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Intestinal failure-associated liver disease is a major morbidity associated with short bowel syndrome. We sought to determine if the obesity-resistant mouse strain (129S1/SvImJ) conferred protection from liver injury after small bowel resection (SBR). Using a parenteral nutrition-independent model of resection-associated liver injury, C57BL/6J and 129S1/SvImJ mice underwent a 50% proximal SBR or sham operation. At postoperative week 10, hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and cholestasis were assessed. Hepatic and systemic inflammatory pathways were evaluated using oxidative markers and abundance of tissue macrophages. Potential mechanisms of endotoxin resistance were also explored. Serum lipid levels were elevated in all mouse lines. Hepatic triglyceride levels were no different between mouse strains, but there was an increased accumulation of free fatty acids in the C57BL/6J mice. Histological and serum markers of hepatic fibrosis, steatosis, and cholestasis were significantly elevated in resected C57BL/6J SBR mice as well as oxidative stress markers and macrophage recruitment in both the liver and visceral white fat in C57BL/6J mice compared with sham controls and the 129S1/SvImJ mouse line. Serum endotoxin levels were significantly elevated in C57BL/6J mice with significant elevation of hepatic TLR4 and reduction in PPARα expression levels. Despite high levels of serum lipids, 129S1/SvImJ mice did not develop liver inflammation, fibrosis, or cholestasis after SBR, unlike C57BL/6J mice. These data suggest that the accumulation of hepatic free fatty acids as well as increased endotoxin-driven inflammatory pathways through PPARα and TLR4 contribute to the liver injury seen in C57BL/6J mice with short bowel syndrome. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Unlike C57BL/6 mice, the 129S1/SvImJ strain is resistant to liver inflammation and injury after small bowel resection. These disparate outcomes are likely due to the accumulation of hepatic free fatty acids as well as increased endotoxin-driven inflammatory pathways through PPARα and TLR4 in C57BL/6 mice with short bowel syndrome.

The current prevalence of obesity has been linked to the consumption of highly palatable foods and may be mediated by a dysregulated or hyposensitive orosensory perception of dietary fat, thereby contributing to the susceptibility to develop obesity. The goal of the current study was to investigate the role of lingual taste input in obesity-prone (OP, Osborne-Mendel) and obesity-resistant (OR, S5B/Pl) rats on the consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD). Density of fungiform papillae was assessed as a marker of general orosensory input. To determine if orosensory afferent input mediates dietary fat intake, surgical transection of the chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerves (GLX/CTX) was performed in OP and OR rats and HFD caloric intake and body weight were measured. Fungiform papillae density was lower in OP rats, compared with OR rats. GLX/CTX decreased orosensory input in both OP and OR rats, as measured by an increase in the intake of a bitter, quinine solution. Consumption of low-fat diet was not altered by GLX/CTX in OP and OR rats; however, GLX/CTX decreased HFD intake in OR, without altering HFD intake in OP rats. Overall, these data suggest that inhibition of orosensory input in OP rats do not decrease fat intake, thereby supporting that idea that hyposensitive and/or dysregulated orosensory perception of highly palatable foods contribute to the susceptibility to develop obesity.

Background Sodium butyrate (NaB) is obtained by fermenting dietary fiber via intestinal microflora and has recently been shown to improve some antioxidant enzymes in vivo. Methods In this study, we investigated the antioxidant effects of Sodium butyrate on obesity rats induced by high-fed diet. Results NaB intervention could effectively reduce the body weight of rats in the obesity-prone(OP) and obesity-resistant(OR)group, and reduce insulin resistance, plasma lipid, protect the gastrocnemius muscle and pancreas from oxidative stress induced by high fat diet, upregulate T-AOC, antioxidant enzyme activity and GSH/GSSG ratio, reduce ROS level and MDA content. NaB may increase Pi3k, Nrf2, Nqo-1, Ho-1 and inhibit Gsk-3β mRNA expression by regulating Nrf2 antioxidant pathway to enhance tissue antioxidant capacity. At the same time, NaB intervention could significantly increase the expression of Glut4 and Irs-1 mRNA in gastrocnemius muscle of OP and OR rats, suppress the expression of Bax and Caspase 3, increase the mRNA expression of Pdx1, MafA and Bcl-2, and increase insulin secretion and muscle insulin sensitivity. The regulatory effect of NaB was correlated with its significantly increased activity of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes, mitochondrial membrane potential, NADH/NAD+ ratio, acetyl-CoA and ATP production, Tfam and Pgc-1α expression and mitochondrial DNA copy number. In addition, 6% NaB intervention in OP rats, 4%NaB intervention in OR rats were more significant, indicating that there were dose effects of NaB intervention in different obesity phenotypes. Conclusions NaB activates the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway, enhances the expression level of downstream antioxidant genes, improves the antioxidant capacity of obese rat tissues, and at the same time promotes muscle protein synthesis, improves insulin sensitivity, and promotes glucose metabolism.

Our previous study, demonstrated the obesity-resistant phenomenon in the House musk shrew, Suncus murinus (S. murinus). In order to go further to explore the mechanism of the phenomenon of natural obesity resistance in S. murinus, we focused on the effects of diet on fat accumulation and metabolism. In this study, four-week-old male S. murinus were assigned to 1 of 2 experimental groups (n = 6 per group) and fed either a high-fat diet (HFD) or a normal trout diet (NTD) for 24 weeks. Body weight, food ingestion, visceral fat distribution, blood biochemistry and fecal lipids were monitored and analyzed in the HFD and NTD groups. It was found no differences in the average final body weight or body fat change between the two groups. Although animals fed HFD had similar serum triglyceride concentration to animals fed NTD, they had significantly higher phospholipid and total cholesterol concentrations than the NTD group. Furthermore, fecal lipid levels in the HFD group was significantly higher than those in the NTD group, suggesting that diet composition or energy density of the diet affects blood biochemistry. Although NTD-fed S. murinus had higher food ingestion than HFD-fed S. murinus, caloric intake remained almost the same. We speculated S. murinus may suppress obesity and control fat accumulation by controlling calorie intake. These results suggest that the obesity characteristics of S. murinus are not primarily due to dietary factors but to other mechanisms of regulation. Keywords: High fat diet; Mesenteric fat; Obesity-resistant; Suncus murinus

Objective This study used CD obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) rats to examine how weight gain and fat accretion relate to fermentation levels and microbiota composition after feeding resistant starch (RS). Methods After feeding OP rats and OR rats a high-fat (HF) diet for 4 weeks, rats were stratified into three groups: they were fed either an HF diet (group 1: HF-HF) or were switched to a low-fat (LF) diet (group 2: HF-LF) or an LF diet supplemented with 20% RS by weight for 4 weeks (group 3: HF-LFRS). Energy intake, body weight, fermentation variables, and microbiota composition were determined. Results In OP rats, RS elicited robust fermentation (increased cecal contents, short-chain fatty acids, and serum glucagon-like peptide 1). Total bacteria, species of the Bacteroidales family S24-7, and the archaean Methanobrevibacter smithii increased. The robust fermentation did not elicit higher weight or fat accretion when compared with that of control rats fed the same isocaloric diets (HF-LF ± RS). In OR rats, body weight and fat accretion were also not different between HF-LF ± RS diets, but RS elicited minimal changes in fermentation and microbiota composition. Conclusions Robust fermentation did not contribute to greater weight. Fermentation levels and changes in microbiota composition in response to dietary RS differed by obesity phenotype.

OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to examine whether wild rodents exhibit diverse obesity susceptibility and what factors predispose subjects to this divergence in response to a high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS Sixty male and female Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii) were fed an HFD for 8 weeks, and the upper (obesity prone [OP]) and lower (obesity resistant [OR]) one-third for mass gain were selected. Energy budgets and pathologic changes were measured. Another 30 males were fed a low-fat control diet (LFD) for 10 weeks and then fed an HFD for 12 weeks. The energetic parameters of the rodents on an LFD were analyzed for the correlation with body mass of the rodents on an HFD. RESULTS OP voles had higher energy intakes, higher levels of noradrenaline-induced nonshivering thermogenesis, and a greater impairment of insulin tolerance than OR voles. Unlike laboratory rodents, there were no differences in physical activity or resting metabolic rate between these groups of voles. The thermogenic capacity during LFD feeding was the strongest predictor for mass gain during HFD feeding. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that a wild rodent species of Brandt's voles exhibits diverse obesity susceptibility in reaction to an HFD, providing a natural model to give insight into the mechanisms for divergent obesity susceptibility. This study also indicates that maximum thermogenic capacity has a predictive power for the development of obesity when an HFD was available.

Objective Obesity is a global epidemic leading to several comorbidities including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The hypothesis that the genetic background of the obesity-prone rat (OP) predisposes to physiologic, metabolic, and microvascular dysfunction which is exacerbated by a diet high in saturated fats was tested. Methods Male OP and obesity-resistant (OR) rats were fed either a diet containing 10% (chow) or 45% kcal fat (HF) for 42 weeks. Results Weight of OP rats was greater than OR rats by 8 weeks on both diets. Blood pressure was increased in OP rats on chow and further augmented by HF diet compared to OR rats on similar diets. In contrast to weight and blood pressure, glucose clearance was similar in OR and OP rats on chow and impaired in both models on HF diet. Relaxation to acetylcholine was attenuated in OP rats compared to OR rats by 8 weeks and remained reduced throughout the study. A longer period of time was required to observe vascular dysfunction in HF-fed OR rats. Conclusions When compared to OR rats, OP rats are prone to develop not only greater obesity but also hypertension and vascular dysfunction on a normal diet which is further augmented with HF diet.

Background/Objectives Expanding visceral adiposity is associated with increased inflammation and increased risk for developing obesity-related comorbidities. The goal of this study was to examine high fat diet (HFD)-induced differences in adipocyte size and cytokine/chemokine expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose depots in obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) rats. Methods OP and OR rats were fed either a low fat diet (LFD, 10% kilocalories from fat) or HFD (60% kilocalories from fat) for 7 weeks. Adipocyte size and the presence of crown-like structures in epididymal and inguinal adipose tissue were determined. A multiplex cytokine/chemokine panel was used to assess the expression of inflammatory markers in epididymal and inguinal adipose tissues. Results A higher percentage of large adipocytes (> 5000 μm2) was detected in the epididymal and inguinal adipose tissues of OP rats and a higher percentage of small adipocytes (< 4000 μm2) was detected in the epididymal and inguinal adipose tissues of OR rats. More crown-like structures were identified in epididymal adipose tissue of OP rats fed a LFD, compared to OR rats. Consumption of a HFD increased the number of crown-like structures in OR, but not OP rats. Epididymal expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) was higher in OP rats, compared to OR rats fed LFD. HFD consumption increased epididymal expression of GM-CSF, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, MIP-2, and TNF-α in OP and OR rats. Inguinal expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α) was higher in OP rats, compared to OR rats. Conclusions Overall, these data suggest that a higher susceptibility to developing obesity is characterized by large adipocytes and increased visceral adipose inflammation. Interestingly, in OR rats, the detrimental effects of HFD consumption on visceral adipose inflammation are evident with only small increases in weight and adiposity, suggesting that HFD also increases the risk for obesity-related comorbidities in OR rats.

Predictive equations to estimate resting metabolic rate (RMR) are often used in dietary counseling and by online apps to set energy intake goals for weight loss. It is critical to know whether such equations are appropriate for those susceptible to obesity. We measured RMR by indirect calorimetry after an overnight fast in 26 obesity susceptible (OSI) and 30 obesity resistant (ORI) individuals, identified using a simple 6-item screening tool. Predicted RMR was calculated using the FAO/WHO/UNU (Food and Agricultural Organisation/World Health Organisation/United Nations University), Oxford and Miflin-St Jeor equations. Absolute measured RMR did not differ significantly between OSI versus ORI (6339 vs. 5893 kJ·d−1, p = 0.313). All three prediction equations over-estimated RMR for both OSI and ORI when measured RMR was ≤5000 kJ·d−1. For measured RMR ≤7000 kJ·d−1 there was statistically significant evidence that the equations overestimate RMR to a greater extent for those classified as obesity susceptible with biases ranging between around 10% to nearly 30% depending on the equation. The use of prediction equations may overestimate RMR and energy requirements particularly in those who self-identify as being susceptible to obesity, which has implications for effective weight management.

Differential sensing of dietary fat and fatty acids by the oral cavity is proposed to regulate the susceptibility to obesity. In the current experiments, animals that differ in their susceptibility to obesity were used to investigate the influence of the oral cavity on the preference for the polyunsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid. In experiment 1, the preference for differing concentrations of linoleic acid was determined in obesity-prone Osborne-Mendel (OM) and obesity-resistant S5B/Pl (S5B) rats. The preference threshold for linoleic acid was lower in S5B rats, compared with OM rats. To determine whether differences in linoleic acid preference threshold were related to innate strain differences in the fatty acid receptors on the tongue, the expression of GPR120, GPR40, and CD36 on the circumvallate papillae were assessed in OM and S5B rats. Results indicated that the expression of CD36, GPR40, and GPR120 did not differ between these two strains. Numerous studies have examined the role of CD36 on fat intake; therefore, in experiment 3, RNA interference was used to decrease the expression of CD36 on the tongues of OM and S5B rats, and the effect of decreased CD36 expression on linoleic acid preference was determined. CD36 siRNA attenuated linoleic acid preference for the most preferred concentration in both OM and S5B rats. Overall, these data indicate that there are innate differences in the preference threshold for linoleic acid in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats. Experimentally reducing the expression of CD36 on the circumvallate papillae attenuated the preference for linoleic acid in both strains.

Objective—Sleep-restriction in humans increases risk for obesity, but previous rodent studies show weight loss following sleep deprivation, possibly due to stressful-methods used to prevent sleep. Obesity-resistant (OR) rats exhibit consolidated-sleep and resistance to weight-gain. We hypothesized that sleep disruption by a less-stressful method would increase body weight, and examined effect of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) on body weight in OR and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Design and Methods—OR and SD rats (n=12/group) were implanted with transmitters to record sleep/wake. After baseline recording, six SD and six OR rats underwent 8 h PSD during light-phase for 9 d. Sleep was reduced using recordings of random noise. Sleep/wake states were scored as wakefulness (W), slow-wave-sleep (SWS) and rapid-eye-movement-sleep (REMS). Total number of transitions between stages, SWS-delta-power, food intake and body weight were documented. Results—Exposure to noise decreased SWS and REMS time, while increasing W time. Sleepdeprivation increased number of transitions between stages and SWS-delta-power. Further, PSD during the rest phase increased recovery-sleep during active phase. The PSD SD and OR rats had greater food intake and body weight compared to controls Conclusions—PSD by less-stressful means increases body weight in rats. Also, PSD during rest phase increases active period sleep.

Objective The roles that energy expenditure (EE) and nutrient oxidation play in a predisposition for weight gain in humans remains unclear. Subjects We measured EE and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in non-obese obesity prone (OP; n=22) and obesity resistant (OR; n=30) men and women following a eucaloric diet and after 3 days of overfeeding (1.4x basal energy). Results Twenty four hour EE, adjusted for fat free mass and sex, measured while consuming a eucaloric diet was not different between OP and OR subjects (2367 ± 80 vs. 2285 ± 98 kcals; p=0.53). Following overfeeding, EE increased in both OP and OR (OP: 2506 ± 63.7, p0.05). Nighttime RER (~10pm-6:30am) did not change with overfeeding in OR (0.823 ± 0.02 vs. 0.837 ± 0.01, p=0.29), but increased significantly in OP subjects (0.798 ± 0.15 to 0.839 ± 0.15, p

Obesity and tobacco smoking represent the largest challenges to public health, but the causal relationship between nicotine and obesity is poorly understood. Nicotine suppresses body weight gain, a factor impacting smoking initiation and the failure to quit, particularly among obese smokers. The impact of nicotine on body weight regulation in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant populations consuming densely caloric diets is unknown. In the current experiment, body weight gain of adult male rats maintained on a high energy diet (31.8% kcal from fat) distributed into obesity-prone (OP), obesity-resistant (OR) and an intermediate group, which was placed on standard rodent chow (Chow). These rats were surgically implanted with intravenous catheters and allowed to self-administer nicotine (0 or 60 μg/kg/infusion, a standard self-administration dose) in 1-h sessions for 20 consecutive days. Self-administered nicotine significantly suppressed body weight gain but not food intake in OP and Chow rats. Self-administered nicotine had no effect on body weight gain in OR rats. These data suggest that: 1) OR rats are also resistant to nicotine-induced suppression of body weight gain; and 2) nicotine may reduce levels of obesity in a subset of smokers prone to obesity.

Despite living in an environment that promotes weight gain in many individuals, some individuals maintain a thin phenotype while self-reporting expending little or no effort to control their weight. When compared with obesity prone (OP) individuals, we wondered if obesity resistant (OR) individuals would have higher levels of spontaneous physical activity (SPA) or respond to short-term overfeeding by increasing their level of SPA in a manner that could potentially limit future weight gain. SPA was measured in 55 subjects (23 OP and 32 OR) using a novel physical activity monitoring system (PAMS) that measured body position and movement while subjects were awake for 6 days, either in a controlled eucaloric condition or during 3 days of overfeeding (1.4× basal energy) and for the subsequent 3 days (ad libitum recovery period). Pedometers were also used before and during use of the PAMS to provide an independent measure of SPA. SPA was quantified by the PAMS as fraction of recording time spent lying, sitting, or in an upright posture. Accelerometry, measured while subjects were in an upright posture, was used to categorize time spent in different levels of movement (standing, walking slowly, quickly, etc.). There were no differences in SPA between groups when examined across all study periods (P > 0.05). However, 3 days following overfeeding, OP subjects significantly decreased the amount of time they spent walking (−2.0% of time, P = 0.03), whereas OR subjects maintained their walking (+0.2%, P > 0.05). The principle findings of this study are that increased levels of SPA either during eucaloric feeding or following short term overfeeding likely do not significantly contribute to obesity resistance although a decrease in SPA following overfeeding may contribute to future weight gain in individuals prone to obesity.

The gastrointestinal tract (GI) is important for detection and transport of consumed nutrients and has been implicated in susceptibility to diet-induced obesity in various rat strains.The current studies investigated the regulation of CD36, a receptor which facilitates uptake of long-chain fatty acids, in the GI tract of obesity-prone Osborne-Mendel and obesity-resistant S5B rats fed a high-fat diet.Osborne-Mendel and S5B rats consumed a high-fat diet (HFD, 55 % kcal from fat) or a low-fat diet (10 % kcal from fat) for either 3 or 14 days. CD36 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were measured from circumvallate papillae of the tongue and from duodenal enterocytes.In Osborne-Mendel rats, consumption of HFD for 3 and 14 days led to an increase in CD36 mRNA on circumvallate papillae and in duodenal enterocytes. CD36 mRNA levels were positively correlated with body weight gain and kilocalories consumed at 3 days. In S5B rats, consumption of HFD for 3 days did not alter CD36 mRNA levels on circumvallate papillae or in the duodenum. Duodenal CD36 levels were elevated in S5B rats following 14 days of HFD consumption. CD36 mRNA levels in the duodenum were positively correlated with body weight gain and kilocalories consumed at 14 days.These data support the differential sensing of nutrients by two regions of the GI tract of obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats consuming HFD and suggest a role for CD36 in the strain-specific susceptibility to obesity.

It is unclear whether elevated spontaneous physical activity (SPA, very low-intensity physical activity) positively influences body composition long-term. Objective We determined whether SPA and caloric intake were differentially related to the growth curve trajectories of body weight, FM and FFM between obesity resistant and Sprague-Dawley rats at specific age intervals. Design and Subjects Body composition, SPA and caloric intake were measured in selectively-bred obesity resistant and out-bred Sprague-Dawley rats from 1-18 mo. Data from development throughout maturation were analyzed by longitudinal growth curve modeling to determine the rate and acceleration of body weight, fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) gain. Results Obesity resistant rats had a lower rate of FM gain overall, a lower acceleration in body weight early in life, significantly greater SPA and lower cumulative caloric intake. Greater SPA in obesity resistant rats was significantly associated with a lower rate of FM gain overall and lower acceleration in body weight early in life. Obesity resistant rats lost less FFM compared to Sprague-Dawley rats despite that obesity resistant rats had a lower acceleration in FFM gain early in life. Obesity resistant rats gained less FM and more FFM per gram body weight and were less energy efficient than Sprague-Dawley rats. Caloric intake was significantly and positively related to body weight, FM and FFM gain in both groups. Circadian patterns of caloric intake were group and age-dependent. Our data demonstrate that elevated and sustained SPA during development and over the lifespan are related to the reduced the rate of FM gain and may preserve FFM. Conclusion These data support the idea that SPA level is a reproducible marker that reliably predicts propensity for obesity in rats, and that elevated levels of SPA maintained during the lifespan promote a lean phenotype.

Background Osborne-Mendel (OM) rats are prone to obesity when fed a high fat diet, while S5B/Pl (S5B) rats are resistant to diet-induced obesity when fed the same diet. OM rats have a decreased satiation response to fatty acids infused in the gastrointestinal tract, compared to S5B rats. One possible explanation is that OM rats are less sensitive to the satiating hormone, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). GLP-1 is produced in the small intestine and is released in response to a meal. The current experiments examined the role of GLP-1 in OM and S5B rats. Methods Experiment 1 examined preproglucagon mRNA expression in the ileum of OM and S5B rats fed a high fat (55% kcal) or low fat (10% kcal) diet. Experiment 2 investigated the effects of a 2h high fat meal following a 24h fast in OM and S5B rats on circulating GLP-1 (active) levels. Experiment 3 examined the effects of Exendin-4 (GLP-1 receptor agonist) administration on the intake of a high fat or a low fat diet in OM and S5B rats. Results Preproglucagon mRNA levels were increased in the ileum of OM rats compared to S5B rats and were increased by high fat diet in OM and S5B rats. OM and S5B rats exhibited a similar meal-initiated increase in circulating GLP-1 (active) levels. Exendin-4 dose-dependently decreased food intake to a greater extent in S5B rats, compared to OM rats. The intake of low fat diet, compared to the intake of high fat diet, was more sensitive to the effects of Exendin-4 in these strains. Conclusions These results suggest that though OM and S5B rats have similar preproglucagon mRNA expression in the ileum and circulating GLP-1 levels, OM rats are less sensitive to the satiating effects of GLP-1. Therefore, dysregulation of the GLP-1 system may be a mechanism through which OM rats overeat and gain weight.

The objective of the present experiment was to assess the involvement of small intestine in expression of susceptibility or resistance to the high-fat/high-energy diet. The investigation was carried out in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats fed either standard laboratory diet (3.2 kcal/g, 9.5 % fat) or high-fat (HF) diet (4.04 kcal/g, 30 % fat) for 4 weeks as well as in HF rats that were retrospectively designated on the bases of their higher or lower weight gain as sensitive (DIO) or resistant (DR) to obesity. Our results revealed in HF group significant increase in energy intake, food efficiency, weight gain and Lee´s index of obesity. Moreover, in comparison with controls, a significantly increased duodenal and jejunal alkaline phosphatase (AP) and α-glucosidase activity as well as hypertrophy of jejunal mucosa (increased protein/DNA ratio) were observed in HF fed rats. In contrast, intestinal function was inversely related to energy intake or to the development of adiposity in DIO vs. DR rats. The DR rats had significantly greater AP and α-glucosidase activity and more pronounced suppression of energy intake than obese DIO rats. It indicates that the increase of enzyme activities and the lowered effectiveness of nutrient absorption might be a significant factor preventing the expression of obesity proneness. This information contributes to a better understanding of a complex interaction between HF diet feeding and small intestinal adaptability, which determines the energy homeostasis and predict the ability to resist or develop obesity in these phenotypes.

The current experiment tested the hypothesis that consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) would differentially affect metabolic parameters in obesity-prone Osborne-Mendel (OM) and obesity-resistant S5B/Pl (S5B) rats. In OM rats consuming a HFD, an increase in HFD intake, body mass, and percent fat mass, and a HFD-induced decrease in metabolic rate and energy expenditure were demonstrated. In S5B rats consuming a HFD, no change in percent body fat or HFD intake was demonstrated and HFD increased metabolic rate and energy expenditure. To assess whether HFD differentially altered skeletal muscle markers of metabolism in OM and S5B rats, the expression of the transporters, CD36 and GLUT4, and the energy sensors, AMPK and PPARγ, in the gastrocnemius muscle was measured. Oxidation and lipid accumulation in the gastrocnemius muscle was histologically determined. Consumption of a HFD decreased phosphorylated AMPK and PPARγ expression in the skeletal muscle of obesity-prone OM rats. Lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle was significantly higher in OM rats fed a HFD. Overall, these data suggest that the differential response to HFD on metabolic rate, energy expenditure, and phosphorylated AMPK and PPARγ in OM and S5B rats, may partially account for differences in the susceptibility to develop obesity.

Gene-environment interactions play a role in the development of obesity but specific effects of diet on the orosensory detection of fatty acids have yet to be clarified. The objective of this study is to characterize the effect of prolonged (5-week) exposure to a high-fat (60%) diet on the behavioral sensitivity to the fatty acid linoleate following a conditioned taste aversion in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats. Exposure to the high-fat diet significantly enhanced the sensitivity of obesity-resistant (S5B/Pl) rats to linoleate while producing no effect on the fatty acid sensitivity for obesity-prone rats. Specifically, high-fat diet fed S5B/Pl rats showed stronger initial avoidance of linoleate and slower extinction rates than their normal diet cohorts. Our study suggests that prolonged dietary fat consumption may alter the behavioral sensitivity to fatty acids particularly in obesity-resistant animals.

Context: While rates of global obesity are high, a substantial proportion of the population remain lean despite living in an obesogenic environment. One potential difference between obesity resistant individuals (ORIs) and obesity susceptible individuals (OSIs) is oral fatty acid sensitivity. Objective: We compared oral fatty acid sensitivity and fat ranking ability between ORIs and OSIs. Design and participants: Oral sensitivity to oleic acid (1.4 mM) was determined using triplicate triangle tests amongst 50 ORIs and 36 OSIs. Participants tasted three milk samples, consisting of one sample with oleic acid and two control samples without oleic acid. Hypersensitive individuals were defined as those who chose the oleic acid sample three out of three tests. Participants also ranked the fat content of custard samples containing 0%, 2%, 6% and 10% fat. Statistics: Logistic regression models including sex, age, and percentage body fat estimated adjusted odds ratios (OR) for oral fatty acid sensitivity between ORI and OSI. Negative binomial regression adjusting for age, BMI, and height compared fat ranking scores between ORIs and OSIs. Results: The odds of being hypersensitive to fatty acids amongst ORIs was 3.60 times that for OSIs (P=0.034). There was no evidence for an association between resistance to obesity and the ability to rank the fat levels in a food (P=0.600). Conclusion: Hypersensitivity to oral fatty acids among ORIs may influence their dietary fat intake, and thus their body weight regulation. Future larger studies are needed to confirm this.

The effects of high-fat (HF) feeding on gene expression in the small intestine were examined using obesity-resistant A/J mice and obesity-prone C57BL/6J (B6) mice. Both strains of mice were maintained on low-fat (LF; 5% fat) or HF (30% fat) diets for 2 wk. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed that lipid metabolism-related genes, including carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) I, liver fatty acid binding protein, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4, and NADP+-dependent cytosolic malic enzyme, were upregulated by HF feeding in both strains of mice. The upregulated gene expression levels were higher in A/J mice than in B6 mice, suggesting more active lipid metabolism in the small intestine of A/J mice. The prominent upregulation of the lipid metabolism-related genes were specific to the small intestine; the expression levels were little or unchanged in the liver, muscle, and white adipose tissue. The increase by HF feeding and predominant expression of the intestinal lipid metabolism-related genes in A/J mice were reflected in the enzyme activities; malic enzyme, CPT, and β-oxidation activities were increased by HF feeding, and the upregulated malic enzyme and CPT activities were significantly higher in obesity-resistant A/J mice compared with those in obesity-prone B6 mice. These findings suggest that intestinal lipid metabolism is associated with susceptibility to obesity.

The trafficking of dietary fat was assessed in obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) male and female rats. Test meals containing [1-14C]palmitate were delivered through gastric feeding tubes while rats consumed a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) or after 5 days of a high-fat diet (HFD). Over the subsequent 24 h, the appearance of14C was followed in the GI tract, skeletal muscles (SM), liver, adipose tissues (AT), and expired CO2. There was no difference in the production of14CO2between OP and OR rats consuming a HCD. However, after 5 days on HFD, OR rats produced significantly more14CO2after the test meal than OP rats ( P < 0.001 females, P = 0.03 males). The differential oxidation of dietary fat between OP and OR rats on HFD was not due to differences in absorption but rather was associated with preferential disposition of tracer to AT in OP rats. Measurements of lipoprotein lipase in part explained increased tracer uptake by AT in OP rats but were not consistent with increased SM tracer uptake in OR rats. Surprisingly, female rats oxidized more tracer than male rats irrespective of phenotype or diet. These results are consistent with the notion that differences in the partitioning of dietary fat between storage in AT and oxidation in SM and liver that develop shortly after the introduction of a HFD may in part underlie the differential tendency for OR and OP rats to gain weight on this diet.

Selectively-bred obesity-resistant [diet resistant (DR)] rats weigh less than obesity-prone [diet-induced obese (DIO)] rats, despite comparable daily caloric intake, suggesting phenotypic energy expenditure differences. Human data suggest that obesity is maintained by reduced ambulatory or spontaneous physical activity (SPA). The neuropeptide orexin A robustly stimulates SPA. We hypothesized that DR rats have greater: 1) basal SPA, 2) orexin A-induced SPA, and 3) preproorexin, orexin 1 and 2 receptor (OX1R and OX2R) mRNA, compared with DIO rats. A group of age-matched out-bred Sprague-Dawley rats were used as additional controls for the behavioral studies. DIO, DR, and Sprague-Dawley rats with dorsal-rostral lateral hypothalamic (rLHa) cannulas were injected with orexin A (0, 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 pmol/0.5 μl). SPA and food intake were measured for 2 h after injection. Preproorexin, OX1R and OX2R mRNA in the rLHa, and whole hypothalamus were measured by real-time RT-PCR. Orexin A significantly stimulated feeding in all rats. Orexin A-induced SPA was significantly greater in DR and Sprague-Dawley rats than in DIO rats. Two-mo-old DR rats had significantly greater rLHa OX1R and OX2R mRNA than DIO rats but comparable preproorexin levels. Eight-mo-old DR rats had elevated OX1R and OX2R mRNA compared with DIO rats, although this increase was significant for OX2R only at this age. Thus DR rats show elevated basal and orexin A-induced SPA associated with increased OX1R and OX2R gene expression, suggesting that differences in orexin A signaling through OX1R and OX2R may mediate DIO and DR phenotypes.

Objective: We aimed to characterize further the Lou/C (LOU) and Fischer 344 (F344) rat strains for nutritional traits to validate their use as contrasting strains for molecular genetic studies. Research Methods and Procedures: Five batches of LOU and F344 rats were used to measure caloric intake, weight gain, and body composition when fed a chow diet, a self-selection diet (together with the study of preferences for macronutrients), hypercaloric diets, and a chow diet in a cold environment. Results: Despite a higher caloric intake when fed a chow diet, LOU rats showed a lower weight gain, final body weight, and percentage of fat tissue, together with a higher percentage of carcass weight, than F344 rats. When fed a self-selection diet, LOU males ingested less protein and more fat than F344 males, and the reverse was observed for females. In this condition, feed efficiency was reduced in LOU but increased in F344 rats compared with the chow diet. Diet-induced obesity was observed in F344 rats but not in LOU rats fed hypercaloric diets. In a cold environment, both LOU and F344 rats displayed an increased percentage of brown adipose tissue compared with control groups, together with a higher caloric intake. Discussion: The study shows robust nutritional differences between the LOU rat, a lean strain with a low feed efficiency and resistant to diet-induced obesity, and the contrasting F344 rat strain. It also shows the interest in these strains for studying the genetic components of resistance to obesity.

Orexin/hypocretin terminals innervate noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) neurons that project to the prefrontral cortex, which may influence spontaneous physical activity (SPA) and energy balance. Obesity-resistant (OR) rats have higher orexin receptors (OXR) mRNA in the LC and other brain regions, as well as lower adiposity compared with obese rats. These findings led us to hypothesize that orexin activity in the LC is relevant for the OR phenotype. We compared OR rats to Sprague-Dawley rats. We predicted that: 1) brain OXR expression pattern is sufficient to differentiate OR from non-bred Sprague-Dawley rats; 2) nonresting energy expenditure (NREE) and orexin A (OXA)-stimulated SPA after injection in LC would be greater in OR rats; and 3) the effect of OXA on SPA would be greater than its effect on feeding. OXR mRNA from 11 brain sites and the SPA and feeding responses to OXA in the LC were determined. Body composition, basal SPA, and EE were determined. Principal component analysis of the OXR expression pattern differentiates OR and Sprague-Dawley rats and suggests the OXR mRNA in the LC is important in defining the OR phenotype. Compared with Sprague-Dawley rats, OR rats had greater SPA and NREE and lower resting EE and adiposity. SPA responsivity to OXA in the LC was greater in OR rats compared with Sprague-Dawley rats. OXA in the LC did not stimulate feeding in OR or Sprague-Dawley rats. These data suggest that the LC is a prominent site modulating OXA-stimulated SPA, which promotes lower adiposity and higher nonresting EE.

Objective: Our previous study revealed that chronic consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) stimulates colon cancer progression in obesity-resistant BALB/c mice. The aim of the present study was to investigate the significant alteration of metabolites caused by tumor progression and an HFD in the serum and liver in the same mouse model. Methods: Male BALB/c mice were fed either a control diet or a HFD for 20.5 wk. The syngeneic CT26 colon carcinoma cells were injected into the right rear flank of mice after 16 wk of feeding. Metabolites in serum and liver samples were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatographyquadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Results: HFD feeding and tumor injection induced changes in the choline-containing phospholipids, namely, phosphatidylcholines and lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPCs), and lysophosphatidylethanolamines in the serum and liver. The majority of these metabolite changes were due to HFD feeding (11 in sera and 5 in livers) rather than tumors (3 in sera and 1 in livers). Conclusion: The HFD- and tumor-related metabolite alterations of phospholipids, especially lysoPCs, in the liver and serum of obesity-resistant mice, suggesting that the lysoPCs are potential biomarkers for the chronic consumption of HFD in nonobese individuals.

Background Fatty acid (FA) composition and desaturase indices are associated with obesity and related metabolic conditions. However, it is unclear to what extent desaturase activity in different lipid fractions contribute to obesity susceptibility. Our aim was to test whether desaturase activity and FA composition are linked to an obese phenotype in rats that are either obesity prone (OP) or resistant (OR) on a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods Two groups of Sprague–Dawley rats were given ad libitum (AL-HFD) or calorically restricted (HFD-paired; pair fed to calories consumed by chow-fed rats) access to a HFD. The AL-HFD group was categorized into OP and OR sub-groups based on weight gain over 5 weeks. Five different lipid fractions were examined in OP and OR rats with regard to proportions of essential and very long-chain polyunsaturated FAs: linoleic acid (LA), alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and the stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD-1) product 16:1n-7. FA ratios were used to estimate activities of the delta-5-desaturase (20:4n-6/20:3n-6), delta-6-desaturase (18:3n-6/18:2n-6), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD-1; 16:1n-7/16:0, SCD-16 and 18:1n-9/18:0, SCD-18), de novo lipogenesis (16:0/18:2n-6) and FA elongation (18:0/16:0). Fasting insulin, glucose, adiponectin and leptin concentrations were measured in plasma. Results After AL-HFD access, OP rats had a significantly higher SCD-16 index and 16:1n-7 proportion, but a significantly lower LA proportion, in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) triacylglycerols, as well as significantly higher insulin and leptin concentrations, compared with OR rats. No differences were found between the two phenotypes in liver (phospholipids; triacylglycerols) or plasma (cholesterol esters; phospholipids) lipid fractions or for plasma glucose or adiponectin concentrations. For the desaturase indices of the HFD-paired rats, the only significant differences compared with the OP or OR rats were higher SCD-16 and SCD-18 indices in SAT triacylglycerols in OP compared with HFD-paired rats. Conclusion The higher SCD-16 may reflect higher SCD-1 activity in SAT, which in combination with lower LA proportions may reflect higher insulin resistance and changes in SAT independent of other lipid fractions. Whether a lower SCD-16 index protects against diet-induced obesity is an interesting possibility that warrants further investigation.

International audience; Individuals exhibit a great variation in their body weight (BW) gain response to a high fat diet. Identification of predictive factors would enable better directed intervention toward susceptible individuals to treat obesity, and uncover potential mechanisms for treatment targeting. We set out to identify predictive behavioral and metabolic factors in an outbred rat model. 12 rats were analyzed in metabolic cages for a period of 5 days during both high carbohydrate diet (HCD), and transition to a high fat diet (HFD). After a recovery period, rats were given a HFD for 6 days to identify those resistant or sensitive to it according to BW gain. Rats were dissected at the end of the study to analyze body composition. This showed that small differences in final BW hid large variations in adiposity, allowing separation of rats into a second classification (final adiposity). Since these rats had been fed a HCD during most of their life, under which most of the adiposity presumably evolved, we considered this carbohydrate-sensitivity or -resistance. Meal size and meal number were found to be good predictors of sensitivity to a HFD, intensity of motor activity and ingestion speed good predictors of sensitivity to a HCD. Rats that were sensitive to the HCD could be resistant to the HFD and vice versa. This points to four types of individuals (carbohydrate/fat resistant/sensitive) though our sample size inhibited deeper investigation of this. This contributes to the idea that to be "obesity prone" does not necessarily need a HFD, it can also happen under a HCD, and be a hidden adiposity change with stable BW.

A primary goal in obesity research is to determine why some people become obese (obesity-prone, OP) and others do not (obesity-resistant, OR) when exposed to high-calorie diets. The metabolic changes that cause reduced adiposity and resistance to obesity development have yet to be determined. We thus performed proteomic analysis on muscular proteins from OP and OR rats in order to determine whether other novel molecules are involved in this response. To this end, rats were fed a low- or high-fat diet for 8 weeks and were then classified into OP and OR rats by body weight gain. OP rats gained about 25% more body weight than OR rats, even though food intake did not differ significantly between the two groups. Proteomic analysis using 2-DE demonstrated differential expression of 26 spots from a total of 658 matched spots, of which 23 spots were identified as skeletal muscle proteins altered between OP and OR rats by peptide mass fingerprinting. Muscle proteome data enabled us to draw the conclusion that enhanced regulation of proteins involved in lipid metabolism and muscle contraction, as well as increased expression of marker proteins for oxidative muscle type (type I), contributed to obesity-resistance; however, antioxidative proteins did not.

Leptin produced by adipocytes controls body weight by restraining food intake and enhancing energy expenditure at the hypothalamic level. The diet-induced increase in fat mass is associated with the presence of elevated circulating leptin levels, suggesting the development of resistance to its anorectic effect. Rats, like humans, show different susceptibility to diet-induced obesity. The aim of the present study was to compare the degree of leptin resistance in obesity-prone (OP) vs obesity-resistant (OR) rats on a moderate high-fat (HF) diet and to establish if the effects of leptin on hypothalamo–pituitary endocrine functions were preserved. Starting from 6 weeks after birth, male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed on either a commercial HF diet (fat content: 20% of total calorie intake) or a standard pellet chow (CONT diet, fat content: 3%). After 12 weeks of diet, rats fed on HF diet were significantly heavier than rats fed on CONT diet. Animals fed on HF diet were ranked according to body weight; the two tails of the distribution were called OP and OR rats respectively. A polyethylene cannula was implanted into the right ventricle of rats 1 week before central leptin administration. After 12 weeks of HF feeding, both OR and OP rats were resistant to central leptin administration (10 μg, i.c.v.) (24 h calorie intake as a percent of vehicle-treated rats: CONT rats, 62 [50; 78]; OR, 93 [66; 118]; OP, 90 [70; 120] as medians and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of six rats for each group). Conversely, after 32 weeks of diet both OR and OP rats were partially responsive to 10 μg leptin i.c.v. as compared with CONT rats (24 h calorie intake as a percent of vehicle-treated rats: CONT rats, 60 [50; 67]; OR, 65 [50; 80]; OP, 80 [60; 98] as medians and 95% CIs of six rats for each group); the decrease of food intake following 200 μg leptin i.p. administration was similar in all the three groups (calorie intake as a percent of vehicle-treated rats: 86 [80; 92] as median and 95% CI). The long-term intake of HF diet caused hyperleptinemia, hyperinsulinemia and higher plasma glucose levels in OP rats as compared with CONT rats. Plasma thyroxine (T4) was lower in all the rats fed the HF diet as compared with CONT. i.c.v. administration of leptin after 32 weeks of diet restored normal insulin levels in OP rats. Moreover, leptin increased plasma T4 concentration and strongly enhanced GH mRNA expression in the pituitary of OP as well as OR rats (180±10% vs vehicle-treated rats). In conclusion, long-term intake of HF diet induced a partial central resistance to the anorectic effect of leptin in both lean and fat animals; the neuroendocrine effects of leptin on T4 and GH were preserved.

Patterns of eating behavior, body weight gain, and hormone changes were examined in normal-weight albino Sprague-Dawley rats on macronutrient diets. These diets consisted of either three separate jars with pure macronutrients, fat, carbohydrate and protein, from which to choose, or a single diet with different concentrations of fat and carbohydrate. Similar patterns on the choice-diet and single-diet paradigms were observed. During the first 7–10 days on these diets but not subsequently, the rats consuming a fat-rich diet exhibit significant hyperphagia, an increase in both total and fat intake that produces higher body weight gain. Compared with a 10% fat diet, a 30% fat diet is associated with a decline in insulin and corticosterone (CORT) levels, whereas a 60% fat diet produces an increase in circulating glucose. Levels of glucose are positively correlated with fat intake, and together these measures are consistently related to body fat. These relationships are most strongly expressed in rats that consume a fat-rich diet with >30% fat. Whereas insulin levels are also positively related to body fat, CORT is inversely related in these normal-weight subjects. In animals consuming a high-fat diet, a clear separation can be seen between “obesity-prone” (OP) rats with 100% greater body fat than “obesity-resistant” (OR) rats. The OP rats, which consume 15% more total calories, have significantly higher insulin and glucose levels. In animals that consume a diet with >30% fat, it is the OP but not the OR rats that exhibit a positive relation between fat intake, glucose levels, and body fat and reveal an additional association between carbohydrate intake, insulin, and body fat. Thus these rats on macronutrient diets exhibit distinct traits that relate behavior to hormone disturbances and adiposity and distinguish subjects that are prone vs. resistant to obesity.

Human obesity is characterized by a low basal growth hormone (GH) concentration and a blunted response to GH secretagogues. The aim of this experiment was to determine whether a perturbation in GH synthesis or secretion occurs in rats that develop obesity only in response to a dietary fat challenge. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a purified 32.5% fat diet ad libitum for 21 weeks. Approximately half of the rats fed this diet developed obesity (obesity-susceptible) while the others remained lean (obesity-resistant) compared with chow-fed (control) animals. Pituitary glands obtained from all three groups were enzymatically dissociated, and somatotrope response to GH secretagogues and inhibitors was determined in vitro. Plasma GH concentrations were decreased in obesity-susceptible rats compared with obesity-resistant rats, and in vitro GH secretory response was blunted in cells obtained from the pituitary glands of obese compared with lean rats. In addition, pituitary GH content was reduced in obese versus lean rats even though the proportion of somatotropes in the two groups did not differ. Since the changes in GH concentration in this dietary obese rat model parallel those found in human obesity, this model may be useful in determining the relationship between GH and obesity.