Search

Accurate discrimination of driving proficiency is essential to improve driving safety. A naturalistic driving experiment was designed and organized to discover the response characteristics among drivers' eye movement behaviors, driving proficiency, and mountain roads; 20 drivers were recruited to collect corresponding data of eye movement parameters on sharp turns, including gaze behavior and saccade behavior. The data show that on right turning roads, the main range of eye fixation points is -0.1-0.3 m in the horizontal direction, while the range is -0.35-0.2 m for left turn bends. The main range of the eye horizontal gaze angle is 0-30°, the range of the saccade amplitude is 5-25°, and its value increased as the curve radius decreased, showing a logarithmic relationship. Based on the collected eye movement characteristics data, a driver's visual search modal matrix was built. A principal component analysis was used, and a comprehensive evaluation model of drivers' eye movement characteristics was established. The result shows that eye movement comprehensive score and driving mileage were positively correlated. The result also indicates that the discrimination model can be used to quantify and discriminate driving proficiency and can provide a novel perspective for connected vehicle performance assessment.

The topic of this paper is a segment of the old mountain road between the villages of Možđenec and Sudovec. Today, the road is mostly located beneath a recently built modern road, and small segments are separated from it. Over the western edge of the hilly area of Kalnik, this mountain pass is the shortest route that connects the area of the Bednja river valley in the vicinity of Novi Marof with the city of Križevci. Although this road has long been known in the literature as a well- preserved Roman road with curbstones and pavement, it has never actually been archaeologically documented. Recent archaeological research has changed that. By cleaning the recently covered northern segment of the road and removing vegetation from the southern part of the old road, archaeologists have uncovered new knowledge about the structure and construction of this road. Also, with field inspection in the widerarea around the road, they documented traces of possible Roman roads mentioned before in the literature.

En el presente trabajo de tesis, para cada uno de los 18 túneles del proyecto vial de la Doble Calzada Bogotá- Villavicencio en su tercio medio, entre el sitio el Tablón (K34+100) en el municipio de Cáqueza y la quebrada Chirajara (K63+100), en el Departamento de Cundinamarca, en Colombia, se describe de manera general, los diferentes estudios realizados y los diseños ejecutados como resultado de dichos estudios durante la etapa de pre-construcción y mediante el seguimiento logrado en la obra durante la etapa de construcción, se exponen los aspectos constructivos y situaciones en zonas desfavorables presentadas en los túneles, entre ellos, las modificaciones a diseños de portales, inestabilidades y colapsos de taludes en portales y en las excavaciones subterráneas, la diferencia entre el terreno estimado y el terreno encontrado, los rendimientos de avance logrados según la calidad del terreno realmente excavado, las soluciones que se determinaron para subsanar cada uno de estos problemas constructivos y las consecuencias a nivel presupuestal. Entre los aportes: 1) Se verifica la utilización de experiencias a nivel mundial en el contexto local, 2) Se documenta las diferentes alternativas empleadas durante la ejecución del proyecto que contribuyen con beneficios de carácter técnico y económico para futuros proyectos similares, 3) Se muestra las técnicas de excavación subterránea empleadas. 4) Se registra cuales técnicas han resultado exitosas y cuáles de ellas no, determinando la conveniencia de su implementación. 5) Se establece posibles fallas en la determinación del sistema de excavación y soporte. 6) Se documenta casos con problemas durante el proceso de excavación y soporte. 7) Se precisa los rendimientos alcanzados en la etapa de excavación. 8) Se propone una metodología de evaluación de costos de riesgo geológico, de acuerdo con parámetros comparativos obtenidos durante la etapa constructiva. El impacto del trabajo alcanza a consultores, diseñadores, constructores, investigadores, entidades contratantes y otros interesados en el tema como estudiantes de pregrado y especializaciones que involucren la asignatura de túneles en los programas académicos. La metodología del trabajo de tesis inicia con la recolección de la información de soporte mediante la revisión de libros referentes al tema, artículos de revistas o eventos especializados, informes de casos, tesis y monografías, proyectos de investigación, entre otros. Una vez reunida la información se efectúa la clasificación y selección que permite desarrollar el contenido del presente trabajo. Por último, se enunciarán las conclusiones y recomendaciones acerca de los resultados del proyecto. PALABRAS CLAVE: Túnel carretero; Terreno difícil; Problemas constructivos; Excavación subterránea; Carretera de montaña. In the following thesis project, for each one of the 18 tunnels of the dual-carriageway scheme between Bogotá-Villavicencio in its middle third, concerning the towns called “El Tablón” (K34+100) in the municipality of Caqueza and “Chirajara Ravine” (K63+100), all of them in the Department of Cundinamarca in Colombia, it describes, in a general way, the different studies carried out and the designs accomplished as a result of these studies, during the pre-construction stage and through the follow-up achieved in the labour during the stage of construction, the constructive aspects and situations in unfavourable zones already seen in the tunnels that are exposed. Among them, the modifications of portal designs, instabilities and collapses of slopes in portals and in the underground excavations, the difference between the estimated land and the ground yields achieved according to the quality of the land really excavated. Also, the solutions that were determined to correct each one of structure problems and the results economically talking. Magíster en Infraestructura Vial http://unidadinvestigacion.usta.edu.co Maestría

The mountain road of Mt. Fuji, Fuji Subaru Line, is often heavily congested in summer. A large amount of air pollutantsmight be emitted from automobiles in the traffic congestions and at acceleration on slopes; however there was no observationof concentration of air pollutants at the mountain road. Information on pollutants concentration will be useful for the localgovernment to consider the traffic control period. Carbon dioxide (CO2) were observed from August 5 to 15 in 2012, in thetraffic control period, and August 28 to September 7 using a CO2 analyser and an electricity supply system which wereinstalled in a monitoring car. The mean concentrations of CO2 in and out of the traffic control period were measured as 395 ±5 ppm. There were no obvious correlation between CO2 concentration and the number of automobiles. Diurnal variation of CO2concentration was compared with NOX concentration which was reported by Wada et al. We concluded the traffic control ofMt. Fuji gave small influence on CO2 concentration at the mountain road.

Diplomska naloga obravnava regionalno cesto R1-206 Kranjska Gora – Ruska cesta – Vršič – Trenta – Bovec, bolj znano pod imenom Vršiška cesta. Gre za eno najlepših slovenskih panoramskih gorskih cest, ki ima zgodovinski, turistični, širši demografski in narodno gospodarski pomen. Pri načrtovanju gorskih cest velja osnovno pravilo, da se izognemo plazljivim zemljiščem in snežno plazovitim območjem, a Vršiška cesta je bila projektirana drzno, njeno vzdrževanje skozi zgodovino pa je bilo neredno in nesistematično. Poleg vodne in porušitvene erozije je največja težava Vršiške ceste snežna erozija. Regionalno cesto R1-206 po podatkih iz lavinskega katastra za Slovenijo ogroža najmanj 27 snežnih plazov, ki so glavni razlog, da v letih z normalnimi zimami cesta ni prevozna tudi do 6 mesecev. Zaradi pomembnosti Vršiške ceste in dolgotrajnih zapor je bilo v zadnjih nekaj desetletjih izdelanih več študij in projektov za celoletno prevoznost ceste na različnih ravneh, ki smo jih v diplomski nalogi predstavili in analizirali. Ugotovili smo, da je edina rešitev za celoletno prevoznost ceste izgradnja predora z določenimi zaščitnimi ukrepi na oziroma ob obstoječi cesti. Različne variante predorov smo med seboj primerjali in na koncu predstavili ugotovitve. My thesis deals with the regional road R1-206 Kranjska Gora – Ruska cesta – Vršič – Trenta – Bovec, better known as the Vršič road. It is one of the most beautiful panoramic mountain roads in Slovenia and it has a historic, touristic, broader demographic and national economic significance. When planning mountain roads, one has to follow one simple rule – we should avoid landslide areas and avalanche areas. However, the Vršič road has been boldly planned and its maintenance through history has been irregular and unsystematic. In addition to the water erosion and destructive erosion, Vršič road’s biggest problem is the snow erosion. According to the avalanche cadastre for Slovenia, the regional road R1-206 is jeopardized by at least 27 avalanches which are the main reason for the road not being passable up to 6 months in the period of normal winters. Due to the importance of the Vršič road and these long-term roadblocks, there have been several studies and projects made over the last few decades about the transportability of the road on different levels, which will be further presented and analyzed in this thesis. We have discovered that the only solution for the round the year transportability of the road is the construction of a tunnel with certain safety measures on or by the existent road. We have compared the different versions of the tunnels and in the end presented our findings.

objective to build up a systematic mountain road safety enhancement technology, this study analyses severe traffic crashes from 2006 to 2010 occurred on an inter-regional mountain arterial road network in south China. In order to digest these crash data collected from local traffic police stations, the authors conduct the in-depth crash analysis from the aspect of human, vehicle, road, and management. By developing the definition sets for crash deterministic causing factors judging system, the deterministic causes of severe accidents on mountain roads in China are deeply investigated. Results of our analysis indicate that human factor does weigh the most in the occurrence of the severe crashes; main crash types on mountain roads are running-off road, headon collision, overturned; Almost 76% severe crashes occurred on slope/curve combination sites; and freight car shall be given more attentions in reducing the severe accidents.

Safety Performance Function (SPF) is essential in traffic safety analysis; it is useful to unveil hazardous factors that related to crash occurrence. Variety data resources have been employed to develop safety performance functions: geometric characteristic features, traffic status information, weather, and surface conditions. This study focuses on a mountainous freeway that features mountainous terrain and adverse weather. Five years crash data (2006-2010), roadway geometry, and traffic characteristics were included in the investigation. As an aggregate analysis, explanatory variables used in the safety performance functions were typically averaged values over a certain time interval. For example, the most applied exposure factor, average annual daily traffic (AADT) is the mean values of the segment annual daily traffic volumes. Moreover, speed limits were included in the models to represent the effects of different traffic characteristics on crash occurrence. However, values of daily volumes and average speeds vary across the whole year, especially for a mountainous freeway suffered from adverse weather and steep slopes. In this study, distributions of daily volume and distributions of 5-min average speed were prepared for each segment. These two distribution variables would be analyzed along with the traditional variables like longitudinal grades, degrees of curvature, and etc to develop SPFs for the mountainous freeway. Data from a 15-mile mountainous freeway on I-70 in Colorado were utilized. Five years crash data have been analyzed along with the Bayesian random effects Poisson model; daily volumes were captured by Remote Traffic Microwave Sensor (RTMS) detectors and segment average speeds were archived by Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) systems. Three models have been estimated: (1) ordinal safety performance function with fixed AADT and speed limits; (2) SPF with daily volume distributions; and (3) SPF with both volume and speed distributions. Deviance Information Criterion (DIC), which recognized as Bayesian generalization of AIC (Akaike information criterion) has been select to evaluate the three candidate models. Results indicated that SPFs with distribution variables would improve the model fits significantly.

This article describes and analyzes the road condition for a high altitude alpine road and the measures taken to ensure traffic safety and accessibility even in extreme weather conditions. It also in-depth analyzes the influence of various technical engineering management measures and their influence on the road safety. The article serves as a foundation for future design and management of roads in these kinds of extreme conditions.

Restricted by the rolling terrains of mountainous areas in western parts of China, long steep downgrades are very common in mountainous freeways. Influenced by the factors like high altitude, big elevation differences, and the severe weather condition e.g. black ice, heavy snow and thick fog, most long steep downgrades turn to traffic accident prone sites. Moreover, once traffic accident happens, the severity is high and the society influence is wide. So the overall safety level of mountainous freeways has been greatly influenced by the safety level of long steep downgrades. In this paper, the safety classification methods and the general design principles of long steep downgrades and the design principles of safety enhancement measures for different sections of long steep downgrades are put forward based on the investigation of typical long steep downgrades in freeways. Then the methods for the safety enhancement measures design on long steep downgrades according to the safety level are expounded. Moreover, the design process of the safety enhancement measures design is presented. The presented research finding provides an important support for the safety enhancement measures design on long steep downgrades.

International audience; Examination of the historical and socio-cultural processes involved in establishing mountain roads as heritage objects suggests that heritage development situations can be modeled in terms of 4 major categories (labeled A, B, C and D). The resulting typology is presented in conjunction with a number of interpretative keys that can be used to define a road's heritage development status and it is illustrated by examples from the Alps, the Himalayas and the Andes. A road's heritage status is generally related to its specific historical and/or physical characteristics. The model presented here can be used to analyze the evolution of this status over different scales of time and space. This article concentrates on the history and tourism aspects of heritage development, as they are essential factors in the spatial and regional dynamics of mountain areas.