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The reaction of the NIT-2Py-3Py nitronyl nitroxide radical (NIT-2Py-3Py: 2-(2′,3′-bipyridine)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide) containing two additional pyridine units with Ln(hfac)3·2H2O (hfac: hexafluoroacetylacetonate) gave rise to two one-dimensional chains [Ln(hfac)3(NIT-2Py-3Py)]n (Ln = GdIII1, NdIII2) and a trinuclear complex [Dy3(hfac)9(NIT-2Py-3Py)2] (3). In complexes 1 and 2, the NIT-2Py-3Py radicals are ligated to the LnIII ions in a "head-to-tail" mode to form zigzag chains. Complex 3 exhibits a linear trinuclear structure composed of one Dy(hfac)3 with two coordinated pyridine groups and two {DyIII–NIT radical} chelating units. Magnetic measurements indicate that the trinuclear Dy derivative shows magnetic relaxation characteristics, featuring an energy barrier of reversal of magnetization Ueff/kB of 22.9 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThree lanthanide-radical cyclic dimers with the formula [Ln(hfac)3(NIT-5-IQN)]2, derived from a new isoquinolyl-substituted nitronyl nitroxide ligand (NIT-5-IQN) (L) and Ln(hfac)3 (Ln(III) = Tb (1), Gd (2) and Yb(3); NIT-5-IQN = 2-(5-isoquinoly)-4,4,5,5 -tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide; hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonato anion), were synthesized and characterized structurally and magnetically. Single-crystal structural analyses reveal that complexes 1－3 exhibit isomorphism, in which the NIT-5-IQN molecule acts as a bridging ligand linking two Ln(III) ions through the oxygen atom of the N–O group and the nitrogen atom from the isoquinoline unit to form a ring-like dimer. Magnetic studies reveal the antiferromagnetic interactions between the Ln(III) ions and nitronyl nitroxide radicals in complexes 1－3. Alternating current (AC) magnetic susceptibilities demonstrate that complex 1 displays frequency-dependent signals at low temperature, while room-temperature photoluminescence spectra of complex 1 exhibit strong characteristic emissions in the visible region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structures of new heterospin cobalt(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate complexes (Co(hfac)2) with stable nitronylnitroxyl radicals containing 1-methyl-3-trifluoromethyl- (L1), 1-ethyl-3-trifluoromethyl- (L2), or 1-ethyl-5-trifluoromethylpyrazol-4-yl substituents (L3) are considered. It is shown that the interaction of Co(hfac)2 with L1 and L2 yields a new type of heterospin complexes with the [Co(hfac)2(L)2] stoichiometry, where L is coordinated by the oxygen atom of the nitronyl nitroxide fragment. The interaction with L3 yields a dimeric complex [Co(hfac)2(L3)]2 with paramagnetic ligands performing a bidentate-bridging function due to the coordination of imine N atoms of the pyrazole ring and O atoms of the paramagnetic moiety. Magnetic behavior of [Co(hfac)2(L)2] complexes indicates an antiferromagnetic interaction between the cobalt ion and coordinated nitronyl-nitroxide groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxoammonium cation has been identified as the true oxidant intermediate in many aerobic oxidations promoted by long‐lived nitroxide radicals. Various oxoammonium salts have been synthesized and utilized to perform these oxidation reactions. In addition to alcohol dehydrogenation and oxidative coupling reactions, new types of reactions involving oxoammonium salts have recently been reported. This concept aims to discuss these oxidations from the perspective of reaction mechanisms, with a focus on progress made since 2019. Beyond the electron transfer route for synthesizing oxoammonium salts, four types of reaction mechanisms are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive research over recent decades has demonstrated the feasibility of producing stable radical polymers (SRPs) by exploring structure–stability relationships. Owing to their excellent redox activities and inherent paramagnetic characteristics, SRPs are emerging as key functional materials with considerable potentials for various applications such as in organic electrodes, semiconductors, magnetic materials, and quantum information technologies. Accordingly, this review provides a comprehensive summary of the most widely investigated and representative families of SRPs. Innovative strategies for the design and synthesis of SRPs and the relationship among the physicochemical properties, electronic structures, and resulting functionalities of these polymers are discussed. Moreover, recent advancements in the applications of SRPs are highlighted. Finally, the key challenges in radical chemistry and material functionalization, offering insights into the transformative potential of these materials for future applications, are emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitroxides are stable organic radicals with exceptionally long lifetimes, which render them uniquely suitable as observable probes or polarising agents for spectroscopic investigation of biomolecular structure and dynamics. Radical‐based probes for biological applications are ideally characterized by both robustness towards reductive degradation and beneficial electron spin relaxation parameters. These properties are largely influenced by the molecular structure of the nitroxide scaffold, and also by the conformations it prefers to adopt. In this study we present the synthesis of the first nitroxides based on a spirocyclic pyrrolidine scaffold with an exocyclic methylene substituent. The conformations adopted by these nitroxides were evaluated by X‐ray crystallography, both with single nitroxide crystals and by inclusion of nitroxides in a microporous crystalline sponge. The kinetic and thermodynamic stability of the new nitroxides towards reduction was investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV). In combination with EPR measurements of electron spin relaxation properties, these results suggest that this new family of nitroxides can provide access to multifunctionalized probes and polarising agents suitable for use in biological environments at elevated temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are double-edged swords in biological systems—they are essential for normal cellular functions but can cause damage when accumulated due to oxidative stress. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), located in the mitochondrial matrix, is a key enzyme that neutralizes superoxide radicals (O2•−), maintaining cellular redox balance and integrity. This review examines the development and therapeutic potential of MnSOD mimetics—synthetic compounds designed to replicate MnSOD's antioxidant activity. We focus on five main types: Mn porphyrins, Mn salens, MitoQ10, nitroxides, and mangafodipir. These mimetics have shown promise in treating a range of oxidative stress-related conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and metabolic syndromes. By emulating natural antioxidant defenses, MnSOD mimetics offer innovative strategies to combat diseases linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS accumulation. Future research should aim to optimize these compounds for better stability, bioavailability, and safety, paving the way for their translation into effective clinical therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chemical Communications journal, published by The Royal Society of Chemistry, features articles on recent advances in various chemical fields. Topics covered include functionalization of corroles, transmembrane transporters, electrocatalysts for energy conversion, and synthesis of various compounds. The journal aims to connect the global chemistry community and invest profits back into the field. [Extracted from the article]

Herein, we report the simple and direct cationic ring opening polymerization (CROP) of a nitroxide bearing 2-oxazoline monomer to yield redox-active poly[1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-(2-oxazoline)] (PTOx) with no requirement for protecting group chemistries. The spin and redox activity of the polymer are quantitatively retained as confirmed by cyclic voltammetry and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, while yielding a comparable oxidation potential to that of PTMA in preliminary electrochemical characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitroxide radicals are widely utilized as catalysts for the oxidation of primary alcohols. Here, the aerobic catalytic oxidation cycle of nitroxide radicals has been implemented within a mechanically interlocked rotaxane architecture consisting of a paramagnetic crown ether, which is confined by a molecular axle containing a dialkylammonium station and a 1,2,3-triazole unit. The rotaxane is engineered to exploit the oxidation of a primary alcohol: the primary catalyst is the wheel, a nitroxide radical capable of altering its oxidation state during the catalytic cycle, while the co-oxidant is the Cerium(IV)/O2 couple. The synthesis of the proposed rotaxane, along with its characterization using EPR, HRMS, voltammetry and NMR data, is reported in the paper. The aerobic catalytic oxidation cycle was further investigated using EPR, NMR and GC-MS analyses. This study can aid in the design of autonomously driven molecular machines that exploit the aerobic catalytic oxidation of nitroxide radicals. Catalytic cycles have been demonstrated in mechanically interlocked systems. Here, the authors report a [2]rotaxane containing a nitroxidic radical macrocycle and establish the efficiency of its catalytic redox cycle in this constrained environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steroidal–nitroxide hybrid molecules and non-radical controls were synthesised in good yields using simple carbodiimide coupling. An unexpected product arose from reactions between the nitroxide moiety and the solvent THF. Methoxyamine derivatives of the nitroxide drug hybrids were produced using Fenton chemistry without side reactions occurring on the steroid. The hybrid compounds bind to the glucocorticoid receptor and are relevant for the study of radical biological chemistry and redox-related disease processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines experimental data on the influence of the surrounding medium and non-covalent interactions on the isotropic hyperfine coupling constant, Aiso(14N), of the stable nitroxide radical 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) in solution. The data were used to identify a density functional theory functional/basis set combination that accurately reproduces the experimental Aiso(14N) values. The variations in Aiso(14N) due to external factors are two orders of magnitude greater than the accuracy of its experimental measurements, making Aiso(14N) a highly sensitive experimental probe for quantifying these effects. Additionally, it was found that the proton-accepting ability of the N-O• moiety in TEMPO resembles that of the P=O moiety, enabling the simultaneous formation of two equally strong hydrogen bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods were developed for the synthesis of hybrid products responsive to both UV irradiation and magnetic stimuli. 2-Furyl-3-acylchromones containing paramagnetic groups (piperidine-N-oxyl and 2-imidazoline-3-oxide-1-oxyl) in the acyl and furanyl moieties of the molecules were prepared. The molecular and crystal structure of the paramagnetic derivative containing the 2-imidazoline-3-oxide-1-oxyl substituent was determined by X-ray diffraction. Short intermolecular contacts between the oxygen and C(2) atoms of the nitronyl nitroxide moieties, at which the spin density of opposite signs is accumulated, were revealed. It was demonstrated that UV irradiation of chromone, containing a paramagnetic moiety isolated from the conjugated benzopyran system, leads to its rearrangement giving a fluorescent product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of eight nitroxide compounds (four substituted piperidines, three pyrrolidines and one oxo-piperidine) are found to undergo electron transfer to 2'-deoxyribose-peroxyl and the guanyl radical. One-electron oxidation potentials of the nitroxides to oxoammonium cations (oxoammonium reduction potential), E0', have been measured against a common redox indicator, chlorpromazine, and found to span the range 751 ± 15 mV to 973 ± 15 mV. Fast chemical reduction of the 2'-deoxyribose-peroxyl radical to the hydroperoxide, generated by •OH radical attack on 2-deoxyribose, dR, in oxygenated aqueous solution, is a redox-dependent reaction, with rate constants of 0.8–3.5 x 107 M−1 s−1. The guanyl radicals, produced upon one-electron oxidation of 2'-deoxyguanosine monophosphate, dG, by the selenite radical, SeO3•-, react with the nitroxides in a redox-independent reaction with diffusion rate constants of 1–2 x 108 M−1 s−1. These findings represent a possible antioxidant role for nitroxides in the fast chemical repair of DNA radicals, which is supported by an in vitro strand break study using a plasmid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric ulcer is a common gastrointestinal disorder worldwide. Although its pathogenesis is unclear, the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which results in an oxidative imbalance, has been reported as a central driving mechanism. Within the scope of this investigation, we developed two different self-assembling redox nanoparticles (RNPs) with ROS-scavenging features for the oral treatment of gastric ulcers. One of them, referred to as RNPN, disintegrates in response to acidic pH, whereas the other, denoted as RNPO, remains intact regardless of pH variations. Both types of RNPs showed different free radical scavenging activities in vitro. Protonation of the amino linkages in the side chains of RNPN caused the micelle structure to collapse and the nitroxide radicals encapsulated in the core were exposed to the outside, resulting in a significant increase in antioxidant capacity as the pH decreases. In contrast, RNPO maintained its spherical structure and consistent antioxidant reactivity irrespective of pH changes. The in vivo gastric retention of orally administered RNPN was significantly improved compared to that of RNPO which might be explained by the increased exposure of cationic protonating segments in RNPN on the negatively charged gastric mucosal surface. Owing to its improved gastric retention and enhanced ROS scavenging capacity under acidic pH conditions, RNPN exhibited superior protective effects against oxidative stress induced by aspirin in a gastric ulcer mouse model compared to RNPO. In addition, neither RNPN nor RNPO resulted in severe lethal effects or significant changes in the morphology of zebrafish embryos, indicating their biosafety. Our results suggest that the oral administration of RNPs has a high therapeutic potential for gastric ulcer treatment. [Display omitted] • pH sensitive and pH non-sensitive redox nanoparticles (RNPN and RNPO, respectively) were developed and effectively scavenged various reactive oxygen species; • Orally admistered RNPN exhibited higher gastric accumulation and retention compared to RNPO; • Both RNPs, especially RNPN, showed a significantly protective effects in aspirin-induced gastric ulcer via oral administration; • Both RNPs exhibited extremely low toxicity in zebrafish embryos compared to control polymeric nanoparticles (without ROS scavenging moieties). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Normal tissue and immune organ protection are critical parts of the tumor radiation therapy process. Radiation-induced immune organ damage (RIOD) causes several side reactions by increasing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, resulting in unsatisfactory curability in tumor radiation therapy. The aim of this study was to develop a novel and efficient anti irradiation nanoparticle and explore its mechanism of protecting splenic tissue from radiation in mice. Methods: Nanoparticles of triphenylphosphine cation NIT radicals (NPs-TPP-NIT) were prepared and used to protect the spleens of mice irradiated with X-rays. Splenic tissue histopathology and hematological parameters were investigated to evaluate the protective effect of NPs-TPP-NIT against X-ray radiation. Proteomics was used to identify differentially expressed proteins related to inflammatory factor regulation. In addition, in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to assess the impact of NPs-TPP-NIT on radiation therapy. Results: NPs-TPP-NIT increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity and decreased malondialdehyde levels and reactive oxygen species generation in the spleens of mice after exposure to 6.0 Gy X-ray radiation. Moreover, NPs-TPP-NIT inhibited cell apoptosis, blocked the activation of cleaved cysteine aspartic acid–specific protease/proteinase, upregulated the expression of Bcl-2, and downregulated that of Bax. We confirmed that NPs-TPP-NIT prevented the IKK/IκB/NF-κB activation induced by ionizing radiation, thereby alleviating radiation-induced splenic inflammatory damage. In addition, when used during radiotherapy for tumors in mice, NPs-TPP-NIT exhibited no significant toxicity and conferred no significant tumor protective effects. Conclusions: NPs-TPP-NIT prevented activation of IKK/IκB/NF-κB signaling, reduced secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, and promoted production of anti-inflammatory factors in the spleen, which exhibited radiation-induced damage repair capability without diminishing the therapeutic effect of radiation therapy. It suggests that NPs-TPP-NIT serve as a potential radioprotective drug to shelter immune organs from radiation-induced damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gossypol and its derivatives arouse interest due to their broad spectrum of biological activities. Despite its wide potential application, there is no reported example of gossypol derivatives bearing stable radical functional groups. The first gossypol nitroxide hybrid compound was prepared here via formation of a Schiff base. By this approach, synthesis of a gossypol nitroxide conjugate was performed by condensation of gossypol with a 4-amino-TEMPO (4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl) free radical, which afforded the target product in high yield. Its structure was proven by a combination of NMR and EPR spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. In addition, the structure of the gossypol nitroxide was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements. In crystals, the paramagnetic Schiff base exists in an enamine–enamine tautomeric form. The tautomer is strongly stabilized by the intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds promoted by the resonance of π-electrons in the aromatic system. NMR analyses of the gossypol derivative proved that in solutions, the enamine–enamine tautomeric form prevailed. The gossypol nitroxide at micromolar concentrations suppressed the growth of tumor cells; however, compared to gossypol, the cytotoxicity of the obtained conjugate was substantially lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autophagy leads to cellular tolerance of the therapeutic pressure of chemotherapeutic drugs, resulting in treatment resistance. Therefore, the effective monitoring of the autophagy status of tumors in vivo and the regulating of the autophagy level are crucial for improving the efficacy of chemotherapy. In this work, we grafted nitroxide radicals onto the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) using dendrimer polymers, yielding Fe3O4-NO· NPs that are responsive to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and possess enhanced T1 and T2 signal capabilities in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurement. The ROS in tumor cells generated by autophagy quenches the nitroxide radicals, thereby weakening the T1 signal. In contrast, Fe3O4 NPs are unaffected by intracellular ROS, leading to a stable T2 signal. By comparing the intensity ratio of T1 to T2 in Fe3O4-NO· NPs, we can evaluate the in vivo autophagy status within tumors in real time. It also revealed that Fe3O4-NO· NPs loaded with doxorubicin (Dox) and combining the autophagy inhibitor exhibited high antitumor activity in cells and tumor-bearing mice. This system, which combines real-time monitoring of tumor cell autophagy with the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs, provides an innovative and effective strategy for tumor treatment with potential clinical application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document is a contents list for the journal CrystEngComm, which focuses on the design and understanding of solid-state and crystalline materials. The contents list includes various articles on topics such as halogen bonding in crown ether chemistry, metal-organic framework-derived materials for enhanced performance of aqueous zinc ion batteries, and the effect of grain boundary doping on the mechanical behavior of Ta bicrystal. The journal is published by The Royal Society of Chemistry, a leading chemistry community. [Extracted from the article]

Two new lanthanide (Ln)-radical one-dimensional (1D) chains {[Ln(hfac)3(Nit-Ph-3,5-bIm)(H2O)]·C4H10O}n (LnIII = Tb 1 and Dy 2) and two two-dimensional (2D) networks [Ln(hfac)3(Nit-Ph-3,5-bIm)]n (LnIII = Pr 3 and Nd 4) were obtained using the multicoordinating nitronyl nitroxide radical ligand Nit-Ph-3,5-bIm (Nit-Ph-3,5-bIm = 2-[3,5-bis(1-imidazole)-phenyl]-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide; hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate). For compounds 1 and 2, each Nit-Ph-3,5-bIm radical links two Ln(hfac)3 units via its two imidazolyl-N atoms, thus forming a 1D chain structure. A coordinated water molecule behaving as a hydrogen donor joins one of the uncoordinated NO groups of the Nit-Ph-3,5-bIm radical to generate a 2D layer structure. For compounds 3 and 4, the Nit-Ph-3,5-bIm radical ligand is coordinated to three Ln ions via its one NO group and two imidazolyl-N atoms, generating a unique 2D network. Magnetic studies reveal ferromagnetic coupling between the Ln(III) ion and the NO group mediated by hydrogen bonding in compounds 1 and 2. Furthermore, ac magnetic susceptibilities of compound 2 indicate the slow relaxation of magnetization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5-(4-pyridyl) phenyl substituted functionalized nitronyl nitroxide biradical ligand holds MnII ions and TbIII / HoIII ions together to yield 3d-4f-biradical heterospin clusters, namely, [Ln2 Mn2 (hfac)10 (NITPhPybis)2] [Ln = Tb 1, Ho 2], wherein, two NITPhPybis radicals ligate two MnII ions via two NO groups and two nitrogen-atoms from pyridine rings. At the same time, each NITPhPybis encapsulates one LnIII ion through chelating mode with adjacent NO groups, generating an annular centrosymmetric heterometallic tetranuclear system. In addition, the direct current and alternating current magnetic properties and luminescent behavior were systematically studied. Magnetodynamic studies uncover that the cluster 1-TbMn exhibits slow magnetic relaxation. The fluorescence of two polynuclear clusters show the characteristic fluorescence of TbIII or HoIII ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitroxides find application in various areas of chemistry, and a more in‐depth understanding of factors controlling their reactivity with metal complexes is warranted to promote further developments. Here, we report on the effect of the metal centre Lewis acidity on both the distribution of the O‐ and N‐centered spin density in 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxyl (TEMPO) and turning TEMPO from the O‐ to N‐radical mode scavenger in metal‐TEMPO systems. We use Et(Cl)Zn/TEMPO model reaction system with tuneable reactivity in the solid state and solution. Among various products, a unique Lewis acid‐base adduct of Cl2Zn with the N‐ethylated TEMPO was isolated and structurally characterised, and the so‐called solid‐state ′slow chemistry′ reaction led to a higher yield of the N‐alkylated product. The revealed structure‐activity/selectivity correlations are exceptional yet are entirely rationalised by the mechanistic underpinning supported by theoretical calculations of studied model systems. This work lays a foundation and mechanistic blueprint for future metal/nitroxide systems exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] A new approach to stabilization of the reduced state of nitroxides in solution is suggested. Thermodynamic stabilization of the strongly basic aminoxyl anions toward protonation and hydrogen bond formation with the solvent was achieved by intramolecular n → π* interactions. A new stable nitroxide radical bearing ortho -acyl group was synthesized to demonstrate this effect by means of cyclic voltammetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanoma, known for its aggressive metastatic nature, presents a formidable challenge in cancer treatment, where conventional therapies often fall short. This study introduces a pioneering approach utilizing metal-free nanosystem as tumor vaccines, spotlighting their potential in revolutionizing melanoma treatment. This work employed organic nitroxides, specifically 4-carboxy-TEMPO, in combination with chitosan (CS), to create a novel nanocomposite material - the CS-TEMPO-OVA nanovaccines. This composition not only improves biocompatibility and extends blood circulation time of TEMPO but also marks a significant departure from traditional gadolinium-based contrast agents in MRI technology, addressing safety concerns. CS-TEMPO-OVA nanovaccines demonstrate excellent biocompatibility at both the cellular and organoid level. They effectively stimulate bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), which in turn promote the maturation and activation of T cells. This ultimately leads to a strong production of essential cytokines. These nanovaccines serve a dual purpose as both therapeutic and preventive. By inducing an immune response, activating cytotoxic T cells, and promoting macrophage M1 polarization, they effectively inhibit melanoma growth and enhance survival in mouse models. When combined with αPD-1, the CS-TEMPO-OVA nanovaccines significantly bolster the infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) within tumors, sparking a powerful systemic antitumor response that effectively curbs tumor metastasis. The ability of these nanovaccines to control both primary (subcutaneous) and metastatic B16-OVA tumors highlights their remarkable efficacy. Furthermore, the CS-TEMPO-OVA nanovaccine can be administered in vivo via both intravenous and intramuscular routes, both of which effectively enhance the T 1 contrast of magnetic resonance imaging in tumor tissue. This study offers invaluable insights into the integrated application of these nanovaccines in both clinical diagnostics and treatment, marking a significant stride in cancer research and patient care. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of paramagnetic salts of s-elements (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) with deprotonated nitroxide radical, 2-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-oxyl 3-oxide (L), were synthesized and isolated as crystals. According to X-ray diffraction data, these compounds are polymers of different dimensionality (CCDC nos. 2342497–2342506). As indicated by the results of quantum chemical calculations and magnetic measurements, weak antiferromagnetic exchange interactions predominate in the paramagnetic salts, with the interaction energy decreasing with increasing radius of the alkali metal ion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dichlorophenyl substituted nitronyl nitroxide radical 2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-3-oxide-1-oxyl (L) is prepared, its structure and magnetic properties are studied. It is shown that the interaction of bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)copper(II) [Cu(hfac)2] with L leads to the formation of the {[Cu(hfac)2][Cu(hfac)2L2]} heterospin complex whose crystal structure consists of pseudo-polymer chains formed by alternating single-spin [Cu(hfac)2] and three-spin [Cu(hfac)2L2] fragments. It is established that the temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility of {[Cu(hfac)2][Cu(hfac)2L2]} is determined by ferromagnetic exchange interactions between unpaired electrons of Cu(II) ions and the axially coordinated L in three-spin fragments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of pyridyl‐substituted nitronyl nitroxides was synthesized and structurally characterized. A comprehensive magnetochemical and quantum chemical study of extended raw of the nitroxides with different substituents R in the pyridine fragment was performed. It was shown, that temperature‐dependent magnetic properties are determined by the short contacts between nitroxide groups of adjacent molecules as well as between nitroxide group and methyl substituents in the pseudo axial positions of imidazoline fragments. Quantum chemistry allows to select the appropriate model of exchange cluster for analysis of experimental magnetic data and evaluation of the exchange interaction parameters. For NN–PyCl the "order‐disorder" transition was detected by means of low temperature XRD. The difference in the experimental and calculated exchange interaction energies may serve as an indicator of temperature‐induced structural rearrangements. For instance, for methyl substituted nitronyl nitroxide NN‐PyMe structural transformations and significant changes in exchange interaction energies were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective recycling of mixed materials requires the separation of the different components without the need for toxic solvents. One approach involves utilizing a water‐soluble coating with reversible photo‐cross‐linkers, making it robust until end of life where it can then be dissolved in water after de‐cross‐linking. Here, a novel coumarin methacrylate monomer and its nitroxide‐mediated copolymerization to create poly((methacrylic acid)‐co‐(styrene sulfonate)‐co‐(coumarin methacrylate)) for water‐soluble thin films are reported. Under exposure to light, the coumarin functional groups produce reversible [2+2] cycloadditions which cross‐link the resulting polymer films, making them no longer water soluble. Characterization of reversible cross‐linking behavior is reported through changes in contact angle and in situ rheological characterization. The resulting polymers are successfully integrated into metal–insulator–metal capacitors, demonstrating the potential use for water‐soluble reversible photo‐cross‐linkable dielectric materials for organic electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel and highly stable nitronyl nitroxide radical (NIT) derivatives were synthesized and coated on the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to improve their desulfurization performance. They were characterized by FTIR, UV-vis, SEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy and ESR. Thiophene in fuel was desulfurized by molecular O2, and the oxidation activity of these compounds was evaluated. At a normal temperature and pressure, the degradation rates of thiophene by four compounds in 4 h can reach 92.66%, 96.38%, 93.25% and 89.49%, respectively. The MWCNTs/NIT-F have a high special activity for the degradation of thiophene, and their desulfurization activity can be recycled for five times without a significant reduction. The mechanistic studies of MWCNTs/NIT composites show that the ammonium oxide ion is the key active intermediate in catalytic oxidative desulfurization, which provides a new choice for fuel oxidative desulfurization. The results show that NIT significantly improves the photocatalytic performance of MWCNTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress is a major source of ROS-mediated damage to macromolecules, tissues, and the whole body. It is an important marker in the severe picture of pathological conditions. The discovery of free radicals in biological systems gives a "start" to studying various pathological processes related to the development and progression of many diseases. From this moment on, the enrichment of knowledge about the participation of free radicals and free-radical processes in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and endocrine diseases, inflammatory conditions, and infections, including COVID-19, is increasing exponentially. Excessive inflammatory responses and abnormal reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels may disrupt mitochondrial dynamics, increasing the risk of cell damage. In addition, low serum albumin levels and changes in the normal physiological balance between reduced and oxidized albumin can be a serious prerequisite for impaired antioxidant capacity of the body, worsening the condition in patients. This review presents the interrelationship between oxidative stress, inflammation, and low albumin levels, which are hallmarks of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a contents list for the New Journal of Chemistry, a publication by The Royal Society of Chemistry. It includes articles covering various topics in chemistry, such as surface modulation of MXenes, synthesis of compounds, and studies on materials and their properties. The journal aims to connect the world with the chemical sciences. The listed papers in this document discuss the electrical and dielectric properties of Na2/3Mn2/3Fe1/3O2 as a cathode material for sodium-ion batteries, a fluorescent probe for monitoring lipid droplets, the effect of cis/trans isomerization on photochromic properties, and the bioactivity of benzophenazine enaminone derivatives as inhibitors of ERK2. [Extracted from the article]

We describe the synthesis and characterization of a hydroxylated aza-adamantyl nitroxide radical Z-3, with the solubility in water of 170 mM at room temperature. We find that hydroxylation has no significant effect on the electronic structure and stability of aza-adamantyl nitroxides. We prepare a series of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivatives which can form stoichiometric 1 : 1 inclusion complexes with Z-3, to investigate their effects on water solubility and stability of the radical upon complexation. The results indicate that water solubility of Z-3 increases by 1.4–3 times, while the radical stability somewhat decreases, depending on different β-CD substituents. Overall, sodium disulfobutylether-β-CD shows the best result in complexation with Z-3, providing water solubility >0.35 mol L−1, while maintaining the stability of the nitroxide radical with a half-life of 13.5 days at room temperature in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A diradical with engineered g‐asymmetry was synthesized by grafting a nitroxide radical onto the [Y(Pc)2]⋅ radical platform. Various spectroscopic techniques and computational studies revealed that the electronic structures of the two spin systems remained minimally affected within the diradical system. Fluid‐solution Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) experiments revealed a weak exchange coupling with |J| ~ 0.014 cm−1, subsequently rationalized by CAS‐SCF calculations. Frozen solution continuous‐wave (CW) EPR experiments showed a complicated and power‐dependent spectrum that eluded analysis using the point‐dipole model. Pulse EPR manipulations with varying microwave powers, or under varying magnetic fields, demonstrated that different resonances could be selectively enhanced or suppressed, based on their different tipping angles. In particular, Field‐Swept Echo‐Detected (FSED) spectra revealed absorptions of MW power‐dependent intensities, while Field‐Swept Spin Nutation (FSSN) experiments revealed two distinct Rabi frequencies. This study introduces a methodology to synthesize and characterize g‐asymmetric two‐spin systems, of interest in the implementation of spin‐based CNOT gates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute-phase serum amyloid A (SAA) can disrupt vascular homeostasis and is elevated in subjects with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Cyclic nitroxides (e.g., Tempo) are a class of piperidines that inhibit oxidative stress and inflammation. This study examined whether 4-methoxy-Tempo (4-MetT) inhibits SAA-mediated vascular and renal dysfunction. Acetylcholine-mediated vascular relaxation and aortic guanosine-3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) levels both diminished in the presence of SAA. 4-MetT dose-dependently restored vascular function with corresponding increases in cGMP. Next, male ApoE-deficient mice were administered a vehicle (control, 100 µL PBS) or recombinant SAA (100 µL, 120 µg/mL) ± 4-MetT (at 15 mg/kg body weight via i.p. injection) with the nitroxide administered before (prophylaxis) or after (therapeutic) SAA. Kidney and hearts were harvested at 4 or 16 weeks post SAA administration. Renal inflammation increased 4 weeks after SAA treatment, as judged by the upregulation of IFN-γ and concomitant increases in iNOS, p38MAPK, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities and increased renal fibrosis (Picrosirius red staining) in the same kidneys. Aortic root lesions assessed at 16 weeks revealed that SAA enhanced lesion size (vs. control; p < 0.05), with plaque presenting with a diffuse fibrous cap (compared to the corresponding aortic root from control and 4-MetT groups). The extent of renal dysfunction and aortic lesion size was largely unchanged in 4-MetT-supplemented mice, although renal fibrosis diminished at 16 weeks, and aortic lesions presented with redistributed collagen networks. These outcomes indicate that SAA stimulates renal dysfunction through promoting the IFN-γ–iNOS–p38MAPK axis, manifesting as renal damage and enhanced atherosclerotic lesions, while supplementation with 4-MetT only affected some of these pathological changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new stable diarylnitroxide with two 2‐pyridyl groups in the ortho‐positions of the phenyl rings, in the close vicinity to the NO fragment, was obtained. Conformational flexibility of the molecule provides stimuli‐responsive reversible on/off switching of the intramolecular interactions, stabilizing the oxidized and reduced states of the nitroxide (due to the n‐π* interaction and the intramolecular H‐bonding, respectively) and giving rise to novel properties. The intrinsic electrofluorochromism of the oxoammonium cation rigidified by the intramolecular N−O bond between the pyridyl lone pair and the O atom was first disclosed. Structural simplicity and facile synthesis of the diarylnitroxide make it promising for creating novel types of redox‐switchable molecular logic gates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] A new hybrid chromone derivative bearing α-bromofuryl, p -(iminomethyl)benzoyl and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1- oxyl moieties was synthesized by the azomethine reaction involving 4-amino-TEMPO. The benzoyl moiety in this paramagnetic molecule is almost perpendicular to the chromone plane. Having been exposed to UV light, this paramagnet undergoes a transformation accompanied by appearance of intense absorption and luminescence bands with maxima at 420 and 500 nm, respectively, i.e., the presence of paramagnetic moiety does not interfere with generation of fluorescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By employing nitronyl/imino nitroxide biradicals, three Ln–Zn complexes, namely, [Ln2Zn2(hfac)10(ImPhPyobis)2] (LnIII = Gd 1, Dy 2; hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate; ImPhPyobis = 5-(4-oxypyridinium-1-yl)-1,3-bis(1′-oxyl-4′,4′,5′,5′-tetramethyl-4,5-hydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzene) and [Dy2Zn2(hfac)10(NITPhPyobis)2] 3 (NITPhPyobis = 5-(4-oxypyridinium-1-yl)-1,3-bis(1′-oxyl-3′-oxido-4′,4′,5′,5′-tetramethyl-4,5-hydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzene), have been successfully prepared. The three complexes possess {Ln2O2} cores bridged by the oxygen atoms of the 4-oxypyridinium rings of the biradical ligands and one of the imino/nitronyl nitroxide groups of the biradical is coordinated to a ZnII ion, then producing a centrosymmetric tetranuclear six-spin structure. The studies of spin dynamics indicate that complexes 2 and 3 exhibit distinct magnetic relaxation behaviors at zero dc field: complex 2 presents single relaxation with an effective energy barrier (Ueff) of 69.8 K, while complex 3 exhibits double relaxation processes with Ueff values for the fast and slow relaxation being 15.8 K and 50.9 K, respectively. The observed different magnetic relaxation behaviors for the two Dy complexes could be mainly ascribed to the influence of the distinct nitroxide biradical derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitroxides are stable radicals consisting of a nitroxyl group, >N-O•, which carries an unpaired electron. This group is responsible for the paramagnetic and antioxidant properties of these compounds. A recent study evaluated the effects of pyrrolidine and pyrroline derivatives of nitroxides on the antioxidant system of human red blood cells (RBCs). It showed that nitroxides caused an increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of methemoglobin (MetHb) in cells (in pyrroline derivatives) but had no effect on the activity of catalase and lactate dehydrogenase. Nitroxides also reduced the concentration of ascorbic acid (AA) in cells but did not cause any oxidation of proteins or lipids. Interestingly, nitroxides initiated an increase in thiols in the plasma membranes and hemolysate. However, the study also revealed that nitroxides may have pro-oxidant properties. The drop in the AA concentration and the increase in the MetHb level and in SOD activity may indicate the pro-oxidant properties of nitroxides in red blood cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We hypothesize that the injection of JP4-039, a mitochondria-targeted nitroxide, prior to irradiation of the mouse retina may decrease apoptosis and reduce neutrophil and macrophage migration into the retina. In our study, we aimed to examine the effects of JP4-039 in the mouse retina using fluorescent microscopy, a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and flow cytometry. Forty-five mice and one eye per mouse were used. In Group 1, fluorescent microscopy was used to determine retinal uptake of 10 µL (0.004 mg/µL) of intravitreally injected BODIPY-labeled JP4-039 at 0, 15, and 60 min after injection. In Group 2, the TUNEL assay was performed to investigate the rate of apoptosis after irradiation in addition to JP4-039 injection, compared to controls. In Group 3, flow cytometry was used to determine the extent of inflammatory cell migration into the retina after irradiation in addition to JP4-039 injection, compared to controls. Maximal retinal uptake of JP4-039 was 15 min after intravitreal injection (p < 0.0001). JP4-039-treated eyes had lower levels of retinal apoptosis (35.8 ± 2.5%) than irradiated controls (49.0 ± 2.7%; p = 0.0066) and demonstrated reduced migration of N1 cells (30.7 ± 11.7% vs. 77.7 ± 5.3% controls; p = 0.004) and M1 cells (76.6 ± 4.2 vs. 88.1 ± 3.7% controls, p = 0.04). Pretreatment with intravitreally injected JP4-039 reduced apoptosis and inflammatory cell migration in the irradiated mouse retina, marking the first confirmed effect of this molecule in retinal tissue. Further studies may allow for safety profiling and potential use for patients with radiation retinopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three complexes derived from a new functional nitronyl nitroxide ligand, [Ni(hfac)2(NIT-3-OMe-4PhPy)]2 (1), [Co(hfac)2(NIT-3-OMe-4PhPy)]2 (2), and [Cu(hfac)2(NIT-3-OMe-4PhPy)]2 (3) were synthesized and characterized structurally and magnetically, where NIT-3-OMe-4PhPy stands for 2-[3-methoxy-4-(4-pyridinylmethoxy)phenyl]-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-imidazolyl-1-oxyl-3-oxide and hfac is hexafluoroacetylacetonate anion (hfac). Complexes 1–3 are isomorphous in which the NIT-3-OMe-4PhPy molecule acts as a bridging ligand linking two M(II) ions (M = Ni2+, Co2+, and Cu2+) through the nitrogen of pyridine and the oxygen of the nitroxide unit to form a rectangle-like centrosymmetric dimer. The magnetic behaviors of 1–3 were investigated. For 1, the nitronyl nitroxides and Ni(II) ions are strongly antiferromagnetically (AFM) coupled, yielding the intradimer magnetic exchange constant of J = −87.3 cm−1. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility for 2 in the T > 30 K region was simulated with a two-spin model with S1 = 3/2 and S2 = 1/2 because of depopulation of the higher energy Kramers doublets of the Co(II) centers and the interaction of Co(II)...O coordination bonding, leading to J = −18.6 cm−1, g = 2.16, and zj′ = −2.94 cm−1 for the magnetic interactions between Co(II) ions and nitronyl nitroxides through pyridine rings. The ferromagnetic interaction between Cu(II) ions and nitronyl nitroxide radicals was observed in 3 with J = 68.9 cm−1 and θ = 0.51 k. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three complexes derived from a new functional nitronyl nitroxide ligand, [Ni(hfac)2(NIT-3-OMe-4PhPy)]2 (1), [Co(hfac)2(NIT-3-OMe-4PhPy)]2 (2), and [Cu(hfac)2(NIT-3-OMe-4PhPy)]2 (3) were synthesized and characterized structurally and magnetically, where NIT-3-OMe-4PhPy stands for 2-[3-methoxy-4-(4-pyridinylmethoxy)phenyl]-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-imidazolyl-1-oxyl-3-oxide and hfac is hexafluoroacetylacetonate anion (hfac). Complexes 1–3 are isomorphous in which the NIT-3-OMe-4PhPy molecule acts as a bridging ligand linking two M(II) ions (M = Ni2+, Co2+, and Cu2+) through the nitrogen of pyridine and the oxygen of the nitroxide unit to form a rectangle-like centrosymmetric dimer. The magnetic behaviors of 1–3 were investigated. For 1, the nitronyl nitroxides and Ni(II) ions are strongly antiferromagnetically (AFM) coupled, yielding the intradimer magnetic exchange constant of J = −87.3 cm−1. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility for 2 in the T > 30 K region was simulated with a two-spin model with S1 = 3/2 and S2 = 1/2 because of depopulation of the higher energy Kramers doublets of the Co(II) centers and the interaction of Co(II)...O coordination bonding, leading to J = −18.6 cm−1, g = 2.16, and zj′ = −2.94 cm−1 for the magnetic interactions between Co(II) ions and nitronyl nitroxides through pyridine rings. The ferromagnetic interaction between Cu(II) ions and nitronyl nitroxide radicals was observed in 3 with J = 68.9 cm−1 and θ = 0.51 k. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

4D printing has emerged as a powerful strategy capable of revolutionizing additive manufacturing by enabling objects to dynamically transform overtime on demand. Despite significant progress, the full potential remains unrealized, particularly in the utilization of dynamic covalent chemistry. This study introduces a new approach using a multifunctional cross‐linker with alkoxyamine functionalities for 4D printing. Digital light processing (DLP) is employed for high‐resolution printing of complex objects. Leveraging alkoxyamine bonds' dynamic and living characteristics, the printed structures can be further modified through nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (NMP) using styrene and nitroxide exchange reactions (NER). The resulting "living" printed structures exhibit the unique ability to undergo both "growth" and "degrowth", dynamically adapting their size as well as the reduced Young's Modulus across a wide range (770 kPa–1.2 GPa). The chain extension by NMP and softening by NER are carefully characterized by IR and EPR spectroscopy. The presented approach opens avenues for the development of 4D printed structures with complex adaptive systems, showcasing enormous potential in a wide range of fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) has variable clinical symptoms, including potentially fatal hemorrhagic stroke. Treatment options are very limited, presenting a large unmet need. REC‐994 (also known as tempol), identified as a potential treatment through an unbiased drug discovery platform, is hypothesized to treat CCMs through a reduction in superoxide, a reactive oxygen species. We investigated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic profile of REC‐994 in healthy volunteers. Single‐ and multiple‐ascending dose (SAD and MAD, respectively) studies were conducted in adult volunteers (ages 18–55). SAD study participants received an oral dose of REC‐994 or placebo. MAD study participants were randomized 3:1 to oral doses of REC‐994 or matching placebo, once daily for 10 days. Thirty‐two healthy volunteers participated in the SAD study and 52 in the MAD study. Systemic exposure increased in proportion to REC‐994 dose after single doses of 50–800 mg and after 10 days of dosing over the 16‐fold dose range of 50–800 mg. Median Tmax and mean t1/2 were independent of dose in both studies, and the solution formulation was more rapidly absorbed. REC‐994 was well tolerated. Treatment‐emergent adverse effects across both studies were mild and transient and resolved by the end of the study. REC‐994 has a favorable safety profile and was well tolerated in single and multiple doses up to 800 mg with no dose‐limiting adverse effects identified. Data support conducting a phase 2 clinical trial in patients with symptomatic CCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Oxidative stress is proposed to be critical in acute lung disease, but methods to monitor radicals in lungs are lacking. Our goal is to develop low-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) methods to monitor radicals that contribute to the disease. Procedures: Free radicals generated in a lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse model of acute respiratory distress syndrome reacted with cyclic hydroxylamines CPH (1-hydroxy-3-carboxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine hydrochloride) and DCP-AM-H (4-acetoxymethoxycarbonyl-1-hydroxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid), which were converted into the corresponding nitroxide radicals, CP• and DCP•. The EPR signals of the nitroxide radicals in excised lungs were imaged with a 1 GHz EPR spectrometer/imager that employs rapid scan technology. Results: The small numbers of nitroxides formed by reaction of the hydroxylamine with superoxide result in low signal-to-noise in the spectra and images. However, since the spectral properties of the nitroxides are known, we can use prior knowledge of the line shape and hyperfine splitting to fit the noisy data, yielding well-defined spectra and images. Two-dimensional spectral-spatial images are shown for lung samples containing (4.5 ± 0.5) ×1014 CP• and (9.9 ± 1.0) ×1014 DCP• nitroxide spins. These results suggest that a probe that accumulates in cells gives a stronger nitroxide signal than a probe that is more easily washed out of cells. Conclusion: The nitroxide radicals in excised mouse lungs formed by reaction with hydroxylamine probes CPH and DCP-AM-H can be imaged at 1 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Hypoxia and acidosis are recognized tumor microenvironment (TME) biomarkers of cancer progression. Alterations in cancer redox status and metabolism are also associated with elevated levels of intracellular glutathione (GSH) and interstitial inorganic phosphate (Pi). This study aims to evaluate the capability of these biomarkers to discriminate between stages and inform on a switch to malignancy. Procedures: These studies were performed using MMTV-PyMT(+) female transgenic mice that spontaneously develop breast cancer and emulate human tumor staging. In vivo assessment of oxygen concentration (pO2), extracellular acidity (pHe), Pi, and GSH was performed using L-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and multifunctional trityl and GSH-sensitive nitroxide probes. Results: Profiling of the TME showed significant deviation of measured biomarkers upon tumor progression from pre-malignancy (pre-S4) to the malignant stage (S4). For the combined marker, HOP: (pHe × pO2)/Pi, a value > 186 indicated that the tumors were pre-malignant in 85% of the mammary glands analyzed, and when < 186, they were malignant 42% of the time. For GSH, a value < 3 mM indicated that the tumors were pre-malignant 74% of the time, and when > 3 mM, they were malignant 80% of the time. The only marker that markedly deviated as early as stage 1 (S1) from its value in pre-S1 was elevated Pi, followed by a decrease of pHe and pO2 and increase in GSH at later stages. Conclusion: Molecular TME profiling informs on alteration of tumor redox and metabolism during tumor staging. Early elevation of interstitial Pi at S1 may reflect tumor metabolic alterations that demand elevated phosphorus supply in accordance with the high rate growth hypothesis. These metabolic changes are supported by the following decrease of pHe due to a high tumor reliance on glycolysis and increase of intracellular GSH, a major intracellular redox buffer. The appreciable decrease in TME pO2 was observed only at malignant S4, apparently as a consequence of tumor mass growth and corresponding decrease in perfusion efficacy and increase in oxygen consumption as the tumor cells proliferate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The open-shell character y of a molecule correlates with its physical properties, such as singlet fission and nonlinear optical responses. In this study, we investigated the effect of various radical substituents on the y of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using occupation numbers of natural orbitals calculated at the LC-UBLYP(μ=0.33)/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. It was found that radical substituents significantly altered the y of PAHs compared to non-radical substituents. Specifically, substituting methyl-type radicals such as the dicyanomethyl radical decreased the y value, while substituting allyl-2-yl-type radicals such as nitronyl nitroxide increased it. In addition, we also evaluated the correlation between the y and the HOMO–LUMO gaps and between the y and the spin-state energy gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on collapsing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) chains was studied with turbidimetry and spin probe and spin label electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. An increased ratio of collapsed chains in aqueous solutions in the narrow temperature region near the LCST appeared in the presence of 2.5–10 wt% BSA. The spin probe EPR data indicate that the inner cavities of the BSA dimers are probably responsive to the capture of small hydrophobic or amphiphilic molecules, such as TEMPO nitroxyl radical. The observed features of the structure and dynamics of inhomogeneities of aqueous PNIPAM-BSA solutions, including their mutual influence on the behavior of the polymer and protein below the LCST, should be considered when developing and investigating PNIPAM-based drug delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, in order to investigate the short-range interactions between molecules, the spin-magnetic unit nitronyl nitroxide (NN) was introduced to synthesize self-assembly single radical molecules with hydrogen bond donors and acceptors. The structures and magnetic properties were extensively investigated and characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). Interestingly, it was observed that the single molecules can form two different dimers (ring-closed dimer and "L"-type dimer) in different solvents, due to hydrogen bonding, when using EPR to track the molecular spin interactions. Both dimers exhibit ferromagnetic properties (for ring-closed dimer, J/kB = 0.18 K and ΔES−T = 0.0071 kcal/mol; for "L"-type dimer, the values were J/kB = 9.26 K and ΔES−T = 0.037 kcal/mol). In addition, the morphologies of the fibers formed by the two dimers were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]