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The main focus of this study was to create a stable and efficient nanoemulsion (NE) using Callistemon citrinus essential oil (EO). Various factors affecting the NE's stability were optimized including oil %, Tween 80%, time of sonication, and its accelerated stability was examined. The research also considered the antibacterial, antifungal, and larvicidal effects of the optimized NE (B10). The optimum NE stood out for its stability, featuring a particle size of 33.15 ± 0.32 nm. Analysis via IR spectroscopy confirmed successful EO encapsulation in B10. The formulation remained stable for six months, with B10 showing significantly higher antibacterial and antifungal potency compared to the pure oil. When samples were subjected to tests against Fusarium oxysporum, B10 exhibited a MIC value of 62.5 mg/mL, whereas the pure oil showed a MIC value of 250 mg/mL. This indicates that the B10 formulation was 50 times more effective than the EO. In terms of antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, the MIC value was 0.256 mg/mL for B10 and 4 mg/mL for the EO. Also, pure oil and B10 displayed larvicidal effects against Chilo suppressalis (Walker) larvae, with B10 eliminating 95.2% of larvae in 48 h. Overall, stable and optimum C. citrinus NE with its strong antimicrobial qualities, shows promise as an effective fungicide and insecticide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) is a second-generation smart delivery system with a solid matrix at room temperature. This carrier system consists of biocompatible surfactants and lipid materials and is accepted by regulatory authorities for use in various delivery systems. This study is a comparative study between the function of thymol-loaded NLC and thymol-nanoemulsion (NE) in Na-alginate coating to extend the shelf life of fresh chicken meat. Results indicated that the droplet size of the NE and NLC was 105.7 and 164.2 nm with encapsulation efficiency of 99% and 96%, respectively. The agar diffusion method results exhibited higher inhibition zones for free thymol and NE than those for NLC against S. aureus and E. coli. Meanwhile, a faster release profile for thymol was observed in NE than in NLC. The lowest peroxide values, TVBN amounts, microbial quality (against total viable counts, Enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria, and total mold and yeast), and the highest sensory attributes and color parameters were achieved in nanocomposite alginate coatings. Overall, Al-NE, Al-NLC, and Al-NE-NLC can be potent alternatives for improving the shelf life and stability of fresh chicken fillets during cold storage. In this regard, Al-NLC may be a better choice due to its higher sensory scores over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Xanthohumol is an isopentadienyl flavonoid in hops, which have several pharmacological effects. However, due to the poor bioavailability of xanthohumol, it cannot be widely used. RESULT: In this study, solvent extraction combined with preparative liquid chromatography was used to separate and purify xanthohumol in hop residue. And the purity, yield and recovery of xanthohumol was 983.0 ± 2.1 g kg−1, 921.61 ± 5.65 g kg−1, and 5.41 ± 0.07 g kg−1, respectively. Response surface methodology optimization revealed that 216.75 g kg−1 ethyl oleate, 574.1 g kg−1 polyoxyl‐35 castor oil (EL35) and 209.15 g kg−1 polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG200) produced the xanthohumol nanoemulsion with a loading capacity of 85.40 ± 0.33 g kg−1, mean droplet diameter of 42.35 ± 0.06 nm, and zeta potential of −21.78 ± 0.18 mV. CONCLUSION: Xanthohumol nanoemulsion has better relative stability. The relative oral bioavailability of xanthohumol nanoemulsion was increased by 1.76 times. These results provide a theoretical basis for the application of nanoemulsion containing xanthohumol in food and pharmaceutical industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, clove essential oil nanoemulsion (CENE) was prepared and used at different levels (0, 1, 3, and 5%) in the formulation of the edible film based on modified potato starch (MPS). Physicochemical (water vapor permeability (WVP), solubility, and color) and structural properties (XRD and SEM) of edible films were studied. According to the results, the prepared CENE had a homogeneous and uniform distribution and its encapsulation efficiency was 80%. The incorporation of CENE decreased WVP, solubility, tensile strength (TS), and lightness (L*) while enhancing elongation at break (EAB) and yellowness (b*) of the films. According to the results, the optimal sample for coating sponge cakes was an edible film solution containing 3% CENE. Its effect on cake was compared to coating without CENE and also uncoated. The coating with 3% CENE maintained the moisture content of the cake, which reduced the firmness process, and weight loss and kept the freshness of the cake during storage. The microbiology analysis results demonstrated the inhibition effect of CENE on the growth of yeast and molds and recorded the lowest load of them compared to the uncoated sample after 21-day storage. According to the sensory evaluation, the overall acceptance score of the coated sample with 3% CENE on the 8th day after baking was acceptable and had no significant difference with the uncoated sample (p > 0.05). In light of this finding, the incorporation of CENE in the MPS edible coating demonstrates significant potential as an effective and safe preservation method for cake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lycopene is a very valuable pigment in tomato processing wastes with great antioxidant activities. However, like other carotenoid pigments it suffers from low water solubility, little bioavailability and less structural stability. In present study, it was hypnotized that the simultaneous extraction and size reduction of lycopene from tomato waste using nanoemulsion systems, can give the most desired nano-sized lycopene with increased water-solubility and chemical stability. Thus, lycopene nanoemulsions were prepared from tomato processing waste, and the effects of extracting solvents, emulsifiers, co-emulsifiers, as well as ultrasonic and microwave pretreatments were evaluated on mean particle size, size distribution, lycopene content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of obtained lycopene nanoparticles. Moreover, the chemical stability of lycopene nanoparticles diluted in grape juice as model food systems and in deionized water as a control were evaluated. It was concluded that using saponin as emulsifier, glycerol as co-emulsifier, ethyl acetate as solvent, and applying ultrasound irradiation as pretreatment process for 5 min, gave the product with the most desired characteristics, as particle size of 91.62 ± 3.327 nm, PDI of 0.210 ± 0.008, lycopene load of 101.47 ± 2.578 µg/g, DPPH radical scavenging of 97.15 ± 2.578%, and S. aureus and E. coli growth inhibition zone diameters of 27.2 ± 0.36 and 4.1 ± 1.15 mm, respectively. Furthermore, beside a high physical stability of optimum lycopene nanoemulsion, it showed a good chemical stability in selected food systems compared to the control. Consequently, it can be concluded that the obtained nanoemulsion technique can be a promising technique for isolation and size reduction of lycopene from tomato industrial wastes, for food formulation uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excessive use of conventional medications to treat coccidiosis has led to concerns regarding drug residues in tissues and the emergence of multidrug resistance. Essential oils with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities may also have anticoccidial effects. The present study investigated the efficacy of D-limonene and its nanoemulsion form against Eimeria tenella in chickens. An in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the sporulation inhibitory effects of D-limonene on Eimeria tenella oocysts. Five D-limonene concentrations (0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10% v/v) were tested alongside positive (10% formalin) and negative (2.5% potassium dichromate) controls. Each ELISA plate well was inoculated with 1200 unsporulated oocysts and incubated at 30 °C for 24, 48, and 72 h. Subsequently, samples were microscopically examined to assess sporulation inhibition and calculate the percentage of sporulated oocysts. For the in vivo study, 125 eight-day-old broiler chicks were divided into five groups of 25 birds each. The control negative group remained uninfected and untreated. The control positive group was challenged with 5 × 104 sporulated Eimeria tenella oocysts. The diclazuril group received 0.2 mg/kg diclazuril in their diet two days prior to, and until 10 days post infection. The D-limonene (DL) and D-limonene nanoemulsion (DLN) groups were challenged with 5 × 104 sporulated E. tenella oocysts at 18 days of age and administered 150 mg/L of their respective treatments in drinking water from day eight until the end of the experiment. Results from the in vitro study demonstrated that D-limonene suppressed oocyst sporulation by 50.83% at its highest concentration of 10%. In the in vivo study, both DL and DLN treated groups exhibited a significant reduction in oocyst output per gram of feces (OPG), along with increased body weight and decreased parasite stages in the cecal tissue. Furthermore, these treatments were associated with elevated levels of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), accompanied by a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels. Particularly, DLN treatment remarkably increased the number of goblet cells. In conclusion, D-limonene and its nanoemulsion represent promising alternatives for managing coccidiosis in poultry. They not only effectively control parasites but also promote intestinal health and boost antioxidant defenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waxes are a diverse class of organic compounds that are characterised by their hydrophobic nature. They are typically derived from long‐chain fatty acids and alcohols. Waxes serve various purposes in nature and industry due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Waxes find applications in diverse industries, including pharmaceuticals, food and textiles, for purposes such as coating, lubrication and insulation. The rising emphasis on sustainable and eco‐friendly approaches in the food sector has generated increasing attention towards the advancement of edible coatings for food products. Within this array of coatings, sustainable waxes have surfaced as a prospective approach to improve storage stability, safety and quality of diverse food items. Bio‐based wax nanoemulsions serve as effective nanocarriers in edible food coatings, enhancing their antimicrobial efficacy and preserving food quality. The incorporation of bio‐based nanoemulsion waxes as edible coatings signifies a substantial advancement towards establishing more environmentally sustainable and ecologically responsible systems of food packaging and preservation. The review examines recent advancements in the field of sustainable nanoemulsion waxes as edible coatings, focusing on their applications, formulation strategies and impact on food commodities. The review also discusses the influence of sustainable nanoemulsion wax coatings on the physicochemical properties of coated foods, including moisture barrier, gas permeability and mechanical strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tick control mainly depends on using chemical acaricides that have led to the emergence of resistant tick populations along with environmental hazards. Natural alternatives including essential oils are now widely used to avoid the undesirable effects of chemicals on human, animals and environment. In this study, three commercial oils (myrrh, patchouli, and cypress) and their nanoemulsions (NEs) were tested against Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato unfed adults. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to characterize the nanoemulsions. Four concentrations with three replicates were used in the bioassay of oils and NEs against ticks using an adult immersion test. Furthermore, a toxicity study of the three oils and their NEs using normal fibroblast cells (BJ-1) was performed. TEM revealed particle size ranges from 29 to 211 nm with spherical droplets. The droplet size and polydispersity index were (29.30 nm & 0.367), (211.6 nm & 0.221) and (164.2 nm & 0.237) for myrrh NE, patchouli NE, and cypress NE, respectively. Myrrh and patchouli oils recorded high acaricidal activity followed by cypress oil with LC50 value 5 days after treatment of 9.01, 12.40, and 15.21%, respectively. The acaricidal efficacy of oil was potentiated in the NEs form which was proved by the reduction in LC50 values that were recorded 7 days after treatment 4.17, 8.57, and 5.04%, for myrrh, patchouli, and cypress NE, respectively. As an alternative for lab animals, we applied the cytotoxicity of myrrh, patchouli, and cypress on normal fibroblast cells. The oils showed low cytotoxic activity of 10.6, 21.5, and 23.6% for Myrrh, Patchouli, and Cypress, respectively. The nanoemulsion was revealed to be safe for normal cells up to a concentration of 0.62% (cytotoxicity%= 24.4, 34.4, and 16.3%, respectively), and the moderate cytotoxic effect appeared at around a concentration of 1.25% (cytotoxicity%= 42.2%, 57.0%, and 36.8% respectively). In conclusion, the three oils and their NEs have good acaricidal activity against Rhipicephalus sanguineus unfed adults. Further toxicity studies on mammals are needed to ensure the safe use of these formulations for the control of ticks on infested animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endogenous substances of krill oil (KO) are lipophilic in nature and have clinical significance viz. DHA/EPA, phospholipids and astaxanthin. To improve the nanodispersibility of endogenous substances of KO, a self-nanoemulsifying system (SNE) was developed. Results: Ternary phase behaviour of KO was explored in ethanol (ET); propylene glycol, (PG); and PEG600 using Tween80 and Tween20 as surfactants. PEG600 induced the self-nanoemulsification of KO and yielded one phase region (OPR); dilution lines (KO/Smix fraction containing PEG600) traversed across OPR, produced a fully dilutable nanoemulsion system. PEG600-based nanoformulations (NFs) of KO underwent phase transformation via percolation behaviour in nanostructure domains (86–207 nm). PEG600 induced ternary phase behaviour of KO as revealed from rheological data (higher eta values), refractive index (nonlinear) and conductivity (bimodal) patterns. Induced phase transformation could be an interaction between aqueous phase and KO/Tween20 in PEG600 environment; generating highly viscous domains of low electrical conductivity. NFs offered antioxidant activity over corresponding coarse systems (p < 0.01) as measured using DPPH method. Optimized NFs (F4 and F6) inhibited the growth of skin cancer cell line (A431) in the range of 100–500 × dilutions. Conclusion: Phase behaviour of KO was induced by PEG600, transforming the dilution pattern via generation of one phase region; however, ethanol and propylene glycol as co-solvents did not. PEG600-based NFs of KO possessed antioxidant as well as cytotoxic to skin cancer cell lines (A431). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practical Application Browning, caused by enzymatic activity and storage conditions, affects cabbage during cold storage and is crucial for customer acceptance. This study investigated the effect of cardboard packaging containing low concentrations of nano‐orange oil (ONE) at 0.006% in palm wood waste powder for anti‐browning and extending the shelf life of cabbage. The incorporation of ONE into palm wood powder (PWP) using different methods (soaking, vapor, vapor with ultrasonic device, and control) was examined before using the active PWP to develop cardboard cabbage packaging. The reuse of the active cabbage box packaging was also investigated for up to three reuses. The results showed that a greater anti‐browning effect was achieved with cardboard packaging made from active PWP with orange oil vapor and an ultrasonic device compared to other adsorption methods, with significantly higher inhibition of the key browning enzyme activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD). Additionally, antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds were improved, maintaining the bright green color of cabbage after 21 days of storage. The shelf life of cabbage stored in active cardboard was extended to at least 21 days compared to 5 days for the control. The active cabbage box with PWP and ONE vapor with an ultrasonic device showed potential for reuse at least two times. Limonene was found on the surface of stored cabbage and may be a key factor in antimicrobial activity, helping to control microbial growth on the cabbage surface within standard limits during long‐term storage. This finding provides valuable guidance for reducing cabbage waste during transportation and storage from farm to market.This research offers new insights into active cardboard packaging made from palm wood powder with a low concentration of orange oil vapor to prevent browning and microbial growth in storage boxes. The optimal method for producing this packaging uses nano‐orange oil vapor at 0.006% with an ultrasonic device, which could be feasible for large‐scale production. The packaging effectively reduced PPO and POD enzyme activity, delaying browning and extending cabbage shelf life by at least threefold compared to the control, while maintaining color and freshness. This cost‐effective method promotes the sustainable use of agricultural waste in the fresh vegetable industry, as it can be reused at least twice, benefiting farmers and reducing cabbage waste [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, nonconventional sources have been explored for the extraction of starch due to their potential applications. Thus, this study investigates the potential of loquat seeds starch and exploring their structural and thermal properties. Moreover, the nanoemulsion is prepared from starch, flax seed oil, and tween 80 which is further utilized as a coating for the shelf‐life improvement of citrus fruits such as strawberries. The yield of loquat seed starch is 30.04% ± 2.19% with a particle size of 160.4 ± 4.06 nm and −16.2 ± 1.45 mV zeta potential. The gelatinization temperature of starch is observed to be 78.75 °C. Starch samples show major peaks at 3287.52, 2929.52, 1642.07, 1339, 1149.68, 1077.79, and 1003.62, 859.62, 573.01, and 526.25 cm−1. X‐ray diffraction reveals the semicrystalline structure of starch. The characterization of nanoemulsion reveals its excellent structural properties and stability. When the nanoemulsion is coated on strawberries, it effectively delays weight loss and also affects the titratable acidity content and total soluble solids, thereby reducing spoilage. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the nanoemulsion exhibits great potential in the shelf‐life improvement of strawberries. Thus, combining oils with starch represents a promising approach to enhance its effectiveness in controlling foodborne pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoemulsions derived from unconventional polysaccharides have gained attention as efficient delivery systems for bioactive compounds, helping in their enhanced absorption. Nontraditional sources of starch have been investigated in recent years due to their potential applications. Therefore, this study investigates the potential of extracting starch from faba beans and investigating their structural properties. Furthermore, the nanoemulsion is developed from starch, flax seed oil, and tween 80 and evaluated for different processing methods (temperature, pH, and NaCl). The extracted starch yields 31.20 g/100 g and X‐ray diffraction reveals its semicrystalline structure. The optimized nanoemulsion (N3) has an average droplet size of 108.62 ± 2.78 nm and a surface charge of −27.74 ± 0.12 mV. At different pH levels (2–9), temperature (30, 50, 70, and 90 °C), and ionic strengths (0.5, 1, and 2 m), the N3 nanoemulsion demonstrates significantly greater changes in stability. All the samples show excellent structural properties and stability. Overall, the results suggest that faba bean starch‐based nanoemulsion shows promise as a stable delivery system for bioactive compounds, but its stability is influenced by pH levels and ionic strengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoemulsions are kinetically stable emulsions with droplet size distribution in the range of 10–500 nm. Low interfacial tension (IFT), small droplet size, and wettability alteration properties of nanoemulsions have led to their application for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) EOR. The current study deals with the formulation and characterization of Tergitol 15-S-9 surfactant stabilized oil/water nanoemulsion (NE). Optimal surfactant concentration accompanied by optimal salinity determination was done by observing long-term stability. The stability of the nanoemulsions was analyzed by Turbiscan and Zeta potential analysis. The optimal nanoemulsion was characterized in terms of droplet size, rheology, wettability, miscibility, and IFT. All the prepared nanoemulsion showed particle size < 300 nm. optimized nano emulsion, that is, 0.5 wt.% surfactant +0.5 wt.% salinity showed good IFT reduction and wettability alteration capability. Nanoemulsion also showed good miscibility behavior with actual crude oil at 60 °C. Rheology of the formed emulsion shows a mixed nature that is shear thinning as well as shear thickening nature which is favorable for heterogeneous reservoirs. Core-flooding experiments were conducted at optimized nanoemulsion formulation, and additional oil recovery of 13.93% of the original oil in place was obtained after the conventional water flooding. Highlights: Experimental and mechanistic investigation of nanoemulsions for oil recovery. Enhanced miscibility of Tergitol 15-S-9 stabilized nanoemulsion with crude oil. Viscosity enhancement by macromolecular and supramolecular network structures. Low IFT achieved for the nanoemulsion resulting enhanced oil displacement. Encouraging oil displacement by injection of formulated nanoemulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores a new eco-friendly approach for developing bioactive gelatin films using UV-C irradiation-induced photo-crosslinking. Riboflavin, a food-grade photoinitiator, was selected at an optimal concentration of 1.25% (w/w) for crosslinking gelatin under UV-C exposure for 4 to 22 min. Physicochemical analyses revealed enhanced tensile strength, reduced water vapor permeability, and lower water solubility in films crosslinked for up to 13 min. FTIR analysis demonstrated significant molecular changes, confirming the formation of crosslinking connections in gelatin–riboflavin films. Antimicrobial nanoemulsion (NE) (0.5, 0.75, 1% v/v) was incorporated into crosslinked films and applied to fresh beef. The 1% NE film exhibited the strongest antimicrobial effect, extending shelf-life by 20 days. In vitro release study confirmed Fickian diffusion behavior in the 1% NE film. This study also investigated the synergy between 1% NE film and three different types of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the microbiological and physicochemical properties of beef for 26 days. The best results were achieved with 1% NE film under MAP1 and MAP2, which preserved meat redness and prevented lipid oxidation, extending the shelf-life up to 26 days. Therefore, UV-C irradiation-induced crosslinked bioactive film combined with high-oxygen MAP offers a promising solution for prolonging the shelf-life of beef. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of conventional osteoarthritis (OA) treatments are based on molecular adjustment of certain signaling pathways associated with osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis, however there is a significant need to search for more effective and safe treatments. This study centers around formulating Aceclofenac (ACF) with high bioavailability in combination with Citronellol oil and collagen. The optimal concentrations of Citronellol oil/D-Limonene oil, Tween 80, and Transcutol HP were determined using a pseudoternary phase diagram. The formulated nanoemulsions were studied for thermophysical stability. Thermodynamically stable formula were analyzed for droplet size, zeta potential, and in-vitro permeation. Then, collagen based nanoemulsion were prepared to capitalize on its efficacy in reducing osteoarthritis side effects and characterized for nano size properties. Formulae F10 and F10C were chosen as optimum nanosize formula. Hense, they were prepared and characterized as nanoemulgel dosage form. The nanoemulgel formulae F10NEG1 and F10CNEG1 showed reasonable viscosity and spreadability, with complete drug release after 4 h. These formulae were chosen for further In vivo anti-OA study. Collagen based ACF/citronellol emugel were able to modulate HMGB-1/RAGE/NF-κB pathway, mitigating the production of inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. They were also able to modulate Klotho and miR-499, reducing serum CTXII and COMP, by reducing the cartilage destruction. Histological investigations validated the efficacy, safety, and superiority of Aceclofenac in combination with Citronellol oil and collagen (F10CNEG1) over solo the treated group (F10NEG1 and blank). Hence, the findings of the current work encourage the use of this promising combined formula in treatment of OA patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nanotechnology has the potential to reduce drug dosage while increasing efficacy; thus, the current work intends to synthesize diclazuril nanoemulsion and assess its performance against experimental coccidiosis in broilers. Methods: Diclazuril nanoemulsion (DZN) was formulated and characterized by zeta seizer and zeta potential. The formulated DZN was evaluated in vivo against Eimeria tenella infected chicks. DZN and DZ were used in 2 programs; therapeutic and prophylactic. A total of 210 one-day-old broiler chicks were distributed equally into six groups. The controls were negative uninfected untreated and positive infected untreated (G1 & G2). Therapeutic groups (G3 & G4) treated by DZ and DZN after appearance of the clinical signs of coccidiosis and continued for 5 days. Prophylaxis groups (G5 & G6) received DZ and DZN at 3 days before challenge and continued for 5 days after infection. The treatments dosages were 10 mg/mL for DZ of commercial origin and 2.5 mg/mL for the prepared DZN. All groups (except negative control) orally infected then followed up for clinical signs of coccidiosis, mortality rate, oocysts count, performance, hematological and biochemical parameters in addition to histopathological lesions. Results: The therapeutic groups showed that both treated groups (DZ and DZN) revealed similar results including good body weight gain, a low lesion caecal score, a low daily and total oocyst shedding count, and a low mortality rate. Regarding the biochemical parameters, all parameters were affected during infection then restored after the 12th day post infection. However, in the prophylactic groups, showed mild clinical signs and the blood pictures and biochemical parameters were nearly like the control negative without infection. Conclusion: DZN at a quarter dose of standard DZ produced the same outcomes as DZ at 10 mg/mL. Furthermore, DZN does not impair the typical safety of diclazuril in treated chicks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, fluconazole (FLU) showed the highest solubility in clove oil and was selected as the oil phase for the FLU-loaded nanoemulsion (FLU-NE). Among the studied cosurfactants, Labrafac was better than ethanol at providing globules with acceptable sizes and a lower polydispersity index (PDI) when Tween 80 was the surfactant. This optimized FLU-NE was thermodynamically stable. Furthermore, FLU-NE stored at 40 ± 2 °C and 75 ± 5% relative humidity for 6 months demonstrated good stability. The FLU-NE was converted to a FLU-loaded nanoemulsion gel (FLU-NEG) using 2% w/v sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. The FLU-NEG was acceptable in terms of visual appearance and spreadability. Rheological studies revealed pseudoplastic behavior for FLU-NEG. The viscosity of FLU-NEG decreased when the applied rpm was increased. FLU-NEG showed greater drug release than that from a FLU-GEL formulation. Furthermore, the FLU release from FLU-NEG followed the Higuchi model. The results from the in vitro antifungal evaluation of FLU-NEG on Candida albicans ATCC 76615 strain confirmed the increase in the antifungal activity of FLU by clove oil. Significant differences were observed in the zones of inhibition produced by FLU-NEG compared to those produced by the blank nanoemulsion gel (B-NEG), fluconazole suspension (FLU-SUS), and nystatin samples. Thus, the increase in the antifungal activity of FLU using clove oil as the oil phase in its nanoemulsion formulation was quite evident from our results. Therefore, the developed FLU-NEG could be considered a potential candidate for further preclinical and clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nasal delivery is a non-invasive strategy for effective drug delivery. Nevertheless, in order to promote drug uptake by the nasal mucosa, it is fundamental to increase its residence time in the administration site. To this aim, nano-sized drug delivery systems are widely exploited. Within this context, the commercially available nanoemulsion for parenteral nutrition is a biocompatible, safe and clinically approved vehicle for drug delivery. Furthermore, the nanodroplet surface can be modified via a well-established protocol to graft Concavalin A, a lectin capable of improving the mucosal adhesion, by binding to the α-mannose and α-glucose residues of the mucosal glycocalyx. The obtained targeted formulation is able to induce haemagglutination, as opposite to non-modified nanoemulsion. Furthermore, the ConA grafting maintains the physicochemical properties of the nanodroplets (size~230 nm, Z < −35 mV) and does not interfere with the loading of the Rose Bengal fluorescent probe. Fluorescently labelled ConA grafted nanodroplets showed enhanced permeation and accumulation in ex vivo bovine nasal mucosa. This study is a proof of concept that Concanavalin A can be used to decorate the surface of nanodroplets, acting as a permeation promoter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the anti-tumor effects of cannabis extract on various cancers have attracted the attention of researchers. Here, we report a nanoemulsion (NE) composition designed to enhance the delivery of two active components in cannabis extracts (∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD)) in an animal model of glioblastoma. The efficacy of the NE containing the two drugs (NED) was compared with the bulk drugs and carrier (NE without the drugs) using the C6 tumor model in rats. Hemocompatibility factors (RBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW, PPP, PT and PTT) were studied to determine the potential in vivo toxicity of NED. The optimized NED with mean ± SD diameter 29 ± 6 nm was obtained. It was shown that by administering the drugs in the form of NED, the hemocompatibility increased. Cytotoxicity studies indicated that the NE without the active components (i.e. mixture of surfactants and oil) was the most cytotoxic group, while the bulk group had no toxicity. From the in vivo MRI and survival studies, the NED group had maximum efficacy (with ~4 times smaller tumor volume on day 7 of treatment, compared with the control. Also, survival time of the control, bulk drug, NE and NED were 9, 4, 12.5 and 51 days, respectively) with no important adverse effects. In conclusion, the NE containing cannabis extract could be introduced as an effective treatment in reducing brain glioblastoma tumor progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the storage insects, Callosobruchus maculatus is reported to cause significant damage to legumes, resulting in 5–10% postharvest loss. Conventionally used synthetic chemical pesticides raised significant health concerns among consumers. The present study aimed to develop a eucalyptus essential oil-based nanoemulsion (EO-NE) and test its efficacy against C. maculatus. The developed EO-NE with a surfactant: oil ratio of 5 was kinetically stable, with no phase separation, creaming, or crystallization after 60 days. EO-NE droplets were spherical, with average droplet size and polydispersity index of 17.16 nm and 0.313, respectively. Increased adhesiveness and wettability of EO-NE are correlated with optimal viscosity (53.51cPs) and reduced contact angle (45°). FTIR analysis assured efficient oil trapping inside nanoemulsions without significant changes in functional groups. The effective repellence of C. maculatus was validated by negative excess proportion index values. According to the data, the EO-NE concentration and exposure period are directly proportional to insect mortality. These findings imply that EO-NE may be employed as a green insecticide to manage C. maculatus infestations in grain-storage facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Traditionally, Bee venom (BV) is used through stinging or injection to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to assess the side effects of local bee venom nanoemulsions (BV-NEs) in the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model by examining biochemical and hematological parameters. Materials and Methods: The BV-NEs were prepared, and the CIA model was induced in rats. After the seventh day, the groups were locally treated for two weeks as the following: blank (free treatment), negative control (NE-0), positive control (hydrocortisone acetate ointment 1%, 50 mg/day), BV control (37.5 µg/ml/ day), and BV-NEs receiving 75, 37.5, 18.75, and 9.37 µg/ml/day. Three steps of blood sampling were done on days 0, 7, and 21 (healthy rats, before treatment, and at the end of treatment, respectively). Results: The results revealed that blood levels of Glucose, Cholesterol, Urea, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), White blood cell (WBC), and %Neutrophil significantly increased before the treatment. Nevertheless, most parameters declined at the end of the treatment compared to the blank and negative control groups about BV-NEs dose-dependently. The drastic changes in biochemical parameters in the CIA model indicated the effect of the immune system function on the metabolic system. Also, NE's impact of BV passed through the skin on these items. Conclusion: BV-NEs can reduce inflammation caused by arthritis without acute adverse effects on the routine biochemical and hematological parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, nymphs and sucking sap adults, is one of the most damaging pests of potato, Solanum tuberosum. Excessive use of pesticides causes environmental pollution and the death of beneficial insects, so it is necessary to search for safer controlling alternatives. An experiment was carried out during seasons 2020–2021 and 2021–2022, under field conditions in Egypt. The objective of this study was to identify the main constituent compounds of peppermint and eucalyptus essential oils prepare coarse emulsion (CE) and nanoemulsion (NE) of both peppermint and eucalyptus essential oils and evaluate their efficiency against the whitefly, B. tabaci, in potato cultivars and the effect of these emulsions on the chemical components of potato leaves. The results revealed that the toxicity of the emulsions decreased with increasing time after spraying. The second spray which took place at a 10-day interval was more effective than the first spray. During the season of 2021, three days following the second spray, the tested emulsions' toxicity was highly effective. The reduction percentages of nymph for peppermint coarse emulsion (PCE), peppermint nanoemulsion (PNE), eucalyptus coarse emulsion (ECE), eucalyptus nanoemulsion (ENE) and imidacloprid were 82.64, 84.14, 73.26, 72.72 and 89.03, but they were 78.58, 83.27, 77.85, 69.97 and 89.26 compared with 2022. A moderately positive correlation was identified between temperature, specific humidity, wind speed and the effectiveness of the emulsions. This indicates that higher levels of temperature, humidity and wind speed were associated with increased efficacy of the emulsions. The study of the phytochemicals (total soluble protein, total carbohydrate, total phenolic contents and peroxidase activity). PCE and ECE achieved a slight decrease in protein levels. Also, ECE increased total plant carbohydrates. All treatments did not affect the phenolic compounds of potato leaf plants except ENE, which caused an increase in phenolic compounds. All treatments decreased the nitrogen plants' contents, while PCE, PNE, and ENE increased the potassium content. All treatments increase the activity of peroxidase (POX) compared with untreated plants. The formulations PNE and ENE might be an interesting alternative for integrated pest management of B. tabaci nymphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Fingolimod (FTY720; FT), a structural analog of sphingosine, has potential ocular applications. The goal of this study was to develop an FT-loaded nanoemulsion (NE; FT-NE) formulation for the efficient and prolonged delivery of FT to the posterior segment of the eye through the topical route. Methods: FT-NE formulations were prepared using homogenization followed by the probe sonication method. The lead FT-NE formulations (0.15% and 0.3% w/v loading), comprising soybean oil as oil and Tween® 80 and Poloxamer 188 as surfactants, were further evaluated for in vitro release, surface morphology, filtration sterilization, and stability at refrigerated temperature. Ocular bioavailability following topical application of FT-NE (0.3%) was examined in Sprague-Dawley rats. Results: The formulation, at both dose levels, showed desirable physicochemical characteristics, a nearly spherical shape with homogenous nanometric size distribution, and was stable for 180 days (last time point checked) at refrigerated temperature postfiltration through a polyethersulfone (0.22 µm) membrane. In vitro release studies showed prolonged release over 24 h, compared with the control FT solution (FT-S). In vivo studies revealed that effective concentrations of FT were achieved in the vitreous humor and retina following topical application of FT-NE. Conclusions: The results from these studies demonstrate that the FT-NE formulation can serve as a viable platform for the ocular delivery of FT through the topical route. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Broiler meat is widely consumed around the globe. To fulfill consumer demand, broiler farmers are using antibiotic growth promoters for improved efficiency. However, these antibiotics have been banned in developed countries due to antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, plant supplements in the form of essential oils (EOs) have gained acceptability due to their excellent antibacterial properties. The next step is to encapsulate the EO for better delivery to target organs in broilers, which was investigated in vivo. The novelty of this study is to encapsulate volatile compounds of EOs in nanoemulsion (NE). This study has observed a positive effect of NE in terms of broiler growth performance, suggesting that cumin EO NE (CEONE) can be used as a substitute for the prophylactic administration of synthetic antibiotics. This research characterized and explored the effect of cumin essential oil nanoemulsion (CEONE) on broiler growth performance, serum biochemistry, hematological parameters, and cecal microbial count. Day-old (n = 96) broilers (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to six treatments with five replicates of three broilers each. The dietary treatments consisted of negative control (only basal diet), positive control (basal diet + 200 µL of enrofloxacin), 25 µL (basal diet + 25 µL of CEONE), 50 µL (basal diet + 50 µL of CEONE), 75 µL (basal diet + 75 µL of CEONE), and 100 µL (basal diet + 100 µL of CEONE). The broiler's body weight gain (BWG) after 42 days of treatment exhibited increased weight in the CEONE group (976.47 ± 11.82–1116.22 ± 29.04). The gain in weight was further evidenced by the beneficial microbe load (107 log) compared to the pathogenic strain. All the biochemical parameters were observed in the normal range, except for a higher level of HDL and a lower LDL value. This safety has been validated by pKCSM toxicity analysis showing a safe and highly tolerable dose of cuminaldehyde. In conclusion, this research observed the potential of CEONE as a multifunctional agent. It is a valuable candidate for further application in combating bacterial infections and enhancing animal health and growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrophages are multifunctional immune cells essential for both innate and adaptive immune responses. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) often adopt a tumor-promoting M2-like phenotype, aiding tumor progression and immune evasion. Reprogramming TAMs to a tumoricidal M1-like phenotype is an emerging target for cancer immunotherapy. Resiquimod, a TLR7/8 agonist, can repolarize macrophages from the M2- to M1-like phenotype but is limited by poor solubility. We developed a gelatin nanoemulsion for the loading and delivery of resiquimod, utilizing eugenol oil as the liquid phase and riboflavin-crosslinked gelatin as a scaffold. These nanoemulsions showed high stability, low toxicity, and effective macrophage repolarization, significantly enhancing pro-inflammatory markers and anticancer activity in co-culture models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We explore the use of intravenously delivered fluorescent perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoemulsion tracers and multi-spectral cryo-fluorescence tomography (CFT) for whole-body tracer imaging in murine inflammation models. CFT is an emerging technique that provides high-resolution, three-dimensional mapping of probe localization in intact animals and tissue samples, enabling unbiased validation of probe biodistribution and minimizes reliance on laborious histological methods employing discrete tissue panels, where disseminated populations of PFC-labeled cells may be overlooked. This methodology can be used to streamline the development of new generations of non-invasive, cellular-molecular imaging probes for in vivo imaging. Procedures: Mixtures of nanoemulsions with different fluorescent emission wavelengths were administered intravenously to naïve mice and models of acute inflammation, colitis, and solid tumor. Mice were euthanized 24 h post-injection, frozen en bloc, and imaged at high resolution (~ 50 µm voxels) using CFT at multiple wavelengths. Results: PFC nanoemulsions were visualized using CFT within tissues of the reticuloendothelial system and inflammatory lesions, consistent with immune cell (macrophage) labeling, as previously reported in in vivo magnetic resonance and nuclear imaging studies. The CFT signals show pronounced differences among fluorescence wavelengths and tissues, presumably due to autofluorescence, differential fluorescence quenching, and scattering of incident and emitted light. Conclusions: CFT is an effective and complementary methodology to in vivo imaging for validating PFC nanoemulsion biodistribution at high spatial localization, bridging the resolution gap between in vivo imaging and histology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acalabrutinib (ACL) was approved in the United States in the year of 2017 and 2019 for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and relapsed mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Low-energy method was employed to curate nanoemulsion (NE) for which various components were screened through solubility study and optimization was done through a pseudo-ternary phase diagram. The NE was evaluated for its droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), transmittance, morphology, rheology, robustness to dilution, the effect of pH, storage stability, and ex vivo permeation study. The optimized ACL-NE demonstrated an appropriate droplet size (94.35 ± 0.3 nm), PDI (0.27 ± 0.03), and an entrapment efficiency of 67.38 ± 2.69%. It showed non-Newtonian (shear thinning behavior) due to reduced viscosity with an increasing shear rate. The apparent permeability was 3.09-fold higher for ACL-NE than ACL suspension. An in vitro drug release study depicted a higher release of ACL (71.10 ± 10.99%) from the optimized NE in a sustained fashion than the suspension (49.01 ± 1.65%). A dose-dependent cytotoxicity was observed in MOLT-4 and HH-cell lines where the IC50 values of ACL were 5.62- and 16.49-fold reduced when encapsulated in oil globules for the respective cell lines. Blank-NE did cause a reduction in cellular toxicity at higher doses. A 7.31- and 5.1-fold increase in Cmax and bioavailability was noted between ACL suspension and ACL-NE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida auris is a multidrug-resistant yeast that has seen a worrying increase during the COVID-19 pandemic. Give7/n this, new therapeutic options, such as controlled-release nanomaterials, may be promising in combating the infection. Therefore, this study aimed to develop amphotericin B (AmB) and micafungin (MICA)-loaded nanoemulsions (NEMA) and evaluated against biofilms of C. auris. Nanoemulsions (NEs) were characterized and determined minimum inhibitory concentration MIC90, checkerboard and anti-biofilm. NEMA presented a size of 53.7 and 81.4 nm for DLS and NTA, respectively, with good stability and spherical morphology. MICAmB incorporated efficiency was 88.4 and 99.3%, respectively. The release results show that AmB and MICA obtained a release of 100 and 63.4%, respectively. MICAmB and NEMA showed MIC90 values of 0.015 and 0.031 ug/mL, respectively and synergism. NEMA showed greater metabolic inhibition and morphological changes in mature biofilms. This drugs combination and co-encapsulation proved to be a promising therapy against C. auris biofilms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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(1) Background: The present study aimed to assess the antifungal effectiveness of a topical innovative formulation containing the association of an antifungal agent, voriconazole (VCZ), and the essential oil of Pinus sylvestris L. (PSEO). (2) Methods: Pseudo-ternary phase diagram and D-optimal mixture design approaches were applied for the development and the optimization of the o/w nanoemulsion. The optimized formulation (NE) was subjected to physicochemical characterization and to physical stability studies. In vitro permeation studies were carried out using the Franz cell diffusion system. The antimycotic efficacy against Microsporum canis was carried out in vitro. (3) Results: Optimal nanoemulsion showed great physical stability and was characterized by a small droplet size (19.015 nm ± 0.110 nm), a PDI of 0.146 ± 0.011, a zeta potential of −16.067 mV ± 1.833 mV, a percentage of transmittance of 95.352% ± 0.175%, and a pH of 5.64 ± 0.03. Furthermore, it exhibited a significant enhancement in apparent permeability coefficient (p < 0.05) compared to the VCZ free drug. Finally, NE presented the greatest antifungal activity against Microsporum canis in comparison with VCZ and PSEO tested alone. (4) Conclusions: These promising results suggest that this topical innovative formulation could be a good candidate to treat onychomycosis. Further ex vivo and clinical investigations are needed to support these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of colon-targeted oral hybrid systems relies in the proper control over the release of the entrapped nanostructures at the colon. This work describes the design of hybrid systems for their colonic enzyme-triggered release. The hybrid systems were constituted by nanoemulsions, with adequate characteristics for the treatment of ulcerative colitis, included in a pectin hydrogel-like matrix. For that purpose, pectins with similar degrees of methylation (< 50%) and increasing degree of amidation, i.e. 0, 13 and 20%, were selected. Hybrid systems were formulated by a novel aggregation induced gelation method, using Ca2+, Ba2+ or Zn2+ as aggregating agents, as well as by a polyelectrolyte condensation approach, obtaining structures in the micrometric range (< 10 μm). Despite the resistance of pectins to the upper gastrointestinal tract stimuli, the analysis of the behaviour of the different prototypes showed that the non-covalent crosslinks that allow the formation of the hybrid structure may play a relevant role on the performance of the formulation. Our results indicated that the partial disassembling of the hybrid system's microstructure due to the intestinal conditions may facilitate the stimuli-triggered release of the nanoemulsions at the colon. More interestingly, the particle tracking experiments showed that the condensation process that occurs during the formation of the system may affect to the enzymatic degradation of pectin. In this sense, the effect of the high degree of amidation of pectin may be more prevalent as structural feature rather than as a promoter of the enzyme-triggered release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intestinal lymphatic transport offers an alternative and effective way to deliver drugs, such as avoiding first-pass metabolism, enhancing oral bioavailability, and facilitating the treatment of targeted lymphoid-related diseases. However, the clinical use of luteolin (LUT) is limited by its poor water solubility and low bioavailability, and enhancing lymphatic transport by nanoemulsion may be an efficient way to enhance its oral bioavailability. The objective of this work is to prepare the luteolin nanoemulsions (LUT NEs), optimized its preparation parameters by using Box-Behnken design optimization (BBD) and evaluated it in vitro and in vivo. An Caco-2 / Raji B cell co-incubation monolayer model was established to simulate the M-cell pathway, and the differences in the transmembrane transport of LUT and NEs were compared. Cycloheximide (CHX) was utilized to establish rat chylomicron (CM) blocking model, and for investigating the influence of pharmacokinetic parameters in rats thereafter. The results showed that LUT NEs have good stability, the particle sizes were about 23.87 ± 0.57 nm. Compared with LUT suspension, The Papp of LUT NEs was enhanced for 3.5-folds, the oral bioavailability was increased by about 2.97-folds. In addition, after binding with chylomicron, the oral bioavailability of LUT NEs was decreased for about 30% (AUC 0–∞ (μg/L*h): 5.356 ± 1.144 vs 3.753 ± 0.188). These results demonstrated that NEs could enhance the oral absorption of luteolin via lymphatic transport routes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils (EOs) have antimicrobial properties, but their low solubility in water and strong flavor pose challenges for direct incorporation into food, as they can negatively impact organoleptic properties. To overcome these issues, strategies such as oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions have been developed to improve EO dispersion and protection while enhancing antimicrobial efficacy. The objective of this study was to create sodium alginate-pink pepper essential oil (PPEO) nanoemulsions using microfluidization. Various formulations were assessed for physicochemical, physical, and antimicrobial properties to evaluate their potential in food applications. The microfluidized emulsions and nanoemulsions had droplet sizes ranging from 160 to 443 nm, polydispersity index (PdI) ranging from 0.273 to 0.638, and zeta potential (ζ) ranging from −45.2 to 66.3 mV. The nanoemulsions exhibited Newtonian behavior and remarkable stability after 20 days of storage. Antimicrobial testing revealed effectiveness against Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 200 µg/mL for both microorganisms and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of 800 µg/mL and 400 µg/mL, respectively, proving that encapsulation of PPEO in nanoemulsions significantly increased its antibacterial activity. These results present the possibility of using PPEO nanoemulsions as a more effective natural alternative to synthetic preservatives in food systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ mucoadhesive gel provides the drug release at a controlled rate for prolong period of time directly to the target site which reduces side effects, thus improving patient compliance. The main advantages of the implants of formation in situ are as follows: they can easily be injected into periodontal pockets, harden to form a solid implant with customized geometry, the time-controlled release of drugs and no need to remove the empty remnants. For the formulation of Curcumin and Eugenol Nanoemulsion in-situ Mucoadhesive gel poloxamer-407 was used as thermo reversible agent and surfactant for nanoemulsion while carbopol-934 was used as mucoadhesive and pH sensitive agent. Curcumin and Eugenol Nanoemulsion in-situ Mucoadhesive gel were prepared and evaluated for zeta potential, globule size, size distribution, viscosity, syringeability, gelation temperature, mucoadhesive strength, in-vitro release study. Batch F3 showed good in vitro drug release and also shown good result for all parameters when compared with all other formulations. Hence, Batch F3 was considered as the optimized formulations. Batch F3 was subjected for four different models viz. Zero order, First order, Higuchi matrix and Peppas model equations and the formulations best fit in to the Peppas model by giving the value of diffusion exponent (n) 1.596 for curcumin and 1.592 for Eugenol respectively, that indicate the formulation had release the drug by case II transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ mucoadhesive gel provides the drug release at a controlled rate for prolong period of time directly to the target site which reduces side effects, thus improving patient compliance. The main advantages of the implants of formation in situ are as follows: they can easily be injected into periodontal pockets, harden to form a solid implant with customized geometry, the time-controlled release of drugs and no need to remove the empty remnants. For the formulation of Curcumin and Eugenol Nanoemulsion In-situ Mucoadhesive gel poloxamer-407 was used as thermo reversible agent and surfactant for nanoemulsion while carbopol-934 was used as mucoadhesive and pH sensitive agent. Curcumin and Eugenol Nanoemulsion In-situ Mucoadhesive gel were prepared and evaluated for zeta potential, globule size, size distribution, viscosity, syringeability, gelation temperature, mucoadhesive strength, in-vitro release study. Batch F3 showed good in vitro drug release and also shown good result for all parameters when compared with all other formulations. Hence Batch F3 was considered as the optimized formulations. Batch F3 was subjected for four different models viz. Zero order, First order, Higuchi matrix and Peppas model equations and the formulations best fit in to the Peppas model by giving the value of diffusion exponent (n) 1.596 for curcumin and 1.592 for Eugenol respectively, that indicate the formulation had release the drug by case II transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel antimicrobial composite film was prepared from konjac glucomannan (KGM)/sodium alginate (SA) incorporating Litsea cubeba essential oil (LCEO) nanoemulsion. The effects of oil droplet size and content on the structural, mechanical, barrier and antimicrobial properties of the films as well as the retention and release of LCEO were investigated. Results showed that with increasing LCEO content, the oil droplets became larger but well-distributed and their interference with the ordered entangled network of KGM/SA molecules increased. The incorporation of LCEO enhanced the film's elongation at break (≈ 36.5%), water contact angle (≈ 121%), water vapor barrier (≈ 31.6%), UV shielding, opacity (from 3.15 to 11.12), and antimicrobial properties. The films with high LCEO content had high LCEO retention, with LCEO being released slowly but continuously. After 35 days of storage at 25 °C, the films showed a maximum retention of 56.21% of LCEO and displayed a long-lasting inhibition against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with zones of inhibition of 10.93 mm and 9.80 mm in diameter, respectively. At the same LCEO content, smaller oil droplets resulted in a denser film structure with better physical and antimicrobial properties. The developed KSM/GA composite films were promising as a potential antimicrobial material for food packaging with sustained release characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, many studies have been carried out to develop new eco-friendly alternatives consequently, the essential oils (EOs) have acquired more interest due to their insecticidal activities, low harmfulness, and rapid degradation in the environment. Following this approach, herein we tried to improve the insecticidal activities of Pelargonium graveolens (G) through using the geranium oil in nano-emulsion (GN) form and in combination with sesame seed oil (SO). Different concentrations ranged from 0.313 to 10% were prepared from GN and the combination of G with S and tested for their larvicidal and pupicidal activities against Musca domestica and Culex pipiens, while their adulticidal activities were tested against red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. The LC50 of G alone was 4.29% against house fly larvae. The values of LC50 decreased to 1.50% for GN and 0.32% for the combination of G+S. GO and GN form induced (pupal toxicity) 100% inhibition rate (PIR) in the treated housefly pupae at the concentration of 10%. Meanwhile, GO+SO combination showed 100% PIR at the concentration of 2.5%. Furthermore, the LC50 for GO, GN and GO+SO was 0.22, 0.19 and 0.079 % respectively against larvae of C. pipiens, while it was 1.04 % for sesame oil. Regarding the contact and fumigant assays against adult T. castaneum, the combination of G and S achieved the best results when compared with GO alone or GN form. All treatments exhibited inhibition in the activity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the house fly larvae 24h post application. In addition, all the treatments induced significant increase in the malondialdehyde activity. In conclusion, nanoemulsion tech and mixing GO+SO increased their insecticidal potency against house fly, C. pipiens and T. castenum. This is a useful method in the integrated pest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Capsular contracture, a significant complication of breast-implant surgery, causes pain and deformation following the formation of a tight capsule around an implant. Current surgical and non-surgical treatment options are invasive, expensive, and typically administered for prolonged periods, potentially leading to side effects. To address these challenges, we developed a novel fish oil-encapsulated, poloxamer-based nanoemulsion gel with omega-3 (ω3) as the primary active component (NE-ω3 gel; N3G). This formulation can be injected during surgery, reducing the need for prolonged administration of medications and minimizing associated side effects. N3G was prepared through a two-step process involving the emulsification of fish oil followed by gelation with poloxamer to create a thermoreversible gel. Dynamic light-scattering analysis confirmed a uniform distribution of nanoemulsion particles, which had a mean diameter of 287 ± 8.599 nm and a PDI of 0.29 ± 0.047. FTIR and DSC analyses validated the encapsulation of fish oil within poloxamer micelles. Drug-release analysis demonstrated that more than 96% of fish oil was released within 10 h. In in vivo experiments, rats (n = 30) were divided into three groups: a negative control group (G1), a positive control group receiving fish oil (G2), and an experimental group with implants coated with N3G (G3). G3 exhibited a 21.2% reduction in capsular thickness compared to G1 and a 5.6% reduction compared to G2. In addition, significant decreases in fibrosis and myofibroblast counts were observed in G3. These results, supported by histological and gene expression analyses, highlight the effectiveness of N3G in reducing inflammation and fibrosis. This study underscores the therapeutic potential of N3G for capsular contracture, based on its persistence, thermoreversibility, and improved dosing and storage characteristics.

Abstract Background Endogenous substances of krill oil (KO) are lipophilic in nature and have clinical significance viz. DHA/EPA, phospholipids and astaxanthin. To improve the nanodispersibility of endogenous substances of KO, a self-nanoemulsifying system (SNE) was developed. Results Ternary phase behaviour of KO was explored in ethanol (ET); propylene glycol, (PG); and PEG600 using Tween80 and Tween20 as surfactants. PEG600 induced the self-nanoemulsification of KO and yielded one phase region (OPR); dilution lines (KO/Smix fraction containing PEG600) traversed across OPR, produced a fully dilutable nanoemulsion system. PEG600-based nanoformulations (NFs) of KO underwent phase transformation via percolation behaviour in nanostructure domains (86–207 nm). PEG600 induced ternary phase behaviour of KO as revealed from rheological data (higher eta values), refractive index (nonlinear) and conductivity (bimodal) patterns. Induced phase transformation could be an interaction between aqueous phase and KO/Tween20 in PEG600 environment; generating highly viscous domains of low electrical conductivity. NFs offered antioxidant activity over corresponding coarse systems (p

Abstract Tick control mainly depends on using chemical acaricides that have led to the emergence of resistant tick populations along with environmental hazards. Natural alternatives including essential oils are now widely used to avoid the undesirable effects of chemicals on human, animals and environment. In this study, three commercial oils (myrrh, patchouli, and cypress) and their nanoemulsions (NEs) were tested against Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato unfed adults. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to characterize the nanoemulsions. Four concentrations with three replicates were used in the bioassay of oils and NEs against ticks using an adult immersion test. Furthermore, a toxicity study of the three oils and their NEs using normal fibroblast cells (BJ-1) was performed. TEM revealed particle size ranges from 29 to 211 nm with spherical droplets. The droplet size and polydispersity index were (29.30 nm & 0.367), (211.6 nm & 0.221) and (164.2 nm & 0.237) for myrrh NE, patchouli NE, and cypress NE, respectively. Myrrh and patchouli oils recorded high acaricidal activity followed by cypress oil with LC50 value 5 days after treatment of 9.01, 12.40, and 15.21%, respectively. The acaricidal efficacy of oil was potentiated in the NEs form which was proved by the reduction in LC50 values that were recorded 7 days after treatment 4.17, 8.57, and 5.04%, for myrrh, patchouli, and cypress NE, respectively. As an alternative for lab animals, we applied the cytotoxicity of myrrh, patchouli, and cypress on normal fibroblast cells. The oils showed low cytotoxic activity of 10.6, 21.5, and 23.6% for Myrrh, Patchouli, and Cypress, respectively. The nanoemulsion was revealed to be safe for normal cells up to a concentration of 0.62% (cytotoxicity%= 24.4, 34.4, and 16.3%, respectively), and the moderate cytotoxic effect appeared at around a concentration of 1.25% (cytotoxicity%= 42.2%, 57.0%, and 36.8% respectively). In conclusion, the three oils and their NEs have good acaricidal activity against Rhipicephalus sanguineus unfed adults. Further toxicity studies on mammals are needed to ensure the safe use of these formulations for the control of ticks on infested animals.

Introduction Scientific evidence is mounting that synthetic chemicals used as food additives may have harmful impacts on health and the biological system and cause many diseases and damages to the human body. Also, many consumers are concerned about the use of artificial ingredients to maintain the quality and safety of foods. Therefore, the use of natural preservatives and food preservation methods based on natural compounds have attracted the attention of researchers. Edible films and coatings are useful materials, mainly produced from biodegradable polymers including polysaccharides (gums), proteins, and lipids, and are commonly used for the shelf life extension of foods. The primary edible films /coatings are promising alternative methods to preserve, and retard the adverse chemical reactions and microbial growth. They also can act as a carrier of antimicrobials, antioxidant substances, and other additives. Sage seed gum (SSG) is a water-soluble polysaccharide obtained from Sage (Salvia macrosiphon). It is an environmentally-friendly biodegradable material that can form high-viscosity aqueous solution and exhibit pseudoplastic behavior. Essential oils (EOs) are volatile and aromatic oily liquids extracted from various plants. Most of the EOs have antimicrobial and antioxidant activities due to their phenolic compounds, terpenes and terpenoids. A promising technique is incorporating EOs into coating solutions as active film/coating to extend the shelf life of food products. Bay leaf (Laurus nobilis) is an aromatic evergreen tree or large shrub with green, glabrous leaves. It is used as a flavoring agent and an essential ingredient in food preparation. Bay leaf has received much attention due to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immune system stimulating properties. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of SSG coating incorporated with different concentrations of bay leaf EO (BLEO) and its nanoemulsion (BLNEO). Materials and Methods The active packaging was produced based on the gum of sage seed containing BLEO and BLNEO. After preparing the EO from bay leaves, their corresponding NEO was produced and the characterization of nanoparticles was evaluated in terms of droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potentials. Then, the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of BLEO and BLNEO were compared. After that, SSG coatings were prepared with 1.5% and 3% BLEO and their corresponding NEO forms. Subsequently, the antioxidant (DPPH and ABTS) and antimicrobial (against Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli) properties of the produced films were investigated. Results and DiscussionGas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified 1,8-Cineole and α- Terpinyl acetate as the major components of BLEO. The BLNEO exhibited a droplet size of approximately 92.4 nm and a zeta potential of -45.1 mV. In comparison to the control and SSG, it was found that the group comprising EO and NEO significantly (p

Background: A Commiphora myrrha (CM)-based polyherbal mouthwash with enhanced stability and oral bioavailability was developed using a high-energy homogenization method. Methodology: The formulations primarily consist of herbal extracts from CM, ginger, and white tea, optimized based on various parameters, including organoleptic properties, pH, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR- FTIR). Stability studies were also conducted on each formulation. Results and Discussion: The particle sizes ranged from 77 to 216 nm, with zeta potential values between -0.92 and -2.09 ± 0.38 mV, indicating stability. ATR- FTIR studies confirmed no interaction between the ingredients. Antioxidant activity was significant, with IC50 values for pure extracts of CM, white tea, and ginger being 0.071 ± 0.003, 0.073 ± 0.004, and 0.066 ± 0.004 mg/ml, respectively. For formulations M1 and M2, IC50 values were 1.030 ± 0.901 and 0.495 ± 0.496 mg/ml, respectively, showing a concentration-dependent increase in antioxidant activity. The MTT cytotoxicity assay showed high cell viability for M1 (96.1%) and M2 (133.3%) at 0.002 mg/ml, suggesting low cytotoxicity, though variability in results indicated further assay optimization. High standard deviations, 0.06 and 0.208, indicated limitations in experimental conditions emphasizing the need for improved assay parameters for accuracy. Conclusion: The mouthwash formulations, M1 and M2 Show promise, with future work focusing on increasing CM concentration and refining cytotoxicity testing methods to ensure reliable data for subsequent antibacterial and in vivo studies.

Abstract Background Nanotechnology has the potential to reduce drug dosage while increasing efficacy; thus, the current work intends to synthesize diclazuril nanoemulsion and assess its performance against experimental coccidiosis in broilers. Methods Diclazuril nanoemulsion (DZN) was formulated and characterized by zeta seizer and zeta potential. The formulated DZN was evaluated in vivo against Eimeria tenella infected chicks. DZN and DZ were used in 2 programs; therapeutic and prophylactic. A total of 210 one-day-old broiler chicks were distributed equally into six groups. The controls were negative uninfected untreated and positive infected untreated (G1 & G2). Therapeutic groups (G3 & G4) treated by DZ and DZN after appearance of the clinical signs of coccidiosis and continued for 5 days. Prophylaxis groups (G5 & G6) received DZ and DZN at 3 days before challenge and continued for 5 days after infection. The treatments dosages were 10 mg/mL for DZ of commercial origin and 2.5 mg/mL for the prepared DZN. All groups (except negative control) orally infected then followed up for clinical signs of coccidiosis, mortality rate, oocysts count, performance, hematological and biochemical parameters in addition to histopathological lesions. Results The therapeutic groups showed that both treated groups (DZ and DZN) revealed similar results including good body weight gain, a low lesion caecal score, a low daily and total oocyst shedding count, and a low mortality rate. Regarding the biochemical parameters, all parameters were affected during infection then restored after the 12th day post infection. However, in the prophylactic groups, showed mild clinical signs and the blood pictures and biochemical parameters were nearly like the control negative without infection. Conclusion DZN at a quarter dose of standard DZ produced the same outcomes as DZ at 10 mg/mL. Furthermore, DZN does not impair the typical safety of diclazuril in treated chicks.

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) is a widely known spice plant, which has been reported to offer several benefits. Therefore, this study aims to develop and analyze nanoemulsions of nutmeg leaves and fruit essential oil, as well as determine their toxicity and cytotoxicity. Nanoemulsions were formulated with varying concentrations of essential oil, including 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6%. Characterization included organoleptic assessment, pH measurement, type examination, viscosity testing, transmittance analysis, particle size distribution measurement, centrifugation, and freeze-thaw cycle test. Toxicity testing results using the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) showed that nanoemulsions were toxic except NF F4 with high toxicity. Cytotoxicity testing on T47D breast cancer cells showed moderate activity for NF F4 nanoemulsions (IC50: 34.363 ppm), while NL nanoemulsions were deemed inactive (IC50: 33576.430 ppm). In addition, the organoleptic characteristics of all nanoemulsions were stable, and most parameters met the desired standards. Based on the results, further studies exploring nanoemulsions with natural products must be carried out to determine their advantages, specifically in the development of sciences.

Phospholipids are amphiphilic molecules able to adsorb at oil/water interfaces and thus used to stabilize parenteral emulsions. Yet, their low preferred curvature, which sensitively depends on molecular structures and interactions, favors the formation of lamellar phases and sets constraints on the system formulation. Combining phase studies, structural interfacial characterizations, and stability monitoring for different water/phospholipid/oil systems should shine a light on the mechanisms at play and thus tools to optimize formulations. Four phase diagrams were established for ternary aqueous systems containing either DOPC or POPC as the phospholipid and hexadecane or miglyol 812 as the oil. Droplet interfaces were probed using small-angle neutron scattering and the amount of adsorbed lipid was determined using separation and Raman spectroscopy. The metastability of both nano and macro emulsions was systematically assessed over weeks using light scattering. We show that nanoemulsion droplets are stabilized by a lipid monolayer and display excellent metastability if the preferred curvature is positive and large enough, even without any added charges or at high ionic strengths. In contrast, macroemulsion droplets are stabilized with a lipid multilayer, which should possess a positive preferred curvature but also a good enough interfacial anchorage, which is lost upon increasing the preferred curvature. Overall, we provide a rationale for understanding the impact of molecular changes in the formulation on emulsion metastability, through the analysis of the lipid film preferred curvature, layering, and interfacial anchorage.   [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Recent studies have explored the antioxidant properties of lemon essential oil (LEO), taking considering factors like plant part, extraction methods, and antioxidant assay. However, due to varied results and limited precision in individual studies, our meta-analysis aims to offer a comprehensive understanding across different experiments, irrespective of location or time. Out of 109 scientific articles published between 1947 and 2024, only 28 successfully validated their data on differences in antioxidant capacity and IC50, using weighted averages of Hedges’ d in meta-analysis. A meta-analysis revealed several key findings: (i) lemon leaf and peel extracts have higher IC50 compared to controls, whereas whole plant extracts show lower values (p

Mustard essential oil (MEO) nanoemulsions fortified with citrus pectin and tween-80 (MEO-NE-PT) or tween-80 (MEO-NE-T) were prepared by high-pressure homogenization followed by ultrasonication, and comparative analysis was performed on the microstructure, storage stability, pH, ionic strength and thermal tolerance between MEO-NE-PT and MEO-NE-T. The application of MEO-NE-PT to the postharvest preservation of ‘Shatangju’ mandarin was evaluated. It was found that MEO-NE-PT exhibited superior stability with smaller fluctuations in particle size and polydispersity index (PDI). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MEO-NE-PT was 64 μL/L, much lower than those of MEO (256 μL/L) and MEO-NE-T (128 μL/L). Furthermore, after MEO-NE-PT treatment at 64 μL/L for 6 h, the germination rate of Geotrichum candidum spores was only 6.67%, and the length of the germ tube was only 8.57 μm, both significantly lower than 100% and 165.02 μm for the control group (MEO), respectively. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that treatment with MEO-NE-PT caused the mycelium of Geotrichum candidum to wrinkle and break apart. Compared with the control group, MEO-NE-PT treatment could significantly reduce the decay rate and quality loss of ‘Shatangju’ mandarin, while delaying the decline in hardness and total soluble solids. As a safe and effective antimicrobial agent, MEO-NE-PT could control the growth of Geotrichum candidum and maintain the post-harvest quality of ‘Shatangju’ mandarin.

Abstract Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a tree of the Punicaceae family that is widespread all over the world and has several types and therapeutic uses. The current study aimed to investigate the phytochemical compounds by GC analysis and carried out physical characterization of the pomegranate seed oil and its self-nanoemulsifying system. Then antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-lipase activities were investigated for both.The pomegranate seed oil was extracted, and its self-nanoemulsifying system was then prepared. Phytochemical compounds were analyzed by GC, and physical characterization was established of the pomegranate seed oil and its self-nanoemulsifying system. Then antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-lipase activities were investigated for both.The GC–MS analysis revealed that punicic acid, β-eleosteric acid, catalpic acid, α-eleosteric acid, and oleic acid were the most predominant compounds in pomegranate seed oil. Other active compounds like linoleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and α-linolenic acid were detected in trace percentages. The self-nanoemulsifying system was prepared using various concentrations of surfactant (Tween 80), co-surfactant (Span 80), and pomegranate seed oil. The selected formulation had a PDI of 0.229 ± 0.09 and a droplet size of 189.44 ± 2.1 nm. The free radical scavenging activity of pomegranate seed oil, the self-emulsifying system, and Trolox was conducted using DPPH. The oil-self-nanoemulsifying system showed potent antioxidant activity compared to Trolox. Also, pomegranate oil inhibited α-amylase with a weak IC50 value of 354.81 ± 2.3 µg/ml. The oil self-nanoemulsifying system showed potent activity compared to acarbose and had a weaker IC50 value (616.59 ± 2.1 µg/ml) and a potent IC50 value (43.65 ± 1.9 µg/ml) compared to orlistat.Pomegranate seed oil self-nanoemulsifying system could be applied in the future for the preparation of possible oral medications for the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress, diabetes, and obesity due to its high activity against free radical, amylase, and lipase enzymes compared to pomegranate seed oil itself and the references used. This study reveals that self-nanoemulsion systems can enhance oil drug formulations by improving pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, acting as drug reservoirs, and facilitating efficient oil release.

Objective(s): Lipid-based drug delivery systems (DDS) can improve the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of some drugs. Especially those with a high volume of distribution (Vd) leading to off-target accumulation and toxicity. Amiodarone as an anti-arrhythmic agent induces hypothyroidism and liver disorders limiting its clinical indication.Materials and Methods: In the present study, amiodarone PK parameters and biodistribution after IV administration of four nano-formulations to rats were compared. The formulations were liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), PEGylated SLN (PEG-SLN), and nanoemulsions (NE). All formulations were optimized.Results: The nanoparticles were spherical with a diameter of 100-200 nm and sustained in vitro drug release in buffer pH 7.4. The best-fitted model for the plasma concentration-time profile was two-compartmental. In vivo studies indicated the most changes in PKs induced after liposome, SLN, and NE administration, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of liposomes, SLN, and NE were 22.5, 2.6, 2.46 times, and 916, 58, and 26 times higher than that of amiodarone solution, respectively (P-value