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Background and purpose: Hypoxia can lead to body function impairment and may cause a variety of physiological abnormalities. Hypoxia is linked to the pathology of acute mountain sickness, cardiovascular disease, and stroke, and is the leading cause of death in many countries. Feijoa sellowiana, Nepeta pogonosperma, and Cucumis melo are plants with good antioxidant activities. Materials and methods: Protective effects of F. sellowiana, N. pogonosperma fruits and C. melo aerial parts against hypoxia-induced lethality in mice were evaluated by three experimental models of hypoxia, including asphyctic, haemic, and circulatory models. Results: F. sellowiana, and N. pogonosperma extracts had good protective effects and increased the survival time of male mice even at their lowest doses, 31.25 and 62.5 mg/kg. In all the models, they were effective at low doses and showed a similar degree of efficacy as propranolol and phenytoin, which were used as positive controls. C. melo fruit extract showed a weak effect in these tests. It was effective only in the dose of 250 mg/kg in blood circulatory model of hypoxia. Conclusion: Extracts showed very good protective effects against hypoxia in all the hypoxic models. Even at low doses, they were able to show the same activity of positive controls. It seems that these plants have a good potential for the treatment of hypoxic conditions.

Background and purpose: Hypoxia can lead to body function impairment and may cause a variety of physiological abnormalities. Hypoxia is linked to the pathology of acute mountain sickness, cardiovascular disease, and stroke, and is the leading cause of death in many countries. Feijoa sellowiana, Nepeta pogonosperma, and Cucumis melo are plants with good antioxidant activities. Materials and methods: Protective effects of F. sellowiana, N. pogonosperma fruits and C. melo aerial parts against hypoxia-induced lethality in mice were evaluated by three experimental models of hypoxia, including asphyctic, haemic, and circulatory models. Results: F. sellowiana, and N. pogonosperma extracts had good protective effects and increased the survival time of male mice even at their lowest doses, 31.25 and 62.5 mg/kg. In all the models, they were effective at low doses and showed a similar degree of efficacy as propranolol and phenytoin, which were used as positive controls. C. melo fruit extract showed a weak effect in these tests. It was effective only in the dose of 250 mg/kg in blood circulatory model of hypoxia. Conclusion: Extracts showed very good protective effects against hypoxia in all the hypoxic models. Even at low doses, they were able to show the same activity of positive controls. It seems that these plants have a good potential for the treatment of hypoxic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to investigate the antiradical and antibacterial potential of pure and its nanoemulsified (NNE) Nepeta pogonosperma essential oil (PNE). Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil against two Gram‐positive (E. faecalis and B. cereus) and two Gram‐negative (M. catarrhalis and K. pneumonia) food‐related pathogens during 60‐day storage was investigated based on disc diffusion, minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The chemical compounds of Nepeta essential oil were estimated by GC/MS. The physical properties of the nanoemulsion including polydispersity index (PDI), mean particle diameter, and viscosity were also determined. 4aα,7α,7aβ‐Nepetalactone (46.31%), 1,8‐cineole (23.13%), and (Z)‐α‐bisabolene (4.01%) were the main compounds of this essential oil. The Nepeta nanoemulsion had a mean droplet diameter of 254.07 nm, PDI of 0.281, and viscosity of 0.887 cP. NNE had stability for up to 60 days. The PNE showed a higher IC50 value than NNE (p <.05). During storage, the antiradical performance of both PNE and NNE was decreased (p <.05). However, emulsification was successful to control this decreasing trend. E. faecalis was the most susceptible bacteria to PNE and NNE, while the lowest inhibition zone was obtained for K. pneumoniae. At the first time, the antibacterial effect of PNE was more than NNE. However, over time nanoemulsion became more successful in maintaining its antibacterial effect. Overall, the incorporation of Nepeta pogonosperma essential oil into a nanoemulsion system can be a promising system to maintain the bioactivity of the essential oil for a longer time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Many Nepeta species have been commonly used in Iranian folk medicine as tranquilizer, relaxant, carminative and restorative tonic for nervous and respiratory disorders. Inflammation is a problem in many diseases and has an important role in brain function that can cause neurodegenerative disorders. Inflamed glial cells can exacerbate neurodegenerative diseases by producing neurotoxins. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil, aerial parts and hairy roots extracts of Nepeta pogonosperma Jamzad & Assadi have been evaluated on rat brain mixed cells. Methods: Inflamed mixed glial cells from rats’ brains were treated with different concentrations of essential oil and extracts from aerial parts and hairy roots of Nepeta pogonosperma to evaluate their anti-inflammatory effects. No level as the indicator for inflammation was measured. Results: The results revealed that 0.5 µL/mL of the essential oil reduced NO production significantly. In addition, some hairy root extract concentrations led to reduce it, although the extract of the aerial parts of the plant did not affect NO production. Conclusion: This research has confirmed the anti-inflammatory potential of essential oil and hairy root extract of Nepeta pogonosperma on rat brain mixed cells.

Background: Nepeta pogonosperma Jamzad & Assadi (Labiatae) is one of the endemic Nepeta species in Iran (Alamut region). Flavonoids, iridoids, phenols and dierpenes have previously been reported in some Nepeta species. Genus of Nepeta have essential oil and antioxidant, antimicrobial, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and anxiolytic activities and also used in folk medicine because of their expectorant, antiseptic, antitussive, antiasthmatic and febrifuge effects. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate chemical composition of the essential oil and antioxidant activities, total phenol and flavonoid content of the extract of N. pogonosperma in the flowering stage. Methods: Total phenol and flavonoid contents of the species were measured using colorimetric methods. The total antioxidant capacity was determined by the following methods: ABTS and DPPH free-radicals scavenging and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP). Essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Results: The extract possessed a higher concentration of total phenol than total flavonoid content. Methanol extract showed moderate DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 < 200 μg/ml). Fifty constituents were found representing 95.95% of the essential oil. The main constituents of the essential oil were 1,8-cineole and 4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone. Conclusion: The present results demonstrate that N. pogonosperma extract exhibits antioxidant activity and may serve as potential source of natural antioxidants for treatment of some diseases. Further investigations are necessary for chemical characterization of the active compounds and more comprehensive biological assays.

Nepeta pogonosperma is an important medicinal plant with anti-inflammatory effects. An efficient and reliable transformation system for this plant was developed through optimization of several factors which affected the rate of Agrobacterium rhizogenes mediated transformation. Five bacterial strains, A4, ATCC15834, LBA9402, MSU440 and A13, two explant types, leaves and stems, and several co-cultivation media were examined. The maximum rate of hairy root induction was obtained from stem explants using MSU440 and ATCC15834 bacterial strains. A drastic increase in the frequency of transformation (91 %) was observed when MS medium lacking NHNO, KHPO, KNO and CaCl. Hairy root lines were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers of the rolB gene. According to Southern blot analysis, one T-DNA copy was inserted into each of the hairy root lines. In the present study, transgenic hairy roots have been obtained trough genetic transformation by A. rhizogenes harbouring two plasmids, the Ri plasmid and pBI121 binary vector harbouring gus reporter gene. Expression of the gus gene in transgenic hairy root was confirmed by histochemical GUS assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to investigate the antiradical and antibacterial potential of pure and its nanoemulsified (NNE) Nepeta pogonosperma essential oil (PNE). Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil against two Gram-positive ( E. faecalis and B. cereus ) and two Gram-negative ( M. catarrhalis and K. pneumonia ) food-related pathogens during 60-day storage was investigated based on disc diffusion, minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The chemical compounds of Nepeta essential oil were estimated by GC/MS. The physical properties of the nanoemulsion including polydispersity index (PDI), mean particle diameter, and viscosity were also determined. 4aα,7α,7aβ-Nepetalactone (46.31%), 1,8-cineole (23.13%), and (Z)-α-bisabolene (4.01%) were the main compounds of this essential oil. The Nepeta nanoemulsion had a mean droplet diameter of 254.07 nm, PDI of 0.281, and viscosity of 0.887 cP. NNE had stability for up to 60 days. The PNE showed a higher IC 50 value than NNE ( p  < .05). During storage, the antiradical performance of both PNE and NNE was decreased ( p  < .05). However, emulsification was successful to control this decreasing trend. E. faecalis was the most susceptible bacteria to PNE and NNE, while the lowest inhibition zone was obtained for K. pneumoniae . At the first time, the antibacterial effect of PNE was more than NNE. However, over time nanoemulsion became more successful in maintaining its antibacterial effect. Overall, the incorporation of Nepeta pogonosperma essential oil into a nanoemulsion system can be a promising system to maintain the bioactivity of the essential oil for a longer time., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© 2022 The Authors. Food Science & Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background and the purpose of study: Concerning the different effects of essential oils from Nepeta genus on the central nervous system including pain killing effect, this study was designed to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil of Nepeta pogonosperma Jamzad et Assadi (NP), a recently identified species. Methods: Air-dried aerial parts of NP were hydrodistillated and GC-MS analysis of obtained essential oil was conducted. Total 24 male Wister rats weighing 225 ± 25 gm were studied. Essential oil of NP was administered intraperitoneally at the doses of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg for the experimental groups. Control rats received equal volume (2 ml/kg) of normal saline. Antinociception was assessed by tail flick test (after 30 minutes) and formalin test (for further 60 minutes). Then the animal was sacrificed and the paw edema was measured using a water plethysmometer. Results: 4aα,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone and 1,8-cineole were found as the main concentrated components of NP essential oil. All the doses of NP showed antinociception. NP 200 mg/kg reduced the pain sensation in tail flick (p <0.01) and formalin test (p <0.001 in both phases). In paw edema test, NP 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly reduced the inflammation (p <0.01 and p <0.05). Conclusion: This study reveals that the essential oil of NP may minimize both the acute and chronic forms of nociception and may have potent role against inflammation, but the dose should be maintained precisely to obtain the intended effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Nepeta pogonosperma Jamzad et Assadi in 1.70% w/w yield. The oil was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Among the 28 compounds identified, the major components were 4α, 7α, 7aβ-nepetalactone (57.6%), 1,8-cineole (26.4%) and β-pinene (3.7%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]