Search

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

AbstractBuilt for Zero (BFZ) is a data-driven methodology that some US homeless systems are using to allocate housing assistance. The ‘by-name data’ that BFZ needs is produced by actors within a ‘data assemblage’: a socio-technical system that people re/create to produce, analyse, and use data. Although BFZ is diffusing across the Global North, little research has examined the barriers that local administrators face whilst upgrading their systems’ data assemblage with this methodology. This paper advances housing scholarship by using interview data from 28 US homeless systems to answer the question: what barriers do administrators face whilst upgrading their data assemblage with BFZ? I delineate four barriers that fray the network ties that local administrators need to produce by-name data: disinterest, fragmentation, noncompliance, and incapacity. My analysis shows how data assemblage theory can be used to understand homeless governance, delineates several factors that prevent or complicate data sharing within homeless systems, and identifies new directions for research on homeless datafication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archival institutions worldwide face the challenge of collection deterioration through the handling and use of archives, inadequate or lack of records management standards and noncompliance with archival legislations. This study aimed at assessing the handling practices and use of archival collections in Botswana. The study adopted the pragmatist paradigm and consequently used questionnaires, interviews, and observations to collect data. The study sample consisted of sixteen (16) Botswana National Archives and Records Services (BNARS) staff purposively selected for interview and 297 BNARS users randomly selected to complete the questionnaire. The findings revealed that, although the staff of the surveyed institution demonstrated reasonable commitment to collection care or preservation of archives, and BNARS does not consistently respond to proper collection care and compliance programme. Furthermore, the study revealed that inappropriate handling and use of archives practices, lack of training in preservation, inadequate supervision of the study area, and failure to enforce compliance to archives legislations contribute to archives collection deterioration. The study recommended that the development of guidelines on good handling practices, preservation policy, handling manual, compliance programme, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an analysis of the policies on higher education in the six-year term 2018-2024, self-denominated as the Fourth Transformation, and outlines an agenda of possible reforms to be developed in the 2024-2030 government of Dr. Claudia Sheinbaum. During the period, the approval of the General Law of Higher Education stands out, but non-compliance with the goals and objectives defined therein is observed; the lack of public policies in a formal sense and the dismantling of the policy instruments developed during 30 years are also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of treatment effects is often complicated by noncompliance and missing data. In the one-sided noncompliance setting where of interest are the complier and noncomplier average causal effects, we address outcome missingness of the latent missing at random type (LMAR, also known as latent ignorability). That is, conditional on covariates and treatment assigned, the missingness may depend on compliance type. Within the instrumental variable (IV) approach to noncompliance, methods have been proposed for handling LMAR outcome that additionally invoke an exclusion restriction-type assumption on missingness, but no solution has been proposed for when a non-IV approach is used. This article focuses on effect identification in the presence of LMAR outcomes, with a view to flexibly accommodate different principal identification approaches. We show that under treatment assignment ignorability and LMAR only, effect nonidentifiability boils down to a set of two connected mixture equations involving unidentified stratum-specific response probabilities and outcome means. This clarifies that (except for a special case) effect identification generally requires two additional assumptions: a specific missingness mechanism assumption and a principal identification assumption. This provides a template for identifying effects based on separate choices of these assumptions. We consider a range of specific missingness assumptions, including those that have appeared in the literature and some new ones. Incidentally, we find an issue in the existing assumptions, and propose a modification of the assumptions to avoid the issue. Results under different assumptions are illustrated using data from the Baltimore Experience Corps Trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sought to advance our understanding of how observed child self-regulation, parenting, and their interaction were associated with children's dynamic physiological stress reactivity indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity trajectories. Participants were 85 three-year-old children (54% female) and their mothers oversampled for lower income, higher stressful life events, and higher child maltreatment risk. Child behavioral regulation, assessed as compliance and noncompliance, and maternal supportive parenting were observed during a challenging dyadic puzzle task. Results showed that child RSA exhibited quadratic change across the task on average, characterized by an expected initial decrease and subsequent recovery. Child behavioral regulation and its interaction with maternal supportive parenting were associated with interindividual differences in child RSA reactivity trajectories after controlling for child resting RSA. Children with higher compliance or lower noncompliance showed RSA decreases in response to task stressors but exhibited subsequent RSA recovery only when mothers displayed higher supportive parenting. Children with lower compliance or higher noncompliance displayed negligible RSA changes overall across the task, suggesting blunted or compromised RSA reactivity, regardless of supportive parenting levels. These findings demonstrate novel evidence that preschoolers' better behavioral regulation is related to their more adaptive physiological reactivity to stressors and that supportive parenting is needed to facilitate physiological recovery even in relatively better-regulated preschoolers. Public Significance Statement: This study demonstrates that during challenging mother–preschooler interactions, preschoolers who exhibit better behavioral regulation with mothers and experience higher levels of supportive parenting show the most adaptive physiological reactivity to stressors and efficient physiological recovery after stressors have passed. Child self-regulation and parenting in challenging interactions are potential intervention targets to promote adaptive physiology and behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The illegal trade in totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) is causing adverse social, ecological, and economic impacts. This illegal activity is accelerating the overexploitation of totoaba and pushing the critically endangered vaquita (Phocoena sinus) closer to extinction. Despite extensive efforts to recover vaquita populations, scant attention has been given to the totoaba trade as an independent issue. As a result, data on the totoaba trade are limited, which hampers robust analyses and development of effective interventions to reduce illegal harvesting. We used a previously developed framework specifically designed to examine dynamics of illegal markets and guide measures to mitigate illegal use of totoaba. This framework separates markets into 3 analytical levels: characterization of participating actors (e.g., fishers, intermediaries); examination of how actors interact within the market (e.g., organization of supply chains); and assessment of the overall market dynamics that result from these interactions (e.g., factors determining price and quantity). We reviewed existing literature (108 initial articles) and interviewed key market actors, academics, and nongovernmental organization experts (14) to obtain data for this framework. Our findings offer an overview of the totoaba illegal market operation, highlighting intervention points (e.g., customs agents) and areas where additional information is required to decrease information gaps (e.g., US local market). We describe the structure and complexity of this market, emphasizing the influential role of organized crime in shaping its dynamics (e.g., controlling prices paid to fishers and stockpiling). By providing a systematic and in‐depth understanding of the market operation, we aimed to establish a benchmark for effective interventions and future research aimed at reducing uncertainties. Our results provide a crucial step toward addressing this critical issue and can help facilitate development of effective strategies to combat the illegal totoaba trade and promote biodiversity conservation more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

President Biden's Executive Order 14,094, Modernizing Regulatory Review, continues the line of presidential directives dating back to the Reagan Administration that centralize the President's control over administrative agencies' regulatory processes. Its express purpose is to ensure well-reasoned, high-quality regulations, but it affords no private right of action to enforce its terms. The Administrative Procedure Act ("APA") shares a similar goal of achieving reasoned agency decision-making, however, unlike the executive orders, the APA authorizes judicial review and expects courts to set aside agency regulations that are arbitrary and capricious. These two authorities make overlapping demands from agencies, but one eschews judicial review while the other requires it. This creates an issue for courts when plaintiffs bring challenges alleging that an agency's failure to comply with the executive order requires vacating its final rule. Does the court have jurisdiction to consider the compliance failure? Courts try to bifurcate the issues and dismiss arguments grounded in the executive order. The issues are so intertwined, however, that this approach fails to account for the reality that the President's views on what well-reasoned decision-making requires informs our conception of what good governance looks like and cannot be ignored, regardless of whether the executive order creates a private right of action. This Essay argues that Congress has given the courts an imperative under the APA to consider all the relevant facts when reviewing unelected experts' policy decisions. This obligation does not depend on whether the President has created a private right of action through executive order--the APA already does so. It is further argued that courts fail to fulfill Congress's expectations when they put on blinders to the executive orders' requirements; instead, courts should treat noncompliance with presidential directives as persuasive evidence of arbitrary and capricious agency action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part 1 of this paper (Beardwood, CRi 2024, 97) provided an update on the progress of AIDA and the EU AI Act (I), outlined a summary roadmap of the base similarities and differences between the two items of legislation (II), reviewed the objectives of AIDA in contrast to the EU AI Act (III), compared their respective jurisdictional scope (IV), reviewed their respective definitions of AI systems (V), outlined new definitions/concepts which have been introduced into the legislation (VI), outlined the extent to which there are exclusions for the public sector (VII) and for research (VIII), and provided an overview of their respective risk-based approaches (IX). This Part 2 compares in detail the obligations for High-Impact Systems and General-Purpose Systems (AIDA) (X), and for High-Risk AI Systems and General-Purpose AI Systems (EU AI Act) (XI), and finally reviews the penalties and offences for noncompliance imposed by AIDA and EU AI Act (XII) before concluding (XIII). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IMPACT: This article will be of value to the digital governance policy-makers and particularly to those suffering from digital red tape across the public sector. It identifies Covid 19 digital pandemic prevention regulations as a counter-example, demonstrating the existence of digital red tape and revealing its impact on non-compliance. The more citizens viewed the regulations as digital red tape, the more dissatisfied they felt and the more they violated the regulations. The authors advise policy-makers to simplify burdensome, ineffective and non-necessary procedures when designing digital regulations to avoid citizen dissatisfaction. When perceived infection risk was high, dissatisfied citizens tended to comply with digital regulations. Conversely, non-compliance due to dissatisfaction with digital regulations increased significantly when citizens perceived the infection risk as low. To ensure compliance, eliminating dysfunctional rules and regulations was particularly important when the infection risk declined. Prior studies have viewed digital governance as a powerful tool for eliminating red tape. However, based on a survey of 1,080 participants, digital pandemic prevention regulations were found to be perceived as burdensome, ineffective and unnecessary. Citizen dissatisfaction with digital red tape led to non-compliant behaviours. The perception of a low infection risk was an important moderating factor exacerbating non-compliant behaviours. This study contributes to the assessment of the negative impacts of digital red tape on citizens, providing insights for studying the dark side of digital governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the extent of Shariah compliance in wakalah sukuk and Shariah non-compliant risk disclosure in the sukuk documents and to analyse the risk management techniques associated with the disclosed risks. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses qualitative document analysis as both data collection and analysis methods. The document analysis acts as a data collection method for 23 wakalah sukuk documents selected from 32 issuances of wakalah sukuk from 2017 to 2021. These sukuk documents were selected based on their availability from relevant websites. Document analysis, both content analysis and thematic analysis, were used to analyse the data. Codes were grounded from that data through keywords search of Shariah noncompliant risk and its risk management. Besides these, interviews were also conducted with four active industry players, i.e. two legal advisors of wakalah sukuk, a wakalah sukuk trustee and a sukuk institutional issuer. These interview data were analysed based on categorical themes, on the aspects of the extent of Shariah compliance in sukuk, and the participant's views on the risk management techniques associated with the risks or used in the sukuk documents. Findings: Overall, the findings reveal three types of Shariah non-compliant risks disclosed in the sukuk documents and seven risk management techniques associated with them. However, the disclosure and the risk management techniques can be considered minimal in contrast to the extent of Shariah compliance in a sukuk, i.e. Shariah compliance at the pre-issuance stage, ongoing stage and post-issuance stage. On top of these, it was also found from the interviews that not all risk management techniques are workable to manage Shariah non-compliant risk in sukuk. As a result, these findings suggest rigorous reviews of the existing Shariah non-compliance risk (SNCR) disclosures and risk management techniques by the relevant parties. Research limitations/implications: Sukuk documents used in the study are limited to corporate wakalah sukuk issued in Malaysia. Out of 32 issuances from 2015 to 2021, only 23 documents are available in relevant website. Thus, Shariah non-compliant risk disclosure and its risk management techniques analysed in this study are only limited in those documents. Practical implications: The findings of this study suggest rigorous reviews on the existing Shariah non-compliance disclosures and risk management techniques. Other than these, future research in relation to uncommon risk management clauses, i.e. assurance, Shariah waiver and transfer of risk, are needed. Originality/value: The insights presented in the analysis are of importance to sukuk issuers and the sukuk due diligence working group in enhancing the sukuk Shariah compliance and Shariah non-compliant risks disclosure and towards sukuk investors, in capturing and assessing Shariah non-compliant risks in a sukuk and to assist them to make informed investment decisions. More importantly, this study has found few areas of future study in relation to SNCR disclosures and SNCR risk management techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While voluntary responsible business standards are more flexible than regulation and thus more responsive to changes in society, revising standards can have negative effects on compliance rates. We hypothesize that when non-compliance is visible to external stakeholders and participating firms receive a clear signal that their products are non-compliant, the firms will respond by re-certifying their products, which will raise their certification rates. We tested our hypothesis by conducting a multi-level regression on the certification rates before and after the revision of a voluntary label for healthier food products, active in the Dutch market from 2006 until 2015 in the Dutch market (76 firms, 22 product categories, 1354 firm-category-year observations). Our results show the opposite effect than hypothesized: after standards' revision, firms with decertified products significantly decrease their certification rates compared to firms without decertified products. We conclude that making standards stricter over time is not always a successful strategy to maintain compliance. We argue that this decrease in compliance after standards' revisions can be explained by the low behavioural visibility of non-compliance, restricting stakeholder pressure both at the product level by consumers as well as at the firm level by other stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the identification accuracy of coal gangue under the complex working conditions of pulverized coal and moisture adhesion on the surface, this paper studies the distribution difference of characteristic curves under five working conditions of different proportions of moisture and pulverized coal, and finds that moisture has a greater influence on gradient features, while pulverized coal has a greater influence on gray texture features. Then this paper studies the distribution of coarse texture and fine texture in coal and gangue, and finds that there are many fine textures and few coarse textures on the surface of gangue, while coal shows the opposite law. In addition, the ratio of pixels with large gray value to pixels with small gray value can reduce the occurrence of noncompliance with the above laws. Finally, through the combination of coarse texture, fine texture, and gray value difference, the relief feature is put forward. Compared with different features, the average feature overlap ratio proposed in this paper is lower, at 23.83%. Compared with different methods, this method has a higher identification rate under different working conditions, and the average identification accuracy rate is 89.59%, which is at least 13.93% higher than other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does the European Commission respond to external expert reports about member states' non-compliance? We theorise that expert compliance assessments affect the Commission's monitoring costs and information about governments' probability of compliance. More precisely, the Commission is likely to launch infringements, when information is provided by institutions with extensive expertise that reveals practical non-compliance. However, reports about severe non-conformity indicate that governments will not reform their policies. Therefore, the Commission is expected to initiate infringements if the domestic conditions are favourable for compliance (government and societal EU support and active civil society). Analysing 63 EU directives and 27 countries, we find that enforcement depends on external expertise and practical non-compliance. Moreover, the Commission launches infringements against severe non-conformity when it is supported by civil society. Thus, the Commission utilises expert assessments strategically and it does not necessarily prioritise high levels of non-conformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In cases of noncompliance with an assigned treatment, estimates of causal effects typically rely on instrumental variables (IV). However, when participation is also misreported, the IV estimand may become a nonconvex combination of local average treatment effects that fails to satisfy even a minimal condition for being causal. The aim of our paper is to generalize the MR‐LATE approach. This is an alternative IV estimand that is more robust in cases of noncompliance and nondifferential misclassification of the treatment variable. Our generalization is threefold: First, we incorporate discrete and multiple‐discrete instrument(s); second, we consider the use of instrument(s) under a weaker, partial monotonicity condition; third, we provide a general inferential procedure. Under relatively stringent assumptions, MR‐LATE is either identical to the IV estimand or less biased than the naïve IV estimand. Under less stringent assumptions, the MR‐LATE estimand can identify the sign of the IV estimand. We conclude with the use of a dedicated Stata command, ivreg2m, to assess the return on education in the United Kingdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic placed new strains on community corrections including officers' ability to enforce and respond to client noncompliance. With system-wide closures to courthouses, delays in case processing, and limited incarceration space, supervision officers were faced with new challenges regarding the availability of sanction response options. The goal of the current study was to examine how supervision officers responded to noncompliance when traditional, incarceration-based sanctions were largely unavailable. Drawing on qualitative interviews with American probation/parole officers (PPOs) (n = 42), we identified several themes surrounding changes in officers' strategies to address and respond to noncompliance. Results from thematic analysis suggest major changes in how PPOs monitored supervision compliance during the pandemic including changes to client supervision requirements, modality of contacts, and use of technology for remote surveillance. Findings also revealed changes in how PPOs applied traditional graduated sanctions during the pandemic. Implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the European Company (SE), the first supranational company form. The focal question is its impact on the development of transnational employment relations. We show that only a minority of SEs has set up SE Works Councils and we discuss the reasons for this non-compliance. Board-level employee representation (BLER), the other form of voice, is even less common. We compare both concepts and reveal that the SE's contribution to the development of transnational employment relations remains limited. By placing the SE in a broader perspective, we conclude that it fits the general pattern of limited progress towards 'Europeanization'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant progress has been achieved in enhancing early outcomes for individuals with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), a rare metabolic disorder that leads to the accumulation of branched‐chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine, where leucine is known as the primary neurotoxic metabolite. Newborn screening is helpful in early diagnosis and implementation of dietary treatment, thus reducing neurological deterioration and complications in young children. However, patients face the life‐long challenge of maintaining metabolic control through adherence to a strict low‐leucine diet to avoid long‐term consequences of chronic hyperleucinemia, which include cognitive deficits, mood disorders, and movement disorders. This case report exemplifies the complex involvement of MSUD in adult survivors. Despite presenting early in life, the patient thrived until the onset of psychiatric symptoms. The subject of this case is a 25‐year‐old woman with MSUD, who remained in her usual state of health until presentation to the emergency department (ED) with psychosis and altered mental status. However, due to a lack of medical records and poor communication, there was a delay in considering MSUD as a primary cause of her psychiatric symptoms. Although a genetics consultation was later arranged and efforts were made to decrease plasma leucine to the therapeutic range, these interventions proved inadequate in halting her deterioration in health. Her condition worsened within 72 h, culminating in her untimely death. This case emphasizes the comorbidity of psychiatric involvement in MSUD, which contributes to metabolic decompensation that can lead to cerebral edema and death. This case also highlights the pressing need for enhanced strategies for the acute management and long‐term care of MSUD patients with psychiatric involvement, particularly in scenarios where mental disturbance could lead to noncompliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Randomized trials offer a powerful strategy for estimating the effect of a treatment on an outcome. However, interpretation of trial results can be complicated when study subjects do not take the treatment to which they were assigned; this is referred to as nonadherence. Prior authors have described instrumental variable approaches to analyze trial data with nonadherence; under their approaches, the initial assignment to treatment is used as an instrument. However, their approaches require the assumption that initial assignment to treatment has no direct effect on the outcome except via the actual treatment received (i.e., the exclusion restriction), which may be implausible. We propose an approach to identification of a causal effect of treatment in a trial with 1-sided nonadherence without assuming exclusion restriction. The proposed approach leverages the study subjects initially assigned to control status as an unexposed reference population; we then employ a bespoke instrumental variable analysis, where the key assumption is partial exchangeability of the association between a covariate and an outcome in the treatment and control arms. We provide a formal description of the conditions for identification of causal effects, illustrate the method using simulations, and provide an empirical application.

Background: Incomplete data due to nonparticipation and noncompliance with the study protocol can bias the results of studies. We investigated how a nationwide accelerometer sample of adolescents and young adults is affected by such incomplete data. Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional data from 6465 participants (11–31 y old) who participated in a national health survey in Germany (KiGGS Wave 2; 2014–2017). The data included information about the participation in the measurement of physical activity using accelerometers, compliance with the wear-time protocol, and sociodemographic and health-related variables. Multivariable regression analyses were conducted to detect factors associated with incomplete data. Results: Of the total sample, 78.0% participated in the accelerometer part of the study, and 83.5% of the participants with data available complied with the wear-time protocol. In 11- to 17-year-olds, the likelihood of having incomplete accelerometer data was higher in boys, older adolescents, adolescents with a lower sociodemographic status, adolescents with overweight, adolescents not participating in organized sport, adolescents not speaking only German at home, current smokers, and adolescents having a higher soft drink consumption. In 18- to 31-year-olds, the likelihood of having incomplete accelerometer data was higher in men, adults with a lower educational level, adults not speaking only German at home, and adults who smoke. Conclusions: Our results suggest that accelerometer samples are biased such that participants with more beneficial health behaviors provide complete accelerometer data more often. This knowledge should be used to design effective recruitment strategies and should be considered when interpreting results of accelerometer studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic diseases are significantly increasing globally and increasing premature deaths among population. CDC has defined chronic diseases are the conditions that last 1 year or more and require ongoing medical support or limit the daily activities or both. Diabetes and hypertension are popular chronic diseases. But there are many others are also now increasing. The current study was conducted to find out the prevalence of noncompliance among chronic diseases like thyroid diseases, Asthma, COPD, Orthopedic problems and epilepsy. Also to understand the determinants factors among them. It was a hospital based cross sectional study. The sample size was calculated and it was 36 for each disease. Total 40 study participants of each disease were included. It was randomly selected the individuals diagnosed with the mentioned chronic diseases who have been diagnosed and on treatment for more than 3 years from hospital. Result: A total of 200 patients participated in the study. The study included 40 patients from each chronic disease that is thyroid disorders, COPD, Orthopedic problems, Asthma and Epilepsy. The rural population comprised 69% of the total study group. The prevalence of medical noncompliance was found in 56.5% of all the patients. People having the disease for longer period of time were more non-compliant. The study revealed that family support and regular follow up with doctor are two important determinate factors which has positive impact on compliance. Conclusion: Noncompliance to medication regimen among chronic disease patients is an important issue for public health consideration. This current study recorded an overall noncompliance level of 57.5%. The factors identified as contributing to medication noncompliance in this study were regular follow-ups, family support, adequate knowledge regarding their disease and importance of taking medication with or without symptoms.

Road accidents have always been one of the important reasons for fatalities and financial losses. Since road accidents on rural highways cause more serious injuries than those on urban highways, providing a suitable method to increase safety in the curves can be a significant contributor to preventing these damages. Although speed is one of the most important variables affecting highway safety, numerous studies have been performed on the reliability analysis of horizontal curves without taking the speed variable into account. The aim of this research is reliability (probability of noncompliance) assessment in the horizontal curve design using geometric design consistency criteria. The radius, superelevation, and operating speed of 19 horizontal curves were collected by field research on the Mashhad‐Torbat Heydarieh highway in Iran. Three different approaches were defined based on the geometric design consistency criterion of a single horizontal curve, and consecutively, the probability of noncompliance was calculated using these approaches. According to the obtained results, this study showed that radius enhancement increases the probability of noncompliance and the consistency level of the geometric design. Finally, the high values of the probability of noncompliance (failure) indicate that the geometric design guidelines need calibration in the design of horizontal curves, especially for higher radii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction safety has always been a major concern in the engineering field, and studies have noted that noncompliance tasks have a significant impact on the behavior of individuals. However, from the perspective of task characteristics, the mechanisms by which noncompliance tasks specifically influence construction workers' unsafe behaviors are unclear. To investigate the mechanism by which noncompliance tasks affect construction workers' unsafe behaviors, this study developed a theoretical model based on the cognitive-affective personality system theory (CAPS), with the mediating variables of emotional exhaustion and team identification and the moderating variable of self-efficacy, taking 414 frontline construction workers in China as the survey object, and adopted structural equation modeling (SEM) for safety management practice research. The results reveal that noncompliance tasks have a positive effect on construction workers' unsafe behaviors; emotional exhaustion and team identification play a mediating role between noncompliance tasks and construction workers' unsafe behaviors; and self-efficacy not only negatively regulates the relationship between noncompliance tasks and emotional exhaustion but also positively regulates the relationship between noncompliance tasks and team identification. The findings of this study contribute to the existing body of knowledge by revealing the mechanism by which noncompliance tasks result in unsafe behaviors of construction workers, which provides a theoretical foundation for unsafe behavior research. Practically, this study deepens the understanding of the causal mechanism of task characteristics on unsafe behavior, which helps project managers effectively prevent and control the unsafe behavior of construction personnel. Practical Applications: It has been shown that reducing unsafe behavior among workers is an effective way to avoid safety accidents in the construction industry. In this study, the CAPS theory and questionnaire data from 414 frontline construction workers in China were used to determine the mechanism by which noncompliance tasks result in unsafe behaviors of construction workers. It is recommended that the construction team leader should pay attention to the rationality of assigning task content to workers and prevent the occurrence of noncompliance tasks from the root. Furthermore, high self-efficacy of construction workers weakens the negative impact of noncompliance tasks, which encourages management to choose workers with this trait. Finally, noncompliance tasks will lead to unsafe behavior of workers by increasing emotional exhaustion and reducing team identification. Providing workers with sufficient praise and material rewards may help to mitigate the negative impact of noncompliance tasks, thereby reducing the occurrence of unsafe behavior on the construction site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Third party ceasefire monitors routinely gather and report information on conflict events. Although ceasefire monitoring is a common conflict response intervention generally correlated with ceasefire durability, how its routine practices contribute to ceasefire compliance and noncompliance is little understood. This article asks how reporting, monitors' most common practice, affects conflict opponents. Based on the experiences of more than 100 monitors, as well as archival research, I develop theory for how ceasefire monitors' reporting constructs opportunities for conflict actors to demonstrate both compliance and noncompliance, and show evidence for this in cases from Kosovo and South Sudan. That monitoring can produce ceasefire noncompliance challenges existing understandings of monitoring as generally contributing to ceasefire durability. The implication is that even credible monitoring and accurate reporting may have inadvertent consequences on conflict trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While noncompliance is a concerning challenging behavior and commonly reported by educators, its measurement is likely to be invalid and inaccurate given the subjectivity of the operational definition. Engagement is offered as a more valid, accurate measurement that may provide data regarding the amount of instruction accessed by the student. In this article, we outline limitations of noncompliance measurement and provide resources for educators to measure and support varying forms of engagement to improve student outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multimodal transportation has been a widely used commercial resource by countries to facilitate the exchange of goods. This study focused on analyzing the challenges related to the practical application of the legal framework of the international multimodal transport contract. Despite efforts to establish uniform regulation in international markets, this framework still does not fully meet the needs of participants in these transactions, therefore, it weakens social tendencies towards interconnection, providing additional weaknesses to national subsystems. International organizations such as MERCOSUR, CAM, ALADI, SICA, OAS, the United Nations (through its Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean), and UNCITRAL have worked on formulating solutions to the main controversies that have arisen in this process. However, this has resulted in an incomplete, fragmented, and inefficient legal framework, which primarily benefits the member countries of these international organizations issuing regulations. Additionally, these solutions cannot always be extrapolated as general rules or effective solutions for the consequences of non-compliance with contractual clauses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The developmental association between disruptive behaviors (DBs: hyperactivity-impulsivity, non-compliance, physical aggression) and internalizing problems in early childhood is not well understood and has generated competing hypotheses and mixed results. Using a person-centered strategy, the present study aimed to examine concurrent trajectories of DBs and trajectories of internalizing problems from age 1.5 to 5 years in a population-representative sample (N = 2057; 50.7% boys). Six trajectories of DBs and three trajectories of internalizing problems, based on parent reports and obtained via latent growth modeling across five periods of assessment, were used as longitudinal indicators of each type of behaviors. Children following low or moderate trajectories served as the reference class. Compared to children in the reference class, those in trajectory classes characterized by high levels of co-occurring DBs (OR = 6.60) and, to a lesser extent, those in single high DB classes (OR = 2.78) were more likely to follow a high trajectory of internalizing problems simultaneously. These results support a multiple problem hypothesis regarding the association between DBs and internalizing problems, consistent with a developmental perspective that includes a general factor underpinning different psychopathologies. These findings highlight the importance of considering the co-occurrence between DBs and internalizing problems when studying either construct in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This article seeks to build bridges between two fields of inquiry and intervention that, at the level of academia and international organizations, were so far unconnected: evaluations with a human rights approach and evaluations of participatory processes. Within this framework, we aimed to build criteria and indicators to evaluate the institutional mechanisms of citizen participation from a human rights perspective. Methodology: We carry out a theoretical and normative review through which we identify the defining characteristics of evaluations with a human rights approach and how to apply them in the evaluation of participatory mechanisms. Results: We develop a conceptual and operational framework to evaluate citizen participation mechanisms from human rights standards and dimensions and we build a matrix of indicators (quantitative and qualitative; objective and subjective; of structure, processes and results) that will allow to incorporate different sources and perspectives into the evaluation of these experiences. Conclusions: These criteria and indicators aim to contribute to international monitoring processes referring to the right to citizen participation and serve the purposes of citizenship to demonstrate and claim in cases of non-compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a specific method for monitoring therapy by measuring the plasma concentration of a drug, followed by interpretation by a qualified expert and acceptance by the clinician. It is a significant aid for personalized medicine in the area of dose individualization, as it allows for rational therapy with minimal occurrence of adverse effects, reduced mortality and morbidity, and reduced overall treatment costs. After excluding noncompliance; genetic and exogenous influences affecting plasma drug levels (so-called pseudopharmacoresistance) are the most likely causes of pharmacological resistance. It has been demonstrated that there is a large interindividual variability in drug pharmacokinetics among patients receiving the same dose. Due to the development of new analytical methods, TDM has become an important tool in the system of ensuring the quality of pharmacotherapy. It should be noted that TDM includes not only measurement of drug concentrations, but also clinical interpretation of the results, which requires knowledge of pharmacokinetics, time of sample collection, drug history, knowledge of the patient's clinical condition, and specific laboratory values corresponding to biomarkers. The aim of this article is to contribute to raising awareness of the necessity of TDM in specific clinical situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What are the consequences of prioritizing one obligation over another in a norm conflict on the norm that "loses"? How do these difficult choices affect how we understand the intent behind noncompliance with international law? This article examines South Africa's decision not to arrest the then-President of Sudan, Omar al-Bashir, in the face of conflicting pressures from multiple international and domestic actors. South Africa's conundrum over whether to arrest al-Bashir resulted in what we call "collateral noncompliance": noncompliance with one obligation as a product of compliance with another. Understanding noncompliance like this highlights how seemingly bad-faith noncompliance can be a consequence of weighing competing obligations, rather than a deliberate attempt to shirk or undermine the nonchosen norm. It offers an alternative to perspectives that frame African states' noncompliance with the International Criminal Court as inherently problematic, contributing instead to more critical, reflexive understandings of noncompliance and contestation as a natural part of norm development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last 20 years, the European Union has been mired in crisis after crisis. At the same time, the number of infringement procedures, the formal requests from the European Commission to member states for compliance, decreased dramatically, despite the addition of 10 member states in 2004. Yet, the link between crises and Commission enforcement activity has not been systematically examined. In this article, I theorize about the role of time, and demonstrate that crises limit the Commission's ability to act as guardian of the treaties. However, crises are not deterministic in nature – the European Parliament and European Union citizens can alter the costs of Commission enforcement. I find that as Euroscepticism increases, the Commission's demand for compliance decreases, in part due to the steep reputational costs to the Commission when member states refuse compliance, especially after sanctions. The number of infringements is also positively correlated with European Parliament action, suggesting that even without formal sanctioning power, the European Parliament plays a role in European Union law enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has claimed millions of lives. In this study, we develop a mathematical model to investigate the impact of human behavior on the dynamics of COVID-19 infection in South Africa. Specifically, our model examined the effects of positive versus negative human behavior. We parameterize the model using data from the COVID-19 fifth wave of Gauteng province, South Africa, from May 01, 2022, to July 23, 2022. To forecast new cases of COVID-19 infections, we compared three forecasting methods: exponential smoothing (ETS), long short-term memory (LSTM), and gated recurrent units (GRUs), using the dataset. Results from the time series analysis showed that the LSTM model has better performance and is well-suited for predicting the dynamics of COVID-19 compared to the other models. Sensitivity analysis and numerical simulations were also performed, revealing that noncompliant infected individuals contribute more to new infections than those who comply. It is envisaged that the insights from this work can better inform public health policy and enable better projections of disease spread.

In the complex landscape of European Union law, the concept of "State aid" occupies an important role, delineated by both legislation and European Court of Justice (ECJ) case law. This paper embarks on an analysis and a guidance at the same time, aiming to shed light on the nuanced criteria that define governmental financial support as "State aid" under EU regulations. The diversity of governmental support mechanisms presents a challenge; not all support measures qualify as State aid, a distinction that lies at the heart of EU State aid law. This analysis elaborates the factors that influence whether governmental support crosses the threshold into State aid territory. Through a detailed examination, the paper reveals that the demarcation is far from straightforward, governed by a complex interplay of legal principles and precedents. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview, making this paper at the same time a guide for those navigating the intricacies of governmental support within the EU framework. Particularly, the paper addresses governmental officials and entities in the private sector, offering clarity on when and how EU State aid rules apply to governmental support measures. This guidance is crucial for ensuring that such measures are designed and implemented within the legal bounds set by EU law, avoiding the pitfalls of non-compliance. The relevance of this paper extends beyond the EU's borders, echoing in the halls of non-EU member states that have sought to align their State aid regulations with those of the EU. Through the process of harmonization, some non-EU states have adopted the acquis communautaire and core principles of EU State aid law, making the insights provided in this paper pertinent to a wider audience. This global relevance underscores the importance of understanding EU State aid law, not only for compliance within the EU but also for adhering to the harmonized standards adopted by these non-EU member states. The paper presents a thorough dissection of the qualification of governmental financial support as State aid, according to EU law. It articulates the legal nuances and case law that shape this area of law, providing a clear roadmap for governmental and private sector actors involved in the design and receipt of governmental financial support. Its comprehensive analysis is dedicated to demystifying the criteria for State aid, making it an indispensable guide for all stakeholders in the realm of governmental financial support [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an original interpretation of the justice cascade theory developed by Kathryn Sikkink and her coauthors as it pertains to the ICC's engagements with African states since 2004. In doing so, we challenge a prominent and acclaimed critique of this theory: Oumar Ba's States of Justice. Ba presents four qualitative case studies informed by fieldwork, focused on the admissibility challenges, selective cooperation, and obstructionism involving Uganda, Libya, Kenya, and Côte d'Ivoire. We closely examine the key publications in which the justice cascade theory is introduced, refined, and critiqued, identifying misinterpretations of this theory in Ba's work and elucidating its empirical implications. Furthermore, we perform a citation analysis of States of Justice , demonstrating that the book, by virtually omitting primary sources of any type, misimplements its own empirical strategy. We introduce fresh legal analyses of compliance with the Rome Statute of the ICC in the four relevant cases, revealing the dearth of evidence of noncompliance in all but the Kenyan case. Finally, we discuss legal analysis as a means of testing theories of international law and courts, and we illustrate the relevance of the justice cascade theory to current debates on the establishment of new international tribunals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article determines the factors that influence the illegal electronic books download in Spain. Firstly, through the review of the existing literature, a survey is conducted on the consumption habits of electronic books and other series of questions related to social and psychological factors on noncompliance with the law. Secondly, the mentioned survey was carried out to 404 consumers for the construction of an ad hoc database. Afterwards, a binomial econometric model is used with these data. The results indicate that the social environment and the crime neutralization mechanisms play a fundamental role in the probability of incurring in the illegal download of electronic books. Other factors such as the perception of the risk of being sanctioned or persecuted are not significant. The article contributes, with data, to the potential design of policies related to piracy within the book sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pacha: Revista de Estudios Contemporáneos del Sur Global is the property of PACHA REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS CONTEMPORANEOS DEL SUR GLOBAL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Most of us believe that it would be unjust to act with indifference about the plight of future generations. Zipper arguments in intergenerational justice aim to show that we have duties of justice regarding future generations, regardless of whether we have duties of justice to future generations. By doing so, such arguments circumvent the foundational challenges that come with theorising duties to remote future generations, which result from the non-existence, non-identity and non-contemporaneity of future generations. I argue that zipper arguments face several significant challenges. The ought-implies-can challenge points out that because prior generations determine what later generations can transfer, they determine how much they ought to transfer. In addition, both intentional and non-intentional non-compliance can break the chain of duties towards future generations on which zipper arguments rely. Some versions are surprisingly resilient especially in real-world circumstances. This paper does not show that zipper arguments inevitably fail, but all ways forward come at significant theoretical costs. Unless the challenges posed here are met (or shown as irrelevant), theorists of justice cannot side-track the foundational challenges that come with doing intergenerational justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has claimed millions of lives. In this study, we develop a mathematical model to investigate the impact of human behavior on the dynamics of COVID-19 infection in South Africa. Specifically, our model examined the effects of positive versus negative human behavior. We parameterize the model using data from the COVID-19 fifth wave of Gauteng province, South Africa, from May 01, 2022, to July 23, 2022. To forecast new cases of COVID-19 infections, we compared three forecasting methods: exponential smoothing (ETS), long short-term memory (LSTM), and gated recurrent units (GRUs), using the dataset. Results from the time series analysis showed that the LSTM model has better performance and is well-suited for predicting the dynamics of COVID-19 compared to the other models. Sensitivity analysis and numerical simulations were also performed, revealing that noncompliant infected individuals contribute more to new infections than those who comply. It is envisaged that the insights from this work can better inform public health policy and enable better projections of disease spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In clinical trials that are subject to noncompliance, the commonly used intention-to-treat estimand is valid as a causal effect of treatment assignment but is sensitive to the level of compliance. An alternative estimand, the complier average causal effect (CACE), measures the average effect of treatment received in the latent subset of subjects who would comply with either assigned treatment. Because the principal stratum of compliers can vary with the circumstances of the trial, CACE too depends on the compliance fraction. We propose a model in which an underlying latent proto-compliance interacts with trial characteristics to determine a subject's compliance behavior. When the latent compliance is independent of the individual treatment effect, the average causal effect is constant across compliance classes, and CACE is robust across trials and equal to the population average causal effect. We demonstrate the potential degree of sensitivity of CACE in a simulation study, an analysis of data from a trial of vitamin A supplementation in children, and a meta-analysis of trials of epidural analgesia in labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A principal incentivizes an agent to maintain compliance and to truthfully announce any breaches of compliance. Compliance is imperfectly controlled by the agent's private effort choices, is partially persistent, and is verifiable by the principal only through costly inspections. We show that in principal‐optimal equilibria, the principal enforces maximum compliance using deterministic inspections. Periodic inspection cycles are suspended during periods of self‐reported noncompliance, during which the agent is fined. We show how commitment to random inspections would benefit the principal, and discuss possible ways for the principal to overcome her commitment problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales is the property of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates how environmental penalties affect the share prices of Chinese listed companies. By linking the share prices of listed firms to the full administrative environmental penalty records from 2015 to 2020, market reactions to 3602 environmental violations measured by cumulative abnormal return (CAR) are studied. We find that after an environmental penalty, the share price of the violator would decline significantly, but with a small magnitude in general. Our results provide empirical evidence that companies are paying some extra costs in the stock market for their environmental noncompliance in China, especially for environmental penalties with large fines, business bans, or those issued by high‐level governments. Also, large, state‐owned, and key emission unit companies are found to be less affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic diseases are significantly increasing globally and increasing premature deaths among population. CDC has defined chronic diseases are the conditions that last 1 year or more and require ongoing medical support or limit the daily activities or both. Diabetes and hypertension are popular chronic diseases. But there are many others are also now increasing. The current study was conducted to find out the prevalence of noncompliance among chronic diseases like thyroid diseases, Asthma, COPD, Orthopedic problems and epilepsy. Also to understand the determinants factors among them. It was a hospital based cross sectional study. The sample size was calculated and it was 36 for each disease. Total 40 study participants of each disease were included. It was randomly selected the individuals diagnosed with the mentioned chronic diseases who have been diagnosed and on treatment for more than 3 years from hospital. Result: A total of 200 patients participated in the study. The study included 40 patients from each chronic disease that is thyroid disorders, COPD, Orthopedic problems, Asthma and Epilepsy. The rural population comprised 69% of the total study group. The prevalence of medical noncompliance was found in 56.5% of all the patients. People having the disease for longer period of time were more non-compliant. The study revealed that family support and regular follow up with doctor are two important determinates factors which has positive impact on compliance. Conclusion: Noncompliance to medication regimen among chronic disease patients is an important issue for public health consideration. This current study recorded an overall noncompliance level of 57.5%. The factors identified as contributing to medication noncompliance in this study were regular follow ups, family support, adequate knowledge regarding their disease and importance of taking medication with or without symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: YouTube vloggers may be important socialization figures, yet their influence on adolescents' health‐related behaviors and cognitions is largely untested. In this two‐study mixed‐method project, we first assessed the extent of (non)compliance to COVID‐19 regulations by vloggers on YouTube and how viewers reacted to this. Second, we experimentally assessed the effects of vlogger behavior paired with viewer evaluations on adolescents' COVID‐19‐related attitudes, intentions, and behavior. Methods: For Study 1, we coded 240 vlogs of eight popular Dutch vloggers on YouTube recorded in the period of February 2020–March 2021. For our 2 × 2 between‐subjects experiment in Study 2, Dutch adolescents (N = 285, Mage = 12.99, SD = 1.02, 41.8% girls) were randomly assigned to conditions in which they saw vlogs showing either compliance or noncompliance to COVID‐19 regulations, and to conditions in which they saw either supportive or dismissive comments under these vlogs. Results: Study 1: Vloggers' noncompliance with COVID‐19 regulations was not uncommon and received relatively more viewer support than compliance, suggesting that portrayed noncompliance may be potentially influential. Study 2: Adolescents were more worried about COVID‐19 after they watched a compliant (vs. noncompliant) vlogger. Also, vlogger noncompliance decreased adolescents' perceived importance of COVID‐19 regulations and rule‐setting for adolescents who identified strongly with the vloggers they watched. Conclusions: Vloggers' (non)compliance affects adolescents' COVID‐19‐related worrying, and attitudes and behavior of adolescents who identify with vloggers strongly. This seems concerning given the sometimes harmful and risky behaviors vloggers portray online but could potentially also be employed to encourage healthy behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the concept of decompression as a specific process of differentiation. Decompression can be anchored as one of the phenomena of non-compliance, representing a distinctive phenomenon, however. Governments or leaders acting in a decompression way are not Eurosceptics and they do not want to reverse the course of integration. We define decompression as a sudden violation of an EU rule by a member state, which leads to immediate disruption of shared trust in a basic EU policy or principle. In the case of a crisis, we can see a 'compression', an unexpected crisis-driven demand placed on domestic institutions. Decompression is a relaxation of this pressure triggering the non-application of an EU policy or principle in reaction to changes external to the political equilibrium. It sheds new light on the persistent power of individual politicians to compromise European integration in an unintended way, so far under-reported by the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We pay tribute to Marshall Joffe, PhD, and his substantial contributions to the field of causal inference with focus in biostatistics and epidemiology. By compiling narratives written by us, his colleagues, we not only present highlights of Marshall's research and their significance for causal inference but also offer a portrayal of Marshall's personal accomplishments and character. Our discussion of Marshall's research notably includes (but is not limited to) handling of posttreatment variables such as noncompliance, employing G-estimation for treatment effects on failure-time outcomes, estimating effects of time-varying exposures subject to time-dependent confounding, and developing a causal framework for case-control studies. We also provide a description of some of Marshall's unpublished work, which is accompanied by a bonus anecdote. We discuss future research directions related to Marshall's research. While Marshall's impact in causal inference and the world outside of it cannot be wholly captured by our words, we hope nonetheless to present some of what he has done for our field and what he has meant to us and to his loved ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magistrates, judges and prosecutors, as the main actors on the legal scene, do not benefit from absolute immunity, therefore they can be held legally liable, which wears the five forms, respectively: criminal, civil, moral, contraventional and disciplinary. To avoid this, magistrates must demonstrate good faith and responsibility, both professionally and personally. In the paper, special emphasis is placed on disciplinary liability, indicating what constitutes disciplinary misconduct, what is its structure and what are disciplinary violations, as well as disciplinary sanctions with the addition of examples from the practice of the two sections of the Superior Council of Magistracy, as a disciplinary court, as well as the panel of 5 judges of the ÎCCJ, as an appeals court. At the end, the disciplinary process is presented, indicating the stages that must be completed in order to bring the magistrate judge or prosecutor to disciplinary responsibility. In the paper, I proposed by law ferenda, the addition within article 271 of Law no. 303/2022 regarding the status of judges and prosecutors of the disciplinary offense of noncompliance with the decisions of the Constitutional Court or the decisions issued by the ÎCCJ, in the resolution of appeals in the interest of the law and in the prior resolution of some legal issues; because there is an extremely high risk that the magistrates will not give importance to these decisions, since their non-compliance is no longer provided as a disciplinary offence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), the violations made against it, and the punishments meted in a nearly four-decade history as of 2024. Topics covered include the regulatory and judicial tools for non-compliance with the law, the data and method used, and the findings and conclusions of the analysis. Also noted are recommendations for FIFRA enforcement.