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Building resilience to climate change through on farm management techniques such as crop diversification, and water management as supplemental irrigation is vital for sustainable agriculture. In the present study, soybean (Glycine Max L.) based cropping systems (sole crop, and intercropped with cotton or pigeon pea) through different combinations of cultivation practices (flatbed, raised bed) and irrigation levels (Rainfed, 66%ETc, 100%ETc and methods (drip, sprinkler) were studied in randomized block design with three replications during kharif season of 2019-20 and 2020-21. Plant growth parameters viz. plant height and dry weight were recorded maximum in rainfed soybean as sole crop, while the number of branches/plant were recorded maximum in sole soybean crop irrigated at 100%ETc. Grain yield (5.37 t ha-1), and water productivity (0.47 kg m-3) were maximum in soybean intercropped with cotton. Overall, cotton+soybean irrigated at 66% ETc can be adopted by farmers to achieve optimal productivity without significant yield penalty.

Farmers have been performing agriculture and allied activities since the dawn of human civilization. The agriculture industries rely heavily on the hard work and dedication of the farmers to provide food and other resources to the entire population. Despite, their vital role many farmers struggle to make ends meet due to low revenue of farm produce. The paper addresses the current nature of Indian agriculture, the change in the pattern variables governing them, and the challenges faced by Indian farmers at large. Doubling farmer’s income is necessary to address these challenges and to ensure sustainable agriculture. Furthermore, it can help in improving their livelihoods and well-being by enabling them to meet their basic needs. The researcher’s focus will be towards generating substantial returns for the farmers. A thorough exposition will also be on the welfare approach and how the government’s decisive role in policymaking will go to lengths to protect the interests of the farmers. In addition to these, a discussion of the novel techniques will also find a place in the paper. The paper will eventually end on a note providing a sociological analysis of how the improved, innovative technologies have are harbinger of new era for Indian agriculture in general and farmers in particular.

In this era infectious diseases are posing problems for human beings. In order to avoid various infections, production and use of antibiotics is on rise. The widespread misuse of antimicrobials is responsible for emerging microbial resistance. Numbers of Ayurvedic classical preparations were being used in cases of infections, and they were found to be effective clinically. Therefore, to make our treatment scientifically more validated, we can assess the antimicrobial activity of such preparations in vitro (i.e., culture and sensitivity tests). The development of bacterial resistance to known antibiotics and adverse effect to presently available antibiotics has necessitated the search for new antibacterial agents in different systems of medicine. So Hinguleshwar rasa, a known traditional medicine, has been selected for this study. The antibacterial activity of the Hinguleshwar rasa was tested against pathogenic bacteria strain Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi. In order to study antibacterial action of Hinguleshwar rasa in vitro well diffusion method. During this study Hinguleshwar rasa was trailed with bacteria at different concentrations. To correlate the result, control solutions were prepared by streptomycin. Experimental groups were compared with control groups and observations were noted.

The creation of a smart gun using ESP32-Cam is accomplished using the surrounding data and Internet of Battlefield Things (IoBT) in conjunction with a server which is further connected to the ESP32-CAM for more precise identification of the enemies. The user receives information from the server, which serves as the main framework of the system. Here, the server that has the acquired data goes through several processes to provide precise information that is then given to the user. After the user receives the information from the server, the output of the information is shown on an OLED panel that is positioned on the equipment. The user receives directions from the OLED display, which in turn aids in enemy detection

In an individual, fingerprints and lip prints are one of the vital parts in identifying the person in both civil and criminal cases because of their uniqueness. The aim of the study is to identify if any correlation between lip prints and finger and also based on gender wise.The present study was carried to determine the distribution of different patterns of both finger and lip prints. The study comprised of about 200 subjects, aged between 17 to 24 years. Impressions were collected using lip prints and ink stamp pad and pasted on filter paper and cellophane tape. Chi square test was used to find out any relation between lip prints and finger prints.

Indian traditional medicinal systems are one of the oldest therapeutic systems in the world. Medicinal and aromatic plants play a dominant role in Indian traditional medicinal systems. Traditionally, many medicinal plants are used in India for their therapeutic relevance so much so that they have acquired a significant role in Indian religion as well. Many of these plants have proven antiviral effects. This review documents up-to-date information about many such medicinal herbs used in India which have got pharmacological significance in fighting viral infections. These plants surely have the potential to provide protection against Covid-19. The review presents a list of such plants along with their chemical ingredients and possible modes of action against the respective viral diseases. All information has been obtained by consulting the databases of Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Elsevier, Springer and relevant research papers and reports on COVID-19. The cited medicinal plants are used extensively in India as herbal remedies. The use of these plants is validated in light of research papers citing their ethnobotanical uses, important active principles and modes of action of the of medicinally important natural products. The plants listed have great potential to fight COVID-19 and other viral infections. Many of these are immunity boosters providing strength to the body to control the onset of diseases.

An operationally simple and metal-free approach is described for the synthesis of pyrazole-tethered thioamide and amide conjugates. The thioamides were generated by employing a three-component reaction of diverse pyrazole C-3/4/5 carbaldehydes, secondary amines, and elemental sulfur in a single synthetic operation. The advantages of this developed protocol refer to the broad substrate scope, metal-free and easy to perform reaction conditions. Moreover, the pyrazole C-3/5-linked amide conjugates were also synthesized via an oxidative amination of pyrazole carbaldehydes and 2-aminopyridines using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant.

Most people in the current situation may suffer from misophonia but are unable to identify it because they are unaware of the condition. Misophonia is a condition in which certain sounds can cause an outburst of irritation, anger, or aggression. In this context, the current study sought to assess and confirm the presence of misophonia in people of various occupations. The study included 30 participants ranging in age from 23 to 54 years. All participants were given a developed Misophonia Assessment Questionnaire in Telugu, and the data was analyzed using SPSS 20 and qualitative analysis was performed to check other aspects such as condition and associated problems. According to the findings, homemakers (17%), ASLP (13%), students (13%), teachers (13%), special educators (10%), conductors (10%), correspondents (10%), musicians (7%), and AWT (7%) all participated. Participants reported misophonia in the following situations: stress (30%), shouting (27%), group (23%), dialysis (10%), tiredness (7%), and television (3%). Out of all the participants 47% fall under Subclinical i.e normal, 23% Moderate, 20% Mild and 10% are Severe. ANOVA followed by post hoc reveals that no significant difference found between occupation except for student and correspondent and ASLP and correspondent in age condition where as other factors such as gender and condition showed no significant difference. According to the current study findings, nearly 53% of participants reported mild to severe misophonia based on the misophonia assessment questionnaire, and it was also discovered that stress levels are higher when compared to others. Finally, the authors stated that misophonia may be a part of daily life where most of the people will be addressed and ignored, it must be assessed and treated appropriately before it has an impact on quality of life.

Mulches are materials that are put to the surface of the soil for a variety of reasons. Plastic mulches of various colours have been developed and employed in a variety of agricultural production methods. Colored plastic mulches are used to modify the radiation budget and prevent soil water loss. It also helps with weed and insect infestation, as well as soil temperature regulation, water efficiency, plant development, yield, and quality. This paper reviews and discusses the understanding and prospective application of coloured plastic mulches to improve soil physical attributes growth, yield, and crop quality. Colored plastic mulches' effectiveness in minimising the detrimental impacts of environmental stress on crops is also explored. The impact of coloured plastic mulches on soil temperature has been documented by several researchers to vary from area to area and crop to crop. Various physicochemical mechanisms have also described that result in increased crop productivity when coloured plastic mulches are employed. Colored plastic mulches have a significant impact on soil temperature, moisture, and water holding capacity, according to the study. Clear and white plastics lower the temperature of the soil, but black and blue plastics raise it. A higher number of fruits, roots, tubers, and bulbs were produced when coloured plastic mulches were used. TSS, Vitamin C, and the proportion of liquid in diverse plants all improved significantly. Infestation of weeds and viral diseases has also been found to be significantly reduced. Reduced plant growth and yield, increased pest infestation, microplastic pollution, soil puddling, soil structural loss, and reduced soil-microorganism activity are some of the disadvantages of coloured plastic mulches. As a result, using coloured plastic mulches demands a detailed investigation of interactions with factors such as cropping season, root zone temperature, crop type, insect pest infestation, and water use efficiency.

The objective of this study was to evaluate quality of life among adult patients after non surgical extraction of teeth under local anaesthesia. The present study was conducted among 80 patients who were above 18 years and wanted extraction of one or two teeth. Following extraction, 80 patients were given a questionnaire (in English, Hindi, and Punjabi) with questions about post-operative quality of life. Patients were contacted by phone to inquire about their status on days 2, 4, and 7. Out of 80 patients, 95%, of the patients continue to do their social activities on day 2after extraction. 34 patients felt pain and swelling, 10 patients felt change in their physical appearance. 12 patients did not go to work, but out of these 10 females were housewives and were not working already. 14patients said that extraction affected their work performance. Only 6 subjects took the help of somebody to do their work, 19 patients felt difficulty in swallowing, 2 patients reported taste perception changes, 26 patients felt changes in mouth opening, five patients had interrupted meals ,10% of the patients reported changes in ability to speak and 6 patients had problem falling asleep on day 2. 100% of the patients had no issues on day 7. It is concluded that the patient's quality of life is affected by simple extraction, particularly on the first and second post-extraction days. The most affected domains were "Pain and swelling felt" and "Change in mouth opening". After a simple extraction, the patient's quality of life was negatively affected for the first two days before improving throughout the duration of the follow-up period. Therefore, the patient should be informed about how a simple extraction can affect their quality of life immediately following surgery and how it might cause them to change their regular routine.

Combination therapy has more popularity and various merits over monotherapy (conventional dosage forms). Bilayer tablet technology is the best and most recent used example of combination dosage formulation. In the last decade, the single-dose formulation has the combination of two or three active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) increased in pharmaceutical industry. It is known for promoting patient convenience and compliance by reducing the number of dosages and enhancing the bioavailability of dosage forms. Bilayer or multilayer tablets are innovative forms of conventional oral drug delivery systems. Bilayer layer can be the only technology that has been used in different APIs for synergistic effect, to enhance the bioavailability or to avoid the interaction between the incompatible substance by separating them physically, and to enable the development of different drug release profiles (sustained release or controlled release, etc). The goal of this review is to give a general overview of the development and production of bilayer tablet technology and to highlight the issues encountered during the production of bilayer tablets as well as the expected solutions to these problems.

The constituent/composition of hydrophobic DESs govern the behavior of solvatochromic probes: pyrene and pyrene-1-carboxaldehyde; intramolecular excimer formation efficiency of dipyrenylpolydimethylsiloxane indicates the good solvation ability.

Introduction: The success of prosthodontic procedures can be accurately determined by the exact replication of the patient’s condylar path using a semi-adjustable articulator. It allows the clinician to determine the morphology of the occlusal surfaces in relation to the condylar pathway during mandibular movements. If condylar guidance is not exactly registered, it might result in occlusal interferences during movements of the mandible and lengthen chairside adjustment time, which is inconvenient for the patient and dentist.Materials and methods: A total of 20 dentulous patients from 20 to 30 years of age group attending the department of prosthodontics at Sibar institute of dental sciences were selected for the study. Alu wax and jet bite were used to obtain the protrusive interocclusal record (PIR). Protrusive records were then used to program the semi-adjustable articulator to obtain HCGA values on both sides. Using the same protrusive records CBCT radiograph was taken. Radiographic images were traced on tracing paper and HCGA values were measured using Frankfort’s horizontal reference line (the line connecting porion and orbitale) and the mean curvature line (most-superior and most-inferior points of the curvatures) on both sides using a protractor. The data were analyzed by paired sample t-tests and Pearson’s correlation tests.Results: There was no significant difference between the right and left sides in the clinical and radiographic methods using Alu wax PIR. In the clinical method utilizing jet bite PIR, the right side had significantly higher HCGA values than on the left side. On CBCT, no such differences were found.Conclusion: CBCT horizontal condylar guidance angle values were higher than those obtained using the clinical method by using both records. Values obtained from both the methods, i.e., protrusive interocclusal record and cone-beam computed tomography, were compared and correlated.

The Indian classic of Rasashastra have contribute numerous Rasayoga for various disease. In modern era for the development of Ayurvedic medicine with the proof scientifically and use of new search antibiotics to be increase, Deepika rasa is not popular traditional medicine so an attempt has been made to develop a safe & less expensive antimicrobial drug. Deepika rasa formulations are selected for the present study from Rasa Ratan Samuccaya (U.K.A12). Deepika rasa was indicated as “Sarva Jwarhar Vinashanam”. Deepika rasa is one among Kharaleeya Kalpana. In this study we prepared Deepika rasa by two different methods: 1. Deepika rasa formulation- Rasa Ratan Samuccaya (U.K.A.) [D1] 2. Deepika rasa formulation- Modified method [D2]. The difference between above formulations was that Rasa Sindoora was used in the place of Parad and Gandhak in the formula two of Deepika rasa. This was because of the preparation Rasa sindoora was more potent as compared to Kajjali of first formula. The above said formulations were subjected to antimicrobial investigations to determine their quality, standards and anti-microbial effects on 5 pathogenic bacteria strain Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi. These pathogens are very common for fever. In order to study antibacterial action of Deepika rasa in vitro well diffusion method. During this study Deepika rasa was trailed with bacterial at different concentration. To correlate the result control solution were prepared by streptomycin. Experimental group were compared with control group and observations were noted. The encouraging results obtained from anti-microbial study of both sample of Deepika rasa. Deepika rasa 1 & Deepika rasa 2 was highly significant for some pathogen with the different concentration and moderately significant for some pathogen with the different concentration and no significant for some pathogen with the different concentration. So an attempt was made to find a safe and effective Ayurvedic medicine.

These days, finding new marketing authorizations, guaranteeing regulatory compliance, and keeping labour costs competitive are extremely tough. Many pharmaceutical companies also struggle to deal with local regulatory issues and stay up with changes in key pharmaceutical markets. Regulations are thoroughly reviewed before being given to the RA department. This team compiles the most critical prescription information for global approval and marketing. This category accepts both new and revised product submissions. This is mostly handled by the RA department. RA's job is to provide feedback on proposed or disputed legislation. This is a proactive measure. The ICH framework allows for more early intervention. Regulators have a wide range of responsibilities. In the US, the FDA must register and clear the goods with the export company's regulatory professional.

The initial step in the progression of cancer is the deformation of normal cells, which is caused by mutations in the DNA of the cell. This abnormal cell, during the process of it’s asexual reproduction, acquires invasion characteristics and causes alterations in the tissues that are around it, while at the same time ignoring signals linked to the regulation of cell growth that are present in its immediate environment. It would appear that a significant number of the chemical compounds that are created by plants do not play any direct role in the growth of plants. These kinds of molecules are referred to by the phrase "secondary metabolite," which is short for "secondary metabolites." Essential components include alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, pigments, and tannins. Secondary metabolites are responsible for a wide variety of biological effects, including those on hematopoietic cells, lipids, and the cardiovascular system. Other biological effects can also be linked to secondary metabolites.

Species diversity and abundance of insects associated in an agricultural ecosystem was studied in Bhabar region of district Nainital in Uttarakhand from March 2018 to February 2020. Data revealed a total of 148 insect species belonging to 47 families and nine orders (Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Odonata, Diptera, Dictyoptera, and Phasmida), identified from 2007 specimens. These were classified into five functional trophic groups: phytophagous, predators, omnivores, saprophages and decomposers. The diversity indexes showed significance- Diversity (Hʹ=1.778), Evenness (E=0.9689), and Margalef’s Index (d=1.924). Diversity indices of insect orders showed Lepidoptera to be the most diverse (Hʹ=1.994) with maximum species richness having high Margalef’s index (d=2.607), and dipterans with highest evenness (E=0.9572). A total of 1331 individuals of insect pollinators/ visitors were observed, belonging to 99 species of 5 orders (Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera).

Diabetes is an oldest metabolic life treating disease caused by abnormally high blood glucose levels, it is the largest population disease in worldwide based on their pathology its two types one is Type 1 diabetes insulin dependents beta-cell are responsible for this type whereas type 2 its non-insulin depended the actual cause is not known Now a day’s combination therapy is most widely used for their treatments that are mostly synthetic compounds. There is some medicinal plant have an antidiabetic activity we know that herbs are the good friend for us from ancient time as compare to synthetic drug herbal drugs have less toxicity. This review studied the structure of chemical constituents of some glycosidase inhibitors medicinal plants like flavonoids, Alkaloids, terpenoids etc. Glycosidase enzyme plays a key role in the breakdown of the carbohydrate molecules.

With the rapid development of cloud storage, cloud users are willing to store data in the cloud storage system, and at the same time, the requirements for the security, integrity, and availability of data storage are getting higher and higher. Although many cloud audit schemes have been proposed, the data storage overhead is too large and the data cannot be dynamically updated efficiently when most of the schemes are in use. In order to solve these problems, a cloud audit scheme for multi-copy dynamic data integrity based on red-black tree full nodes is proposed. This scheme uses ID-based key authentication, and improves the classic Merkel hash tree MHT to achieve multi-copy storage and dynamic data manipulation, which improves the efficiency of real-time dynamic data update (insertion, deletion, modification). The third-party audit organization replaces users to verify the integrity of data stored on remote cloud servers, which reduces the computing overhead and system communication overhead. The security analysis proves that the security model based on the CDH problem and the DL problem is safe. Judging from the results of the simulation experiment, the scheme is safe and efficient.

Human Action Recognition (HAR) has been a challenging problem yet it needs to be solved. Recently the detection and recognition of human action has broad range of applications and is popularized in the field of computer vision. It mainly focuses on to understand human behaviour and name a label to each action. There are many approaches for action recognizing from both image and video based actions. Now it is time to review these existing approaches in order to help for future research. The main aim of this work is to study the various action recognition techniques in videos and images. The paper presents a brief overview of features of human actions by categorizing as still image-based and video-based. All related datasets are also introduced in this paper, which will be helpful for future research.

The present study compares the effectiveness of inferior alveolar nerve block and infiltration in the extraction of posterior mandibular teeth. 90 patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 included 45 patients and for each tooth, two injections (0.6 ml out of 1.8 ml of 2% lidocaine from one dental cartridge with 1:80000 adrenaline) were administered, one Local Anesthetic injection was given parallel to the long axis of the tooth in the depth of buccal sulcus with short needle and dental syringe. The second injection was delivered to the lingual vestibule of the mouth's floor to anaesthetize the soft and hard lingual tissue with short needle and dental syringe, whereas Group 2 included 45 patients and were given Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (1.5 ml of 2% Lidocaine) and Long Buccal nerve Infiltration (0.3ml of 2% Lidocaine). In our study, we found 78% patients was pain free and 22% was feeling pain during tooth extraction in patients who were given infiltration, whereas patients in which Inferior alveolar nerve block was given, 89% patients was pain free and 11% were feeling pain during tooth extraction. 94% of males and 85% of females experienced no pain, whereas 6% of males and 15% of females felt pain during the extraction. The present study suggests that Infiltration can be used as an alternative approach to inferior alveolar nerve block during the extraction of Mandibular posterior teeth.

Gomutra (Cow urine) has been used in various diseases as a medicine since long. It is recommended alone or in combination with other herbal drugs. Sanjivani vati is a popular Ayurvedic drug described in various classical and official text of Ayurveda and it is a very good example of that combination. It has equal parts of Vidanga, Sunthi, Pippali, Haritaki, Amalaki, Vibhitaki, Vaca, Guduchi, Bhallataka and Vatsanabha. Gomutra (Cow urine) is an ingredient that is used to levigate the powder of all herbal drugs and helps in making pills. Microbial contamination is defined as deterioration of pharmaceutical products by the microbes. In the pharmaceutics, various factors may be as a source of microbes. Preparation of drug is a long process and occurring in open environment. A big number of machine and man power are involved in this production. All these factors including ingredients of drug may contribute the deterioration of the drugs due to contamination of microbes. Even though fresh Cow urine is sterile, it may be prone to contamination and it may produce microbial load during processing of various formulations. Microbial growth may develop in the Sanjivani Vati that encompasses cow urine as an ingredient. The primary objective of this study was to determine microbial load. Sanjivani Vati was made in the institute pharmacy and evaluated for microbial load through outsource lab. Another market sample of Sanjivani Vati of a pharmacy was also evaluated to compare the results. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of microbial loads in Sanjivani Vati was assessed. The following strains of microbes E. Coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Fungus, and Total viable aerobic bacterial count were evaluated. Both the sample of Sanjivani Vati has shown insignificant load of selected microbes.

When developing software today, we still use old tools and ideas. Maybe it is time to start from scratch and try tools and languages that are more in line with how we actually want to develop software. The Go Programming Language was created at Google by a rather famous trio: Rob Pike, Ken Thompson and Robert Griesemer. Before introducing Go, the company suffered from their development process not scaling well due to slow builds, uncontrolled dependencies, hard to read code, poor documentation and so on. Go is set out to provide a solution for these issues. The purpose of this master’s thesis was to review the current state of the language. This is not only a study of the language itself but an investigation of the whole software development process using Go. The study was carried out from an embedded development perspective which includes an investigation of compilers and cross-compilation. We found that Go is exciting, fun to use and fulfills what is promised in many cases. However, we think the tools need some more time to mature.

The findings reveal that quality and timely interaction between students and professors, technical assistance availability, structured online class modules, and adjustments to allow the conduct of practical lessons are all significant for teacher and student satisfaction with online classes. The goal of this study was to conduct an online survey to get feedback from teachers and students on their perceptions and experiences with online classrooms. In the midst of the present pandemic crisis, the Indian education system has made a recent change by delivering classes via online means. As a result, this poll examines the attitudes and concerns of college and university teachers and students about attending online programmes, which have become mandatory as a result of COVID19. The sample included 70 teachers and 407 students from Bangalore's colleges and universities. For the aim of data gathering, an online survey method was used.

Realizing the Zn3+ oxidation state by interaction with super-electrophilic clusters that are stable gas-phase trianions in their ground states.

“Diabetes mellitus”, is one of the most common non-communicable diseases worldwide. India faces several challenges in diabetes management, including a rising prevalence in urban and rural areas, lack of disease awareness among the public, limited health care facilities, high cost of treatment, suboptimal glycaemic control and rising prevalence of diabetic complications. Insulin therapy for diabetes is most commonly delivered via subcutaneous injections, up to four times a day. Long-term insulin therapy, compounded by the invasive nature of its administration, has caused problems with patient compliance, ultimately influencing patient outcomes. There is an increase in the prevalence of type 1diabetes also, but main cause of diabetic epidemic is type2 diabetes mellitus, which accounts for more than 90 percent of all diabetes cases. Type2 diabetes is a serious and common chronic disease resulting from a complex inheritance- environment interaction along with other risk factors such as obesity and sedentary lifestyle.

The disparity in the free radical generation and the production of antioxidants to counteract its effect is known as oxidative stress. Oxidative stress causes damage to the macromolecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and DNA and RNA. The oxidative damage to the cellular components leads to a process of aging and various age-associated disorders. The literature survey for this review was done using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. The papers showing the studies related to aging and age-associated disorders have been selected for reviewing this paper. Ellagic acid has been used as the keyword, and more emphasis has been put on papers from the last 10 years. However, some papers with significant studies prior to 10 years have also been considered. Almost 250 papers have been studied for reviewing this paper, and about 135 papers have been cited. Ellagic acid (EA) is present in high quantities in pomegranate and various types of berries. It is known to possess the antioxidant potential and protects from the harmful effects of free radicals. Various studies have shown its effect to protect cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, cancer, and diabetes. The present review focuses on the protective effect of ellagic acid in age-associated disorders. The effect of EA has been studied in various chronic disorders but the scope of this review is limited to cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. All the disease aspects have not been addressed in this particular review.

Functionalization of metal-chalcogenide clusters by either replacing core atoms or by tuning the ligand is a powerful technique to tailor their properties. Central to this approach is understanding the competition between the strength of the metal-ligand and metal-metal interactions. Here, using collision-induced dissociation of atomically precise metal sulfide nanoclusters, Co5MS8L6+ (L = PEt3, M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) and Co5-xFexS8L6+ (x = 1–3), we study the effect of a heteroatom incorporation on the core-ligand interactions and relative stability towards fragmentation. Sequential ligand loss is the dominant dissociation pathway that competes with ligand sulfide (LS) loss. Because the ligands are attached to metal atoms, LS loss is an unusual dissociation pathway, indicating significant rearrangement of the core prior to fragmentation. Both experiments and theoretical calculations indicate the reduced stability of Co5MnS8L6+ and Co5FeS8L6+ towards the first ligand loss in comparison with their Co6S8L6+ and Co5NiS8L6+ counterparts and provide insights into the core-ligand interaction.

Background: Electronic noses have recently developed as a part of nanotechnology-based devices to cater to different needs in the field of biomedical sciences. Objective: To have a detailed idea regarding the various uses of electronic noses in the early detection of diseases, food spoilage, etc., we need to explore multiple studies. Methods: Chiefly, biosensors for detecting different volatile organic compounds responsible for different diseases exerted from the lungs are developed based on electronic noses. The difference in the breath pattern of normal individuals and diseased individuals who have cancer, CVD, diabetes, neurological disorders, etc. can be differentiated using the electronic nose. Results: In the field of food industry, bacterial contamination and other kinds of food spoilage can be detected at an early stage by detecting the pattern of evolved gases from these food items using the electronic nose. Conclusion: Thus, there are versatile applications of electronic noses in the early diagnosis of life-threatening diseases, chemical industry, food industries, etc., which will be discussed in this review.