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The study is an attempt to provide an economic prefix substance for leather manufacture. An economic and straightforward method has been applied to recover neatsfoot oil from abundant low-cost byproduct (local massacres byproducts). Leather lubricant agent with extra lubricating power has been formulated from the recovered crude oil without chemical modification or further chemical treatment, using a commercial anionic surfactant. It was found that the highest emulsion stability of the formulated lubricants against pH variation and sundry factors involved in leather tanning has been verified at 30 – 40 % oil concentration with 2 – 4 % anionic surfactants as an emulsifier, at 500 rpm stirring speed. Different emulsion concentrations (2 -10 %) of the formulated lubricant has been tested as lubricant agent for wet blue leather. The emulsions concentration of 8% and 10% formulated lubricant were able to add the required quantity fatty matter to the lubricated leather fiber (9.12 % and 9.89 % respectively , based on the weight of lubricated leather ). These ratios are close to that was added by the commercial lubricant at the same concentration. The lubrication process enhances high-performance power and good lubricant effect. The highest values of tensile strength and elongation at break of lubricated leather have been reached at 10 % emulsion concentration, nearly similar to the effect developed by the commercial lubricant. The microscopic examination of the lubricated leather shows that the leather fiber is genuinely coated with a thin film of fat and the perspective of the lubricated leather surface was superior. In addition, the lubricated leather was ostensibly amended.

The silicone succinate ester surfactant (PMPS) was synthesized by the raw materials of polyether alcohol amine modified polysilosane (PAPS) and maleic anhydride (MA) at 90°C for 4.5h, and p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) was used as the catalyst. Sulfated neatsfoot oil, oxidized-sulfited fish oil was mixed with PMPS to prepare a new leather fatliqour (F-1). The structure of the materials and PMPS were characterized by FTIR. The biodegradability of F-1 was analyzed by BOD5 and CODCr and the tissue slices of the leather samples oiled by PMPS were observed by Multimedia Microscope to study the fatliquoring effect. The waterproof properties and the fatliquored leather were determined. All the results indicated that the F-1 fatliquor has good fatliquoring effect.

Adoption of alien lambs by ewes bearing single natural offspring has been facilitated by the use of artificial odorants such as neatsfoot oil to establish a common odor for own and alien young and by the use of cloth stockinette jackets to exchange natural odors between lambs. The objective of the present study was to determine the extent to which a combination of these odor modification techniques would facilitate the acceptance of an alien lamb by ewes bearing natural twin lambs. Neatsfoot oil and cloth stockinette jackets were placed on the twin lambs of 13 East Friesian×Targhee cross ewes and 13 alien lambs within 12 h of birth. On the day following birth, jackets were exchanged between own and alien lambs and the alien lambs were fostered. Daily 10-min acceptance tests were conducted to determine the incidence of acceptance and rejection behaviors exhibited by the ewes. In 5 days, 11 of 13 ewes (85%) had met the acceptance criteria of no butts or butt attempts directed at the alien lamb and sucking time of 20 s or more by the lamb in each of two successive daily acceptance tests. Four of the 11 ewes (36%) adopted alien lambs immediately. It was concluded that alien lambs can be successfully fostered on East Friesian×Targhee cross ewes with natural twin lambs using a combination of neatsfoot oil to establish a common odor between own and alien lambs and cloth stockinette jackets to exchange natural odors between natural and alien lambs.

The leather industry uses fatty materials to give leather certain characteristics. Neatsfoot oil, a material with variable cost and disponibility, has been used traditionally. Samples of neatsfoot, chicken, fish and rice bran oils are studied in this work. They are evaluated as potential raw materials for leather tanning derivatives, according to their thermal behaviour (Cold Test and DSC) and main fatty acids composition (GC). Some seem adequate for that purpose, while others could be modified through thermal fractionation.La industria del cuero utiliza materiales grasos que otorgan determinadas características al cuero. Tradicionalmente se ha usado, entre otros, el aceite de patas de vacuno, producto cuya disponibilidad y costo son muy variables. En este trabajo se estudiaron muestras de distintos aceites de patas de vacuno, de pollo, de pescado y de salvado de arroz. Fueron evaluadas como potenciales materias primas para la obtención de derivados para el curtido de cueros, en función de su comportamiento térmico (“Cold Test” y DSC), y su composición en ácidos grasos principales (GC). Algunos de los aceites estudiados aparecen como adecuados para dicho uso, mientras que otros podrían ser mejorados por fraccionamiento térmico.

Properties of chicken oil industrially obtained in Uruguay are studied.Dry fractionation of neutralized and degummed chicken oil is carried out at laboratory employing two different temperature programmes. The oleine obtained at the final temperature of 13°C (yield of 79.2%), remains clear at 0°C during 20 minutes, and the one obtained at 9°C (yield of 76.3%) during 240 minutes. The latter could be used as a substitute of neatsfoot oil.Melting points of stearines vary from 39.5°C to 41.5°C. Therefore, and given their composition, they could be used in food industry.Se estudian las propiedades del aceite de pollo obtenido industrialmente en el Uruguay.Se realizan, a nivel de laboratorio, fraccionamientos térmicos en seco de aceite de pollo neutralizado y desgomado, empleando dos programas de temperatura diferentes. La oleína obtenida a la temperatura final de 13°C (con un rendimiento del 79,2%) permanece límpida a la temperatura de 0°C durante 20 minutos y la obtenida a 9°C (con un rendimiento del 76,3%), durante 240 minutos. Esta última podría ser utilizada como sustituto del aceite de patas de vacuno.Las estearinas obtenidas tienen puntos de fusión entre 39,5°C y 41,5°C. Por ello y por su composición podrían ser empleadas en productos alimenticios.

International audience; Manipulating the odor of a ewe's own and alien lambs has been used to facilitate fostering a second lamb on ewes with a single offspring (add-on fostering). Previous research has demonstrated that familiar odor cues must be present on the own and alien young to achieve successful and rapid adoptions. Familiar odors may consist of natural own-lamb odors or artificial odors previously applied to the lambs involved. In the present study (Exp. 1), an artificial odorant (neatsfoot oil) was applied to the own and alien lambs shortly after birth to establish a common familiar odor. Acceptance tests were conducted daily over a 72 h period. In Exp. 2, neatsfoot oil was again used as a common artificial odorant to facilitate add-on fostering, but, in addition, the natural odors of own and alien lambs were transposed by exchanging cloth stockinette jackets worn by the lambs. In Exp. 1, 9 of 18 ewes (50%) met the criteria for accepting their own and alien lambs within 72 h. Seven of these nine ewes (78%) accepted the alien lamb immediately. In Exp. 2, 24 of 30 ewes (80%) accepted their own and alien young, and 20 of the 24 acceptances (83%) were immediate. We conclude that add-on fostering may be limited only by our inability to properly match familiar-odor cues on own and alien lambs.

Lambs were thoroughly anointed with various odoriferous substances to test the facilitatory effects on substitutive fostering on to multiparous Merino ewes held in individual pens. The ewes were first familiarised with an odorant by anointing their own lamb with it 24 h before a similarly anointed foster lamb was presented. The odorants were neatsfoot oil, wool wax, vegetable oil, butyric and propionic acids, mercaptoethanol, vanillin, methyl salicylate and eucalyptus oil. Acceptance of foster lambs was assessed over the next 48 h. Odorants were not applied to the ewes. All eight foster lambs treated with neatsfoot oil were accepted within 24 h; seven immediately. There were few immediate acceptances with the other odorants, but from two to five lambs out of groups of six were permanently fostered by 48 h. Only one foster lamb was accepted in the control group of 12 in which no odorant was used. Fostering was most successful with neatsfoot oil and wool wax, both substances that originated from ruminant skin. Fostering was less successful in tests that omitted pre-exposure of the ewes to their own lambs treated with neatsfoot oil, wool wax or vegetable oil. Toxicity problems were encountered with ethanol solutions of mercaptoethanol, methyl salicylate, eucalyptus oil and neatsfoot oil.

The ability of ewes to distinguish their own lamb from two strange lambs was tested in a simple multiple-choice system. Each ewe was released into a wire-netting passageway and observed for its interest in three lambs, anaesthetized and lain on the ground exterior to the passageway, but with rumps in contact with the wire-netting. Within the confines of the limited numbers of animals tested, anointing the rumps of the lambs with substances that smelled strongly to the human nose had no demonstrable effect on the proportion of ewes that displayed most interest in their own lamb. Odoriferous substances examined were carnivore anal secretions, neatsfoot oil, skatole and mercapto-ethanol (both with a faecal odour), butyric acid (a typical gastrointestinal odour of ruminants), vanillin, methyl salicylate, amylacetate, eucalyptus and Vicks “Vaporub” (all of plant origin), kerosene, mineral turpentine and ammoniacal-smelling triethylamine. It appears that the practice of farmers in using odoriferous substances in order to mask lamb odour, and so facilitate fostering of lambs on to ewes, is not soundly based.

The solubility of phenazon, 4-aminophenazon and aminophenazon in heptan, neatsfoot oil, lard, lecithin and chloroform was determined. The results demonstrate that the solubility in chloroform or heptan cannot be taken as a measure of the fat-solubility, and that the solubility of phenazon in lipids has to be taken into consideration in determining the so-called antipyrinspace as a measure of total body water.

Liquid polyols have been prepared from epoxidized glyceryl trioleate, glyceryl monooleate, lard oil, neatsfoot oil, and soybean oil by hydration with 24% fluoboric acid. Upon adjustment of the equivalent weight to 100 with triisopropanolamine, the polyols were foamed by reaction with a prepolymer made from oxypropylated sorbitol and tolylene diisocyanate. The resulting rigid foams had densities between 1.66 and 2.34 lbs/ft3 and compressive strengths ranging from 23 to 39 psi (10% compression).

This paper reports the results of 3 studies on variables associated with the use of neatsfoot oil for substitutive or additive fostering of lambs. In the first study, neatsfoot oil was applied at the rate of 60 mL/kg of liveweight to 3-day-old lambs from Merino and Border Leicester x Merino ewes, and the lambs were exchanged between pairs of ewes of the same breed 3.5, 7 or 24 h later. The proportion of ewes accepting the alien lamb from the other ewe of the pair within 17 h generally increased with the period from application to exchange. Crossbred ewes accepted the foster lambs more readily than did the Merinos. Acceptance rates with batches of neatsfoot oil produced by different methods were similar. We found no advantage in smearing the ewe's nose with neatsfoot oil at the time the oil was applied to the lamb. Additive fostering in 20 ewes that accepted the alien lambs and were left with their own lambs was 95% successful and appeared permanent. In the second study using similar methods, with lambs of 28 crossbred ewes anointed 24 h prior to exchange, no advantage was found in presenting the foster lamb to the ewe at night over presentation during the day. Most foster lambs were accepted within 12 h, and all ewes reaccepted their own lambs after a 13 h absence. The acceptance rate of foster lambs by the crossbred ewes ranged from 70 to 83%. In the third study, 27 Merino ewes whose lambs were anointed with neatsfoot oil 7-40 h after birth, were presented with freshly anointed foster lambs 24 h later. The rate of acceptance of the foster lambs within the next 24 h was 74%,but many ewes required prolonged restraint before reaccepting their own lambs after 5-26 h separation. The results show that most ewes can be induced to accept foster lambs 1-2 days post partum, if their offspring have been liberally coated with neatsfoot oil for 24 h, and then substituted with neatsfoot-treated foster lambs. For additive fostering, the ewes' offspring should be returned within a few hours.

Fostering, in which the odour of the foster lamb was made similar to that of the ewe's own lamb, was attempted with Merino and crossbred (Border Leicester x Merino) ewes whose lambs had been killed 30 min post partum to simulate natural early post partum death. Hessian coats were fitted at the time of death to the lambs of 11 ewes, and 2-1 8 h later the coats were transferred to foster lambs which were then presented to the respective ewes. The dead lambs of another 11 ewes were smeared with neatsfoot oil at the time of death and were left with their mothers for 2-18 h at which time they were substituted by foster lambs freshly smeared with neatsfoot oil. In another group of 11 ewes the skin of the dead lamb was draped about a foster lamb that was given to the ewe 2-18 h post partum. Foster ewes accepted 73 and 91% respectively of lambs treated with hessian coats or neatsfoot oil, compared with 36% in control ewes with untreated lambs, while fostering by the traditional shepherd's method of draping the skin of the dead lamb over the foster lamb was 100% successful. However, the success rates in the 3 treatments were not significantly different. Some success was also achieved in a supplementary group of 8 ewes when application of neatsfoot oil to the dead lamb was delayed until about 2 h prior to fostering. There was no indication that success rates were influenced by the genotype of the ewe or by restraining ewes overnight with the lamb having access to the udder. The traditional method of skinning the dead lamb appears to be the method of choice, because the dead lamb does not have to be found and treated prior to fostering.