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Background: Any surgery has some complications, and septorhinoplasty is not an exception. The aim of this study was to highlight the relationship between satisfaction with nasal appearance and olfactory function in patients undergoing septorhinoplasty. Methods: This is a cohort study. In this study, 384 patients aged 18 to 45 years who referred to the Ear, Nose and Throat department at Rasoul Akram hospital and private clinics in 2019 underwent septorhinoplasty. All patients were tested by the Persian Smell Identification Test (PSIT) or Rapid Smell Test (RST) before surgery. They were also reassessed one and three months after surgery. Those patients with dissatisfaction with olfactory function after surgery were also followed up for three months and assessed by PSIT or RST to determine their olfactory dysfunction. Results: One month after surgery, 73.5% of patients who were not satisfied with their nasal appearance also complained about the olfactory sense. In addition, 1.5% of patients who were satisfied with their nasal appearance also complained about the olfactory sense. There was a significant difference regarding complaints of the olfactory sense between patients satisfied with their nasal appearance and those not satisfied with their appearance (P < 0.05). Three months after surgery, 78.9% patients who were not pleased with their nasal appearance also had an olfactory complaint. Besides, 0.9% of patients who were pleased with their nasal shape also had an olfactory complaint. There was a significant difference regarding olfactory complaints between patients who were pleased with their nasal shape and those who were not (P < 0.05). Conclusion: One and three months after septorhinoplasty, most patients who are satisfied with their nasal appearance have no complaints about their olfactory sense, and most patients who are not satisfied with their nasal appearance complain about the olfactory sense. An appropriate outcome of septorhinoplasty with regard to improving olfactory functional status is accompanied by patients' satisfaction level of achieving good nasal appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To reassess reliability and validity of the Submental Nasal Appearance Scale (SNAS) compared to the preliminary pilot study, for assessment of patient photographs with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). When utilizing the SNAS, 3 nasal features (1. nasal outline; 2. alar base position; 3. nostril axis) must be graded according to symmetry between the cleft and noncleft side using a 5-point scale with reference photographs for each feature. The mean score calculated from the graded features reflects the overall degree of nasal symmetry, which is considered an important goal when repairing UCLP. Design: Fifty patient photographs were selected and cropped, displaying the submental view. Six raters assessed these photographs using the SNAS and a separate 5-point scale to assess the overall submental appearance. Interrater reliability was determined for both methods and correlation was calculated between these as an indication of construct validity. Setting: Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Patients: Six- to 9-year-old patients with repaired UCLP. Results: Interrater reliability of 0.73 and 0.48 was found for the SNAS and overall appearance assessment, respectively, while in the pilot study values of 0.79 and 0.69 were found. Correlation of 0.59 and 0.74 was found in the current and pilot study, respectively, between the SNAS and overall appearance assessment. Conclusions: The SNAS is a reliable tool to assess nasal symmetry from the submental perspective. Reliability of the SNAS is higher compared to grading overall appearance, but validity of the SNAS was less well supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To develop the "Submental Nasal Appearance Scale" (SNAS), which is an easy-to-use objectified tool to represent a cleft surgeon's standard for assessment of the nasal appearance from the submental perspective. Design: Eighty-five photographs of patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate were selected and cropped, displaying the submental view. Sixty-one photographs were used to develop 5 sets of reference photographs. Three cleft surgeons graded 24 photographs with these sets and subjectively graded the overall nasal appearance as well. Internal agreement for both methods was calculated, as well as correlation between them. The SNAS was created, by only using the combination of sets that showed the highest reliability and correlation. Setting: Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Patients: Six- to 9-year-old patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate. Results: The intrarater and interrater reliability was 0.84 and 0.79, respectively, for the SNAS and 0.76 and 0.62, respectively, for the overall appearance assessment. The correlation was 0.74 between the methods. Conclusions: The SNAS is a reliable tool that reflects a cleft surgeon's standard and could be used independently or in combination with existing rating scales using the frontal and/or lateral view, for assessment after cleft lip repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nasal skin quality is an essential indicator of rhinoplasty outcomes. The objective of this study was to collect data on the nasal skin thickness of randomly selected Turkish men and women. The study involved 50 male and 50 female subjects. We measured the nasal dorsal skin thickness by pinching the sides of the nose upwards to produce a skinfold and then measuring the thickness of this skinfold with a Castroviejo caliper [A&A, Almecon Instruments]. We also measured the thickness of the right and left alar walls with the same caliper. In the male subjects, the mean nasal dorsal thickness and the mean overall, right, and left alar wall thicknesses were 4.02 ± 0.71, 3.99 ± 0.69, 3.98 ± 0.69, and 4.00 ± 0.69 mm, respectively. The corresponding values in the female subjects were 3.38 ± 0.56, 3.45 ± 0.66, 3.43 ± 0.67, and 3.46 ± 0.65 mm. In Turkish men, a nasal dorsum measuring greater than 4 mm can be considered 'thick.' In Turkish women, the mean nasal dorsal and alar wall thicknesses were 3.38 and 3.45 mm, respectively. Values greater than these are considered 'thick.' Either nasal dorsal thickness or alar wall thickness may be measured in men, but both must be measured in women scheduled to undergo rhinoplasty. Dark nasal skin and oily nasal skin tend to be thicker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The aim of this study was to develop a new method for evaluation of nasal appearance in patients after cleft lip repair. A method is described in which the nasal region is evaluated without the influence of the labial repair. Frontal, submental and profile view photographs of 45 patients after cleft lip repair were obtained. For each patient, two sets of images, one of the entire nasolabial region and one of the nasal complex in isolation, were assessed with a five-point scale by a panel of seven judges. Repeat evaluation at 1 week allowed calculation and comparison of intra-judge and inter-judge reproducibility. The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values were higher in the assessment of the isolated nasal complex when compared to the nasolabial region with the exception of the cleft side lateral view. The ICC value of the assessment based on all three views was the highest. The level of intra-judges and inter-judges was good, thus the reliability and sensibility of this new method is acceptable. This method is credible because acceptable pooled levels of reliability were obtained. In the future, this rating system may be used to assess nasal appearance after different treatments for cleft lip patients. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: To reassess reliability and validity of the Submental Nasal Appearance Scale (SNAS) compared to the preliminary pilot study, for assessment of patient photographs with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). When utilizing the SNAS, 3 nasal features (1. nasal outline; 2. alar base position; 3. nostril axis) must be graded according to symmetry between the cleft and noncleft side using a 5-point scale with reference photographs for each feature. The mean score calculated from the graded features reflects the overall degree of nasal symmetry, which is considered an important goal when repairing UCLP., Design: Fifty patient photographs were selected and cropped, displaying the submental view. Six raters assessed these photographs using the SNAS and a separate 5-point scale to assess the overall submental appearance. Interrater reliability was determined for both methods and correlation was calculated between these as an indication of construct validity., Setting: Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., Patients: Six- to 9-year-old patients with repaired UCLP., Results: Interrater reliability of 0.73 and 0.48 was found for the SNAS and overall appearance assessment, respectively, while in the pilot study values of 0.79 and 0.69 were found. Correlation of 0.59 and 0.74 was found in the current and pilot study, respectively, between the SNAS and overall appearance assessment., Conclusions: The SNAS is a reliable tool to assess nasal symmetry from the submental perspective. Reliability of the SNAS is higher compared to grading overall appearance, but validity of the SNAS was less well supported.

Objective: To develop the "Submental Nasal Appearance Scale" (SNAS), which is an easy-to-use objectified tool to represent a cleft surgeon's standard for assessment of the nasal appearance from the submental perspective., Design: Eighty-five photographs of patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate were selected and cropped, displaying the submental view. Sixty-one photographs were used to develop 5 sets of reference photographs. Three cleft surgeons graded 24 photographs with these sets and subjectively graded the overall nasal appearance as well. Internal agreement for both methods was calculated, as well as correlation between them. The SNAS was created, by only using the combination of sets that showed the highest reliability and correlation., Setting: Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts., Patients: Six- to 9-year-old patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate., Results: The intrarater and interrater reliability was 0.84 and 0.79, respectively, for the SNAS and 0.76 and 0.62, respectively, for the overall appearance assessment. The correlation was 0.74 between the methods., Conclusions: The SNAS is a reliable tool that reflects a cleft surgeon's standard and could be used independently or in combination with existing rating scales using the frontal and/or lateral view, for assessment after cleft lip repair.