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In recent times IoT (Internet of Things) plays a major role in the daily routine of human life. Majorly this technology is showing its impact on medical applications. As per a report, Health issues become very common for people above the age of 40 and it becomes severe for the elderly population. Sometimes old age people forget to take medicine and also get confused about when to use what type of medicine, which makes them rely on the assistance of others. With the help of IoT, a smart device with RFID (Radio-frequency Identifier), Arduino UNO and NodeMCU is proposed. This not only helps in suggesting the kind of medicine to be taken but also the information is sent to the nearby hospital in case of emergencies. The proposed model achieves an accuracy of 92%, which is very much essential in present days.

The high energy density, low self-discharge, and operating voltages of lithium-ion batteries make them the preferred choice for electric cars. It is crucial to keep the battery pack at operational temperatures in order to avoid thermal runaways because these high energies are being stored in a small area. In this research, a novel passive battery cooling method is presented that makes use of two different phase change materials (PCM) arranged in various ways inside a battery pack. In this study, RT50 and RT60 PCMs are utilized to evaluate the combined thermal performance to that of a single PCM. A variety of configurations for the phase change material are used between battery pack cells, including trans-axial, trans-radial arrangements and compared against the performance of individual PCM. The effectiveness of passive cooling is evaluated in the current study for a variety of layouts that are exposed to external convection circumstances at a constant ambient temperature of 25°C. The transient behaviour of the battery cell temperature and its effects on PCM architecture at various melting stages are investigated in the current work. The heat transmission characteristics and melting phenomenon to suggested phase change materials arrangements is assessed.

In Formula Society of Automotive Engineers (FSAE) cars engine heat management serves as an important factor for the performance of the vehicle. Therefore, a proper design of sidepod is crucial for optimal cooling of the engine since sidepods are designed to direct the airflow through the radiator. Also, since sidepods play an important role in the aerodynamic performance of the vehicle, factors such as drag and lift must also be considered along with the cooling of the engine. This paper brings forth the methodology carried out to design the sidepods effectively. First the optimal radiator angle is determined on which the maximum mass flow rate of air through the radiator core is observed. Angles are varied from 50, 70 and 90 degrees on various orientations with respect to the car. Fixing this radiator angle, various inlet and outlet areas of the sidepod are analyzed. Choosing the model with least drag and lift coefficient the sidepod is analyzed by sealing it at various sides. Finally, the effects of gills are also analyzed for better optimization of the sidepod. The models are designed in Solidworks and the CFD simulations are carried out in Simscale. Half car simulation is performed with symmetry conditions in order to reduce the cell count. The results of the analysis showed that the radiator angled forward with a diverging type sidepod yields in the better cooling of the engine.

Before starting management of any disease three important things to be kept in mind that is etiology, well planning, and Pathya-Apathya. Pathya–Apathya plays important role in the management of various disorders. Prameha is one of such disorder in which Pathya-Apathya affect its morbidity. Etiology, etiopathogenesis with clinical manifestation of Prameha are very well described in ancient textbook like Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Astanga Hridyam and Astanga Samgraha etc. In all treatise of Ayurveda, Prameha is considered as Santarpanajanya Vikara that is of three types i.e., Vataj, Pittaj and Kaphaja. Madhumeha mentioned under the heading of Vataj Prameha that is closely correlated to diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus is of two type viz., Type-1 Diabetes & Type-2 Diabetes. Among that, Type-2 diabetes is non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus that occur in middle age. In this clinical entity insulin resistance was developed. In its management, Pathya–Apathya contributes a major role in controlling blood sugar level. Therefore, author attempted to highlight role of Pathya–Apathya (do’s & don’t) in the management of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Background: Depression is characterized by persistent sadness and lack of interest or pleasure in enjoyable activities and disturbed sleep and appetite. Women suffer from depression the most, as the hurdles faced by Indian women include lack of awareness, stigma, disadvantaged position of women, multiple roles, increased levels of stress, and domestic violence. This study is to determine the prevalence of depression among elderly women and to determine the factors affecting it. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 783 elderly women (aged 60 years or more), residing in rural Mandya (South Karnataka) by interviewing them using a semi-structured proforma. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) was used to assess depression. Mean, standard deviation and proportion were used for descriptive statistics. Chi square test was used to determine association of risk factors. Results: The prevalence of depression was found to be 31.6%. The major factors affecting depression were increasing age, illness and loneliness. Conclusions: The prevalence of depression in the elderly women was high (31.6%). By identifying risk factors for depression among the elderly population and screening them on time, we can reduce the severity and burden of the disease to a greater extent.

Organizations understand that in the current economic and social climate, a lasting competitive edge over competing enterprises is necessary for success. Sources of competitive advantage have historically included things like natural resources, economies of scale, technological expertise, and quality. While the aforementioned criteria remain a competitive advantage, the management of human resources is becoming more complicated and presents ongoing problems to businesses. Employees in the Indian workforce have developed new standards for organizational ethics and leadership to keep up with the increasing globalization of the economy. Using HRM strategically is likely to be one of the most significant factors of organizational success, according to studies.

Diabetic patients often experience a common disease known as Diabetic Retinopathy. This condition predominantly affects the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye, by damaging the blood vessels that supply it. While in its early stages, Diabetic Retinopathy may not show any symptoms and can gradually lead to mild vision problems. It is crucial to detect the early stages of this disease automatically to prevent damage to the eyes and avoid vision loss. Therefore, the automatic detection of this condition is vital for early screening and diagnosis, which allows for timely treatment. Fundus cameras are used to capture retinal images, which can help in detecting and diagnosing Diabetic Retinopathy .This study proposes a method that utilizes deep learning to automatically identify the progression level of Diabetic Retinopathy. Two different deep learning architectures, namely ResNet, and Swin Transformer, were utilized in the experiment. The models were evaluated in terms of accuracy and network size, and the results were visualized using metrics like confusion matrix. The findings indicate that Swin Transformer can achieve better accuracy and robustness during classification.

Background: A ventilated middle ear space is an essential component of a functioning middle ear transformer mechanism. A mastoid ventilation tube (MVT) placed post-aurally in the antrum near the aditus is used in this study for the benefit of improvement in results of tympanoplasty. In support of this concept, very few experimental documents are reported. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to find out if the MVT has any effect on the outcome of tympanoplasty in cases of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) tubo-tympanic disease. Materials and Methods: This study was performed in 50 cases which were selected from the total number of cases using stratified random sampling method. In the research, patients with CSOM, who did not respond to medical therapy and required a combined approach tympanoplasty, were enrolled. Patients who needed just myringoplasty and those found to have cholesteatoma intraoperatively were not included in the research. Results: The study showed significant improvement in graft uptake, air-bone closure, and hearing in cases with MVT, thus resulting in better success rate in cases with MVT than cases without MVT. Furthermore, most of the cases had sclerosed mastoids and very few cases had complications such as MVT block and post-operative discharge. Conclusion: The MVT had a beneficial effect on the final outcome of combined approach tympanoplasty in cases of CSOM tubo-tympanic type active stage.

Background: One of the major health problem worldwide is elevated blood pressure (BP). Prior research had shown that hypertensives experience psychological distress, although pre-hypertensives have not yet been subject to this research. Objectives were to assess the major risk factors of increasing BP among bus drivers and to assess psychological distress in relation to BP levels. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among Bus drivers aged above 20 years, study was carried out between July to October of 2022, a sample of 135 was taken. Inferential statistics such as Pearson Chi square test and an unpaired independent-sample t-test was used to assess the difference between pre-hypertensive and hypertensive individuals on GHQ score. Results: In the present study (n=135), 47% were normotensive, 34% were in hypertensive stage and 19% were in pre-hypertensive stage. On assessment of psychological distress in relation to BP among bus drivers the mean of (General health questionnaire) GHQ-12 was found to be 17.57 among hypertensives and 17.86 among pre-hypertensives. Two tailed significance value of 0.768 was observed between pre-hypertensive and hypertensive individuals indicating that psychological distress had significant effects. Conclusions: The prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension was among bus drivers, leading to cardio vascular diseases which in turn causes increased morbidity and mortality, lowering individual productivity and having an impact on the national economy. The prevalence of non-communicable diseases should be monitored by lifestyle changes and periodic screenings.

A recommender system is basically a type of information filtering system that suggests/recommends items based on the factors that constitute what the user is most interested in. The recommendations are typically provided in relation to different decision-making processes. Tourism is a social phenomenon where people deliberately travel in search of recreation, well-being, cultural exploration or get themselves softened up. But, the amount of information available online keeps expanding at exponential rates and thus the users have expressed their feeling of frustration at how challenging it is to find the appropriate information. This problem is called information overload. This is where the recommendation system comes into play which helps in solving the information overload problem. The hybrid system addresses the disadvantages where location-based recommendation systems are used individually, of which the most notable is the cold start issue. Furthermore, in order to improve the accuracy of the prediction to recommend items, these systems search for the ideal fusion of different approaches. Thus, the hybrid recommendation method solves the challenges like ‘cold start problem’, inability to capture changes in user behavior, sparsity and selecting correct choices for users. This paper explores the hybrid recommendation systems and other filtering techniques used in various fields, their challenges, how they can also be used for tourism recommender systems based on the longitudes and latitudes.

In this study, the melting characteristics of hybrid nano-enhanced phase change material in a finned circular tube were studied by using the Finite volume method. This setup of circular tubes with a phase change material is used as cooling systems in automotive industries, air-conditioning, refrigerators, and other applications of cooling systems. There is a need for enhancing the specific heat capacity of this system to ensure that the system works even at high temperatures. As the current problem includes many design parameters and boundary constraints, the finite volume method has been performed to obtain a detailed report and data to examine the deformation of the hybrid nanoparticles and heat transfer rate on the corresponding surface. The current paper reviews and focuses mainly on the high-temperature PCM. And the suitable PCM has been selected based on its limitations and properties. To ensure the increased specific heat capacity, a salt-based phase change material, i.e., a mixture of NaNO3-KNO3 (60:40 ratio) binary salt. This PCM could hold a temperature up to 334◦C before melting to change its phase. In addition to spherical-shaped nanoparticles of silica (SiO2) in this binary salt, it tends to have a significant potential for enhancing the thermal storage characteristics of the NaNO3-KNO3 binary salt. On an extended surface, Finns are used on the peripheral of the circular tube to increase the surface area, which leads to an increase in frictional resistance resulting in a reduced airflow rate in the vicinity of the finned surface. From case studies, it has been found that the optimum fork-shaped fin array with two branches gives higher heat dissipation than the optimum rectangular fin. In the majority of the cases, the optimum fork-shaped fin array gives a 59.9% higher heat transfer rate compared to the rectangular fin array. Thus, the melting characteristics of the hybrid of NaNO3- KNO3 with nanoparticles of silica are studied when placed in a circular tube containing fork-shaped fins.

Aerodynamic drag is one of the most opposing factors for ground vehicle. This becomes even more difficult while travelling through a tunnel. The Evacuated- Tube Trains (ETTs) or Hyperloop’s are a new concept of ground transportation presently being developed by many different companies. The main purpose of an Hyperloop can be displayed as a cheaper medium of ground transport, which could allow its consumers to propagate to different places at a cheaper and faster rate compared to the present day locomotives and road transport. Passengers can travel at over 700 mph in floating capsules that swoop along within gigantic low-pressure tubes that are either below or above surface. This study analyses the Hyperloop designs using Computational Fluid Dynamics software ANSYS FLUENT. The effects of operating speed, Capsule shape and internal tube pressure have been studied in this paper. The flow inside the tube is considered as turbulent and incompressible. The software simulation results show the significant effects of inside pressure and operating speed on the aerodynamic drag of the capsule. Study with different shapes for the Capsule’s front and rear end suggest the most optimum shape for least aerodynamic drag.

Background: Mucormycosis is a rare, opportunistic fungal infection with high morbidity and mortality. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated mucormycosis has been increasing in frequency since early 2021, particularly among patients with uncontrolled diabetes and systemic corticosteroid treatment. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to study mucormycosis occurrence in COVID-19 patients at Government General Hospital, Nizamabad – A tertiary care center and to correlate mucormycosis with comorbidities and previous treatment modalities among admitted post COVID-19 patients. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional retrospective study was done for 3 months, from June 2021 to August 2021. Fifty suspected cases of mucormycosis specimens sent to the Department of Pathology, Government General Hospital, Nizamabad for histopathological diagnosis were considered. Clinical history and treatment details were noted. Tissues obtained were fixed in 10% formalin, routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stains were done. Gomori’s methenamine silver stains were done. Results: Mucormycosis was most common in males 37 (74%) and common in the age group of 41–50 years (26%). Diabetes mellitus is the most common comorbidity (60%). The mean duration between diagnosis of COVID-19 and development of symptoms of mucor was 6–40 days. Out of 50 cases, 46 patients received steroid therapy and 39 cases were given oxygen support. Conclusion: Mucormycosis is a rapidly progressive life-threatening opportunistic infection. Post COVID-19 patients with uncontrolled diabetes are more prone to it and an important predisposing factor. Treatment with steroid therapy and oxygen support must be carefully monitored and used in a vigilant manner. Histopathological examination and clinical correlation are essential for early diagnosis and treatment.

The grass is mowed uniformly using a solar-powered grass cutter. Future power usage will be substantial. With it, lawns at parks, colleges, schools, and other locations are maintained and taken care of. The highly fine and uniform surface appearance of the lawn is easily operated and maintained by untrained individuals. Modern grass-cutting equipment is becoming increasingly widespread. Our daily lives show us how man-made pollution works. Older lawn cutter models had IC engines, which were bad for the environment and increased pollutants. An IC engine-driven cutter is more expensive. Such commonplace machinery needs considerable upkeep. We plan to develop a new type of solar-powered lawn cutter that is more affordable than the one now in use to get past these problems. Solar energy is the term used to describe the heat and light radiations that we receive from the sun. It is among the most widely used and diverse non-conventional renewable energy sources available on a global scale. It is devoid of contaminants, enters the market right away, and has no value. The use of equipment like star panels, which are constructed of electrical phenomenon cells, to produce electricity and power from solar energy. This year, solar system has drawn more attention because of its advantages over other renewable energy sources. The demand for and requests for green energy technology derived from renewable energy sources are increasing. The Solar Grass Cutter is a mechanical device that cuts grass with the usage of electricity. Its body is first constructed from PVC pipe, square shape plywood and caster wheels are then positioned under the body of the square plywood. Then, an inclined fibre plate is set on a body with a solar panel attached to it. That transmits solar energy, which is changed into electrical energy, which is changed into mechanical energy at the end of electric motor shaft, which contain the blade setup to cut the grass.

Draksha (Mrudwika) is best among all fruits as per Ayurveda. It is also indicated in different diseases as a medication and used in diets in fresh and dry forms. Draksha is a fruit that is only available during certain times of the year. Sharkara dosage form of it can be prepared to make that is palatable. Draksha is used in dry form i.e., Munakka (Mrudwika, raisins). Commonly, Munakka, Kismis, and Currants are three varieties with slight differences in their characteristics and nutritional content. They own property in Mridu Rechana, Vatahara, Pittahara, Brimhana, Vrishya, and Rasayana. For health promotion, disease prevention, and a wide range of Vata, Pitta, and Raktaja Vyadhis and Apatarpana Vyadhis, Draksha should be regularly incorporated into diet in either dry or fresh form. In the present study, an attempt has been made to develop pharmacognostical and pharmaceutical standards for Mrudwika Sharkara for assurance of quality of herbal compounds pharmacognostical and pharmaceutical analysis should be done. Methods: Mrudwika Sharkara was subjected to microscopic evaluation for pharmacognostical study, analysis physic-chemical analysis includes specific gravity, pH value, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar and total sugar and high Performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Mrudwika Sharkara was assessed for microbiological which include smear examination and culture study. Results: Pharmacognostical study showed the presence of certain identifying characters of Mrudwika and Sharkara. In pharmaceutical study, preliminary physico-chemical analysis showed specific gravity is 1.160, pH value is 4, reducing sugar 21.1%, non reducing sugar 48%, total sugar content 69.1%. HPTLC analysis showed eight spots in 254nm and six spots in 366nm. From date of preparation 23/06/21 to 18/10/22 no fungal contamination was found in Mrudwika Sharkar Conclusion: Present work was carried out to standardize the formulation Mrudwika Sharkara in terms of its identity, quality and purity. All of the preparation's active ingredients were identified by pharmacognostic and physicochemical examination. Self life of Mrudwika Sharkara showed that the quality of syrup in standard condition.

This article deals with the production of biogas by using organic wastes such as animal manure ,food wastes, sewage water and other agricultural wastes . Biogas is a mixture of gases, primarily consisting of methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide, produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste and food waste. It is a renewable energy source. This article involves both the industrial and domestic production of biogas and its benefits ,uses and applications of biogas. KEYWORDS: Biogas , BARC, Sakthi – Surabi biogas plant and biogas production

Internet packet traffic has expanded rapidly as a result of the rising number of world wide web users and the amount of information sent by software applications which has highlighted the necessity of speeding up the processing required in network systems. Packet categorization is among the strategies utilized across network architecture. Skip List and Splay Tree, two of the most important data structures used in decision trees, will be investigated for their effectiveness in packet categorization in this study. The period of packet identification, the amount of memory accesses, and memory consumption per event make up our performance criterion. These criteria are used to judge whether data structure, between Skip List and Play Tree, is the preferable one to use for accurate packet classification.

BACKGROUND: Children are a vulnerable group in the society. They need special care to survive with good health. Rotavirus is one of the leading causes of diarrhoea among children under 5 years of age. It is responsible for approximately 37% of all diarrhoea-associated hospitalizations and 2,15,000 deaths annually.OBJECTIVES: To assess the level of knowledge and utilisation of Rotavirus vaccination among Rural mothers having children Under five years of age.METHODOLOGY: A Cross sectional study was conducted among 112 rural mothers having children under five years of age with a structured and validated questionnaire. The results were analysed using SPSS version 21.RESULTS: This study showed that Rural mothers with children under the age of five had poor level of knowledge regarding Rotavirus immunisation and more than half of them had not vaccinated their children when due. Younger maternal age, maternal illiteracy and low socioeconomic status were associated with low level of knowledge and poor vaccination status. Lack of Mothers' knowledge of Rotavirus vaccination and their vaccination status of their kids was found to have a very strong negative correlation.CONCLUSION: The study reveals the urgency in need of health education and motivation of the general public regarding Rotavirus vaccination, which will in turn help in high vaccination rates of the same and prevention of Rotavirus infections.

Object identification is more significant application in Deep learning innovation which is recognized by areas of strength for its element learning and component portrayal contrasted and the customary article acknowledgement techniques. The paper presents the old-style strategies for object acknowledgement and elucidates the connection and contrast between the traditional techniques and the Deep learning strategies in object discovery. It presents the development of the article acknowledgement techniques in light of profound learning and explains the most ordinary strategies these days in the article location through Deep learning. In this paper we developed a model to check the accuracy based on the Deep Learning techniques to detect the object present within an image and enhance the quality.

Libraries are important aspects of our life. These are important in providing or acquiring essential knowledge about anything around us. Earlier Library system faced a lot of problems related to the user accessing it using conventional methods. The RFID implementation on Library Management system faced a lot of problems. The RFID implementations on library management helps to reduce and sort out such issues that faced by conventional Library system. Using RFID implementation, the database shows the availability of the book in the library so that the student can search in the database and if available, they can collect book from the library. It helps to handle the issue, renewal and return process for books using RFID tags implemented on it. Students will also get notified about their status of due of books also.

Reinforced concrete structures are the most often utilized structures in India, owing to their ease of construction and affordability, particularly for low-rise residential buildings. Due to variations in factors such as stiffness, an increase in dead loads, span limitation in both directions, and costly formwork, R.C.C structures are no longer convenient or cost-effective for medium and high-rise buildings. High-rise building design has grown more difficult for designers because of the difficulty in achieving an efficient and cost-effective design. Furthermore, wind and seismic characteristics must be considered while designing high-rise structures. Despite the challenges in making steel, steel's improved performance in high-rise structures helps to overcome the aforementioned issues. Because of its complexity in analysis and design, many structural engineers are reluctant to use steel. From previous studies, the use of steel structural systems makes the buildings more durable, more cost-effective, and better able to withstand earthquakes. This paper discusses the review association of execution of the unsymmetrical (Trapezoidal) model, R.C.C., and steelworks under the influence of wind and seismic circumstances.

A muffler is a device used to reduce the noise and vibration of gas emitted by internal combustion engine. So, it become a necessary equipment in automobile to have a proper emission of gases to surrounding. Due to improper design some muffler decreases the mass flow rate due to which there is increase in fuel consumption, large pressure drops across its cross section and higher knock sensitivity. In present project existing 3-wheeler vehicle muffler is experimentally tested with FFT analyser (Impact Hammer Test) technique to determine the mode shapes, natural frequencies and thermal heat flux analysis and FEA analysis is performed in ANSYS software to validate the experimental results.

In recent years, the electric vehicle (EV) sector is growing day by day. Electric vehicles have various advantages as they are more powerful, does not emit pollutant gases like CO2, CO. It is possible to use solar energy to charge EV’s. EV’s can act as mobile power reservoirs. This paper analyses the capability of electric vehicles, in Vehicle to Home (V2H) scenarios, for which the vehicle acts as a residential battery storage system and/or a backup generator during a grid outage or more frequent short duration distribution system fault, similar to a stand-alone emergency generator. This paper also proposes the use renewable energy like solar energy to charge batteries of EV. During the S2V operation mode the batteries are charged from the solar with constant current. During the S2H operation mode the power is supplied back to the home. In the vehicle to home (V2H) operation mode the energy from EV’s batteries can be used to supply home loads during power outages and/or in emergency condition. The smart IOT based system, app is composed for monitoring battery charging state and switching modes to control system, where the relays control the switching action to adjust power supply modes.

The purpose of the study was to develop and evaluate mucoadhesive microspheres of Mometasone for pulmonary drug delivery system having prolonged residence time and sustained drug release. Microspheres were prepared by emulsification solvent evaporation technique using HPMC, carbopol as polymers in varying ratios. The microspheres were evaluated for its percentage yield, drug entrapment efficiency, particle size and shape,In vitromucoadhesion study andIn vitrodrug release studies. The FTIR studies revealed no chemical interaction between the drug molecule and polymers and found that drug was compatible with used polymer. The mucoadhesive microspheres showed particle size, drug entrapment efficiency and yield in the ranges of 148 - 164μm, 68.0 - 85.0% and 67.52 - 87.25% respectively.In vitrodrug release and mucoadhesion study confirms that formulation F5 was the best formulation as it releases 81.8 % at the end of 12 hr. in controlled manner and percentage mucoadhesion of 75.2 % after 10 hr. This confirms the developed Mometasone mucoadhesive microspheres are promising for pulmonary drug delivery system.&nbsp

In the coming years, researchers and manufacturers will be more concerned with the demand for products that are easy to construct and can be rendered seamlessly, even at complicated geometries, with the touch of a button. These requirements will be met by the advent of additive manufacturing. This will serve as the catalyst for a revolution. Additive layer manufacturing (ALM), also known as additive manufacturing (AM) or more commonly referred to as 3D printing, is a modern fabrication technology that uses a variety of raw materials to produce items such as medical implants and aircraft wing components by printing layers of material based on 3D digital models. In this chapter, the authors provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanical and tribological behaviour of ceramic, metallic, and fiber-reinforced polymer composites that are made by a range of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. These composites can be used in a variety of applications, including aerospace, automotive, and medical.

Ameloblastoma is the second most common odontogenic tumor of the oral cavity with the primary site being the mandible. It affects more the mandible than the maxilla. The most common complaint is a painless swelling over the mandibular area. Despite its benign nature, ameloblastoma has a high local recurrence rate, with the most recurrences seen within 5 years after operation. Biopsy and radiological evaluation is mandatory. Although this tumor is benign, because of its behavior it is locally aggressive and requires the most often surgical resection. In our case, a male 36-year old reported with ameloblastoma crossing the mid- line. Ameloblastoma was confirmed on radiographic and biopsy report. The lesions crossing the mid-line made the reconstruction more challenging. As taking into consideration the advantages of free fibula flap, our reconstruction was planned using the same flap.

Background: Gallbladder carcinoma is endemic in India. Though imaging findings of gallbladder carcinoma are very well-described in the literature, the research question that guided this study was to evaluate various imaging manifestations of the disease in this particular geographic region of North India which is a highly endemic region for gallbladder cancer and compare with studies from other parts of the world. Aims and Objective: The purpose of the study was to retrospectively analyse spectrum of findings on Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) in histologically proven gallbladder carcinoma detected at a tertiary care centre from the NorthIndia. The primary objective was to define the various patterns of growth while the secondary objective was to analyse the specific prevalence and patterns of spread of the disease. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively studied contrast enhanced Computed Tomography (CECT) findings in 230 patients of histologically proven gallbladder carcinoma. Patients with previous cholecystectomy or biliary intervention were excluded. Results: In our study, focal or asymmetrical wall thickening of the gallbladder was the most common growth pattern seen in 140(61%) patients. Contiguous infiltration of liver was seen in 190 (83%) cases. Regional nodal involvement was observed in 90 (39%) patients, while 100 (43%) patients had both regional & distant nodal involvement. Liver and peritoneal metastases were noted in 71 (31%) patients and 96 (42%) patients respectively. Majority (81%) of patients had stage IV disease. Conclusion: MDCT provides comprehensive information regarding the local extent as well as distant spread of gallbladder carcinoma. Asymmetric gall bladder wall thickening in this geographical region must be considered suspicious and should evoke histopathological analysis to exclude malignancy.

Individual users within the Netflix environment demand flexible and appropriate Netflix operations. In real-time, digital Netflix should be willing to supply appropriate Netflix objects to a user. Collaborative filtering algorithm is used in a large portion of digital recommender systems. These techniques are held back by means of real-time adaptation and need pupils to have prior information. Hence, this proposed research provides an instant recommendation system that is appropriate for complex and changeable contexts. The proposed solution is based on the problem of reinforcement Netflix. The existing method approach can explore the domain to collect information (data) and make use of that information to obtain a judgment. The built strategy is tested by making use of real-world information (data). The suggested system showcases an improved approach called Adaptive Recommendation depending upon digital Netflix style, which uses learners' behavioural data to implement Netflix resource adaption.

In this study, ‘observed rice yield (ton acre-1)’ and ‘remotely sensed backscatter’are modelled using artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple linear regression (MLR) methods for East and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh in India. The biophysical variables viz. backscatter (bs), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), Chlorophyll (chfl), fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR), leaf area index (LAI), canopy water content (CWC), and fraction of vegetation cover (Fcover) were derived from Scatterometer Satellite-1 (SCATSAT-1), Moderate Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) and Sentinel-2 satellite data.Inputs selected are bs, NDVI, chfl, FAPAR, LAI, CWC, and Fcover for rice yield model, whereas NDVI, chfl, FAPAR, LAI, CWC, and Fcover are inputs for backscatter models. The performance of ANN and MLR models was evaluated using three indices such as root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and coefficient of determination (R2). The results concluded that the ANN models achieved R2 of 0.908 and 0.884 which are 42.73% and 28.85% higher than that of the MLR method for rice yield and backscatter, respectively.

The demand for nanoparticles is increasing tremendously, and so is the risk of their foreseeable discharge into the environment. Nanoparticles contain a variety of features, including anti-microbial properties, and have been shown to have toxic effects on aquatic organisms previously. However, the causes of nanoparticle toxicity under environmental conditions are still unknown. Exposure to nanoparticles in the environment is unavoidable as nanomaterials are used more prevalent in our daily lives, and as a result, nanotoxicity research is gaining traction. To understand the impact of nanoparticle toxicity on aquatic biota, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are an ideal model system. The cyanobacteria play an important role in ecological balance, nutrient cycling, energy flow, biological nitrogen fixation, and environmental remediation, and their susceptibility to nanoparticles can help in making a wise strategy for the mitigation of possible nano-pollution. This article presents an analysis of recent research findings on the toxicological influences of nanoparticles on the growth rate, biochemical changes, ultra-structural changes as well as the nanoparticle toxicity mechanisms in cyanobacteria. The finding suggests that the shading effect, generation of reactive oxygen species, membrane damage and disintegration of pigments are the main reasons for nanoparticle toxicity to the cyanobacteria.

Heat transfer augmentation is an important concern due to the increase in heat management problems in thermal systems. There are many techniques for enhancement of heat transfer, by active and passive techniques. A commonly used passive technique to enhance heat transfer is by inserting twisted tapes in tubes. This work presents a numerical study on Nusselt number, friction factor, and thermal performance characteristics through a circular pipe built-in with/without dimples on twisted tape. The analysis results for a turbulent flow range of 4500≤Re≤20000 are obtained with a twist ratio of the strip is 3.0. The analysis is carried for full-length tape with constant heat flux. The governing equations are numerically solved by a finite volume method using the RNG κ–ε model. The simulation results of Nusselt number versus Reynolds number of the plain, plain twisted tape and dimple twisted tape tube with the experimental data give a variation of 4.15%, 3.89%, and 7.65%. The friction factor of the dimple twisted tape tube is 60 to 70% higher than that of the plain twisted tube at different Reynolds numbers. The thermal performance factor of the dimple twisted tape and plain twisted tape tube is 30 to 35% respectively higher than that of the plain tube. Due to thermal performance factor is above unity yields a promising heat transfer enhancement. By the present study, an optimum geometrical parameter can be selected for use in heat exchangers.

Light plays a crucial role in photosynthesis, photoperiodism, and photomorphogenesis. Algae have a specialized visual system to perceive the light signal known as eyespot. A typical eyespot is an orange-colored, membranous structure packed with pigmented granules. In algae, the eyespot membrane bears a specialized type of photoreceptors, which shows similarity with animal rhodopsin photoreceptors. This light-sensing receptor is responsible for the photo-mobility response known as phototaxis. In this, light acts as a signal for onset and cascade of downstream signal transduction pathway leading to a conformational change in photoreceptor. This induces the continuous influx of calcium ions through the opening of calcium ion channels leading to membrane depolarization, and beating of flagella which is responsible for phototaxis. Mutational studies have assisted the discovery of eyespot genes, which are involved in eyespot development, assembly, size control, and functioning in Chlamydomonas. These genes belong to photoreceptors (cop1-12, acry, pcry, cry-dash1, cry-dash2, phot, uvr8), eyeless mutants (eye2, eye3), miniature-eyespot mutants (min1, min2), multiple eyespot mutants (mlt1, mlt2). This review discusses the structural biology of eyespots with special reference to Chlamydomonas, molecular insights, related genes, and proteins responsible for its proper functioning.

The present review paper is an attempt to examine and provide an overview of the various conservation strategies and regulatory framework to protect endangered plants, including Chlorophytum tuberosum, popularly known as Safed Musli in the local language. C. tuberosum belongs to the family Liliaceae and is being used in the indigenous systems of medicine as a galactagogue, aphrodisiac, antitumor, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, anti-ageing, antimicrobial, etc. This plant has great medicinal and commercial value and is part of the Biological Diversity Act, but due to a lack of effective conservation, it is on the verge of extinction because of natural and manmade reasons, such as loss of habitat, climate change, pollution, excessive harvesting, etc. The most valuable medicinal plants have great importance; hence, many conservation techniques are being employed to protect them. In furtherance to the conservation of such plant species, strategic efforts, in the form of laws and policies, are laid; however, existing legislative mechanisms and policy parameters are not sufficient to overcome the challenges of conservation of such plant species, including Safed Musli, hence, this plant has been considered as a critically endangered plant in India. It is pertinent to note that we do not have specific legislation enacted for the protection of plant species; however, efforts are being made to conserve it under various laws, such as the Forest Conservation Act, Biological Diversity Act 2002, and many other allied legislations. This basic legislation of the Biological Diversity Act also lacks focal attention on the conservation of endangered plant species. Moreover, decentralization of power and actual community participation in conservation practices are also missing. A cumulative effect of both scientific measures and legal mechanisms supported by community participation may produce better results in the conservation of plant species, including Safed Musli. The protection of rich sources and biological diversity is not being taken as seriously as it ought to be, hence, it is necessary to improve awareness and public participation in conservation techniques with effective legislation for the conservation of highly endangered plant species.

Basalts from Mare Orientale are representative of lunar flood volcanism, which sheds light on the lunar farside’s thermal and volcanic past. We use Chandrayaan’s Moon Mineralogy Mapper data to examine the spectral and chemical makeup of the volcanic units located in the Orientale basin; the analysis specifically focuses on three formations: Mare Orientale, Lacus Veris, and Lacus Autumni. The main assemblage in these basaltic units consists of calcic augite and ferroaugite. Pyroxenes in the Orientale volcanic units have an average chemical composition of En35.53 Fs34.11 Wo30.35. The trend in the composition of pigeonites and augites suggests that the magma was fractionated as it crystallized. The pyroxene quadrilateral plot’s distinct chemical trends indicate that the Orientale Basin underwent a number of volcanic eruptions from heterogeneous magma sources during the Imbrium to Eratosthenian period.