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The current work aims to investigate the compatibility of n-Amyl alcohol in a mini-truck common rail direct injection (CRDI) compression ignition (CI) engine with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) an...

Biofuels are considered as one of the best viable and inexhaustible alternatives to conventional diesel fuel. Alcohols have become very important and popular in the present scenario due to their peculiar fuel properties and production nature. This study examines the effect of n-amyl alcohol and exhaust gas recirculation of 10% and 20% on various engine characteristics of common rail direct injection (CRDI) compression ignition engine. The proportion of n-amyl alcohol varies from 5% to 25% in 5% step (by volume). The obtained results show that diesel/n-amyl alcohol blends decrease the mean gas temperature and cylinder pressure, which is 1.88% and 4.25% less at 75% load for n-amyl alcohol (25%) with conventional diesel fuel. The duration of combustion has shown a hike of 4.66 °CA for 25% n-amyl alcohol (at 75% load) compared to conventional diesel fuel. However, the cumulative heat release rate improved by 12.95% higher for 25% n-amyl alcohol at 75% load due to the extended delay in ignition. While n-amyl alcohol was used, the emission of nitrogen oxide emissions decreased considerably. However, the hydrocarbon (HC) (7–9%) and carbon monoxide (CO) (6–8%) emissions are increased due to inferior fuel properties like high latent heat evaporation of n-amyl alcohol. Compared with other blends, n-amyl alcohol (5%) produced results comparable to conventional diesel fuel, which is 3.6% higher in BSFC, 2.37% higher BTE, and 33.33% higher CO emissions 18.18% more in HC emission, and 17.55% less NOx emission. Without further modification, we can use 25% n-amyl alcohol in the combustion ignition engines. From this evidence, we can summarize that n-amyl alcohol is a biofuel that is both renewable and sustainable, and also it considerably reduces harmful nitrogen oxide emissions. The performance, if needed, can be improved by changing the parameters of the engine.

This study reports significant energy savings of combined reaction and distillation in a single reactive dividing wall column (RDWC) for the concurrent production of pure n-amyl and n-hexyl esters, which are the stable node (SN) in each phase diagram of the quaternary reaction system. The continuous removal of the byproduct, water, from the unstable node (UN) azeotrope by L-L decantation drives the two esterifications in the forward direction and enables the production of the pure ester products. A vapor recompression heat pump (VRHP) is introduced to the RDWC and the annual operating cost is reduced to 62.5% of the case without the VRHP. Implementing the multiple reactions with V-L-L separation in a single RDWC and its heat integration through the VRHP may provide chemical industries with enhanced economic feasibility.

Semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries often produce waste alcohol mixtures. This study discusses a reactive distillation process of a mixed alcohol feed containing n-amyl alcohol and n-hexanol to react with acetic acid to produce useful esters. In an earlier paper (Lee et al. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2009 48, 7186–7204), optimal design of the same Type-III mixed-alcohol reactive distillation process containing n-butanol and n-amyl alcohol was developed. In that paper, the indirect sequence containing a reactive distillation column with heavier amyl acetate bottom product and a second column to produce butyl acetate gives the lowest total annual cost. In this study, with different mixed alcohol feed (although of the same reaction type), it is found that an alternative direct sequence design is much more economically favorable with 34% reduction in total annual cost as compared to the indirect sequence. The reason for the seemingly contradictory results can be explained by differences in relative volatili...

Experimental data on liquid-liquid equilibrium for the ternary systems acetic acid – n-amyl alcohol – water, acetic acid – n-amyl acetate – water, n-amyl alcohol – n-amyl acetate – water and for the quaternary system acetic acid – n-amyl alcohol – n-amyl acetate – water at 293.15 K, 303.15 K, 313.15 K and 323.15 K and atmospheric pressure were obtained by gas chromatography method. Phase diagrams are presented using Gibbs composition triangle and composition tetrahedron. Sufficient agreement of experimental tie-lines with calculated by NRTL model is observed: standard deviation does not exceed 1.2%.

Nano-TiO2 powder was synthesized by the continous-orderly-controlled-explosive nucleation method [1]. The experiment has effectively degenerated the n-amyl alcohol gas, and investigated its influencing factor by using the Nano-TiO2 photocatalytic activity[2]. When the initial density of the n-amyl alcohol gas is 1714.7mg/m3, the TiO2 calcination temperature is 450°C, the dosage of catalyst is 9.98g. The experiment reacts 40 minutes later, degeneration rate of the n-amyl alcohol achieves above 98%, and the degeneration rate increases constantly with the extension of reaction time. This study provides a solution for the environment pollution problem which the n-amyl alcohol produces.

The object of this study is multicomponent heterogeneous liquid-liquid system with n-amyl acetate synthesis reaction. New experimental data on solubility, liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) and critical compositions for acetic acid – n-amyl alcohol – n-amyl acetate – water at 303.15 K and atmospheric pressure are presented. Solubility and critical states were investigated by “cloud-point technique” and pale opalescence blue methods accordingly. LLE compositions were determined by gas chromatography and correlated by NRTL model. Results calculated using NRTL modeling are in sufficient agreement with experimental data. Standard deviations for binary, ternary subsystems do not exceed 0.45% and for quaternary system investigated – 0.53%.

Kinetics of heterogeneous catalysed esterification of propionic acid with n-amyl alcohol was studied with a microporous cation-exchange resin catalyst, Dowex 50Wx4, in a stirred batch reactor to synthesise amyl propionate. Effects of various parameters such as speed of agitation, catalyst loading, and reaction temperature on reaction rate were investigated. The equilibrium conversion of propionic acid increased with in catalyst loading and reaction temperature. Stirrer speed had virtually no effect on the reaction rate under the experimental conditions. The apparent activation energy was found to be 43.167 kJmol−1 for the formation of amyl propionate and the equilibrium constant, which is independent of temperature ranging from 318 to 348 K, was found to be 4.05. It was also observed that the initial reaction rate decreased with water concentrations and increased with that of acid and increased with that of alcohol linearly. The reaction was found to occur between an adsorbed acid molecule and a molecule of alcohol in the bulk and it was concluded that the reaction mechanism can be represented by Eley-Rideal model.

This paper deals with the study on the influence of the effects of iron oxide nanoparticle additives when added to ternary fuel (diesel + Mahua methyl ester + Pentanol) on the emission, combustion and performance characteristics of a four stroke, single cylinder, common rail direct injection diesel engine working at a constant speed and varying operating scenarios. Doping is done in various proportions to the nanoparticle additives with the help of a homogenizer and ultrasonicator where the cationic surfactant used is CTAB (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide). Iron oxide nanoparticles were used as additives in fuel in the dosages of 40 ppm, 80 ppm & 120 ppm respectively and TF (Ternary fuel) is obtained by mixing 10% pentanol, 20% Mahua and 70% diesel together is used for the experimental study. The experimental study revealed that while using the nanoparticle additives blended ternary fuel (i.e., TF80) the number of harmful pollutants like smoke (5.38%), HC (6.39%), carbon monoxide (10.24%) and NOx etc. has reduced to a considerable extent and there was a commendable improvement in the BTE by 8.8%. So, we can summarize that when ternary fuel and nano additives are blended together the combustion and performance of the engine was improved considerably and pollutant emissions were decreased.

The kinetics of esterification of salicylic acid with amyl alcohol has been studied batchwise in the presence of Lewatit MonoPlus S-100 as heterogeneous catalyst. The kinetic behavior of the reaction has been tested by three different models: the quasi-homogeneous model, the Eley–Rideal model and the Langmuir–Hinselwood model. L-H model fits the experimental data best among the others.Keywords: Esterification, Salicylic Acid, n-Amyl Alcohol, Kinetic modeling, Lewatit MonoPlus S-100, Amil alkol ile salisilik asidin esterifikasyon kinetiği heterojen bir katalizör olan Lewatit MonoPlus S-100 varlığında kesikli bir sistemde incelenmiştir. Reaksiyon kinetik davranışı, üç farklı modelde tarafından test edilmiştir: yarı-homojen bir model, Eley-Rideal modeli ve Langmuir-Hinselwood modeli. Bütün modeller arasında en iyi deneysel verileri L-H modelinin sağladığı bulunmuştur

Manufacturing processes in the semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries often produce alcohol mixture byproducts. Therefore, the esterification of alcohol mixtures may be an important step in re...

The static and dynamic solvation behavior in a n-amyl alcohol (PtOH)–chloroform (CHCl3) binary solvent mixture was identified by steady state absorption, fluorescence quenching and picosecond streak camera studies, and also confirmed by a solvent exchange model. The evolution of synergistic solvation in the steady state absorption measurements was basically a result of solvent–solvent interactions via an extended intermolecular hydrogen bonding network. However, in the excited state, the desertion of such synergistic characteristics undoubtedly points towards the fragile nature of solvent networks present in the binary solvent mixture. It was believed and subsequently confirmed by the dynamics of the solvent response that the disruption of the weakly interactive solvent interactions is the core motivation for the absence of the synergism in the excited state. Surprisingly, we discovered the slowest dynamics in the binary mixture, with an average solvation time of 367.9 ps (in XPtOH = 0.43), which is much slower than the values for the pure solvents (〈τs〉n-amyl alcohol = 145.7 ps and 〈τs〉chloroform = 1.3 ps). The unexampled slowing of the solvation dynamics of C480 in the solvent mixture is believed to be owing to the inflexible combined solvent structure of n-amyl alcohol–chloroform in the first solvation shell around the solvatochromic molecule. As a consequence, such solvent immobility from the solvation shell subdues the molecular degree of freedom, resulting in a retardance of the fluorescence quenching process in the solvent mixture. Hence, the appearance of distinct solvation in the n-amyl alcohol–chloroform binary solvent mixture supplies a clear manifestation of solvent association interplay through weak hydrogen bonding which is believed to build up a unique solvation network compared to pure counterparts.

Vapor-liquid equilibria were measured for the three binary systems made of methyl ethyl ketone with acetone, methyl acetate, or n-amyl alcohol at 100 kPa of pressure by the dew-point-bubble-point temperature apparatus previously proposed by the authors was modified in the present study. Combining the experimental dew-point and bubble-point temperature curves, vapor-liquid equilibria were obtained without using any analytical instrument

The excess molar volume (VE), viscosity deviation (Δη), deviation in isentropic compressibility (ΔKS), and excess molar refractivity (ΔR) have been investigated using experimentally measured densities, viscosities, speeds of sound, and refractive indices for the three binary mixtures 1,3-dioxolane (1) + diethyl ether (2), diethyl ether (1) + n-amyl alcohol (2), and 1,3-dioxolane (1) + n-amyl alcohol (2) and the corresponding ternary mixture 1,3-dioxolane (1) + diethyl ether (2) + n-amyl alcohol (3) at 298.15 K. The calculated quantities were further fitted to the Redlich−Kister equation to estimate the binary fitting parameters and standard deviations from the regression lines. The excess or deviation properties were found to be either negative or positive depending on the molecular interactions and the nature of the liquid mixtures.

Catalytic activity of zeolite CaA synthesized from zeolite NaA and modified by cations of metals Cu2+, Zn2+ and Pd2+ by the method of ion exchange in the reaction of partial oxidation of n-amyl alcohol into valeraldehyd, has been studied. It revealed that metal-zeolite catalyst CaA synthesized from zeolite NaA and containing 3.0 wt.% Cu 2+, 2.0 wt.% Zn2+ and 0.1 wt.% Pd2+ displays the highest activity and selectivity in the reaction. Also, kinetic regularities of the reaction on the said catalyst have examined. On the basis of the experimental data, a probable phasic mechanism has been suggested and a theoretically substantiated kinetic model of the reaction developed.

The title compound [(μ-O){Fe(C1)(bpy) 2 } 2 ] 2 Cl 2 0.7 C5H 11 OH (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridyl) crystallizes in orthorhombic system with the space group Pnna (No. 52). Crystal data: a = 16.892(2) A, b = 17.656(2) A, c = 16.552(2) A, V = 4936.6(12) A 3 , Z = 4, d calc = 1.286 g.cm -3 . The full-matrix least-squares on F 2 was refined for 1804 reflections with (I > 2σ(I)) and 213 parameters to R1 = 0.0912. A crystallographic 2-fold symmetry is present in the cation, in which the bridging oxygen atom lies on the 2-fold axis and bonded to two Fe atoms. Each iron(III) center has a distorted octahedral geometry with the bpy ligands attached in cis fashion. The Fe-O, Fe-Cl and Fe-N distances respectively are 1.790(2)A, 2.323(3)A and 2.143(8) A-2.279(9)A. Fe-O-Fe angle and the Fe... Fe separations are 167.6(6)° and 3.559(2) A, respectively.

In the work presented here, l,2-dihidroxy-4-oxadodecane (DHD) was synthesized and used for the solvent extraction of boron. DHD was prepared from glycidol and octanol by thermal epoxide ring opening reaction without using acid or base catalyst. The structure of this new extracting reagent was identified according to its spectroscopic data i.e. 13C NMR, 1H NMR and elemental analysis results. The fixed standard solution of boron (as borax) of 10−4 M was extracted with different volume ratios of DHD and n-amyl alcohol (AA) at different equilibrium pH values. The best extraction result was obtained at high pH values with a mixture of equal volumes of DHD and n-amyl alcohol. The different equilibrium pH values were plotted against the extraction yields (%R) and the pH0·5 value was determined by using this graph. The extraction of boron from aqueous solutions with equal volumes of DHD and various solvents were studied and it was found that petroluem ether, n-amyl alcohol and diisopropyl ether are convi...