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Background: The high prevalence of smoking in persons living with HIV (PLWH) warrants an accurate estimation of smokers' receipt of advice on smoking cessation. Prior studies on the topic have been limited by convenience samples. Objective: This study aims to be the first to estimate PLWH smokers' receipt of cessation advice from a healthcare professional in a nationally representative sample. Methods: PLWH smokers were selected from the 2015–2016 Medical Monitoring Project (MMP; n = 1179), and smokers from the general population were selected from the 2014–2015 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS; n = 15,635) and 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS; n = 4,219). Prevalence ratios in MMP were estimated for testing the hypothesis that PLWH smokers, who are treated by other provider types, have a greater likelihood of receiving advice to quit smoking. Results: The weighted estimate of PLWH smokers from the MMP who received cessation advice (82.2%) was higher than weighted estimates from the TUS-CPS (70.9%) and NHIS (68.7%). While the higher estimate can be partially attributed to a higher percentage of daily smokers, the finding was still observed in stratified samples of daily and non-daily smokers. Statistically significant differences in cessation advice, however, were not observed by other provider types. Conclusions: The study's primary finding indicates that most PLWH smokers in care are receiving advice to quit smoking. The next steps are to train HIV care providers in all 5 A's of smoking cessation through the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program's AIDS Education and Training Centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although there are substantial international differences in adolescent physical activity (PA), cross-country motivational differences have received limited attention, perhaps due to the lack of measures applicable internationally. Methods: Identical self-report measures assessing PA and motivations for PA were used to survey students ages 11, 13, and 15 from 7 countries participating in the 2005-2006 Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study representing 3 regions: Eastern Europe, Western Europe and North America. Multigroup comparisons with Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling examined the stability of factors across regions and regional differences in relations between PA and motives for PA. Results: Three PA motivation factors were identified as suitable for assessing international populations. There were significant regional, gender, and age differences in relations between PA and each of the 3 PA motives. Social and achievement motives were positively related to PA. However, the association of PA with health motivations varied significantly by region and gender. The patterns suggest the importance of social motives for PA and the possibility that health may not be a reliable motivator for adolescent PA. Conclusion: Programs to increase PA in adolescence need to determine which motives are effective for the particular population being targeted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article comments on the Najman, Dunne, Purdie, Boyle, and Coxeter () study on the relationship between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and later sexual functioning in an Australian national sample. We note the value of the Najman et al. study, being well conducted and using a generalizable sample, but critique Najman et al.’s interpretation that their study showed “significant impairment” due to the CSA. We computed effect sizes to show that the “effects” were small, and then show using meta-analysis that these small effects were consistent with results in a series of national samples from other countries. We argue that Najman et al.’s causal statement about CSA’s “impairment” effect was unwarranted given their lack of causal analysis, the well-established fact in other research that CSA is often confounded with third variables, and the fact that CSA was confounded with a key third variable in Najman et al.’s study. Given the hyperbole that surrounds the issue of CSA, we emphasize the need for researchers to adhere to valid scientific principles in inference and precision when reporting the results of CSA research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the prevalence of male-to-male sexual contact in the United States, using probability surveys conducted between 1970 and 1990. In this study estimated minimums of 5 to 7 percent of men in the US report some same-gender sexual contact during adulthood. Because of the likelihood of underreporting, these estimates might be considered lower bounds on the actual prevalence of such contact. Also, estimates show relatively little variation across social and demographic subgroups with the major exception that higher prevalence is reported among never-married men, particularly those 35 and older. Some lesser variations are also found by service in the military current residence, and current religious affiliation . Evidence from these surveys suggests that some men may have episodic male-male contact in adulthood while other men may have a relatively consistent and exclusive pattern of same-gender contacts. Only one-quarter to one-half of the U.S. men who report male-male contacts in adulthood also report having had such contacts during the preceding 12 months. In addition, the majority of men reporting same-gender contacts in adulthood also report some male-female contacts. Among men reporting same- gender contacts in the preceding 12 months, however, the majority report exclusively male sexual contacts throughout adulthood. Furthermore, potential implications of these findings for HIV prevention and research are discussed.

Objectives: To examine 12-month prevalence of perceived bullying at work for doctors in different job categories and medical disciplines in 1993, 2004 and 2014-2015, and personality traits, work-related and health-related factors associated with perceived workplace bullying., Design: Cross-sectional questionnaire surveys in 1993, 2004 and 2014-2015 where the 2004 and the 2012-2015 samples are partly overlapping., Setting: Norway., Participants: Response rates were 72.8% (2628/3608) in 1993, 67% (1004/1499) in 2004 and 78.2% (1261/1612) in 2014-2015. 485 doctors responded both in 2004 and 2014-2015., Outcome Measure: Perceived bullying at work from colleagues or superiors at least a few times a month during the last year., Results: Between the samples from 1993, 2004 and 2014-2015, there were no significant differences in the prevalence of perceived bullying at work. More senior hospital doctors and surgeons reported being bullied. Doctors with higher scores on the personality trait neuroticism were more likely to perceive bullying, as were female doctors, doctors with poor job satisfaction and poor self-rated health., Conclusions: The fraction of doctors who experienced bullying at work was stable over a 20-year period. Psychological, psychosocial and cultural factors are predictors of perceived bullying., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)