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The object of this research was the cherry rootstock MaxMa 14, propagated in vitro. The experiment was conducted at the Fruit Growing Institute – Plovdiv in the laboratory-greenhouse complex. A comparison was made of the influence of liquid nutrient media and those containing agar to the development of plants in the rooting stage in vitro. For the aim, three separate experiments were carried out: 1) To follow the effect of liquid and solid food media with different mineral and vitamin composition, containing 0.5 mg/L-1 IAA. 2) To investigate the effect of different concentrations (0.5; 0.75; 1.0) mg/L-1 of auxin IAA added to MS medium in liquid and variant containing agar. 3) Comparison of the action of the two growth regulators (IAA and IBA) added at a concentration of 0.5 mg/L-1 in nutrient media of different chemical composition in liquid and agar media on plant development during rooting. The data showed that the highest percentage of rooted plants was obtained in medium B1 containing agar and 0.5 mg/L-1 IAA. Irrespective of the concentration of the growth regulator, a higher percentage of rooting was found on the liquid variant nutrient media. The tallest plants with the longest root length and the largest number of leaves were obtained on MS2-agar medium. The nutrient medium MS4- liquid with 0.5 mg/L-1 IBA had a positive effect on the number of roots and their length. Plants rooted on MS4-agar medium had the highest number of leaves and were the highest in height. Fresh and dry weight of the plant are highest in the same medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of 10 and 20 nm nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the growth and biochemical composition of microalga Porphyridium purpureum CNMN-AR-02 in two media which differ by the total amount of mineral salts (MM1 with 33.02 g/L and MM2 with 21.65 g/L). Spectrophotometric methods were used to estimate the amount of biomass and its biochemical composition. This study provides evidence of both stimulatory and inhibitory effects of AgNPs on different parameters depending on the concentration, size, and composition of the nutrient medium. In relation to the mineral medium, AgNPs exhibited various effects on the content of proteins (an increase up to 20.5% in MM2 and a decrease up to 36.8% in MM1), carbohydrates (a decrease up to 35.8% in MM1 and 39.6% in MM2), phycobiliproteins (an increase up to 15.7% in MM2 and 56.8% in MM1), lipids (an increase up to 197% in MM1 and no changes found in MM2), antioxidant activity (a decrease in both media). The composition of the cultivation medium has been revealed as one of the factors influencing the involvement of nanoparticles in the biosynthetic activity of microalgae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Microalgae, capable of accumulating large amounts of lipids, are of great value for biodiesel production. The high cost of such production stimulates the search for cultivation conditions that ensure their highest productivity. Reducing the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in the culture medium is widely used to change the content and productivity of lipids in microalgae. Achieving the right balance between maximum growth and maximum lipid content and productivity is the primary goal of many experimental works to ensure cost-effective biodiesel production from microalgae. The content of nitrogen and phosphorus in nutrient media for algal cultivation after converted to nitrogen (-N) and phosphorus (-P) lies in an extensive range: from 0.007 g L− 1 to 0.417 g L− 1 and from 0.0003 g L− 1 to 0.227 g L− 1 and N:P ratio from 0.12:1 to 823.33:1. When studying nutritional stress in microalgae, no single approach is used to determine the experimental concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus. This precludes the possibility of correct interpretation of the data and may lead to erroneous conclusions. This work results from the systematisation of information on using nitrogen and phosphorus restriction to increase the lipid productivity of microalgae of different taxonomic and ecological groups to identify future research directions. The results of 301 experiments were included in the analysis using the principal components method. The investigation considered various divisions and classes: Cyanobacteria, Rhodophyta, Dinophyta, Haptophyta, Cryptophyta, Heterokontophyta/Ochrophyta (Bacillariophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, Xanthophyceae), Chlorophyta, and also the ratio N:P, the time of the experiment, the light intensity during cultivation. Based on the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus existing in various nutrient media, a general scheme for designating the supply of nutrient media for nitrogen (as NO3 − or NH4+, N g L− 1) and phosphorus (as РO4 −, P g L− 1) has been proposed: replete -N (˃0.4 g L− 1), moderate -N (0.4–0.2), moderate N-limitation (0.19–0.1), strong N-limitation (˂0.1), without nitrogen (0), replete -Р (˃0.2), moderate -P (0.2–0.02), moderate P-limitation (0.019–0.01), strong P-limitation (˂0.01), without phosphorus (0).

Microalgae, capable of accumulating large amounts of lipids, are of great value for biodiesel production. The high cost of such production stimulates the search for cultivation conditions that ensure their highest productivity. Reducing the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in the culture medium is widely used to change the content and productivity of lipids in microalgae. Achieving the right balance between maximum growth and maximum lipid content and productivity is the primary goal of many experimental works to ensure cost-effective biodiesel production from microalgae. The content of nitrogen and phosphorus in nutrient media for algal cultivation after converted to nitrogen (-N) and phosphorus (-P) lies in an extensive range: from 0.007 g L− 1 to 0.417 g L− 1 and from 0.0003 g L− 1 to 0.227 g L− 1 and N:P ratio from 0.12:1 to 823.33:1. When studying nutritional stress in microalgae, no single approach is used to determine the experimental concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus. This precludes the possibility of correct interpretation of the data and may lead to erroneous conclusions. This work results from the systematisation of information on using nitrogen and phosphorus restriction to increase the lipid productivity of microalgae of different taxonomic and ecological groups to identify future research directions. The results of 301 experiments were included in the analysis using the principal components method. The investigation considered various divisions and classes: Cyanobacteria, Rhodophyta, Dinophyta, Haptophyta, Cryptophyta, Heterokontophyta/Ochrophyta (Bacillariophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, Xanthophyceae), Chlorophyta, and also the ratio N:P, the time of the experiment, the light intensity during cultivation. Based on the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus existing in various nutrient media, a general scheme for designating the supply of nutrient media for nitrogen (as NO3− or NH4+, N g L− 1) and phosphorus (as РO4−, P g L− 1) has been proposed: replete -N (˃0.4 g L− 1), moderate -N (0.4–0.2), moderate N-limitation (0.19–0.1), strong N-limitation (˂0.1), without nitrogen (0), replete -Р (˃0.2), moderate -P (0.2–0.02), moderate P-limitation (0.019–0.01), strong P-limitation (˂0.01), without phosphorus (0). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Damage and loss of strength resulting from deterioration in concrete structures are extremely expensive and time-consuming processes that require improvement. Therefore, special concrete demand to respond to crack formation with its self-healing action leads to microbial concrete research and development. In this study, the effects of bacterial utilization on both mechanical/physical properties of the recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) containing mortar mixtures and the crack-healing were investigated. Bacillus subtilis bacteria were cultivated on three different nutrient media, Tryptic Soy Broth, Modify Luria-Bertani, and urea-calcium phosphate, and then encapsulated in RCA with these nutrient media. Twenty-one different mortar mixtures were prepared by partially replacement of bacterial RCA with the limestone one. The compressive and flexural strengths as well as ultrasonic pulse velocity of mortar mixtures were determined. Also, physical properties of the mortar mixtures such water absorption, capillarity and total void ratio were obtained. It was observed that the physical and mechanical properties of the mortar mixtures containing less than 30% RCA are significantly healed by CaCO3 precipitated by bacteria. The results showed that that urea and Ca2+ in the nutrient media increase the CaCO3 precipitation efficiency of bacteria, but glucose in the media causes foaming in the mixtures and creates a hollow structure. The study also indicated that microorganisms had a positive role not only in the concrete strength increasing but also in facilitating the self-healing of cracks. It was observed that the cracks formed up to 0.3 mm in the bacterial mortar mixtures were mostly closed in 7 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of 10 and 20 nm nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the growth and biochemical composition of microalga Porphyridium purpureum CNMN-AR-02 in two media which differ by the total amount of mineral salts (MM1 with 33.02 g/L and MM2 with 21.65 g/L). Spectrophotometric methods were used to estimate the amount of biomass and its biochemical composition. This study provides evidence of both stimulatory and inhibitory effects of AgNPs on different parameters depending on the concentration, size, and composition of the nutrient medium. In relation to the mineral medium, AgNPs exhibited various effects on the content of proteins (an increase up to 20.5% in MM2 and a decrease up to 36.8% in MM1), carbohydrates (a decrease up to 35.8% in MM1 and 39.6% in MM2), phycobiliproteins (an increase up to 15.7% in MM2 and 56.8% in MM1), lipids (an increase up to 197% in MM1 and no changes found in MM2), antioxidant activity (a decrease in both media). The composition of the cultivation medium has been revealed as one of the factors influencing the involvement of nanoparticles in the biosynthetic activity of microalgae.

Background. One of the most pressing problems in the world is the production of food protein. The global protein deficit is estimated at 30 million tons per year, for the Russian Federation it is estimated at 2-2.5 million tons of protein per year. The problem of protein deficit can be partially solved with the help of methanotrophic bacteria. Under optimal conditions, methanotrophic bacteria are able to oxidise actively natural gas – methane and increase their biomass, rich in valuable protein, vitamins and other biologically active substances. The feed product from methanotrophic bacteria is comparable to fish meal and soybean meal, the concentration of pure protein in it is more than 80%. Purpose. Isolation of methanotrophic bacteria from natural biocenoses and their cultivation on various nutrient media in laboratory conditions. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted from 2019 to 2022 in the microbiological laboratory of the Center for Technological Excellence “Advanced Chemical and Biotechnology” of the Tolstoy Tula State Pedagogical University. The object of the study was methanotrophic bacteria isolated from various natural and artificial ecosystems, collection strains of Methylococcus capsulatus B-2990 and Methylomonas methanica B-2110. To isolate methanotrophic bacteria, the method of seeding a accumulative culture on a solid agiarized sterile nutrient medium in Petri dishes was used. For the cultivation of methanotrophs, nutrient media of various compositions containing all the necessary macro- and microelements for the normal growth of bacterial colonies were used. Results. Colonies of methanotrophic bacteria were found in one sample of bottom sediments taken from the sphagnum swamp of the village of Kochaki in the Tula region and in samples from a methane reactor. As a result of comparison of nutrient media for isolation and cultivation of methanotrophs, it was found that the most suitable medium for isolation of methanotrophic bacteria is the standard nitrate mineral medium NMS. For the cultivation of methanotrophic bacteria, the best media were: the nutrient medium with the addition of anaerobic sludge, the ammonium mineral nutrient medium (AMS), and AMS with addition of methanol, the nutrient medium No.221 with addition of methanol. Conclusions. The use of various nutrient media for the cultivation of methanotrophic bacteria makes it possible to assess the effect of various organic substances on the growth and development of bacterial colonies. The study of various natural and artificial ecosystems makes it possible to expand taxonomic knowledge about this group of microorganisms, as well as to increase the potential of using methanotrophs in solving various problems of ecology and biotechnology.

The main purpose of the presented article is to determine the presence of intestinal bacterial pollution, conditional pathogen E. coli bacteria, and Enterobacter in a sample taken from seawater. The process was conducted at the "AzeLab" laboratory of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Seawater samples with a duration of 2-6 hours were used for the experiment. The process was carried out in the "Bio-Trak 4250" device for 24 hours at a temperature of 37℃. Based on the results obtained from samples taken from different coastal waters (Hovsan, Turkan) in various seasons, the spread of intestinal bacterial pollution, conditional pathogen E. coli bacteria, and Enterobacter was studied comparatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycoplasma bovis is considered one of bovine mycoplasmosis pathogens responsible for respiratory diseases, mastitis, arthritis and keratoconjunctivitis. The paper presents results of the study on optimizing the component composition of the culture medium for Mycoplasma bovis “Kaluga 2020” isolate, as well as the study of this pathogen’s growth stages. The color-changing units assay and the culture method combined with colony-forming unit quantification were used for determination of Mycoplasma activity. It was found that when cultured in an optimized nutrient medium based on modified Hayflick broth, the microorganism enters a logarithmic growth phase after first 24 hours ofgrowth, in 72 hours the Mycoplasma culture enters astability phase, and adecline phase is recorded in 84 hours. The effect of percentage content of glucose, fresh yeast extract and horse serum in the nutrient medium on accumulation of Mycoplasma bovis “Kaluga2020” isolate was evaluated using the one-factor-at-a-time approach. It was found that the greatest effect on Mycoplasma accumulation was exerted by such growth factors as fresh yeast extract and horse serum in the nutrient medium (p < 0.05), while changes in the amount of glucose did not stimulate Mycoplasma bovis growth. Based on results of the conducted studies, the appropriate composition was determined and the optimal content of growth factors in the medium for culturing Mycoplasma bovis “Kaluga 2020” isolate was selected: 12.5%of fresh yeast extract and 25% of horse serum. The use of the optimized nutrient medium based on modified Hayflick broth allowed 5-fold increase in accumulation of Mycoplasma biomass (3.98 × 109CFU/ml)compared to the standard medium (0.79 × 109CFU/ml).

Today, the most appropriate way of long-term storage of most microorganism strains in collections is their lyophilization. The rate and quality of the recovery of biological properties in lyophilized bacterial cultures depend on the quality of culture media used for this purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of culture media for the recovery of lyophilized pathogenic bacteria. The strains of Salmonella typhimurium, Pasteurella multocida, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Staphylococcus aureus from the collection of the Ukrainian Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine were used in the study. In order to restore lyophilized bacterial cultures, several variants of culture media were used: meat-peptone broth (Pharmactive, Ukraine) with the addition of 5% equine serum and 0.5% glucose; meat-peptone broth (Pharmactive, Ukraine) with the addition of 5% bovine serum and 0.5% glucose; meat-peptone broth (Pharmactive, Ukraine) with the addition of 5% bovine serum and 0.5% glucose; brain-heart infusion broth (HiMedia, India) and tryptone soya broth (HiMedia, India). Faibich protective medium was used as a cryoprotectant. It was found that in the process of sublimation and cryopreservation of cultures of Salmonella typhimurium, Pasteurella multocida, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Staphylococcus aureus, the loss of viable microbial cells was 99.91-99.98%. The concentration of viable microbial cells in lyophilized cultures of Salmonella typhimurium, Pasteurella multocida,Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus was recorded in the range of 1.4 × 104-1.7 × 106 CFU/cm3. During a single passage on different culture media, obtained biomass of the studied cultures was in the initial titer x × 109. The highest productivity in recovered cultures was obtained using brain-heart infusion broth manufactured by HiMedia, India (concentration of live microbial cells in experimental cultures was recorded in the range of 5.7-6.4 × 109 CFU/cm3)

Background. Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) is a valuable essential oil culture used in the pharmaceutical and food branches of industry as a source of biologically active substances. The optimization of microclonal propagation technology in vitro of this culture is considered topical for the development of the selection of oregano with a high content of essential oil and rapid multiplication of high-performance samples. Objective. This article aims to study the conditions of cuttings' rooting of oregano samples, valuable in terms of breeding, obtained at the last stage of in vitro cutting. Methods. Cuttings of eleven oregano genotypes obtained after the fourth cutting of the original maternal shoots were used as a material for the study of rhizogenesis in vitro. Roots formation and development of newly formed shoots were investigated by alteration of the carbohydrate and growth regulators composition in nutrient media for rhizogenesis. ½MS medium without growth regulators was used as a control medium. Experimental in growth regulator composition were MS-based media supplemented with one of the following components: indolylacetic acid (IAA) (2 mg/l), IAA (0.5 mg/l), indolylbutyric acid (IBA) (1 mg/l), IBA (0.5 mg/l), 0.5 mg/l IAA + 0.5 mg/l IBA. Sucrose (20 g/l) or glucose (20 g/l) was used as a carbon source. The influence of the composition of rhizogenesis media was estimated on the length of cuttings' root system, the length of newly formed shoots and the survival of regenerated plants after transfer to soil. Results. Formation of the oregano root system and newly formed shoots at a frequency of 100% occurred for all the studied genotypes and versions of media while the survival of regenerated plants in soil as a whole in the experiment for use of sucrose as a source of carbon was 63.82 ± 11.83% and for glucose 66.45 ± 11.62%. However, depending on the genotype and composition of the nutrient media, there was a variation in root system length, length of newly formed shoots and in the survival of regenerated plants in soil. A comparison of the results of rooting with sucrose or glucose in the medium for rhizogenesis did not reveal a significant difference between these compounds, but there was a tendency for better growth of the root system when using sucrose. A significant positive correlation was established between the cuttings' root system length and the survival of regenerated plants after transfer to soil (for sucrose r = 0.57, for glucose r = 0.51, r0.05 = 0.24) and no correlation was proved between the newly formed shoots length and the survival of regenerated plants in soil (for sucrose r = –0.21, for glucose r = –0.03, r0.05 = 0.24). Conclusions. It is proved that the influence of carbohydrate composition and type and concentration of growth regulators in the nutrient medium on the oregano cuttings' rhizogenesis obtained during the last cycle of microclonal propagation in vitro is genotype-specific. ½MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/l of indolylacetic acid, with sucrose (20 g/l) as a carbon source, proved to be most effective for root development in vitro and cuttings' adaptation in the soil for most of the genotypes studied.

The study was aimed at investigating the effects of different compositions of nutrient media on the growth and development of microplants of the Charoit potato variety in in vitro culture. Improved maternal microplants of Solanum tuberosum L. of the Charoit variety were used as a test subject. OSRAM fluorescent lamps (Cool Daylight, 36 W) were used as a light source. Three compositions of the nutrient media were studied viz. (i) Standard Murashige and Skoog medium, (ii) Murashige and Skoog medium with ½ mineral elements and (iii) Murashige and Skoog medium with ½ mineral elements. The effects of these compositions on the length of the microplants, the length of the root system, the time of rooting, the number of leaves and internodes per microplant, and the total biomass were studied. The economic efficiency of the nutrient media was estimated. The nutrient medium with ½ mineral elements had shown to be optimal for growing the microplants of the Charoit potato variety in vitro. The results of this study can be used to select nutrient media with lower content of mineral elements for micropropagation and maintaining a collection of improved potato varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The overview contains information from Russian and foreign literature about composition and usage of nutrient media for brucellosis diagnosis and immunobiological preparations production. Nutrient media for cultivation, isolation, enrichment, identification and differentiation of Brucella and their L-form as well as transport media and synthetic media are considered. Advantages and disadvantages are described for some of the products. The overview also contains information about nutritional bases, growth factors and selective components included in these media. There is a particular focus on selective media, their history and improvement. The article gives the requirements for the inhibitory properties of these products and the disadvantages of using certain antimicrobial agents. The authors list nutrient media for various purposes, certified for use by the Russian regulatory documents, recommendations of World Health Organization and World Organization for Animal Health. Data about principles for assessing the quality of culture media and test strains used to control biological parameters of culture media are covered. The authors also present materials about the trends in nutrient media development for Brucella cultivation and isolation, methods of their application. In conclusion, they identify the need to conduct research in the sphere of the development of new nutrient media for Brucella isolation from the material contaminated by foreign microorganisms.

At present, a rise of antimicrobial resistance requires that susceptibility of infectious agents to antimicrobial agents could be accurately evaluated as related errors may lead to selecting improper therapeutics provoking spread of drug resistance. Pathogen sensitivity to antimicrobial agents is commonly determined by a disc diffusion method. A quality of nutrient medium used in assays plays a crucial role influencing final results. In Russia, it turned out that regulatory documents such as the nationwide guidelines and clinical recommendations outlining methodology for antimicrobial susceptibility testing underlay availability in domestic market few nutrient media, including Mueller–Hinton Agar, AGV medium etc. exhibiting sometimes unsatisfactory quality. To harmonize such methodology with international requirements, theStateResearchCenterfor Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology has developed a technology and promoted manufacture of Russia-made Mueller–Hinton agar satisfying requirements of EUCAST documents, clinical guidelines, and ISO/TS 16782:2016. The main objective of this study was to compare quality of new agar product with five similar foreign media while examining 11 test strains by disc diffusion method. As a result, some of nutrient media available to the Russian market turned out to be off-standard: not all of them satisfy to the EUCAST requirements and clinical guidelines since diameter distribution for growth inhibition recommended by EUCAST for quality control does not fit into permissible range. Moreover, susceptibility of P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, Meropenem, as well as S. aureus ATSS 25923 and E. faecalis ATCC 29212 to tigecycline was assessed with certain mistakes. The data obtained by us were analyzed in accordance to the new document ISO/TS 16782:2016 “Clinical laboratory testing — criterion for acceptable lots of dehydrated Mueller–Hinton agar and broth for antimicrobial susceptibility testing”, not approved yet In Russia. To determine potential reason for deviation of data from reference range, we measured concentration of bivalent metals in all nutrient media examined by atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. We determined new patterns affecting reliability of results on microbial antibiotic susceptibility. A need to check intralaboratory quality control of nutrient media was emphasized.

Цель. Разработать метод прямого индуцированного андрогенеза в культуре in vitro сахарной свеклы. Методы. Биотехнологические, цитологические, селекционные, ста­тистические. Результаты. Разработаны специфические для сахарной свеклы составляющие метода прямого индуцированного андрогенеза в культуре in vitro – определена фаза развития микроспор, оптимальная для инициации андрогенеза, температурный режим предобработки эксплантов, условия культивирования пыльников. По результатам цитологического анализа микроспор и пыльцы сахарной свеклы определено, что одноядерная фаза вакуолизированной микроспоры является оптимальной для инокуляции пыльников на питательную среду; а пред­обработка эксплантов с использованием низкотемпературного стресса – 4–8 °С в течение 3–15 суток является необходимым фактором, инициирующим переход микроспор с гаметофитного на спорофитный путь развития. Разработан состав питательных сред для культивирования пыльников, инициации процессов прямого андрогенеза и образования эмбриоидов, которые отличались по содержанию макроэлементов, аминокислот, витаминов, регуляторов роста. За основу использовали модифицированную среду Мурасиге–Скуга – 0,5 дози макроэлементов с добавлением витаминов: В1 – 10,0 мг/л; В6 – 1,0 мг/л; РР – 1,0 мг/л; С – 1,0 мг/л и аминокислот: глютаминовой – 250,0–500,0 мг/л, аспарагиновой – 1,0–10,0 мг/л, аргинина – 2,0–10,0 мг/л, тирозина – 1,0–10,0 мг/л, гидроксипролина – 2,0–4,0 мг/л. Определены три наиболее эффективные питательные среды, которые отличались содержанием регуляторов роста: полистимулин А-6 – 1,0–3,0 мг/л по действующему веществу + 6-БАП – 0,3–0,8 мг/л; 2,4–Д – 1,0 – 2,5 мг/л + 6-БАП – 0,3–0,8 мг/л + АБК – 0,3–1,0 мг/л или 6-БАП – 0,1–0,6 мг/л. Культивирование пыльников сахарной свеклы на разработанных питательных средах позволило получить 0,15–1,32% андрогенных эмбриоидов различных типов и микроклоны андрогенного происхождения. Выводы. Разработан метод прямого индуцированного андрогенеза сахарной свеклы: определена оптимальная стадия развития микроспор для инокуляции пыльников, режим предобработки эксплантов, состав питательных сред для инициации прямого андрогенеза in vitro и получения различных типов андрогенных эм­брио­идов. Результаты проведенной работы имеют большое значение для создания гаплоидов и гомозиготны удвоенных линий, что будет способствовать ускорению селекционного процеса создания новых сортов и гибридов сахарной свеклы.

The mycelial growth rate of three oyster mushroom strains namely Pleurotus erengii, P. ostreatus and P. florida was examined on six different agar media (malt extract, Potato dextrose, rose bengal, corn meal, czapek’s dox and waksman’s glucose agar media) to select the most suitable one. Effect of pH was also examined at different values (5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0) on the selected medium. Results indicated that Malt extract agar medium was the most suitable one for mycelium growth of all the tested mushroom strains, being the highest (9 cm ) for P. erengii and P. ostreatus at pH 7 and 9 cm at pH 6 -6.5 for P. florida after 6 days of incubation. The mycelia growth of the tested oyster mushroom strains was also examined at different temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35ºC) and different levels of relative humidity (50, 65, 75, 85, 95 and 100 %) on malt extract agar medium. The highest mycelial growth rate was obtained at 25°C and relative humidity of 65% after 6 days of incubation for the three tested oyster mushrooms.

Objective of the study was to test the nutrient medium based on the enzymatic hydrolysate of corn extract condensed for a scaled production of live plague vaccine and to check the quality of the obtained batches against the specified parameters. Materials and methods .A dense nutrient medium based on corn extract was used to grow biomass in the process of live plague vaccine production. The quality parameters of the vaccine preparation obtained were studied by the regulated methods set forth in the regulatory documentation. Results and conclusions. The vaccine was monitored at all stages of its manufacture, including control of the finished dosage form, in strict accordance with the approved regulatory documentation. All the experimental production series complied with the specified indices. Approbation of the production cycle environment for live plague vaccine manufacturing showed efficiency of the conditions and the possibility of environment’s application in the industrial production of the preparation.

Objective of the study was to develop a solid medium on the basis of enzyme digest of corn-steep extract for manufacturing of live plague vaccine and storage of plague agent strains. Materials and methods. Vaccine strain and virulent strains of Yersinia pestis, nutrient media for accumulation and storage. Investigated parameters were assessed according to regulatory documentation. Results and conclusions. Developed has been nutrient medium based on enzyme digest of corn-steep extract with growth stimulation additives – Mohr’s salt and sodium sulphite. Studied have been its physical-chemical and biological properties. Approbation of the medium in manufacturing laboratory has revealed its high efficiency and possibility of usage in industrial production of live plague vaccine. Batches of preparation with optical concentration of 100 mlrd/ml and (68.2±0.9) % viability have been manufactured. Application of the stated medium allows for increase in biomass output and decrease in prime cost of final product. Confirmed has been the possibility to store the virulent plague agent strains on the medium at (4±2) °C for 18 months without reduction of the culture viability.

The paper demonstrates evaluation results for productive and selective capacities of domestic and imported chromogenic nutrient media (Bismuth sulphite agar and xylose lysine deoxycholate agar (XLD agar)). The productivity ratio of imported and domestic XLD agar amounted to over 0.58 and selectivity ratio - to less than 2 Ig. The productivity ratio of imported Bismuth sulfate agar was higher than the productivity of the domestic one and amounted to over 0.19. The selective properties of the both media are similar and amount to 5 Ig. Based on the evidence found, imported Bismuth sulfate agar and domestic or imported XLD agar can be recommended for use in the experiments for detection of Salmonella spp in food products.

Nutritional requirement of orchids is similar to other plants. Still, being mostly epiphytic, they have special mechanisms by which they can survive in limited nutrient condition without showing any deficiency symptom. Also because of their epiphytic nature, domesticating them as a pot plant is quite challenging. Nutritional management in orchids is more complicated than any other agri-horticultural crops. For orchids, water-soluble nutrients are applied in solution form, at a regular interval at once or twice a week. Unlike other crops, basal application or two to three split application of nutrients are not recommended for orchids. Studies conducted throughout the world show N, P and K play a significant role for successful orchid growing. Most of the orchid nutritional study in the world had considered N, P and K as the key elements of study. There are several reports on the benefit of the integrated application of organic and inorganic nutrients to the orchids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the most appropriate way of long-term storage of most microorganism strains in collections is their lyophilization. Lyophilized bacterial cultures biological properties recovery rate and quality depends on the quality of culture media used for this purpose. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of culture media for the recovery of lyophilized pathogenic bacteria. This study used strains of Salmonella typhimurium, Pasteurella multocida, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Staphylococcus aureus from the collection of Ukrainian Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine. In order to restore lyophilized bacterial cultures, several variants of nutrient media were used: Meat-Peptone Broth (MPB) culture media (Pharmactive, Ukraine) were used with the addition of 5% horse serum and 0.5% glucose; Meat-Peptone Broth (MPB) (Pharmactive, Ukraine) with the addition of 5% bovine serum and 0.5% glucose; Meat-Peptone Broth (MPB) (Pharmactive, Ukraine) with the addition of 5% serum of cattle and 0.5% of glucose; Brain-hearth infusion broth (BHIB) (HiMedia, India) and Tryptone soya broth (TSB) (HiMedia, India). It was found that in the process of sublimation and cryopreservation of cultures of Salmonella typhimurium, Pasteurella multocida, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus, the loss of viable microbial cells was 99.91-99.987%. The concentration of viable microbial cells in lyophilized cultures of Salmonella typhimurium, Pasteurella multocida, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus was recorded in the range of 1.4 x 1041.7 x 106 CFU / cm3. During a single passage on different culture media obtained biomass of the studied cultures was in the initial titer x x 109. The highest productivity in reconstituted cultures was obtained using BHIB manufactured by HiMedia, India (concentration of live microbial cells in experimental cultures was recorded in the range of 5.7-6.4 x 109 CFU / cm3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas, Convolvulaceae) is an important food crop in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Lack of access to quality sweetpotato planting material after sweetpotato limits utilization of market oriented improved clones and new varieties. Obtaining clean planting material in the right quantity and quality is a challenge in the SSA region. Farmers often obtain planting materials from their own sources with multiple rooting, drawn from a previous crop or neighbors and face the risk of it being infected with sweetpotato viruses. The objective of this study was to examine the economic and physical yield performance of sandponics multiplication method by comparing with conventional soil method using optimal N-nutrient inputs. The performance of five sweetpotato cultivars (Irene, Delvia, Tanzania, Gweri, and Kabode) in the modified prototype sweetpotato nutrient media was evaluated. Vine production utilizing modified sandponics nutrient media with trellised plants was compared to the conventionally used soil media. Analysis of variance indicated that the main effects of cultivar and substrate were highly significant (p < 0.0001) for nodes produced, vine multiplication rate (VMR), number of cuttings produced, and vine length. In addition, cultivar by substrate interaction was highly significant at 0.01 probability level for nodes produced, VMR, and vine length. Vine multiplication rate was 33% higher in the sandponics system compared to the conventional soil method of multiplying sweetpotato vines. Among the cultivars studied, Irene was the most favorable cultivar with a VMR of 65.2 in sand and 45.5 in soil. The cost-effectiveness analysis indicates that the cost per cutting (i.e., 3–4 nodes) produced from sandponics method was 4.6 KSH (US$ 0.046) as compared to 3.1 KSH (US$ 0.031) per cutting produced from conventional method. Sandponics system is competitive due to its capability of increased VMRs. However, the optimal number of ratooning needs to be investigated to understand the economies of scale in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the optimal nutritional conditions for macromycetes micelles of the Pleurotaceae family. The factors influencing mycelium growth on the example of two species of Pleurotus were investigated. To determine the effects of nutrient components five variants of agar medium were used, containing:potato, sweet potato, yam, oak bark and malt extractswith the addition of peptone and glucose. The pure culture of Pleurotus species, in the form of agarics blocks, was placed on the nutrient media. Hyphae germination was observed on the eighth day of incubation. The temperature influence was evaluated in the range from 16 to 36 °C. The maximum growth of mycelium of both species was observed at a temperature of 28 °С. It was determined that nutrient media containing potato, sweet potato, yam and malt extracts with the addition of glucose and peptone were the most favorable for growth of mycelium of oyster mushroom. They all had mandatory presence of a source of carbohydrates — glucose. At the same time, the media containing extracts of oak, yam, and partially of potato extract, were optimal for the growth of maple oyster. According to the experiment, the mycelial growth efficiency of the maple oyster was much higherin comparison to the oyster mushroom 1.

The detection methods for microbial agents that have epidemiological significance are diversity but cultivation on nutritional media remains the gold standard in microbiological diagnostics. Choice of medium depends on the conditions in which, bacteria were early and is present. The nature life determines its physiological peculiarity then a metabolic plasticity promote to survive and to save the virulence. In. this review on the example of Yersinia pestis and Vibrio cholerae performed evaluations of the efficient decisions for the bacterial media development. It is declared advantage of baker’s yeast hydrolisate as the nutrition media base.

The history of antibacterial begins with the observations of Pasteur and Joubert, who discovered that one type of bacteria could prevent the growth of another. They did not know at that time that the reason one bacterium failed to grow was that the other bacterium was producing an antibiotic. Of course, in today's common usage, the term antibiotic is used to refer to almost any drug that attempts to rid your body of a bacterial infection. The past researches indicated that huge number of antibiotics was produced by Gram +ve ike bacteria known as Actinomycetes. So we can say that among all microbes more than 50% of the known antimicrobial compounds were produced by Actinomycetes only. In our study isolation and screening of Actinomycetes was performed by using different river sediments. Soil samples was collected from river Godaveri and Krishna and stored in the U.V. and alcohol sterilized Poly bags. Soil samples was serially diluted up to 10-6 and 1 ml from each dilution was plated on different isolation media like starch Casein agar, Albumin media and YMA media, consisting of antifungal agent Nystatin 50 µg/ml, by pour plate technique. The plates were incubated at different temperature ranges 18 0C to 28 0C upto 7-14 days. Certain biochemical tests were performed for identification of different strains producing antibacterial compound. Some bacteria, including Gram positive and Gram negative were used to determine the antimicrobial activity against the isolated actinomycete s. The potent actinomycetes were characterized by morphological and biochemical methods. These were than Inoculated into different media like L.B. broth and Starch Casein Broth and Albumin Broth etc and were kept for incubation at different Temperatures ranging from 280C-400C for the production of antibacterial compound upto18 days. Determination of antibacterial activities of pure actinomycetes cultures of S1, S2, S3 and S4 were performed by using streak-plate method. Mueller hinton agar plates will prepared and inoculated with actinomycetes cultures by a single streak of inoculums in the center of the Petri dish and will incubated at 270C for 4 days. Later, the plates will seeded with test organisms by a single streak at a 900 angle to actinomycetes strains. Antagonism was measured by the determination of the size of the inhibition zone. The antibacterial activity of compound was tested against different gram +ve and Gram-ve by the standard disc diffusion method and cup plate method. Standard streptomycin was used for comparison of the antibacterial activity. Nutrient agar was used as a bacteriological media. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was calculated. Purification of the compound was performed using TLC and Column chromatography using different solvent composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation are mechanisms usually involved in the pathogeny of implant-related infections. Worldwide, antibiotic susceptibility tests are usually carried out using nutrient-rich media. Clinical routine laboratories and even research centers use for example EUCAST or CLSI for guidelines. In this study, we investigated the effect of different nutrient media on the antibiotic susceptibility and icaADBC gene expression of bacteria in biofilm. As media, Müller-Hinton Bouillon (MHB), Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) and human synovial fluid (SF) diluted 1:4 in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), each also supplemented with 1% glucose, were used. The influence of different nutrient media on the antibiotic susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) was evaluated by counting of colony-forming units (CFU) and by checking the metabolic activity of the bacteria. We used reverse transcriptase and real-time qPCR to investigate the influence of nutrient media on the biofilm gene expression. We used two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Significant differences in growth and antibiotic susceptibility were detected in all strains tested among the different media used. The nutrient media showed influence on the cell viability of all bacteria after antibiotic treatment. IcaADBC gene expression was significantly influenced by glucose and all nutrient media. The results highlight the influence of glucose on the antibiotic susceptibility, growth and gene expression of all strains tested. For all strains, a significant difference in bacterial recovery, viability and gene expression were found when compared to biofilm grown in SF.

The study was conducted to analyse the influence of three nutrient formulations, namely BG-11 medium, BBM and TAP medium, on growth potential and lipid yield of two microalgal genera (Botryococcus sp. and Chlorella sp.) and to study the roles of N, P and other major nutrients. The study focussed on the general patterns of starch and lipid synthesis and storage and to further assess how photosynthetic carbon partitioning into starch and lipid is altered by conditions in growth media such as N and C presence as seen in BG11 medium which are known to induce neutral lipid production and the lack of it in BBM and TAP medium. BG-11 medium performed better as compared to BBM and TAP medium in terms of biomass productivity and lipid yield. The lipid yield was highest in Botryococcus sp. (63.03% dry wt.) and Chlorella sp. (50.27% dry wt.) at 30th day of incubation. Mean biomass productivity was highest for Botryococcus in BBM medium (6.14 mg/L/day) and for Chlorella in BG-11 medium (4.97 mg/L/day). Mean lipid productivity (50.78% and 39.36%) was highest in BG11 medium for both Botryococcus and Chlorella species, respectively. A sharp decline in sugar content was observed in the late stationary phase of growth from 30th day to 45th day. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile of the extracted lipids showed predominantly oleic acid, followed by palmitic acid and stearic acid in both the strains when grown in BG-11 medium. The other biodiesel quality parameters were in accordance with the international standards. A complex relationship was found between chemical composition and biodiesel properties. Proximity analysis indicated that the fuel properties of biodiesels are determined by a number of parameters and by the combination of different chemical compositions. The results provide an insight into organic carbon partitioning into lipid compounds and how the organism's lipid metabolism changes due to N-deplete culturing in TAP medium and inorganic carbon source availability as seen in BG-11 and BBM medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mycelial growth rate of three oyster mushroom strains namely Pleurotus erengii, P. ostreatus and P. florida was examined on six different agar media (malt extract, Potato dextrose, rose bengal, corn meal, czapek's dox and waksman's glucose agar media) to select the most suitable one. Effect of pH was also examined at different values (5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0) on the selected medium. Results indicated that Malt extract agar medium was the most suitable one for mycelium growth of all the tested mushroom strains, being the highest (9 cm ) for P. erengii and P. ostreatus at pH 7 and 9 cm at pH 6 -6.5 for P. florida after 6 days of incubation. The mycelia growth of the tested oyster mushroom strains was also examined at different temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35ºC) and different levels of relative humidity (50, 65, 75, 85, 95 and 100 %) on malt extract agar medium. The highest mycelial growth rate was obtained at 25°C and relative humidity of 65% after 6 days of incubation for the three tested oyster mushrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective of the work is to carry out comparative assessment of the pancreatic hydrolysates of protein-containing products, both phytogenous and zoogenous, as nutrient base for microbiological media. Gelatine, soy, soy concentrate, maize gluten, fish meal, common kilka, and bovine blood have been used as a feedstock. Protein stuff hydrolysis, hydrolysate purification, and validation of physical-chemical properties were performed in accordance with conventional techniques. Testing of peptone biological parameters has been carried out on the model of nutrient agar using Shigella flexneri 1a 8516, Shigella sonnei “S form”, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27/99, Serratia plymuthica 1 test strains. Identified have been physical-chemical parameters of the hydrolysates under study. Detected are the variations in quantity, diameter and frequency of dissociation among the colonies of Shigella flexneri 1a 8516, Shigella sonnei “S form”, chromogenesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27/99, Serratia plymuthica 1, cultivated on agar media with hydrolysates under study. Obtained are the comparative data on physical-chemical and biological parameters of all experimental hydrolysates, which offers an opportunity to differentiate their choice when adding them into bacteriological nutrient media.

The comparative evaluation of Bifidum-medium quality (the nutrient medium for cultivation and selection bifidobacteria, dry) and Blaurock medium has been performed. It was shown that Bifidum-medium supports the typical growth of the main types of bifidobacteria: Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. breve, B. adolescentis, B. infantis, B. longum. The comparable results for the efficacy and the activity accumulation of acid were obtained in the study of probiotic «bifidumbacterin » using both media. In studies of faecal material the medium concentration of bifidobacteria was found 8.15 lg CFU/g on Bifidum-medium and 6.68 lg CFU/g on Blaurock medium.

Biofuel derived from edible and non-edible sources is considered to be a promising alternative to conventional fossil fuel. Biofuels are renewable, carbon neutral and cause less environmental damages than fossil fuel. However, edible biofuel sources, such as: soybean, corn, jatropha, and sunflower have raised concerns due to their demand as food crops. On the other hand, non-edible sources like microalgae have received considerable interest since it does not compete with food supply. The lipid content of microalgae may vary depending on the microalgae strain. To make biofuel production from microalgae economically viable and sustainable, it is important to identify microalgae strains with high lipid content and to find an optimized mass culture technique for local condition. Different research groups have reported that locally available microalgae strain, such as Spirulina, contains low lipid content (less than 10 per cent), which is unfavorable for the commercial production of biofuel from microalgae. Therefore, it is important to identify and culture a microalgae strain with high lipid content, which can be cultured in high volume in local condition. In this study, microalgae strain Chlorella vulgaris, collected from CSIRO Australia, was used to grow in local condition. Chlorella vulgaris contains up to 50 per cent lipid (dry weight). Growing a foreign microalgae strain in local condition is highly challenging and time consuming, and requires right kind of nutrient and environment to grow. The first part of this systematic study aims to identify a suitable growth media and growth condition to grow Chlorella vulgaris in local environment, which will be used for the future production of Chlorella vulgaris in industrial scale. Different growth media, such as: MLA, BB, and CH, were used to grow Chlorella vulgaris in laboratory scale. The growth patterns of Chlorella vulgaris was analyzed for the proposed growth media in the local conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]