos con agua, los floreros y los vasos espirituales con agua. Las actitudes y prácticas que se deben mantener para la prevención del mosquito Aedes aegypti son tapar y revisar los depósitos de agua y aceptar la visita del campañista.A cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study was conducted on the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices on the preservation of mosquito Aedes aegypti and the dengue in the temporary population of the "Diez de Octubre: municipality in La Habana during 2008. The objective of present paper was to describe these features for the good of the fight against the vector and the disease. A questionnaire was designed related to knowledges, attitudes and practices and it was distributed among persons aged over 17, previously selected from the sampling. Focal groups were created with the inhabitants as well as interviews in depth with the health staff. Percentage was used as a summary measure. The more relevant feature as regards the place of reproduction of the mosquito was the existence of water broken pipes and brush-woods. Factors that more favored the breedings are the uncover water tanks, water broken pipes, the brush-woods, the uncover bottles placed in the open air, the uncovered old tyres, water plants, holes filled with water, vases and spiritual glasses with water. The attitudes and practices to prevent the presence of Aedes aegypti are related to cover and to revise the water depots and to accept the campaign health staff visit.

The article presents a study on microcephaly and arthrogryposis in three urban hospitals in Jamaica following the epidemics of the Zika virus (ZIKV), chikungunya, and dengue fever between 2016 and 2017. It examines the rates of infant microcephaly and the subsequent pediatric evaluation of all affected newborns.

We isolated two cDNAs from the mosquito Aedes aegypti, an l-amino acid transporter (AeaLAT) and a CD98 heavy chain (AeaCD98hc). Expression of AeaCD98hc or AeaLAT alone in Xenopus oocyte did not induce amino acid transport activity. However, co-expression of AeaCD98hc and AeaLAT, which are postulated to form a heterodimer protein linked through a disulfide bond, showed significant increase in amino acid transport activity. This heterodimeric protein showed uptake specificity for large neutral and basic amino acids. Small acidic neutral amino acids were poor substrates for this transporter. Neutral amino acid (leucine) uptake activity was partially Na+ dependent, because leucine uptake was approximately 44% lower in the absence of Na+ than in its presence. However, basic amino acid (lysine) uptake activity was completely Na+ independent at pH of 7.4. Extracellular amino acid concentration could be the main factor that determined amino acid transport. These results suggest the heteromeric protein is likely a uniporter mediating diffusion of amino acids in the absence of ions. The AeaLAT showed high level expression in the gastric caeca, Malpighian tubules and hindgut of larvae. In caeca and hindgut expression was in the apical cell membrane. However, in Malpighian tubules and in midgut, the latter showing low level expression, the transporter was detected in the basolateral membrane. This expression profile supports the conclusion that this AeaLAT is a nutrient amino acid transporter. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional de corte transversal acerca del nivel de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre la prevención del mosquito Aedes aegypti y del dengue en la población de tránsito del Municipio Diez de Octubre en La Habana, en el año 2008. El objetivo del estudió fue describir estos aspectos en beneficio de la lucha contra el vector y la enfermedad. Se confeccionó un cuestionario de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas (CAP), el cual se aplicó a personas mayores de 17 años, previamente seleccionadas en el muestreo. Se realizaron grupos focales con los moradores y entrevistas a profundidad con los trabajadores de la salud. Como medida de resumen se utilizó el porcentaje. Lo más relevante encontrado en cuanto al lugar de reproducción del mosquito fue la presencia de salideros y matorrales. Los factores considerados como favorecedores de los criaderos son los tanques con agua destapados, los salideros, los matorrales, los pomos destapados a la intemperie, las gomas viejas al descubierto, las plantas en agua, los huecos con agua, los floreros y los vasos espirituales con agua. Las actitudes y prácticas que se deben mantener para la prevención del mosquito Aedes aegypti son tapar y revisar los depósitos de agua y aceptar la visita del campañista.

Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles representados por 155 y 310 viviendas, respectivamente, para identificar factores de riesgo relacionados con la positividad al mosquito Aedes aegypti en el radio de acción del Policlínico Municipal de Santiago de Cuba, durante el 2012. Entre esos factores de riesgo constituyeron los principales: depósitos bajos no protegidos, patios no saneados, salideros, tanque elevado y otros, acerca de los cuales se obtuvieron el odds ratio, la razón atribuible poblacional y la fracción etiológica. Se concluyó que tales factores perpetuaron la presencia de focos del vector en esos hogares de la mencionada área de salud