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Because of to their versatile energy choice alternatives, immovable elements, and opportunity for effective energy generation, thermophotovoltaic techniques have a vast range of achievable applications. For illustration, these devices could help us to offer convenient energy. Nevertheless, first enhance the performance of thermo-photovoltaic cell unit devices along with decrease system costs and system temperatures. To achieve such objectives, we use simulation to evaluate and improve their thermo-photovoltaic cell unit models. This research regarded as the different alternatives of enhancing system operation via successful deal with the operating circumstances. It examined solutions of the system formation for much better system performance and energy output and at bare minimum quantity working expenses. The number of mirrors and photovoltaic devices for employ in the construction had been set at eight as traditional for the procedure. A novel energy technique was constructed and was used to reproduce the energy effectiveness of the thermal photo voltaic modules. The boundaries situations utilized for the materials involved were defined and the appropriate physics utilized in the analysis of various operating circumstances that affected the system effectiveness. It is possible to reduce the costs of PV systems by using small area PV cells, which require some special mirrors to focus radiation onto photocells. Based on COMSOL Multiphysics (version 5.5) as a commercial FEM package, this paper develops a basic thermo-photovoltaic cell unit model. A variety of options examined for optimizing the operation of the system by controlling operating conditions effectively. For a two-dimensional system, it was demonstrated the correct physics to apply when studying various operating conditions which affected system performance.

Today it is very necessary to develop different types of system used for storage and energy conversion devices because human population is increasing rapidly and their dependency on energy based gadgets for their survival. So for this purpose there is a greater need of devices which may be operated on either conventional energy sources or non-conventional energy sources but for environment friendly purpose use of solar energy becomes very popular because of diminishing fossil fuels because of concerns of greenhouse emissions.

Photovoltaic (PV) technologies have definite environmental advantages over other power generation techniques. No matter many technologies are used, PV power generation emits no emissions. Solar cells and PV modules are produced using a variety of manufacturing techniques, and as with any energy source or product, there are no dangers to the environment, human health, and safety associated with these processes. Like any other device, even PV cells and modules go under degradation due numerous reasons. Shading is one such mode of degradations which directly impact the output of a PV system. Along with that the output power drastically get impacted. There is a drop in the output power and the electrical characteristics gets distorted. During shading condition the characteristics curves,Power - Voltage and Current-Voltage curve are seen with unusual peaks which is the exact reason for the presence of shading in the module. The paper presents the various impact on the curves which confirm the presence of power loss due to shading.

The proposed explorative study utilizes the partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) for the testing of the auxiliary relationship lies in the factors focusing on the respondent's pioneering aim. This study examines student's learning desire in entrepreneurship, the value addition on student, impact on the student career path from employment to ownership, the impact on society, and the state-of-the-art practices for training thereby getting the suitable aptitudes and related information. This assists the communities to change their focus from employment to entrepreneurship. Hence, creating enterprises encompassing personality enrichment and better insights through training will promote significant benefits to the growing society.

Cardiovascular diseases are one of the most fatal health conditions worldwide, posing a significant burden on national healthcare systems. Several risk factors, including high blood pressure, family history, stress, age, gender, cholesterol, BMI, and an unhealthy lifestyle, have been identified for these diseases. Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment, but the accuracy of existing approaches needs improvement due to the life-threatening nature of cardiovascular disorders. This study proposes a MaLCaDD framework for precise prediction of cardiovascular diseases. The methodology addresses missing data and imbalances, using Feature Importance to select relevant features, and an ensemble of Logistic Regression, SVM, Random Forest, Decision Tree, and KNN classifiers for accurate prediction. The study shows that MaLCaDD outperforms current state-of-the-art techniques, making it a trustworthy tool for early detection of cardiovascular diseases. The developed framework will be thoroughly tested and validated using different evaluation metrics, including sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve, to ensure its accuracy and reliability. The ultimate goal of this project is to provide healthcare practitioners and policymakers with a reliable tool for predicting an individual's cardiovascular disease risk, which can help in early intervention and management, and ultimately reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease on society.

Background: India like many other developing countries in the world is witnessing the rapid aging of its population. Urbanization, modernization, and globalization have led to change in the economic structure, the erosion of societal values, weakening of social values, and social institutions such as the joint family. Active aging aims to extend healthy life expectancy and quality of life (QOL) in older persons, and the QOL are largely determined by its ability to maintain autonomy and independence. Aims and Objectives: The present study was conducted at a teriary apex institute to study the socio-demographic characteristics, and the functional assessment in the elderly subjects in urban community. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional observational study conducted at the area situated near western suburb of metro city and population of around one lakh sixty thousand. It consisted of housing buildings, multiple slum area. The current study was conducted over 1 year 6 months (18 months).The sampling unit being 102 Geriatric individuals of selected area of urban health center. Results: Out of 102 study, subjects 22 (21.56%) were complete independent to perform daily instrumental activities. Maximum study 48 (47.05%) subjects were required moderate assistance for performing the instrumental activities. Numbers of female study subjects were more among moderates assistance 24 (44.44%) and modified assistance 20 (19.60%). Out of 102 study subjects 55 (53.92%) were complete independent followed by 30 (29.41%) modified independence. Numbers of female subjects were more among moderate assistance 10 (58.82%). Conclusion: No study subject was dependent or maximal assistance for their self-care activities. Male and female in the present study can perform their self-care activities of daily living with equal efficiency.

In the current investigation the rhizome of Zingiber officinale and leaf of Ocimum sanctum were extracted using ethanol-water (70:30) and the anti-amnesic potential of the combined extracts was evaluated in experimental model. The extraction yield of the hydroalcoholic mixture was found to be 10.4 % for Zingiber officinale and 17.7 % for Ocimum sanctum. Preliminary phytochemical analysis suggested the presence of alkaloids, saponin glycosides, phenolics, terpenoids, and flavonoids in the leaf of the Zingiber officinale while alkaloids, sterols and glycosides were not present in Ocimum sanctum. The total phenolic content of the extracts of Z. officinale and O. sanctum were 73.61 ± 0.238 and 65.71 ± 0.265 GAE mg/g, respectively. The phenolic content was highest in the combined extract (CPE, 2:1) of all the three combinations with total phenolics 149.56 ± 1.247 GAE mg/g. The combination of these extracts (1:1, 1:2 & 2:1) were evaluated for anti-amnesic potential using Morris water maze and Elevated plus maze models. The number of movements in open arm of the elevated plus maze apparatus on administration of CPE, 2:1 was highest of all the extracts administered (5.14 ± 0.408). In the Morris method, the mice treated with CPE, 2:1 required only 14.22 ± 0.894 seconds on the 4th day to find the hidden platform as compared to 52.00 ± 3.577 for the scopolamine treated mice. KEYWORDS: Zingiber officinale, Ocimum sanctum, extraction, Morris water maze, elevated plus maze

Introduction: Sexual dimorphism is one of the most important implications in forensic investigations and anthropological studies. Teeth are becoming a good source of material for gender determination. The canine is the most preferred tooth for gender determination because the canine is the strongest tooth in the oral cavity. Objectives: To investigate sexual dimorphism in permanent mandibular and maxillary canines of a Sri Lankan Sinhalese population, and to ascertain the most suitable dimension (labiolingual, mesiodistal and crown height) to determine the sex of an individual. Materials & Methods : The study was conducted using 384 dental casts (Males 192, Females 192) aged between 18 and 25 years in a sample of the Sri Lankan population. According to a selection criterion, casts were selected using a convenient random sampling technique. Mesio-distal, Bucco-lingual and Crown height of all the canines in the casts were measured using a digital vernier caliper accurate to 0.01 mm. Results : Statistical analysis was performed using Minitab 17 and SPSS (Version 21). Unpaired sample t-test, paired sample t-test and point-biserial correlation were used for data analysis. The present study revealed that males show larger mean dimensions of canine teeth than females. Out of all four canines, mandibular canines show highly consistent results for sexual dimorphism. Further, crown height is the best measurement to evaluate sexual dimorphism. Conclusion : It can be concluded that out of all the four canines, mandibular canines show highly consistent results for sexual dimorphism. Moreover, crown height is the best measurement to evaluate sexual dimorphism, in identifying an unknown .

To assess the cell morphology & evaluate corneal endothelial cell count in patients suffering from cataract with pseudoexfoliation (PEX).A cross-sectional study was planned and conducted in 40 eyes of patients, corneal endothelial cell density (CD), central corneal thickness (CCT) and coefficient of variation (CV) & percentage of hexagonal cells (6A) in cell size were assessed with application of specular microscopeThe mean age of patients with cataract & PEX was 68.5 years. 58% were males. Lower CD was found in 40% patients of 50-59 years & 60% patients 60-69 years. Patients above 70 years had normal CD for age. 6A was low in 90% of PEX corneas. Abnormal CV was seen in 67.5% patients. CCT, CD & 6A were lower in PEX glaucoma compared to PEX. Our study confirms the existence of quantitative and qualitative abnormalities in corneal endothelial cells with PEX especially when IOP is high.

The research provides a numerical and computational analysis of improving heat transfer rate in heat exchangers employing obstructing geometries such as Circular Ring, Circular Ring with` clearance, and Hexagonal ring tabulators with different pitch diameter ratios (PDR). All geometries were evaluated with flow obstruction areas of 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5. Flow obstruction area and Reynolds number were the variables that changed during the testing. The pitch diameter ratio employed in the investigation is one. The Reynolds number was changed between 6000 and 21000. For numerical examination, k--ε technique was used in this study. The use of flow obstruction geometry as a turbulator improves heat transmission derived from the hot surface of the pipe to the air throughout the test region substantially. In this research work, the tested designs, a circular ring separated from the tube wall and a hexagonal ring with the same flow blockage area improve heat transmission. Hexagonal rings incur a lower fluid friction cost than circular rings and circular rings with clearance. The maximal heat transfer enhancement (Nut/Nup) for the diameter ratio of the insert of 0.6.3 is 2.28–3.01.

This work focuses on a methodical design process for developing self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC) using steel fibre reinforcements. The objective is to create a self-consolidating concrete that has the double advantage of self-consolidating characteristics and composite toughness. Experimental modelling involved building the mortar phase with manufactured sand (M-sand) as fine aggregate utilising a systematic mix design process based on the particle packing idea. Optimisation of aggregates was determined using the packing density idea and slump cone research. By conducting a paste consistency test, cement and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) powder combinations were chosen. Finally, the amount of superplasticizer was determined based on Marsh cone experiments and the percentage by volume of steel fibres determined by slump flow research. The addition of steel fibre dosage impacts the workability of both standard and high strength concrete, and the fresh properties emphasised the necessity to maintain a large paste volume for increased workability. On the basis of the recommended mix design technique using M-sand, self-compacting concrete with a maximum strength of 70MPa was manufactured. On the other hand, experimental studies on the fresh and hardened properties of recommended self-compacting steel fibre concrete mixes were presented. In addition, test findings demonstrated the viability of employing M-sand as a replacement for river sand in its entirety.

The performance of a combined cycle gas turbine power plant depends on multiple operating parameters, which are influential in distinct ways. These parameters are classified as gas turbine parameters and steam turbine parameters. This paper deals with the influence of two gas turbine operating parameters, i.e., pressure ratio and air-fuel ratio. The 2nd law of thermodynamics has been taken into consideration along with energy analysis to measure the performance of several components of a combined cycle gas turbine plant. Therefore, a comprehensive exergy analysis for each element and the plant has been carried out to overserve the trend of the given range of aforementioned parameters. It is observed from the results that exergy destruction increases in the compressor at a higher-pressure ratio if the compressor is subjected to increased airflow, but exergetic efficiency remains unchanged. Moreover, a similar increment has been observed in the combustion chamber, but the rate of change varies along with the increase in the Air-fuel ratio. For the lower pressure ratios (5-10), the exergy destruction rate for the steam turbine decreases along with increasing in air-fuel proportion, but the effect becomes nearly opposite for the higher-pressure ratios.

Present work reports details of the design, fabrication, and laboratory testing of a natural draft metal biomass cookstove for a community kitchen. Heat transfer and fluid flow considerations along with experimental data available in the literature are used for the design of the community cookstove. The summation of pressure drop in different sections of the cookstove is compared with the outside pressure drop for the system using buoyancy considerations. The cookstove is fabricated as per the dimensions finalized during the design stage. Laboratory testing of the cookstove is conducted according to Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) protocol. The tests are conducted under different conditions of main air hole closing viz. 0%, 25%, 75% and 100%. Each test is replicated thrice and an analysis of data is performed using a student’s t-test. The efficiency of cookstove is found to be about 42% i.e., well above the BIS limit of 25% for natural draft metal cookstove. The effect of insulation on the outer body of cookstove is studied experimentally. It is found that the efficiency enhances by about 5.3% due to insulation. The authors found that provision of primary and secondary air holes play a very important role in the performance of the cookstove. When 100% main air holes are closed, the average efficiency of the cookstove is found to be poor (27.3%) due to no supply of secondary air to the combustion chamber of the cookstove.

For end users who use river networks and channel branches, the geo-hydrological examination of a basin is always of utmost relevance. With the aid of a remote sensing technique and GIS tool, this study attempted to evaluate the geomorphological properties of the strategic basin situated at Indravati River, Chhattisgarh, India. The findings might provide details about the basin's structural configuration, topographic features, and current geological variation. With dendritic, parallel, and trellis drainage patterns, the Indravati watershed was dispersed over a region of 29,408 km2 in the state of Chhattisgarh. The study area was classified as a fifth-order basin based on the findings. Lower and middle order streams pre-dominate the basin, which has gentle to steep slope terrain, medium-dense vegetation, and less permeable soil. When determining the ideal locations for recharge structures, the findings from the morphometric assessment of the basin can help to more effectively assess and manage water resources.

In this paper we have proposed the working of Assistant conversational agent(Chatbot) using deep learning concepts with the utilization of tensorflow library. The LSTM is used overhere, so that the input taken with more than 30-40 words in a sentence canbe replied or answerd with more adequate conversation. The movie dataset used to train the model is taken from Cornell. The model isdesigned to perform a movie dialogue prediction conversation between the user and chatbot. The main aim is to increase the accuracy and estimation of the model. In the proposed model, we have developed a Seq2Seq AI Chatbot with attention mechanism using LSTM and libraries like tenserflow.

Background & Objectives: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) represents the mildest form of thyroid hormone deficiency and may be associated with adverse consequences. SCH is defined as an elevated serum thyrotropin (often referred to as thyroid-stimulating hormone, or TSH) level with normal levels of free thyroxine (FT4) that affects up to 10% of the adult population. The identification of patients with subclinical hypothyroidism having an increased cardiovascular risk is of great importance in the present era. The aim of the study was to evaluate cardiovascular risk factors in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Methods: 120 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and 120 age and gender matched healthy euthyroid controls in the age group of 18-70 years were included in the study. Body mass index (BMI), lipid profile, and levels of serum biomarkers were estimated in both the groups and further compared using student t-test. Lipid profile was also correlated with the serum ADMA & IL-6 and the results were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: Patients with subclinical hypothyroidism had significantly higher levels of serum TSH, IL-6 and ADMA. Similarly, serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly increased and HDL-C was significantly decreased in SCH patients when compared to the same parameters of controls (p

As electronics and the increasing popularity of social media are widely used, a large amount of text data is created at unprecedented rates. All data created cannot be read by humans, and what they discuss in their sphere of interest may be found. Modeling of themes is a way to identify subjects in a vast number of texts. There has been a lot of study on subject-modeling in English. At the same time, millions of people worldwide speak Tamil; there is no great development in resource-scarce languages such as Tamil being spoken by millions of people worldwide. The consequences of specific deep learning models are usually difficult to interpret for the typical user. They are utilizing various visualization techniques to represent the outcomes of deep learning in a meaningful way. Then, they use metrics like similarity, correlation, perplexity, and coherence to evaluate the deep learning models.

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are attracting automobile and aeronautical sector because of their superior mechanical and physical characteristics which ultimately reduce the weight of components and hence the energy requirements. These composites are prepared by adding various reinforcements into the base metal by the methods like stir casting, squeeze casting, stir and squeeze casting, sand casting, in-setu method, powder metallurgy etc. When more than one particle is added into the base metal; these composites are called as Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites (HMMCs). The machinability of these hard to cut materials is a challenging task in front of manufacturing industry. Present study considers turning operation of HMMC done on either lathe or CNC machine by using different cutting tool materials. This review focuses on effect of various cutting parameters like speed, depth of cut, feed and also the parameters like reinforcement particle type, particle size and weight percentage on the machinability issues like surface roughness, MRR, cutting forces, tool wear etc. Further the various optimization methods used to suggest the cutting parameters to obtain minimum surface roughness, minimum cutting forces, minimum tool wear and maximum Material Removal Rate (MRR) are addressed.

Heat exchanger (HE) is a thermal device used to transfer heat from higher fluid temperatures to lower fluid temperatures. There is an increasing need to increase the efficiency of HEs, develop a wide range of investigations to increase heat transfer rate (HTR), and reduce the size and cost of industrial apparatus in accordance. The current work's goal is to review articles that discuss the main types of tubular heat HEs, factors that affect HTR, and jet impingement in tubular HEs, which are considered among the equipment used in various industries. Researchers have proposed several models of tubular HEs. Many industrial processes, cooling technology, refrigeration equipment, sustainable energy applications, and other fields use tubular HEs. Jet impingement cooling is assumed to be a very efficient method for increasing HT rate, and it has many uses in both the scientific and industrial spheres. This paper's goal is to present an overview of various techniques for improving HT in relation to jet impingement cooling and to define the area of potential future research. This study focuses on a variety of experimental and numerical studies to examine the HT and hydrodynamic behaviour of jet impingement over a range of Reynolds numbers, target surface shapes, distances from the jet plate or nozzle to the target plate, extended jet holes, and the use of nanofluids. Both single jet and multiple jet impingements cooling are included in the current work. The summary of jet impingement for various applications keeps the spotlight on new methods for enhancing HT.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in various psychological problems for people in India. AIM: The aim of this research was to assess the psychological impact of COVID-19 on people living with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus evaluating their stress, anxiety, and depression levels during pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The study used validated Hindi version of GASS-21 questionnaire, It was handed out to 1143 eligible and consenting patients across eight secondary care centres in Lucknow. RESULTS: The study enrolled 1143 participants and out of that, 8% were depressed, 19% were anxious, and 6% were stressed. The significant psychological drivers were family members who tested positive for COVID 19, death of a first degree family member, post covid infections and vaccination status. Patients who were not vaccinated for COVID were significantly more affected psychologically. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 and associated morbidity and mortality, post covid complications and vaccinations on apprehensions were significantly associated COVID-19 related psychological impacts that were studied.

Background: Cut throat injury is an incised wound in the neck that may be superficial or deep and is usually caused by sharp objects. These wounds may be from homicide, suicide, or accidental. Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess cut throat injury in terms of age, sex, site of injury, and triggering factors for suicidal cut throat injury. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was carried out in the Department of ENT, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences. The study included 35 cut throat patients who were admitted and managed in the ENT department. Data were analyzed with detailed history as age, sex, cause, site of injury, sociodemographic pattern, and history of substance abuse, psychiatric problem, and duration of hospital stay. Results: Out of 35 patients, 32 were male and three were female. The majority of the patients 21 (60%) were young adults. Causes of cut throat were suicidal 77.14% followed by homicidal 20%. The majority of patients had Zone II injuries. In general, the patients belonged to the lower middle socioeconomic class. About 77.8% of patients with suicidal cases were found to be addicted to one more substance and 22.2% were having some psychiatric illness. The most common substance abuse was indigenous rice beer Hadia mahua. Conclusion: Young adults of the low socioeconomic class were most vulnerable to cut throat injury with a majority having zone II injury. Suicide was the most common cause with substance abuse proving to be a major provoking factor in addition to unemployment, illiteracy, and poverty.

The work presented in this paper gives a brief idea about the weight based gender segregation of silk moths in cocoon stage. Mathematical modelling of the sensor is also carried out with the concept of silk moth sex identification.

A review or survey on Nanobots in Medical Applications is presented in this paper. Nanorobotics is the science and technology of designing and manufacturing nanoscale machines, especially robotic machines. Nanorobots would constitute any “smart” structure capable of actuation, sensing, signaling, information processing, intelligence, manipulation and swarm behavior at nano scale (10-9m). More specifically, nanorobotics (as opposed to micro robotics) refers to the nanotechnology engineering discipline of designing and building nanorobots with devices ranging in size from 0.1 to 10 micrometers and constructed of nanoscale or molecular components. The first useful applications of nanomachines is in nanomedicine. The biological machines are used to identify and destroy cancer cells. The work given here is a project that is taken up as a part of the curriculum completed by electronics and communication engineering post-graduate student in the second year of the electronics & communication engineering department at Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering in Bangalore.

The purpose of this study is to build and implement an underwater robot called an Aquabot that can search for potential human presence. This robot is anticipated to be incredibly helpful in operations for underwater person detection during water accidents. The security at these borders is extremely important, and monitoring the marine borders is a very challenging undertaking. Marine exploration is required to comprehend the worldwide climatic and environmental changes. This initiative contributes to different data collection, weather monitoring, and pH sensing fields of research. Disaster prevention, including earthquake and tsunami mitigation, is possible with this data. Many locations lack garbage disposal facilities. As a result, throwing trash into neighbouring bodies of water has grown to be a serious problem. Since this kind of dumping harms the environment, Aquabot offers cleaning, weather monitoring, pH sensing, and other applications.

This paper gives the details about the development of Nano Route Based Synthetic RBCs. Blood plays an important role in the survival and functioning of Human body. Blood is required in various treatments during surgeries and loss of blood can cause several problems. World is facing problems due to shortage of blood. Synthetic RBC (Artificial blood) is a safe alternative for Human RBC using nano-technology. It can used instead of human blood during the blood transfusions to overcome the shortage of human blood. The main function of Synthetic RBC is to transport oxygen. Synthetic RBC mimics the actions of human RBC like ability to clot and react to pathogens. The work given here is a mini-project that is taken up as a part of the curriculum completed by electronics and communication engineering students in the second year of the electronics & communication engineering department at Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering in Bangalore.

A review or survey on Nanobots in Medical Applications is presented in this paper. Nanorobotics is the science and technology of designing and manufacturing nanoscale machines, especially robotic machines. Nanorobots would constitute any “smart” structure capable of actuation, sensing, signaling, information processing, intelligence, manipulation and swarm behavior at nano scale (10-9m). More specifically, nanorobotics (as opposed to micro robotics) refers to the nanotechnology engineering discipline of designing and building nanorobots with devices ranging in size from 0.1 to 10 micrometers and constructed of nanoscale or molecular components. The first useful applications of nanomachines is in nanomedicine. The biological machines are used to identify and destroy cancer cells. The work given here is a project that is taken up as a part of the curriculum completed by electronics and communication engineering post-graduate student in the second year of the electronics & communication engineering department at Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering in Bangalore.

In this paper, we will read research papers on relevant issues to obtain information to help us create a system to rescue individuals who are caught in dangerous situations due to fire. This paper comprises the review of publications linked to fire evacuation and rescue robots. This robot is intended to rescue people trapped in a burning building and transport them to a safer area. Here, we'll path-plan the quickest route from the escapee's location to the exit and dispatch the robot to rescue and take them there. Human interruption has decreased as a result of mechanical technology advancements, and robots are now used for a variety of tasks as well as for the welfare of humans. The firefighters may utilise this firefighting robot in addition to them in emergency scenarios. A robot firefighter should be able to look about a given region, find the flame, and extinguish it. To complete these duties, the robot needs the proper controller. The work given here is a mini-project that is taken up as a part of the curriculum completed by electronics and communication engineering students in the second year of the electronics & communication engineering department at Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering in Bangalore.

Since a long time ago, agriculture has been a significant part of the Indian economy. 18% of India's gross domestic product is produced by the agriculture sector (GDP). A better answer for precision agriculture is provided by robotics and the internet of things. Selective harvesting is necessary when picking fruits or vegetables like tomatoes and apples. In traditional farming, each fruit is hand-picked by a worker, requiring a huge amount of labour to carry out selective farming. We suggest a robot that helps farmers with a variety of labor-intensive chores, such as selective crop harvesting and qualitative segregation, while also simultaneously providing data on crop health, soil nutritional status, and crop shelf-life detection. An android application is used to analyse, process, and send the obtained data to the farmer. Later, the weight, colour, and health of the particular crop are checked to grade its quality. The fruit is subsequently moved into the designated container after being graded. Spoiled or overripe fruits and vegetables would be plucked and dropped so as not to interfere with the plant's growth. A harvesting arm on the proposed robot would reach the fruit or vegetable and pick it from the plant or tree. The work given here is a mini-project that is taken up as a part of the curriculum completed by electronics and communication engineering students in the second year of the electronics & communication engineering department at Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering in Bangalore.

The work presented in this paper gives the details about the human body detection, underwater, water quality monitoring, and marine boundary surveillance using AI with help of marine robots. This paper involves designing and implementing an Aquabot, which travels underwater to detect possible human presence. This robot is expected to be extremely useful in human detection operations underwater during water accidents. Monitoring the marine borders is a very difficult task and the security at these borders is of high importance. In order to understand the global climate and environmental changes, marine exploration is necessary. This project helps in research areas for the purpose of various data collection, weather monitoring, and pH sensing. Using these data disaster prevention like tsunamis and earthquakes can be done. Garbage disposal facilities are absent in many places. Hence, dumping garbage into nearby water bodies has become a major issue. This type of dumping causes a negative impact on the environment, Aquabot provides applications for cleaning, weather monitoring, pH sensing, etc. The work given here is a mini-project that is taken up as a part of the curriculum completed by electronics and communication engineering students in the second year of the electronics & communication engineering department at Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering in Bangalore.

This paper gives the design and development of a precision farming robot. Since a long time ago, agriculture has been a significant part of the Indian economy. 18% of India's gross domestic product is produced by the agriculture sector (GDP). A better answer for precision agriculture is provided by robotics and the internet of things. Selective harvesting is necessary when picking fruits or vegetables like tomatoes and apples. In traditional farming, each fruit is hand-picked by a worker, requiring a huge amount of labour to carry out selective farming. We suggest a robot that helps farmers with a variety of labor-intensive chores, such as selective crop harvesting and qualitative segregation, while also simultaneously providing data on crop health, soil nutritional status, and crop shelf-life detection. An android application is used to analyse, process, and send the obtained data to the farmer. Later, the weight, colour, and health of the particular crop are checked to grade its quality. The fruit is subsequently moved into the designated container after being graded. Spoiled or overripe fruits and vegetables would be plucked and dropped so as not to interfere with the plant's growth. A harvesting arm on the proposed robot would reach the fruit or vegetable and pick it from the plant or tree. The fruit would then be transferred to the appropriate container. With the aid of the app, the user would be able to give the device a certain task based on his requirements. Crop health monitoring, segregation, and selective harvesting all require image processing using a camera. Additionally, using image processing, illnesses are found. The image segmentation and pre-processing are being done by us. The guided, supervised, and advanced machine learning technique k-nearest neighbours (KNN) is used to build solutions for both classification and regression issues. This gives the farmer useful information that is essential for choosing the correct insecticides, herbicides, and fertilisers for higher yield. Every nation's primary issue and developing topic is agriculture automation. The need for food is rising rapidly as the world's population is growing at an extremely rapid rate. Farmers must apply toxic pesticides more frequently since their traditional methods are insufficient to meet the growing demand. This damages the soil. This has a significant impact on agricultural practises, and as a result, the land remains unproductive and desolate. You can employ a variety of automation techniques, including IOT, wireless communications, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and deep learning. The work given here is a mini-project that is taken up as a part of the curriculum completed by lectronics and communication engineering students in the second year of the electronics & communication engineering department at Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering in Bangalore.

This paper highlights the design of the third eye for the blind personnels. One of the biggest problems that people who are blind face on a daily basis is movement. The loss of their eyesight severely limits their quality of life and activities. In their long-term exploration, they typically use a blind navigation system or their stored recollections. The major goal of the current effort is to provide a strong, dependable, user-friendly, portable, low-power, low-cost solution for efficient navigation. As stated in this study (Smart Glasses for Blind People), the intended audience is those who are visually handicapped. It includes a built-in sensor that emits ultrasonic waves in the direction the user is moving while scanning a maximum of 5–6 metres over a 30 degree angle. The sensor recognises the impediment and transmits a signal to the buzzer, which alerts the user with a beeping sound. The work given here is a mini-project that is taken up as a part of the curriculum completed by electronics and communication engineering students in the second year of the electronics & communication engineering department at Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering in Bangalore.

This paper involves the review of papers related to an efficient ambulance management system in this project report we will be going through research papers related to similar topics and find information to improve the process of making an ambulance intelligent. India’s population is increasing as each day is passing. The increase in population puts a lot of strain and management of resources from medical, government services and many more. The strain on the resources results in citizens not getting proper help in the time of need. The main example of this process is ambulance management system which is the first line of help process in time of need. If a patient or a victim does not get an ambulance in time then the patient’s life is surely at risk. So there needs to be proper mechanism to handle this important resource and help patients in time. Latest technologies such as cloud computing, IoT, AI, ML and mobile computing can be used to improve the ambulance management and emergency help services. . Ambulance service is one of the crucial services that gets delayed. Sometimes on-sight doctors are not available, so the patient does not get medical attention immediately. In health monitoring system, the patient's vital health parameters such as ECG, Heart Rate and Body Temperature are monitored. These parameters are sent the hospital server using IoT and cloud technology. In the current era of technology, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is playing a vital role in the health care sector especially cardiac disease detection which is a major cause of sudden death. The work given here is a mini-project that is taken up as a part of the curriculum completed by electronics and communication engineering students in the second year of the electronics & communication engineering department at Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering in Bangalore.

This research examines or surveys the use of nanobots in the medical field. Nanorobotics is the science and technology of developing and fabricating small machines, particularly robotic machines. A nanorobot is any "smart" structure with nanoscale actuation, sensing, signalling, information processing, intelligence, manipulation, and swarm behaviour (10-9m). The phrase "nanorobotics" contrasts with the term "microrobotics" and refers to the branch of nanotechnology engineering that focuses on building and fabricating nanorobots with components that are nanoscale or molecular in nature and range in size from 0.1 to 10 micrometres. One of the early applications of nanomachines in society is in medicine. The biological tools are used to find and get rid of cancer cells. The project presented here was completed as part of the curriculum by a second-year post-graduate student in Bangalore's Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering's electronics and communication engineering department.

Autonomous vehicles (AV) increase safety while consuming less energy, fuel, and reducing traffic-related pollution. We'll create a Terrain Globetrotter Bot from scratch. An RP Lidar is interfaced with an RP Lidar in the front top portion of a Terrain Globetrotter bot, which has a straightforward construction and uses the ROS (Robotic Operating System) software library of version ROS Kinetic / Melodic. This low-cost mapping bot has capabilities like SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping), which can not only create a map of the environment using Lidar scans and Matlab's Robotic Operating System Software package to communicate with ROS in the Raspberry Pi via ROS Network Configurations, but also other features like asking the user to select the destination, path planning to safely reach the destination, and then gathering the necessary small resources. The objective of the project is to build a completely autonomous robot that can map its environment and avoid impediments. A chassis with tracks, two motors, a lidar, a compass, and a Raspberry Pi can be used to achieve this. The work given here is a mini-project that is taken up as a part of the curriculum completed by electronics and communication engineering students in the second year of the electronics & communication engineering department at Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering in Bangalore.

This study is a review or survey on the use of nanobots in medicine. Designing and creating tiny machines, particularly robotic machines, is the field of nanorobotics. Any "smart" structure that is able to act, sense, signal, process information, think, manipulate, and exhibit swarm behaviour at the nanoscale is a nanorobot (10-9m). More specifically, the term "nanorobotics" (as opposed to "micro robotics") refers to the engineering field of nanotechnology that focuses on designing and creating nanorobots with devices that range in size from 0.1 to 10 micrometres and are made of components that are either nanoscale or molecular. Nanomedicine is one of the first practical applications of nanotechnology. Cancer cells are recognised and eliminated using biological devices. The project shown here was undertaken by an electronics and communication engineering post-graduate student in the department's second year at Bangalore's Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering. It was completed as part of the course requirements.

An overview of the design and use of a Smart Prosthetic Hand is provided in this study. This study presents an overview of computational methods for brain, gesture, and voice signals to operate a robotic arm. There are several hundred million neurons in the human brain. A prosthetic arm powered by a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) based on electroencephalograms (EEG) is a non-invasive approach that can be a powerful aid for persons with severe disabilities in their daily lives, particularly to let them use their arm voluntarily. The brain’s EEG data is recorded by the Brainsense headset and processed by a microprocessor to move the prosthetic hand via controlling servo motors. Additionally, a glove controller that replicates the gestures is used. The method entails using flex sensors to control the arm's movements. The voice control system was created so that voice commands could be sent through Bluetooth to control prosthetic arms. With the aid of a microcontroller, all actions can be monitored by a user interface. This prosthetic arm can help patients who have amputees below the elbow. This essay's main objective is to enable people with physical disabilities to become less dependent on others for their everyday needs. This model would be very helpful in both the real world, especially for those with disabilities who are unable to use their hands, and in the classroom when employed by college students pursuing robotics as a subject. The work given here is a mini-project that is taken up as a part of the curriculum completed by electronics and communication engineering students in the second year of the electronics & communication engineering department at Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering in Bangalore.

Object detection and Image processing are combinedly vast area of research. Various Notable works have been done in the field of transportation in order to ensure a healthy and lawful traffic environment. A precise and quick vehicle number plate recognition system is a solution to traffic control and resultant in improved regulations. This paper is based on optical character recognition which uses improved techniques and ensures optimized results. A full fledged algorithm of number plate recognition is proposed and the same acquires upgraded accuracy over existing system. The entire system can be mounted as a solution traffics issues related to law and security. Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) system consists integration of machine learning together with image processing and pattern identification. Optical character recognition (OCR) is an algorithm that plays an important role in automatic number plate recognition and it is one of the main aspect of Research in machine learning and computer vision that has evolved immensely since its inception.

Threats of armed conflict and terrorist attacks present difficult challenges for defense agencies around the world and are an increasing source of worry for the public and security-conscious policymakers. The environmental monitoring of residue or discarded explosives in soil, as well as the detection of ultra-low levels of explosive compounds in remote areas or under extreme conditions for anti-terrorist activities, continue to pose significant challenges. Most explosives produce very little vapors, making it difficult to detect them with common techniques for other compounds. Due to a number of factors, including the large variety of explosives substances, the enormous number of deployment methods, and the dearth of low-cost sensors with high sensitivity and selectivity makes explosive detection very complicated and expensive task. To defeat explosives-based terrorism, sensors must have high sensitivity and selectivity as well as the capacity to produce and deploy them at lower costs. Nanotechnology-based sensors have an excellent possibility of meeting all the criteria for a successful approach to explosive trace detection. The design and analytical capabilities of explosive detection systems employing nanomaterial as signal transducers are covered in this overview. The review article also discusses the importance of nano-enabled technologies for the explosive detection in security applications, gives background on the technology, and identifies other issues that need to be resolved.

Background: Majority of urologists prefer the usual prone position for percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) but due to various disadvantages of prone PCNL, several alternative positions are being used. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the surgical outcomes of PCNL performed using supine position with those performed in the prone position. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective and observational study. After applying inclusion criteria, 60 renal calculi patients were randomly assigned to two groups, each with 30 patients, all demographic, operative, and post-operative characteristics were recorded. Results: Out of 60 patients, 38 (63%) patients were male and 22 (37%) were female. The mean age (in years) in prone PCNL was 45.03±17 while in supine, it was 51.7±15. Forty patients had mild, 12 had moderate, and eight had gross hydronephrosis. Stone size (mm) ranged from 20 to 55 with a mean stone size of 22.5±8.8 in prone PCNL and 23.9±13.5 in supine PCNL. The mean operative time (minutes) was 65.1±27.2 in prone PCNL and 68.7±16 in supine PCNL (P=0.068). Complete stone clearance was seen in 26 (86%) patients in prone PCNL versus 25 (83%) patients in supine PCNL. Five patients in supine PCNL had Grade 1–2 complications. There were no serious complications in either group. The mean post-operative hospital stay (days) was 3.53 in prone PCNL versus 3.63 in supine PCNL, (P=0.715). Conclusion: Supine PCNL is an effective and safe procedure with similar operative time, stone-free rate, and complications to prone PCNL.

Background: The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) is a crucial region of the spine designed for optimal movements of head and is also a frequent site for various pathological processes. The importance of knowing the CVJ parameters in normal population cannot be overstated when instrumentation and correction of deformities in this region is so frequently being performed. There is paucity of data defining the craniometrics of CVJ osteology in Indian population on the literature search. Accordingly, we present a study in an attempt to quantitate the normal craniometric indices for anatomically normal CVJ in Indian population and compare them with the existing literature from other regions. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to quantitate the normal craniometric indices for anatomically normal CVJ in Indian population and compare them with the existing literature from other regions. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and forty computed tomography (CTs) belonging to Indians were looked at over a 6-month period retrospectively. These patients had normal CVJs and were ordered imaging for other health reasons. A total of eight parameters were analyzed for each CT. Results: There were 166 (69.2%) males and 74 (30.8%) females in our study. The values (in mm) were as follows: anterior atlantodental interval (AADI), 1.78±0.42; PADI (posterior atlantodental interval), 18.12±1.97; distance of tip of odontoid process to chamberlain’s line, –2.73±2.63; distance of tip of odontoid process to McGregor’s line, –2.29±2.79; distance of tip of odontoid process to McRae’s line, –5.91±1.4; Clivus-canal angle, 160.82°±7.14°; basion dens interval, 5.6±1.45; and powers ratio, 0.71±0.07. No patient had an odontoid process extending beyond the McRae’s line. Males were more likely to have higher AADI and PADI values than females. Our study shared significant differences between the other studies (even the studies where an Indian population was used) except one. The AADI, from our study, did not vary significantly when compared to the AADI from a Chinese study. Conclusion: Due to the significant differences from our study and the available literature, a greater compilation of studies belonging to different races will be required to understand the flexibility of the CVJ metrics.

Rape is the most heinous crime against women. In recent times rape is increasing day by day and many new amendments in laws are introduced by the legislature. This paper is a study of how society behaves toward rape victims? Rape is the only crime where the victim becomes accused. How Indian society treats men and women differently and still man dominance society exists in India. From the birth of the child, people start to teach their children girls and boys are not equal. Girls are not weak their physical strength does not make anyone weak or strong but people make girls mentally weak and boys strong and give dominance to boys and these things led to crime against women. The people who work for the public or who are sitting in higher positions or the ministers of India gave statements about the rape and shows their mentality about women. The rape victim faces many problems and criticism even though she is not at fault and many girls who are a victim of sexual offenses never report it due to fear of society and lack of support.

We describe the applicability of the cementum annuli analysis technique for estimating the age of Tiger Panthera tigris and Asiatic Lion Panthera leo using incisor teeth. We used I2 and I3 incisor teeth from the right mandible of Tiger and I2 and I3 from the left premaxilla of the Lion. The longitudinal sections of the teeth were prepared using an economical hand grinding technique with the help of sandpaper, followed by decalcification and staining with hematoxylin. Two cementum layers were observed under the microscope in each of the I2 and I3 incisor teeth of the Tiger and six cementum layers were observed in each of the I2 and I3 incisor teeth of the Lion. The permanent incisors in Tiger and Lion erupt between 12 and 14 months of age; hence, we added one year to the counted number of cementum layers to estimate the final age of Tiger and Lion incisors. The age of Tiger and Lion incisors were estimated to be of three years and seven years, respectively. This method may be suitable for estimating other carnivores’ age and applicable in wildlife forensic studies.

Malaria is an endemic disease in a true sense. It is an acute febrile disease caused due to the parasite Plasmodium. However, unlike COVID-19, it failed to raise an international concern or gain the scientific limelight. Most of the 200 million globally affected by malaria, half of them are from Africa. Four of the nations, Nigeria (25%), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (11%), Mozambique (5%), and Uganda (4%), account for half of the world’s malaria burden and is the leading cause of illness and death. In 2019, an estimated 5–6 million people died of malaria – most of them are young children in sub-Saharan Africa. Many of the countries affected by malaria have the lowest economic status. In the malaria-endemic region, the most vulnerable groups are young children and pregnant women. The costs of malaria are enormous to individuals, families, communities, societies, and nations. After a struggle for three decades, the much-awaited malaria vaccine, RTS, S (brand name Mosquirix), was finally launched; but it came with its controversies and allegations. This review explored the different angles of this disease, the vaccine development, and the emerging debates.

Any direct or indirect change in the physical, thermal, chemical, biological, radioactive properties of any part of the environment, by discharge, emissions or deposits of waste, so as to adversely affect any beneficial use or a condition which Hazardous to public health, safety or to animals, birds, wildlife, aquatic life or plants of all kinds. - Environment Report 1986 The concept of the present paper begins with the concept of water, forest, and land, which has been an important motto and main goal of an important movement (Chipko movement)- What is the blessing of the forest(क्या है जंगल के उपकार)soil water and wind(मिट्टी पानी और बयार)soil water and wind(मिट्टी पानी और बयार)basis for survival.(जिंदा रहने के आधार।) When it comes to the basic three things that have been described as the basis of life - forest, land and water, these three have equal access to every community, class, caste. and do they have access at present? the present research paper focuses on water and its access. Is. Especially its access to the community which comes under the purview of the marginalized society.

Stress is a common issue for every person. Around 264 million individuals suffer from stress, which is one of the most frequent psychological issues. We present a deep learning-based stress detector model using audio signals. The main aim is to differentiate stressed and non-stressed speeches. The deep learning algorithm used here is Convolutional Neural Network(CNN) which is made up of connected layers that are all related.Speech is transformed into spectrograms and they are fed to the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model. Features are extracted using Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients from pre-processed data.

Pesticides are utilized to slaughter the pests, insects and bugs that annihilate the crops to condense its yields. Numerous pesticides are being followed regarding crop security now-a-days. Pesticides are nevertheless gainful for the agronomic activities but it also records numerous depressing impacts on the atmosphere, human being and animal’s health. Excessive exploitation of pesticides might be the root of biological annihilation and environmental interruptions. Aquatic organisms, birds and mammals are in danger because of chemical pesticides. Pesticides therefore fetching an apprehension for atmospheric sustainability, global constancy. It also spoils the proximate nutritional worth and crop yields. In present article emphasis is drawn to inspect the pesticides consumption rate diagonally in states of India, exposure, chronic threats and toxicity occurring because of unrestricted use of pesticides.

Simulation is the process of designing a model of a real system and conducting experiment with this model for the purpose of either understanding the behavior of the system or evaluating various strategies for the operation of the system. Simulation in nursing education has become an important element specifically teaching the necessary skills and knowledge to develop competent nurse. Objectives: To Assess the knowledge level regarding CPR among students of GNSU Jamuhar. To Find out the post-test knowledge score regarding CPR among students of GNSU Jamuhar. To Find out the association between post-test knowledge regarding CPR among students of GNSU with the demographical variables. Methodology: A quasi experimental study was with one group pre test and post test design was adopted for the present study . Total 60 students were selected by simple random sampling technique. All students fit to inclusion criteria & consent were taken as study subject, structured questionnaire was used for data collection among students in studying at GNSU, Jamuhar .Data was collected regarding knowledge about Cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Statistics, Data entry & analysis was carried out in Microsoft excel.Statistical analysis was done by using frequency. Results: Out of 60 respondents, Majority 17.%(10) of the participants in socio demographic data are belongs to age group (17-19)years, and 73.%(44) participant belongs to age group (20-22) year of age, and 10%(6) participate belongs to the age group (23-25) year , and 0.00% (0) participate belongs to the age group 26 & above. Majority 47% (28) of the participate are male and 53% (32) are female. Majority 53%(32) students are urban area and 47%(28) students are rural area. Majority 40%(24) participate in the given study is from nuclear family and 57%(34) participate belongs to joint family , and 3% (2) participate belongs to extended family. Majority 5% (3) participate are completed 12 intermediate from stream in commerce ,and 8.33%(5) are art ,and 58.33%(35) are mathematics ,and 28.33%(17) are others. Majority 0.00%(0) participate are course in journalism , and 38%(23) of the participate in agriculture ,and 62%(37) of the participate in BCA ,and 0.00%(0) of the participate in LAW. Percentage wise distribution of students in relation to their previous knowledge about CPR that majority 20%(12) of them were well know about CPR and 80%(48) of them were unknown. The post test knowledge is increased among students after giving simulation training programme form (pre – test) 31% students have adequate knowledge Cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Recommendation: The findings of the present study can be used as a guide of future research. Iterventional study can be undertaken to improve the knowledge and practice about CPR. A study can be conducted in preventing malpractice during CPR procedure. Conclusion: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was satisfactory among students lack of knowledge & awareness regarding cardiopulmonary. Education regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be included as a part of school curriculum.All students irrespective of their education status should be taught to break their inhibitions about discussing with their regarding cardiopulmonary..