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This study proposes efficient valorization of red pitahaya (Hylocereus sp.) peels by separating and purifying their structural and bioactive fractions to produce bioactive films through a multi-product cascade biorefinery approach. The process begins with the extraction of a betalain-rich extract (BET), followed by the separation of pectin (PEC), and finally, the production of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) from the remaining residue. The entire cascade process resulted in a successful utilization of 79.5% of the pitahaya peel. All fractions obtained were integrated into PEC-based films reinforced with CNF in the following proportions 5, 15, 30 and 45% CNF. The films were subsequently subjected to characterization in terms of their physical, chemical and mechanical properties. The optimal mechanical reinforcement effect was observed in films with 45% CNF, which exhibited an increased tensile strength of 20.47 MPa compared to 100% PEC, and higher thermal stability. Therefore, the ratio of 45% CNF was selected for the addition of the bioactive fraction, which comprised 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 and 50% BET. In general, all bioactive films exhibited a compact and uniform structure. Films with higher percentages of BET showed a decrease in water vapor barrier properties (50-70% increase in water vapor permeability), probably due to the hydrophilic nature of BET. Additionally, the inclusion of BET resulted in enhanced wettability, as evidenced by a reduction in water contact angles (36.36º). The UV light blocking capacity increased (57% increase) while transparency decreased (43-50%) with the addition of BET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been growing interest in green synthetic methods for nanoscale materials based on natural extracts, as they have potential applications in various technologies and have benign effects on the environment. Here, copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized via a green combustion method using natural extract surfactants Cinnamon zeylanicum bark powder (CBP) and Aloe vera leaf extract (AVE) as fuel agents. For comparison purposes, CuFe2O4 NPs are also synthesized by polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) surfactant, while also investigating the structural, morphological, optical, and magnetic properties of the resulting NPs by different techniques. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate the formation of cubic and tetragonal crystal structures using AVE and PVP surfactants, respectively. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy images reveal significant reductions in the average size of the green-synthesized NPs compared to those prepared in the presence of PVP surfactant. However, the bandgap values of the NPs are similar to each other. Hysteresis loop measurements show enhanced saturation magnetization (Ms = 39.63 emu/g) and decreased coercivity (Hc = 57 Oe) of CuFe2O4 NPs using Aloe vera surfactant compared to Ms = 22.43 emu/g and Hc = 1260 Oe obtained using PVP surfactant. In this regard, first-order reversal curve (FORC) analysis manifests predominant superparamagnetic contribution of the NPs synthesized in the presence of AVE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Persistent inflammation resulting from injury, infection, or arthritis contributes to both peripheral and central sensitization. Various combinations of natural extracts have been explored to minimize the side effects associated with conventional medications. Shinbaro, which has traditionally been used in Eastern medicine to treat inflammatory conditions, was chosen due to its known anti-inflammatory properties. However, previous studies have not yet investigated the combined administration of celecoxib and Shinbaro for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. In this study, we examined the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of combining celecoxib with Shinbaro in a complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain model. Methods: We randomly assigned 66 mice to 6 groups (n = 11 per group) and administered intraplantar injections of 100 μL CFA or saline into their right hind paw, followed by oral administration of Shinbaro (100 mg/kg), celecoxib (15 or 30 mg/kg), or both 30 minutes later. Behavioral assessments were conducted blindly at baseline and on days 1, 3, and 7 post-injection. The right hind paw and spinal cord were harvested 3 days post-injection to examine the molecular mechanisms, including macrophage infiltration in the right hind paw, as well as glial cell activation and inflammatory cytokine levels in the spinal cord. Statistical analysis was performed using Tukey's post-hoc test. Results: The combination of Shinbaro (100 mg/kg) and celecoxib (15 mg/kg) synergistically reduced mechanical hyperalgesia and paw edema by preventing the conversion of monocytes to macrophages and inhibiting macrophage infiltration. Moreover, it decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators in the spinal cord by inhibiting spinal microglial activation. Conclusion: The combination of Shinbaro and celecoxib demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, suggesting its potential for managing inflammatory pain with fewer side effects than conventional therapies. Plain Language Summary: Why was the study done? We wanted to understand if combining two pain-relieving treatments—Shinbaro (an herbal medicine) and celecoxib (a common anti-inflammatory drug)—could work better together than using either one alone. We were particularly interested in treating inflammatory pain, like those experienced in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. What did the researchers do and find? Our team used mice to model inflammatory pain by injecting a substance called CFA into their paw. This caused pain and swelling. We then tested how well Shinbaro and celecoxib worked separately and together to reduce these symptoms. We found that the combination of Shinbaro and celecoxib was more effective at reducing pain and swelling than either treatment alone. The combined treatment decreased the number of inflammatory cells (monocytes and macrophages) in the affected area. In the spinal cord, the combination therapy reduced the activity of cells (microglia and astrocytes) that contribute to ongoing pain. The treatment also lowered the levels of substances that promote inflammation in the body. What do these results mean? These findings suggest that combining Shinbaro and celecoxib could be a more powerful way to treat inflammatory pain than using either medication by itself. The combination appears to work on multiple levels - reducing inflammation at the site of injury, decreasing pain signals in the spinal cord, and lowering overall inflammation in the body. This approach could potentially allow for lower doses of celecoxib, which might reduce the risk of side effects associated with long-term use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of natural extracts into gel systems has emerged as a transformative approach to enhance functional properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and therapeutic effects. This review underscores the remarkable potential of natural extract-enriched gels, which effectively combine sustainability with improved functionality. These bioactive compounds, sourced from plants and animals, encompass polyphenols, flavonoids, essential oils, chitosan, proteins, and polysaccharides. They provide an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic additives and find applications across various sectors, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food packaging. Despite their promise, challenges remain, such as the variability in natural extract composition, the stability of bioactive compounds, and scalability for industrial use. To address these issues, innovative strategies like nanoencapsulation, responsive hydrogels, and AI-driven optimization have demonstrated significant progress. Additionally, emerging technologies, such as 3D printing and adherence to circular economy principles, further enhance the versatility, efficiency, and sustainability of these systems. By integrating these advanced tools and methodologies, gel systems enriched with natural extracts are well-positioned to meet contemporary consumer and industrial demands for multifunctional and eco-friendly products. These innovations not only improve performance but also align with global sustainability goals, setting the stage for widespread adoption and continued development in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder affecting multiple systems, characterized by the development of harmful autoantibodies and immune complexes that lead to damage in organs and tissues. Chinese medicine (CM) plays a role in mitigating complications, enhancing treatment effectiveness, and reducing toxicity of concurrent medications, and ensuring a safe pregnancy. However, CM mainly solves the disease comprehensively through multi-target and multi-channel regulation process, therefore, its treatment mechanism is often complicated, involving many molecular links. This review introduces the research progress of pathogenesis of SLE from the aspects of genetics, epigenetics, innate immunity and acquired immunity, and then discusses the molecular mechanism and target of single Chinese herbal medicine and prescription that are commonly used and effective in clinic to treat SLE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional foods play a crucial role in contemporary dietary strategies. This study investigates the incorporation of oregano oil, a bioactive extract that is known for its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, into gelatin-based gummy jellies to develop functional food products with controlled release properties. The jellies were evaluated for mass uniformity, swelling index, disintegration time, and tensile strength under simulated oral and gastric conditions. The results showed that oregano oil significantly reduced the swelling index (e.g., 128.76 ± 0.67% at pH 5) and prolonged the disintegration time (e.g., 6–18 min across pH environments), highlighting its potential for controlled release. The mechanical strength remained stable (5.2 ± 0.3 N), ensuring structural integrity. These findings suggest that oregano-oil-enriched gummy jellies offer health benefits, although further studies are needed to explore their long-term stability and bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The insecticidal, synergistic, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory effects of plant n-hexane extracts (HEs) were evaluated. The HEs from thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) leaves, garlic (Allium sativum L.) bulbs, and weeping willow (Salix babylonica L.) leaves were used in comparison with the acetamiprid insecticide (mospilan) against two whitefly species, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype B and Trialeurodes ricini (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Furthermore, using the choice test design, the repellent efficacy of three extracts was investigated against whitefly B. tabaci biotype B. The chemical compositions of HEs were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID) analysis. The main compounds of thyme HE were thymol and geranyl-α-terpinene; in garlic bulbs HE were diallyl sulfide and allyl tetrasulfide; and in weeping willow HE were 6-phenyltridecane, 6-phenyldodecane, and 5-phenyldodecane, while the methylated fatty acids were stearic and palmitic. The HEs of weeping willow and garlic showed the maximum toxicity against B. tabaci, while the HEs of thyme and garlic showed the highest toxicity against T. ricini. Mospilan with HEs resulted in a potentiating effect, with co-toxicity factors ranging between 21.47 for a mixture of garlic HE + mospilan against B. tabaci and 37.65 for weeping willow HE + mospilan against T. ricini. The mix of mospilan + weeping willow HE recorded the highest acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory effect 48 h after treatment. The highest expulsion effect was recorded by 2% thyme HE, with a repellency index (RI) of 88.22%. The HE of weeping willow at 1% exhibited the highest attractant effect with an RI value of -8.94%. The current research lays the groundwork for the integrated pest management (IPM) of B. tabaci biotype B and T. ricini by employing natural extracts and pesticides blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medicinal potential of plant extracts, especially their antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral and cytotoxic properties, has gained significant attention in recent years. This study examined the in vitro bioactivities of several selected Greek medicinal plants, like Eucalyptus globulus L., Thymus vulgaris L., Salvia rosmarinus L. and Ocimum basilicum L., are well-known for their traditional therapeutic use. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the extracts against pathogenic bacteria. The antioxidant activity was carried out using the DPPH method, while the cytotoxicity of the plants was determined using the Alamar Blue method. In addition, the antiviral efficacy of the samples was tested against DENV in different cell lines. The majority of medicinal herbs demonstrated significant antimicrobial action (MIC = 30–3000 μg∙mL−1). The extracts showed great antioxidant activity, while the Salvia rosmarinus L. extract turned out to be the most effective (IC50 = 12.89 ± 0.11 μg∙mL−1). In contrast, the extract of Eucalyptus globulus L. had the lowest antioxidant action (IC50 = 71.02 ± 0.42 μg∙mL−1). The results of the Alamar Blue method were presented with CC50 values, and it was shown that Eucalyptus globulus L. extract exhibited the highest cytotoxicity (CC50 = 5.94% v/v ± 0.04). Similarly, the results of the antiviral potential of extracts were expressed as EC50 values, and Eucalyptus globulus L. was characterized as the most effective sample against dengue virus infection, with EC50 values estimated at 2.37% v/v ± 0.6 (HuhD-2 cells infected with DENV-2) and 0.36% v/v ± 0.004 (Huh7.5 cells infected with DVR2A). These findings provide a foundation for further studies in order to combat infectious diseases and promote human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of the extracts from mulberry leaves, rosemary, cinnamon, grape seeds, green apples and cloves on the color, oxidative stability and flavor characteristics of oil-fried shiitake mushroom were investigated. It was found that these natural extracts improved the brightness of oil-fried shiitake mushroom and significantly inhibited its browning. The content of melanoid, the Maillard reaction product, was decreased by treatment with each of the extracts, which shared a similar trend with the change in the degree of browning. The natural extracts also significantly improved the antioxidant capacity and inhibited the oxidation reaction of oil-fried shiitake mushroom. Clove extract resulted in the largest decrease in peroxide value (74.36%), while green apple extract resulted in the greatest decrease in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value (17.54%). Clove, rosemary and grape seed extracts significantly inhibited protein oxidation. Treatment with green apple extract minimized the free radical content. The umami and saltiness were significantly increased by treatment with clove, rosemary or mulberry leaf extract. All six natural extracts increased the levels of nitrogen and oxygen compounds, hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketone. Seventeen differential volatile compounds, such as methyl 2-methoxybenzoate and isoamyl 2-methylbutyrate, were identified among the six treatment groups and the control group. These results provide a theoretical basis for the application of natural extracts in oil-fried edible mushrooms.

In the last decades, in horticulture, improving the propagation methods for decorative plants and raising their efficiency became a high priority. Preserving and maintaining the desired plants traits are essential and thus, vegetative reproduction via cuttings is usually the preferred way to obtain high quality material. Today, there are plenty of commercially available synthetic products that promise better and faster rooting and development of cuttings, but in most cases the price is very high and the environmental impact, due to their chemical composition, is another thing that must be taken into consideration. Finding new, eco-friendly and natural solutions that promote a better yield, which can be valued both economically and scientifically, determined research in the field and the results are promising. In this paper we aim to compile the present findings from relevant literature, still very scarce, underlining the importance of diversifying the solutions involved in increasing the natural growing and development of roots in plant cuttings, leading to a better percentage of rooting individuals with a minim impact towards the substrate in particular and the environment in general.

Nowadays, there is a trend to enhance the properties of meat products by fortifying them with various plant-based extracts. The objective of the work was to fortify pork burgers with different concentrations of Prunus serotina extract (PSE) and to evaluate certain quality attributes (pH, cooking characteristics, color parameters, and sensory attributes) in both raw and cooked burgers. In addition, the content of total phenols and the antioxidant capacity were evaluated in burgers samples. The results revealed that the cooking characteristics were influenced by the addition of PSE in burgers. From the perspective of color parameters, the increase in the concentration of PSE results in a significant decrease (p

Featured Application: The natural extracts tested in this work may be employed in several applications to inhibit the corrosion of carbon steel. This paper presents the influence of natural extracts obtained from Levisticum officinale and Citrus x clementine on the corrosion of carbon steel in a 3.5% NaCl solution. We started from dried leaves of Levisticum officinale and Citrus x clementine peel in order to prepare several extracts in a 50%:50% (v:v) water/ethanol solution and in analytical-grade ethanol. Several electrochemical techniques, such as open circuit potential monitoring, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization, were employed in order to investigate the influence of the synthetized extracts on the corrosion of carbon steel. The aggressive solution that the corrosion tests were performed in was a 3.5% NaCl solution modified with different amounts of the extracts. The electrochemical tests performed in order to determine the influence of the Levisticum officinale leaf and Citrus x clementine peel extracts showed that these extracts may be employed as natural corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in a 3.5% NaCl solution, achieving inhibiting efficiencies up to 87.8%, in the case of the Levisticum officinale extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the preservation of strawberries, a novel coating formulation was developed using chitosan (CH) and iron oxide (IO) nanoparticles (NPs) supplemented with ginger and garlic extracts and combined with varying concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3% Fe3O4 NPs. The results of XRD revealed an average crystalline size of 48.1 nm for Fe3O4 NPs. SEM images identified Fe3O4 NPs as bright spots on the surface of the fruit, while FTIR confirmed their presence by detecting specific functional groups. Additional SEM analysis revealed clear visibility of CH coatings on the strawberries. Both uncoated and coated strawberry samples were stored at room temperature (27 °C), and quality parameters were systematically assessed, including weight loss, firmness, pH, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSSs), ascorbic acid content, antioxidant activity, total reducing sugars (TRSs), total phenolic compounds (TPCs), and infection rates. The obtained weight loss was 21.6% and 6% for 1.5% CH and 3% IO with 1.5% CH, whereas the obtained infection percentage was 19.65% and 13.68% for 1.5% CH and 3% IO with 1.5% CH. As strawberries are citric fruit, 3% IO with 1.5% CH contains 55.81 mg/100 g ascorbic acid. The antioxidant activity for 1.5% CH coated was around 73.89%, whereas 3% IO with 1.5% CH showed 82.89%. The studies revealed that coated samples showed better results, whereas CH that incorporates Fe3O4 NP coatings appears very promising for extending the shelf life of strawberries, preserving their quality and nutritional value during storage and transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determined whether adding condensed tannins to the diet of confined lamb improves performance, metabolism, health, and meat composition and quality. We used 24 Lacaune lambs with an average initial weight of 24.5 ± 0.24 kg. The animals were divided into 12 pens with two animals each. In the treatment group, a black wattle extract was added to the lamb concentrate (2.5 g/kg dry matter), while the control group received only the basal diet (without extract). Black wattle contained 98.6 g/kg of condensed tannin. There was no difference between the performance variables, which included weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency. However, the group fed on condensed tannins showed higher carcass yield and a higher percentage of linked intramuscular fat. In meat, a lower proportion of saturated fatty acids combined with higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids was observed in lambs of the condensed tannin group. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were no different; however, a higher PUFA/SFA ratio was observed in animals with condensed tannin intake, and a higher proportion of ω6 and ω3 was observed in the meat of these animals. The meat's protein and ash content did not differ between treatments, as did the meat's water retention capacity, color, and luminosity. Furthermore, animals that fed on condensed tannins had lower cholesterol levels and higher globulin content. The values of erythrogram variables were lower in lambs that consumed condensed tannins. More significant ruminal bacterial activity was also observed in the group receiving condensed tannins. The antioxidant effect was verified with lower thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) levels and more significant antioxidant enzyme activity. We conclude that adding condensed tannins improves carcass yield and increases the percentage of fat in the carcass, improving the fatty acid profile, which may be linked to the antioxidant effect, in addition to the health benefits of the consumer of this product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted increasing attention in nanomedicine, with versatile applications in drug delivery, antimicrobial treatments, and cancer therapies. While chemical synthesis remains a common approach for AgNP production, ensuring environmental sustainability requires a shift toward eco-friendly, "green" synthesis techniques. This article underscores the promising role of plant extracts in the green synthesis of AgNPs, highlighting the importance of their natural sources and diverse bioactive compounds. Various characterization methods for these nanomaterials are also reviewed. Furthermore, the anticancer potential of green AgNPs (Gr-AgNPs) is examined, focusing on their mechanisms of action and the challenges to their clinical implementation. Finally, future directions in the field are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fall army worm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a polyphagous pest which causes damage to commercially important cultivated crops such as maize, rice, sorghum, cotton and also different vegetable crops. Carboxyl esterases (CarE, EC.3.1.1.1) or esterases are enzymes in the carboxyl / cholinesterase gene family that catalyze the hydrolysis of carboxyl esters. The carboxylesterases enzyme are the detoxification enzymes in FAW. Therefore, the inhibition of carboxylesterases from FAW would help in pest management. In this scenario, Isolation, purification and inhibition studies were carried out on the midgut carboxylesterase enzyme of FAW. Through a combination of steps including centrifugation, ammonium sulfate gradient precipitation, DEAE-Cellulose ion exchange chromatography, the enzyme was purified from fifth instar larvae of FAW. The final purified carboxylesterase after ion exchange chromatography had a specific activity of 7282.22 units / mg protein, 5.6 – fold of crude homogenate, and a yield of 25%. The purity of esterase was established by PAGE and SDS-PAGE. The SDS-PAGE revealed a molecular weight of approximately 45kDa to 66kDa. Our studies on the purified midgut carboxylesterase showed complete inhibition by organophosphorous inhibitor (10-4 M). The enzyme was also inhibited by 1x concentration of Lizol (disinfectant) and by different natural extracts (1x) as well.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of a mouthwash containing Lespedeza cuneata extract (LCE) on halitosis as an alternative to chemical mouthwashes. The effect of this natural mouthwash on halitosis-causing bacteria (HCB) was clinically evaluated. Materials and Methods: A total of 84 subjects among 103 participants were recruited from the M Dental Clinic (Busan, South Korea) in this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The participants were divided into two groups: 41 in the saline-gargle group (saline group) and 43 in the LCE-gargle group (LCE group). A week before the experiment, scaling and oral health education were conducted to standardise the subjects' oral condition. For clinical evaluation, halitosis and HCB were evaluated pre-gargle (baseline), immediately after gargling (treatment), and 5 days after gargling (5 days post-treatment). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows. Results: The level of subjective improvement was statistically significantly greater in the LCE group than the saline group (p < 0.05). Compared with the saline group, the LCE group showed reduced halitosis after 5 days of application. Furthermore, halitosis statistically significantly decreased over time (p < 0.05). Moreover, the LCE group showed a statistically significant decrease in the number of all six HCBs (p < 0.05). Conclusion: LCE gargle was effective in reducing halitosis both subjectively and objectively, suggesting an antibacterial effect on HCBs in the oral cavity. Thus, LCE, which can be used as a safe mouthwash ingredient, can promote oral health and will be valuable for the oral healthcare product industry. It might also be helpful for people suffering from halitosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the concept of Green Veterinary Pharmacology (GVP) and its significance in addressing climate change, environmental pollutants, and antimicrobial resistance in animal and human health. GVP aims to reduce the use of chemicals and antibiotics in veterinary medicine through sustainable strategies. The article discusses successful studies that have applied GVP approaches, such as using natural compounds with antibacterial and anthelmintic properties. It also examines alternative treatments for bovine mastitis, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, bacteriophages, herbal medicines, and vaccines. The article emphasizes the need for further research and evaluation of these alternative approaches. Additionally, it discusses the use of phytotherapeutic drugs among veterinarians, highlighting their benefits as adjuvant therapy and the importance of proper dissemination and academic training in this field. The article also mentions the potential of natural compounds derived from plants and natural products in veterinary pharmacology as a sustainable and complementary method to reduce the use of chemical substances and minimize drug resistance. The "One Health" approach, which promotes collaboration across healthcare for humans, animals, and the environment, is also discussed as a means to expand global collaborations. [Extracted from the article]

Disease's severity, mortality rates, and common failures to achieve clinical improvement during the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic exposed the emergency need for new antiviral therapeutics with higher efficacy and fewer adverse effects. This study explores the potential to encapsulate multi-component plant extracts in liposomes as optimized delivery systems and to verify if they exert inhibitory effects against human seasonal betacoronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) in vitro. The selection of Sambucus nigra, Potentilla reptans, Allium sativum, Aesculus hippocastanum, and Glycyrrhiza glabra L. plant extracts was based on their established pharmacological and antiviral properties. The physicochemical characterization of extract-loaded liposomes was conducted by DLS and electrokinetics. Encapsulated amounts of the extract were evaluated based on the total flavonoid content (TFC) and total polyphenol content (TPC) by colorimetric methods. The BALB 3T3 neutral red uptake (NRU) phototoxicity/cytotoxicity assay was used to estimate compounds' safety. Photo irritation factors (PIFs) of the liposomes containing extracts were <2 which assigned them as non-phototoxic substances. The antiviral capacities of liposomes containing medicinal plant extracts against HCoV-OC43 were measured by the cytopathic effect inhibition test in susceptible HCT-8 cells. The antiviral activity increased by several times compared to "naked" extracts' activity reported previously. A. hippocastanum extract showed 16 times higher inhibitory properties reaching a selectivity index (SI) of 58.96. Virucidal and virus-adsorption effects were investigated using the endpoint dilution method and ∆lgs comparison with infected and untreated controls. The results confirmed that nanoparticles do not directly affect the viral surface or cell membrane, but only serve as carriers of the active substances and the observed protection is due solely to the intracellular action of the extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable oils and extracts have been used from ancient times for skin care. The aim of this study was to design and evaluate the physicochemical, organoleptic, and microbiological characteristics and the instrumental efficacy in vivo of a cosmetic formula named "ASC Cream", containing sangre de grado resin extract (Croton lechleri) and vegetable oils obtained from moriche palm (Mauritia flexuosa L.), goldenberry (Physalis peruviana), super sacha peanut (Plukenetia huayllabambana sp. nov.), and sacha peanut (Plukenetia volubilis L.). Instrumental efficacy, skin hydration and skin pH were tested in vivo in 24 healthy female volunteers between 40 and 65 years old, using non-invasive skin bioengineering equipment from Courage + Khazaka Electronics, both in the short term (30 min, 1 h and 3 h) and long term (14 and 28 days). The main findings were increased immediate hydration (132.4%) and long-term hydration (143.6%), showing a statistically significant average improvement (p < 0.05) without altering the skin pH. In conclusion, a balanced combination of the extract and oils significantly increases hydration levels while maintaining skin pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prevention of biofilm formation is essential for water treatment and industrial processes. Although there are different agents capable to inhibit bacteria proliferation, the use of natural, and in particular obtained from waste, is highly desirable in the green chemistry paradigm. The objective of this work is to obtain eco-friendly sponges that can be used to prevent biofilm formation by the action of a natural antimicrobial agent. Polyvinylalcohol (PVA) sponges were prepared by freeze-drying using malic and citric acid as green crosslinkers. Aqueous lemon peel extract was used as antimicrobial agent for PVA dissolution. Some sponges were coated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in order to increase the stability in aqueous media and provide flexibility. Sponges were characterized by ATR-FTIR, TGA, DSC, nitrogen adsorption isotherms and SEM. Water contact angles and swelling degrees of all the prepared sponges were measured. Kinetic release measurements of the yellow pigment, present in the lemon extract, were analyzed under different pH and ionic strength conditions. The obtained sponges were incubated for 24 h at room temperature with Pseudomonas protegens. The surface of the sponges after incubation was characterized by Raman spectroscopy and observed at the microscope to determine the presence of biofilm. UV–Vis spectrophotometry with crystal violet were employed to quantify biofilm formation and optical density at 600 nm was measured in the liquid media to determine the bacterial cell concentration. Sponges show high mechanical and chemical resistance and incorporation of lemon extract prevent biofilm formation as high as 70% with respect to sponges without the extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the effect of herbal extract, mordant and mordanting process on antibacterial activity, color fastness, and durable and comfort properties of the cotton fabric. In the current research, 100% gray cotton fabric, rind of pomegranate, manjistha, and moduga are used. The selected herbals were aqueous extracted and tested for phytochemical screening to find the presence of active ingredients. The cotton fabric is processed, and herbal extracts were applied with standard methods. The dyed materials were tested for antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli and color fastness, durable, and comfort properties. The rind of pomegranate has high antibacterial property, biomass reduction, and excellent color fastness. All the dyed samples showed useful, sustainable, and comfort features. Furthermore, a garment (salwar cum churidar), designed and developed, was analyzed for wear study by 50 students, and they reported that it has excellent comfort and fit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the interaction and antioxidant effects of the combination of natural extract and complex phosphate on the quality characteristics of yak mince during cold storage. In this study, rosemary, grape seed extract and complex phosphate were mixed at the ratio of 0.015%, 0.02% and 0.10%, and the edible quality, rheological properties, lipid oxidation and protein oxidation of yak meat were measured after the meat was refrigerated at 4 ℃ for 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 h. The results showed that with the extension of refrigeration time, the pH of yak mince treated with rosemary, grape seed extract and complex phosphate decreased significantly, and the water retention increased significantly (P

There is a growing shift from the use of conventional pharmaceutical oral care products to the use of herbal extracts and traditional remedies in dental caries prevention. This is attributed to the potential environmental and health implications of contemporary oral products. This comprehensive review aims at the analysis of plant-derived compounds as preventive modalities in dental caries research. It focuses on data collected from 2019 until recently, trying to emphasize current trends in this topic. The research findings suggest that several plant-derived compounds, either aqueous or ethanolic, exhibit notable antibacterial effects against Streptococcus mutans and other bacteria related to dental caries, with some extracts demonstrating an efficacy comparable to that of chlorhexidine. Furthermore, in vivo studies using plant-derived compounds incorporated in food derivatives, such as lollipops, have shown promising results by significantly reducing Streptococcus mutans in high-risk caries children. In vitro studies on plant-derived compounds have revealed bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity against S. mutans, suggesting their potential use as dental caries preventive agents. Medicinal plants, plant-derived phytochemicals, essential oils, and other food compounds have exhibited promising antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens, either by their anti-adhesion activity, the inhibition of extracellular microbial enzymes, or their direct action on microbial species and acid production. However, further research is needed to assess their antimicrobial activity and to evaluate the cytotoxicity and safety profiles of these plant-derived compounds before their widespread clinical use can be recommended.

Osteoarthritis (OA) stands as a prevalent and progressively debilitating clinical condition globally, impacting joint structures and leading to their gradual deterioration through inflammatory mechanisms. While both non-modifiable and modifiable factors contribute to its onset, numerous aspects of OA pathophysiology remain elusive despite considerable research strides. Presently, diagnosis heavily relies on clinician expertise and meticulous differential diagnosis to exclude other joint-affecting conditions. Therapeutic approaches for OA predominantly focus on patient education for self-management alongside tailored exercise regimens, often complemented by various pharmacological interventions primarily targeting pain alleviation. However, pharmacological treatments typically exhibit short-term efficacy and local and/or systemic side effects, with prosthetic surgery being the ultimate resolution in severe cases. Thus, exploring the potential integration or substitution of conventional drug therapies with natural compounds and extracts emerges as a promising frontier in enhancing OA management. These alternatives offer improved safety profiles and possess the potential to target specific dysregulated pathways implicated in OA pathogenesis, thereby presenting a holistic approach to address the condition’s complexities.

The integration of natural extracts into gel systems has emerged as a transformative approach to enhance functional properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and therapeutic effects. This review underscores the remarkable potential of natural extract-enriched gels, which effectively combine sustainability with improved functionality. These bioactive compounds, sourced from plants and animals, encompass polyphenols, flavonoids, essential oils, chitosan, proteins, and polysaccharides. They provide an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic additives and find applications across various sectors, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food packaging. Despite their promise, challenges remain, such as the variability in natural extract composition, the stability of bioactive compounds, and scalability for industrial use. To address these issues, innovative strategies like nanoencapsulation, responsive hydrogels, and AI-driven optimization have demonstrated significant progress. Additionally, emerging technologies, such as 3D printing and adherence to circular economy principles, further enhance the versatility, efficiency, and sustainability of these systems. By integrating these advanced tools and methodologies, gel systems enriched with natural extracts are well-positioned to meet contemporary consumer and industrial demands for multifunctional and eco-friendly products. These innovations not only improve performance but also align with global sustainability goals, setting the stage for widespread adoption and continued development in various fields.

The medicinal potential of plant extracts, especially their antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral and cytotoxic properties, has gained significant attention in recent years. This study examined the in vitro bioactivities of several selected Greek medicinal plants, like Eucalyptus globulus L., Thymus vulgaris L., Salvia rosmarinus L. and Ocimum basilicum L., are well-known for their traditional therapeutic use. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the extracts against pathogenic bacteria. The antioxidant activity was carried out using the DPPH method, while the cytotoxicity of the plants was determined using the Alamar Blue method. In addition, the antiviral efficacy of the samples was tested against DENV in different cell lines. The majority of medicinal herbs demonstrated significant antimicrobial action (MIC = 30–3000 μg∙mL−1). The extracts showed great antioxidant activity, while the Salvia rosmarinus L. extract turned out to be the most effective (IC50 = 12.89 ± 0.11 μg∙mL−1). In contrast, the extract of Eucalyptus globulus L. had the lowest antioxidant action (IC50 = 71.02 ± 0.42 μg∙mL−1). The results of the Alamar Blue method were presented with CC50 values, and it was shown that Eucalyptus globulus L. extract exhibited the highest cytotoxicity (CC50 = 5.94% v/v ± 0.04). Similarly, the results of the antiviral potential of extracts were expressed as EC50 values, and Eucalyptus globulus L. was characterized as the most effective sample against dengue virus infection, with EC50 values estimated at 2.37% v/v ± 0.6 (HuhD-2 cells infected with DENV-2) and 0.36% v/v ± 0.004 (Huh7.5 cells infected with DVR2A). These findings provide a foundation for further studies in order to combat infectious diseases and promote human health.

Viral infections have caused wide-scale suffering and death globally throughout the history, very recent being the deadly Covid-19 infection. Many bacterial infections also result in various serious diseases. It is well known that microbial, especially viral infections are mainly transmitted between individuals through the respiratory and oral tract. Several chemicals based antimicrobial substances, like sanitizers and disinfectants are available to break this chain of transmission and prevent the development of disease. But these have some long-lasting side effects in human e.g. making the skin rough and scaly, depletion of beneficial microflora and even contributing to antimicrobial resistance. On the other hand, the use of natural and herbal based products addresses these drawbacks quite effectively. India has been traditionally known to possess a rich source of many plants and herbs, possessing potent antimicrobial, especially antiviral property. Thus, in the present study, the antiviral property of certain natural extracts e.g. beet, orange, drumsticks, cinnamon, ginger, neem and oregano, was evaluated by checking their inhibitory potential against bacteriophages, as bacteriophages are viruses with similar morphological and physiological features. It was observed that among these cinnamon, ginger and oregano exhibited the highest activity against the bacteriophages, which clearly demonstrated their potential to be used as antiviral therapeutics. Further this study also highlighted the need for further exploration of other natural extracts for treatment and prevention of various diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Chlorella vulgaris (C.V) is known for its high protein and nutrient contents and has been touted as a potential functional ingredient in food products. For this study, beef burgers were formulated with varying levels of Chlorella vulgaris fortification (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% by weight). The nutritional composition, including proximate analysis and mineral content, was determined for each treatment group. The quality characteristics evaluated included thiobarbituric acid (TBA), total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN), pH, and total acidity. The study included extracting the active substances from Chlorella vulgaris using three solvents, 50% ethanol, 95% ethanol, and water, to evaluate the effect on the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The results showed that the water extract had the highest total phenolic content (183.5 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram) and the highest flavonoid content (54 mg quercetin per gram). The aqueous extract had the highest content of total antioxidants, followed by the 95% ethanol and 50% ethanol extracts. Meanwhile, the 50% ethanol extract showed the best antimicrobial activity, while the aqueous extract had less of an effect on Gram-positive bacteria and no effect on E. coli. For the burger treatments, at the end of the storage period, it was observed that the microbial load of the treatments decreased compared to the control, and there was a high stability in the total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN) values for the treatments compared to the control, reaching a value of 22.4 at month 5, which is well above the acceptable limit, indicating spoilage. The pH values were higher for all of the treatments, with a lower total acidity for all of the treatments compared to the control. In conclusion, utilizing Chlorella vulgaris algae as a natural preservative to extend the freshness of burgers is a sustainable and innovative approach to food preservation. By harnessing the power of this green superfood, we not only enhance the shelf life of our food products but also contribute to a healthier and more environmentally friendly food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the chemical composition, nutritional, and biological properties of extracts obtained from A. melanocarpa berries using different extraction methods and solvents. Hydrodistillation and supercritical fluid extraction with CO2 allowed us to isolate fruit essential oil (HDEX) and fixed oil (SFEEX), respectively. A phenol-enriched extract was obtained using a mild ultrasound-assisted maceration with methanol (UAMM). The HDEX most abundant component, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), was italicene epoxide (17.2%), followed by hexadecanoic acid (12.4%), khusinol (10.5%), limonene (9.7%), dodecanoic acid (9.7%), and (E)-anethole (6.1%). Linoleic (348.9 mg/g of extract, 70.5%), oleic (88.9 mg/g, 17.9%), and palmitic (40.8 mg/g, 8.2%) acids, followed by α-linolenic and stearic acids, were the main fatty acids in SFEEX determined using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector and an evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-DAD/ELSD). HPLC-DAD analyses of SFEEX identified β-carotene as the main carotenoid (1.7 mg/g), while HPLC with fluorescence detection (FLU) evidenced α-tocopherol (1.2 mg/g) as the most abundant tocopherol isoform in SFEEX. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-MS (LC-ESI-MS) analysis of UAMM showed the presence of quercetin-sulfate (15.6%, major component), malvidin 3-O-(6-O-p-coumaroyl) glucoside-4-vinylphenol adduct (pigment B) (9.3%), di-caffeoyl coumaroyl spermidine (7.6%), methyl-epigallocatechin (5.68%), and phloretin (4.1%), while flavonoids (70.5%) and phenolic acids (23.9%) emerged as the most abundant polyphenol classes. UAMM exerted a complete inhibition of the cholesterol oxidative degradation at 140 °C from 75 μg of extract, showing 50% protection at 30.6 μg (IA50). Furthermore, UAMM significantly reduced viability (31–48%) in A375 melanoma cells in the range of 500–2000 μg/mL after 96 h of incubation (MTT assay), with a low toxic effect in normal HaCaT keratinocytes. The results of this research extend the knowledge of the nutritional and biological properties of A. melanocarpa berries, providing useful information on specific extracts for potential food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles for diverse applications is an active research area that involves physical and chemical methods, which typically are expensive, involve hazardous chemical reagents, use complex equipment and synthesis conditions, and consume large amounts of time and energy. Thus, green synthesis methods have emerged as eco-friendly and easy alternatives for inorganic nanoparticle synthesis, particularly the use of plant-based extracts from fruit juice, leaves, seeds, peel, stem, barks, and roots, which act as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents, contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals and circular economy principles. Therefore, diverse inorganic nanoparticles have been synthesized using plant-based extracts, including gold, silver, titanium dioxide, zinc, copper, platinum, zirconium, iron, selenium, magnesium, nickel, sulfur, cobalt, palladium, and indium nanoparticles, which exhibit different biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, dye degradation, cytotoxic, analgesic, sedative, wound-healing, skin protection, sensor development, and plant-growth-promoting effects. Therefore, this review summarizes the advantages and limitations of plant-based extracts as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents for inorganic nanoparticle green synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology is one of the newest directions for plant-based therapies. Chronic venous disease often predisposes to long-term and invasive treatment. This research focused on the inclusion of vegetal extracts from Sophorae flos (SE), Calendulae flos (CE), and Ginkgo bilobae folium (GE) in formulations with PHB and PLGA polymers and their physicochemical characterization as a preliminary stage for possible use in the development of a complex therapeutic product. The samples were prepared by an oil–water emulsification and solvent evaporation technique, resulting in suspensions with high spreadability and a pH of 5.5. ATR-FTIR analysis revealed bands for stretching vibrations (O-H, C=O, and C-H in symmetric and asymmetric methyl and methylene) in the same regions as the base components, but switched to high or low wavenumbers and absorbance, highlighting the formation of adducts/complexes between the extracts and polymers. The obtained formulations were in the amorphous phase, as confirmed by XRD analysis. AFM analysis emphasized the morphological peculiarities of the extract–polymer nanoformulations. It could be noticed that, in the case of SE-based formulations, the dominant characteristics for SE-PHB and SE-PLGA composition were the formation of random large (SE-PHB) and smaller uniform (SE-PLGA) particles; further on, these particles tended to aggregate in the case of SE-PHB-PLGA. For the CE- and GE-based formulations, the dominant surface morphology was their porosity, generally with small pores, but larger cavities were observed in some cases (CE- and GE-PHB). The highest roughness values at the (8 µm × 8 μm) scale were found for the following samples and succession: CE-PHB < SE-PLGA < SE-PHB-PLGA. In addition, by thermogravimetric analysis, impregnation in the matrix of compression stockings was evaluated, which varied in the following order: CE-polymer > SE-polymer > GE-polymer. In conclusion, nine vegetal extract–polymer nanoformulations were prepared and preliminarily characterized (by advanced physicochemical methods) as a starting point for further optimization, stability studies, and possible use in complex pharmaceutical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuropathy affects 7–10% of the general population and is caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory system. The limitations of current therapies highlight the necessity of a new innovative approach to treating neuropathic pain (NP) based on the close correlation between oxidative stress, inflammatory process, and antioxidant action. The advantageous outcomes of a novel combination composed of Hop extract, Propolis, Ginkgo Biloba, Vitamin B, and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) used as a treatment was evaluated in this study. To assess the absorption and biodistribution of the combination, its bioavailability was first examined in a 3D intestinal barrier model that replicated intestinal absorption. Further, a 3D nerve tissue model was developed to study the biological impacts of the combination during the essential pathways involved in NP. Our findings show that the combination could cross the intestinal barrier and reach the peripheral nervous system, where it modulates the oxidative stress, inflammation levels, and myelination mechanism (increased NRG, MPZ, ERB, and p75 levels) under Schwann cells damaging. This study proves the effectiveness of Ginkgo Biloba, Propolis, Hop extract, Vitamin B, and PEA in avoiding nerve damage and suggests a potential alternative nutraceutical treatment for NP and neuropathies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aims to study the possibilities of developing silver nanoparticles using natural extracts of grape pomace wastes originating from the native variety of Fetească Neagră 6 Șt. This study focused on investigating the influence of grape pomace extract obtained by two different extraction methods (classical temperature extraction and microwave-assisted extraction) in the phytosynthesis process of metal nanoparticles. The total phenolic content of the extracts was assessed using the spectrophotometric method with the Folin–Ciocâlteu reagent, while the identification and quantification of specific components were conducted through high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The obtained nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), along with assessing their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive bacteria. The data collected from the experiments indicated that the nanoparticles were formed in a relatively short period of time (96 h) and, for the experimental variant involving the use of a 1:1 ratio (v/v, grape pomace extract: silver nitrate) for the nanoparticle phytosynthesis, the smallest crystallite sizes (from X-ray diffraction—4.58 nm and 5.14 nm) as well as spherical or semispherical nanoparticles with the lowest average diameters were obtained (19.99–23 nm, from TEM analysis). The phytosynthesis process was shown to enhance the antioxidant properties (determined using the DPPH assay) and the antimicrobial potential (tested against Gram-positive strains) of the nanoparticles, as evidenced by comparing their properties with those of the parent extracts; at the same time, the nanoparticles exhibited a selectivity in action, being active against the Staphylococcus aureus strain while presenting no antimicrobial potential against the Enterococcus faecalis strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of viruses that cause diseases such as dengue, yellow fever, Zika, and Chikungunya, leading to high rates of morbidity and mortality in humans and substantial healthcare costs. The most common method for mosquito control involves the use of synthetic insecticides; however, continuous use of these substances leads to species resistance and environmental contamination. In response to these challenges, natural extracts have emerged as a promising alternative for vector control as they contain components potentially toxic to mosquitoes. The aim of this review is to present the current state of the use of natural extracts as a strategy for controlling both larval and adult Ae. aegypti. By means of information retrieval from databases, considering original articles published from 2018 to 2023, we sought information related to the plant part used for extract obtainment, extraction methods, and solvents used. A total of 676 articles were found, of which 35 met the established criteria. In these publications, 38 families, 69 genera, and 87 species of plants were identified, with a particular emphasis on the Asteraceae, Anacardiaceae, Myrtaceae, and Lamiaceae families due to their higher number of species used in research. On the other hand, the most commonly used methods for obtaining extracts included maceration with subsequent filtration, as well as Soxhlet extraction. Meanwhile, the preferred solvents for extract obtainment were ethanol and water. In conclusion, there is widespread use of plant extracts as insecticides, with extraordinary potential to control vector populations such as Ae. aegypti and, in turn, contribute to the reduction of arbovirus transmission by this mosquito. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presbyopia is a global problem with an estimated 1.3 billion patients worldwide. In the area of functional food applications, dietary supplements or herbs, there are very few reports describing the positive effects of their use. In the available literature, there is a lack of studies in humans as well as on an animal model of extracts containing, simultaneously, compounds from the polyphenol group (in particular, anthocyanins) and iridoids, so we undertook a study of the effects of a preparation composed of these compounds on a condition of the organ of vision. Our previous experience on a rabbit model proved the positive effect of taking an oral extract of Cornus mas in stabilizing the intraocular pressure of the eye. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of an orally administered ternary compound preparation on the status of physiological parameters of the ocular organ. The preparation contained an extract of the chokeberry Aronia melanocarpa, the honeysuckle berry Lonicera caerulea L., and the bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus (hereafter AKB) standardized for anthocyanins and iridoids, as bioactive compounds known from the literature. A randomized, double-blind, cross-over study lasting with a "wash-out" period of 17 weeks evaluated a group of 23 people over the age of 50, who were subjects with presbyopia and burdened by prolonged work in front of screen monitors. The group of volunteers was recruited from people who perform white-collar jobs on a daily basis. The effects of the test substances contained in the preparation on visual acuity for distance and near, sense of contrast for distance and near, intraocular pressure, and conjunctival lubrication, tested by Schirmer test, LIPCOF index and TBUT test, and visual field test were evaluated. Anthocyanins (including cyanidin 3-O-galactoside, delphinidin 3-O-arabinoside, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-O-arabinoside) and iridoids (including loganin, sweroside, loganic acid) were identified as substances present in the extract obtained by HPLC-MS. The preliminary results showed that the composition of AKB applied orally does not change visual acuity in the first 6 weeks of administration. Only in the next cycle of the study was an improvement in near visual acuity observed in 92.3% of the patients. This may indicate potential to correct near vision in presbyopic patients. On the other hand, an improvement in conjunctival wetting was observed in the Schirmer test at the beginning of week 6 of administration in 80% of patients. This effect was weakened in subsequent weeks of conducting the experiment to 61.5%. The improvement in conjunctival hydration in the Schirmer test shows the potential beneficial effect of the AKB formulation in a group of patients with dry eye syndrome. This is the first study of a preparation based on natural, standardized extracts of chokeberry, honeysuckle berry, and bilberry. Preliminary studies show an improvement in near visual acuity and conjunctival hydration on the Schirmer test, but this needs to be confirmed in further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Chemoresistance and severe toxicities represent major drawbacks of chemotherapy. Natural extracts, including the essential oils of Pistacia lentiscus (PLEO), exhibit substantial anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities where different cancers are reported to dramatically recess following targeting with PLEO. PLEO has promising antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the therapeutic properties of PLEO are restricted by limited stability, bioavailability, and targeting ability. PLEO nanoformulation can maximize their physicochemical and therapeutic properties, overcoming their shortcomings. Hence, PLEO was extracted and its chemical composition was determined by GC–MS. PLEO and 5-Fluorouracil (5FU) were electrospun into poly-ε-caprolactone nanofibers (PCL-NFs), of 290.71 nm to 680.95 nm diameter, to investigate their anticancer and potential synergistic activities against triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231), human adenocarcinoma breast cancer cells (MCF-7), and human skin melanoma cell line (A375). The prepared nanofibers (NFs) showed enhanced thermal stability and remarkable physical integrity and tensile strength. Biodegradability studies showed prolonged stability over 42 days, supporting the NFs use as a localized therapy of breast tissues (postmastectomy) or melanoma. Release studies revealed sustainable release behaviors over 168 h, with higher released amounts of 5FU and PLEO at pH 5.4, indicating higher targeting abilities towards cancer tissues. NFs loaded with PLEO showed strong antioxidant properties. Finally, NFs loaded with either PLEO or 5FU depicted greater anticancer activities compared to free compounds. The highest anticancer activities were observed with NFs co-loaded with PLEO and 5FU. The developed 5FU-PLEO-PCL-NFs hold potential as a local treatment of breast cancer tissues (post-mastectomy) and melanoma to minimize their possible recurrence. Graphical Abstract

This paper presents the influence of natural extracts obtained from Levisticum officinale and Citrus x clementine on the corrosion of carbon steel in a 3.5% NaCl solution. We started from dried leaves of Levisticum officinale and Citrus x clementine peel in order to prepare several extracts in a 50%:50% (v:v) water/ethanol solution and in analytical-grade ethanol. Several electrochemical techniques, such as open circuit potential monitoring, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization, were employed in order to investigate the influence of the synthetized extracts on the corrosion of carbon steel. The aggressive solution that the corrosion tests were performed in was a 3.5% NaCl solution modified with different amounts of the extracts. The electrochemical tests performed in order to determine the influence of the Levisticum officinale leaf and Citrus x clementine peel extracts showed that these extracts may be employed as natural corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in a 3.5% NaCl solution, achieving inhibiting efficiencies up to 87.8%, in the case of the Levisticum officinale extracts.

This study determined whether adding condensed tannins to the diet of confined lamb improves performance, metabolism, health, and meat composition and quality. We used 24 Lacaune lambs with an average initial weight of 24.5 ± 0.24 kg. The animals were divided into 12 pens with two animals each. In the treatment group, a black wattle extract was added to the lamb concentrate (2.5 g/kg dry matter), while the control group received only the basal diet (without extract). Black wattle contained 98.6 g/kg of condensed tannin. There was no difference between the performance variables, which included weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency. However, the group fed on condensed tannins showed higher carcass yield and a higher percentage of linked intramuscular fat. In meat, a lower proportion of saturated fatty acids combined with higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids was observed in lambs of the condensed tannin group. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were no different; however, a higher PUFA/SFA ratio was observed in animals with condensed tannin intake, and a higher proportion of ω6 and ω3 was observed in the meat of these animals. The meat’s protein and ash content did not differ between treatments, as did the meat’s water retention capacity, color, and luminosity. Furthermore, animals that fed on condensed tannins had lower cholesterol levels and higher globulin content. The values of erythrogram variables were lower in lambs that consumed condensed tannins. More significant ruminal bacterial activity was also observed in the group receiving condensed tannins. The antioxidant effect was verified with lower thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) levels and more significant antioxidant enzyme activity. We conclude that adding condensed tannins improves carcass yield and increases the percentage of fat in the carcass, improving the fatty acid profile, which may be linked to the antioxidant effect, in addition to the health benefits of the consumer of this product.