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Solvent extraction behaviors of Se (VI) from nitric acid solutions were investigated with multiple extractants used for uranium, plutonium, minor actinides, and rare earth elements separation processes from high-level liquid waste. During the processes, Se remained in the residual aqueous solutions, as all extractants showed distribution ratios < 1. In contrast, Se showed distribution ratios > 1 with o-phenylenediamine in dilute nitric acid (< 2 M HNO3), octanol as the organic phase, and concentrated nitric acid (8 M HNO3) for back extraction, suggesting a potential new single separation process and recovery of Se. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinel ferrites, ZnFe2O4, MnFe2O4, and ZnMnFe2O4, were synthesized using the sol–gel method and thoroughly investigated for their potential as catalytic and magnetic materials. Experiments unveiled that ZnMnFe2O4 exhibited excellent catalytic and magnetic properties, whereas the Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations provided insight into the excellent performance of ZnMnFe2O4 compared with ZnFe2O4 and MnFe2O4. The catalytic efficiencies of the synthesized spinel ferrites were evaluated against a model reaction, i.e., the gas-phase oxidation of octanol to a corresponding aldehyde, utilizing molecular oxygen as an oxidant. The results indicated that the order of catalytic activity was ZnMnFe2O4 > MnFe2O4 > ZnFe2O4. The reaction was found to follow Langmuir Hinshelwood's mechanism for dissociative adsorption of molecular oxygen. Owing to their superb catalytic and magnetic properties, mixed ferrites can be extended to a variety of organic transformation reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ATP, as a paracrine signalling molecule, induces intracellular Ca2+ elevation via the activation of purinergic receptors on the surface of glia-like cochlear supporting cells. These cells, including the Deiters' cells (DCs), are also coupled by gap junctions that allow the propagation of intercellular Ca2+ waves via diffusion of Ca2+ mobilising second messenger IP3 between neighbouring cells. We have compared the ATP-evoked Ca2+ transients and the effect of two different gap junction (GJ) blockers (octanol and carbenoxolone, CBX) on the Ca2+ transients in DCs located in the apical and middle turns of the hemicochlea preparation of BALB/c mice (P14–19). Octanol had no effect on Ca2+ signalling, while CBX inhibited the ATP response, more prominently in the middle turn. Based on astrocyte models and using our experimental results, we successfully simulated the Ca2+ dynamics in DCs in different cochlear regions. The mathematical model reliably described the Ca2+ transients in the DCs and suggested that the tonotopical differences could originate from differences in purinoceptor and Ca2+ pump expressions and in IP3–Ca2+ release mechanisms. The cochlear turn-dependent effect of CBX might be the result of the differing connexin isoform composition of GJs along the tonotopic axis. The contribution of IP3-mediated Ca2+ signalling inhibition by CBX cannot be excluded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The production of 1-octanol from furfural and acetone was investigated. • Integrated approaches for 1-octanol synthesis were comprehensively analyzed. • Al 2 O 3 -ZrO 2 -supported catalysts were synthesized and utilized in the reactions. • KCC-1-APSO 3 H was used as a solid acidic additive to improve 1-octanol yield. • Up to 69.1% yield of octanol was achieved, exceeding prior studies using solid catalysts. Furfural and acetone are two of the most promising chemicals derived from lignocellulosic biomass. Coupling these two compounds expands the broad range of value-added chemicals that can be derived from biomass. In this study, 1-octanol, a promising medium chain-length alcohol, was produced from furfural and acetone through a series of reactions: aldol condensation (R1), hydrogenation (R2), and hydrogenolysis (R3). Each step was individually investigated to understand its mechanism and requirements, enabling seamless integration into one-pot, two-step (R1, R2 + R3) and one-pot, three-step (R1 + R2 + R3) processes. To facilitate these reactions, bifunctional alumina–zirconia-based catalysts were synthesized. Additionally, to enhance the yield of 1-octanol, solid acidic additives, particularly sulfonic acid-functionalized silica (KCC-1-APSO 3 H), were incorporated into the reaction. The highest yield of 1-octanol (69.1 %) was achieved with the three-step process (R1, R2, R3), followed by the one-pot, two-step process (R1, R2 + R3, 64.8 %), and the one-pot, three-step process (R1 + R2 + R3, 48.7 %) using the combined Ni/Al 2 O 3 -ZrO 2 and KCC-1-APSO 3 H catalyst. Among all the processes investigated, the one-pot, two-step process emerged as the best approach balancing the efficiency of the process integration and 1-octanol yield. The present study offers valuable insights into the development of catalytic methods for producing linear alcohols from biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• LLME with octanol was found to be the best option to overcome this difficulty. • GC/MS made it possible to identify the presence of glycerol and 1,3-propanediol. • The compound 1,3-butanediol was also detected in three samples analyzed by GC/MS. • The results obtained for lactic acid showed potential interference. Information about the volatile organic compounds generated in biogas and hydrogen production bioreactors is essential to elucidate the metabolic routes and varying yields of CH 4 and H 2 processes. In this work, the determination of 12 compounds (acetone, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, and acetic, propanoic, butyric, isovaleric, valeric, caproic, and lactic acids) was performed by gas chromatography, after a vortex-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction (VALLME) procedure using 1.2 mL of crude sample and 400 µL of 1-octanol. Optimization of the separation process was performed, considering the solvent viscosity. The analytical curves were validated using ANOVA, demonstrating satisfactory precision and accuracy. Selectivity was confirmed by GC–MS analysis, which allowed the detection of glycerol, 1,3-propanediol, and 1,3-butanediol in some samples. Methanol levels exceeded the upper limit of quantification, with acetic acid and ethanol being the predominant compounds in the analyzed reactors. An additional investigation was conducted to assess potential interferences for lactic acid. The developed method employs a biodegradable extraction solvent, without any need for a dispersing solvent, and involves a single chromatographic run, without any derivatization steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of octanol on the engine emissions, performance, and combustion of Pongamia oil biodiesel/octanol blends were examined. Experiments were conducted on a single-cylinder, biodiesel engine using various blends of Pongamia biodiesel and octanol (O10PBD90, and O20PBD20) and Biodiesel (PBD). Experimental results show that the octanol and biodiesel blends (O10PBD90 and O20PBD20) have slightly higher Brake thermal efficiency (0.3–0.7%) and lower Brake specific fuel consumption (0.4% to 0.9%) than that of neat biodiesel (PBD) at all engine loads. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emission and smoke emission are reduced by 2.2–2.9% and 2.1–3.2% for octanol and biodiesel blends compared to neat biodiesel. Introduction of octanol to biodiesel reduces the unburned hydrocarbon (1.7–2.5%), carbon monoxide emissions (1.4–2.7%) considerably. Further, the cylinder pressure and heat release rate and were enhanced by adding octanol to base fuel (BD100). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to be able to use the full potential of regenerative fuels, a comprehensive characterization is necessary to identify the differences between conventional fuels and regenerative fuels. In the current work, we compare OME3−5 and 1-Octanol with diesel-like Dodecane in terms of mixture formation under ECN Spray A conditions for single and multi-injection. To determine the mixtures, i.e., the mass distribution and the resulting air-fuel equivalence ratio, Naber and Siebers’ model as well as Musculus and Kattke’s model are used, which are based on experimental data. For this work, the mass flow rates and also the liquid and gaseous penetration depths of the fuel spray are measured. Results show that the mass ratios for the quasi-steady state of a single main injection for all three fuels are nearly the same, whereas the air-fuel equivalence ratios are very different. In addition, multiple injections are used to show that the fuel influences the opening and closing behavior of the injector. In the transient case of multiple injections, completely different mixtures result. In summary, it can be stated that OME3−5 and also 1-Octanol show a clearly different physio-chemical behavior from Dodecane and cannot simply be used as a drop-in fuel. Therefore, a simple exchange is not possible without major adaptations.

Most research studies have focused on reducing NOx emitted from diesel engines by adding oxygenated fuels (such as alcohol and biodiesel) to diesel to prepare a good alternative to conventional diesel fuels. Biofuels produced from vegetable oil and waste cooking oil while alcohol can be produced from sugarcane and corn. In the current study, the biodiesel used in the tests was derived from waste cooking oil. In this study, the influence of adding Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) to diesel, biodiesel (D80B20), diesel-pentanol (D85PEN15), diesel octanol (D90OCT10), diesel-propanol (D95PRO5) and diesel-biodiesel-pentanol (D50B40PEN10) blends on performance and emitted pollutants of a diesel engine was investigated. The practical experiments were divided into two parts, the first section comparing the results of using diesel and other fuels at different speeds 2100, 2400, 2700 and 3000 rpm at constant loads without EGR. The second section studied the effect of adding EGR in variable proportions (5 %, 10 %, 15 % and 20 %) to the studied fuel mixtures at constant loads and speed. The results showed that adding biodiesel to diesel (without EGR) increases brake specific fuel consumption, NOx and CO2 emissions by 13.66 %, 41.35 % and 30.49 %, respectively, but, the thermal efficiency of the brakes, exhaust gas temperatures, UHC and CO decreases at rates of 12.58 %, 10.22 %, 18.9 % and 21.31 %, respectively, compared to diesel. When EGR was added at 20 %, the maximum increase for D80B20, D95PRO5, ED100, and D85PENT15 was: 18.38 %, 24.60 %, 45.84 %, and 20 %, respectively, compared to when no EGR was added. The thermal efficiency, exhaust gases temperature and NOx levels decreased when EGR rate was raised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilisation of high carbon alcohols in diesel engines as fuel is gaining importance among researchers because of its better fuel properties that are compatible with mineral diesel. The present study utilises two such alcohols namely octanol and decanol along with diesel and biodiesel derived from lemongrass. Two ternary blends, 50% by volume of diesel – 30% by volume of biodiesel – 20% by volume of octanol, and 50% by volume of diesel – 30% by volume of biodiesel – 20% by volume of decanol, were prepared, and different engine characteristics were analysed and compared with both neat diesel and biodiesel operation. Results indicated that peak cylinder pressure lowered with the ternary blend. Peak heat release rate was higher for octanol blend. When compared with octanol blend, 2.5% higher brake thermal efficiency was observed for decanol blend. However, still, the brake thermal efficiency was 3.5% lower than the diesel operation. The oxides of nitrogen emission for decanol blend were 4% lower than octanol blend. In general, smoke emission was lower for higher alcohol blends in comparison with the binary blend operation. Among the higher alcohol blends, octanol portrayed a 15% lower smoke opacity. Both the hydrocarbon emission and the carbon monoxide emission increased with higher alcohol blends. The study revealed that 1-decanol could be a potential fuel candidate for diesel engines operating with biomass-derived lemongrass oil biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidermal cells, such as keratinocytes, are regarded as the first sensory cells to transmit nociception and mechanoreception to free nerve endings extended from the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Previous studies suggested that this transmission occurs as Ca2+ propagation via ATP receptors. Conversely, the influence of gap junctions on this Ca2+ propagation is largely unknown. Thus, we examined the localization and the role of connexin 43 among keratinocytes and DRG neurons. We co-cultured keratinocytes and DRG neurons and investigated the effect of pharmacological blockade of gap junctions on Ca2+ propagation upon stimulation of a single keratinocyte. Immunocytochemical experiments showed that connexin 43 is localized between keratinocytes and between keratinocytes and DRG neurons. Octanol, a gap junction inhibitor, significantly suppressed the concentrical Ca2+ propagation. Therefore, we conclude that the Ca2+ propagation mechanism via gap junctions from stimulated keratinocytes to free nerve endings should be taken into account.

Biodiesel has established itself as a renewable fuel that is used in transportation worldwide and is partially or in some cases completely replacing conventional fuels. Chemically, biodiesel is a fatty acid monoalkyl ester (FAAE). Generally, the term biodiesel refers to the fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters (FAME or FAEE). Herein, an overview of the research on the synthesis of FAAE in which the alkyl moiety is a C3+ alkyl chain (branched/unbranched) is given. In addition, a comparison of the properties of the aforementioned FAAE with each other, with FAME and FAEE, and with fuel standards is given. The length of the alkyl chain has a major influence on viscosity, while pour point temperatures are generally lower when branched alcohols are used, but the fatty acid part of the molecule also has a major influence. The development of new pathways for the synthesis of higher alcohols from biomass opens a future perspective for the production of long chain FAAE as biofuels, fuel additives, or biolubricants. Due to their properties, FAAEs produced from C3–C5 alcohols have the potential to be used as fuels, while all C3+ FAAEs can be used as valuable bioadditives, and C8+ FAAEs can be used as biolubricants and viscosity improvers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mupirocin (a mixture of A, B, C, and D pseudomonic acids—four complex, similar structures) is an antibiotic belonging to the monocarboxylic acid class, used to cure infections caused by bacteria (Gram‐positive), especially methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Its biotechnological production and separation need constant attention, as improving antibiotics is important in the pharmaceutical industry. This is the first study regarding pseudomonic acids separation through reactive extraction; the experiments were focused on finding a proper combination of extractant and diluent for optimization of the separation yield. The pH influence (4–9) and extractant (TOA and Amberlite LA‐2, 5–20 g/L) concentration dissolved in n‐heptane (green solvent) have been analyzed, obtaining the maximum extraction yield (88.78%) at pH 4, 20 g/L extractant, and 10% octanol added to the organic solvent. The addition of the phase modifier, 1‐octanol, improved the extraction yield by 2.6 times for Pseudomonic acid A due to interactions of formed complexes with the phase modifier that improves its solubility. The experimental results for determining the mechanism of the interfacial reaction showed that, regardless of the pH value and solvent polarity (modified by the addition of 1‐octanol), only one molecule of Pseudomonic acid A and extractant react at the aqueous‐organic interface. In addition, the system was modelled and optimized with a methodology combining artificial neural networks (ANN) and differential evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the mechanism of antimicrobial activity of cyclo-peptides helps to design new drugs based on these compounds. A common aspect of the mechanisms provided for the creation of antimicrobial activity of cyclo-peptides is their interaction with cell membranes. On the other hand, the octanol/water system is a good mimic of the water/membrane interface. Here, the conformational structure of the very short sequences cationic hexapeptide cyclo (Lys-Lys-Trp-Trp-Lys-Phe) has been studied in different concentrations of octanol by molecular dynamics simulation. The concentration of alcohol in the range of experimental concentrations of octanol was considered. The results obtained from calculating the radial distribution function show that the interaction of the peptide with octanol is a mixted of interactions between charged residues with octanol and the interaction of aromatic residues with octanol. These results are in agreement with experimental observations. Also, Lys5 plays a greater role than Lys1 and Lys2 in the interactions with octanol.

In the present work, a series of experiments were designed and conducted to prepare biodiesel from cottonseed oil and to blend it with octanol. The thermal and mass transfer characteristics of the biodiesel were further improved by adding functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The performance of the engine with the blended fuel was analyzed through characterization and measurement of the gas emissions from the engine. Four blends of cottonseed oil (B20, B40, B60, and B100) were prepared initially, and each blend was added with octanol additive of 5%, 10%, and 15% together with 3% of functionalized MWCNTs by mass. The performance analysis showed that B20 with 5%, 10%, and 15% octanol represented relatively lower brake specific fuel consumption relative to all test fuels. Likewise, the addition of MWCNT nanoparticle further stabilized the rate of fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency. It was also identified that at larger values of diesel and biodiesel blends, the performance and also the quantity of gas emission were the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidermal cells, such as keratinocytes, are regarded as the first sensory cells to transmit nociception and mechanoreception to free nerve endings extended from the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Previous studies suggested that this transmission occurs as Ca2+ propagation via ATP receptors. Conversely, the influence of gap junctions on this Ca2+ propagation is largely unknown. Thus, we examined the localization and the role of connexin 43 among keratinocytes and DRG neurons. We co-cultured keratinocytes and DRG neurons and investigated the effect of pharmacological blockade of gap junctions on Ca2+ propagation upon stimulation of a single keratinocyte. Immunocytochemical experiments showed that connexin 43 is localized between keratinocytes and between keratinocytes and DRG neurons. Octanol, a gap junction inhibitor, significantly suppressed the concentrical Ca2+ propagation. Therefore, we conclude that the Ca2+ propagation mechanism via gap junctions from stimulated keratinocytes to free nerve endings should be taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disposal of biomass waste in winery industry is an additional burden to the breweries. This biomass when converted to useful source of fuel energy to compression ignition engines serves the dual effect of waste reduction as well as cheaper energy source. Grapeseed biodiesel has been rarely studied in the recent literatures. The aim of this research is to analyze the effects of grapeseed (GS) biodiesel and higher order alcohol on the combustion and emission parameters of a diesel engine. Alcoholic blends such as butanol and octanol at 20% by volume were added to 80% of GS biodiesel and engine tests were conducted. NOx emissions were higher for GS_B20 blend. Later tests were conducted to understand and analyze the combined effect of varying EGR rates (10%, 20%, and 30%) and injection timing (21°bTDC, 23 °bTDC, and 25°bTDC) on engine parameters for GS_B20 blend at all load conditions. GS_B20 injected at 21° bTDC (retarded) and 30% EGR presents the least cylinder pressure and HRR of 63.8 J/°CA and 53.75 J/°CA. Biomass waste converted GS biodiesel with 20% butanol could be considered as a suitable fuel for diesel engine with few engine modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present study, the emissions and performance characteristics of four-stroke, single-cylinder, water-cooled, diesel engine fueled with different blends of Rice bran biodiesel and octanol blends i.e. RBD100, RBD90O10 (10% Volume of octanol dispersed in RBD100) and RBD80O20 (20% Volume of octanol dispersed in RBD100) at 1800 rpm for compression ratio 17.5:1 were investigated. The transesterification process was used for biodiesel production with the presence of the alkaline catalyst (KOH) and methanol. The optimum biodiesel yield was found to be 88%. The fuel properties of the blends were found to be within the ASTM limits. Experimental results revealed that BTE increased and BSFC decreased with octanol addition to rice bran biodiesel. Furthermore, the diesel engine fueled with octanol and biodiesel blends reduced the NOx, Smoke, HC, CO emission due to the higher latent heat of vaporization and improved chemical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antifungal activity of volatile compounds from the fruit, leaf, rhizome and root of 109 plant species was evaluated against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) race 1—the tomato wilt pathogen—by using the modified dish pack method. Eighty-eight plant samples inhibited mycelial growth, including volatiles from fruits of Heracleum sosnowskyi, which exhibited the strongest antifungal activity, showing 67% inhibition. Two volatile compounds from the fruits of H. sosnowskyi (octanol and octanal) and trans-2-hexenal as a control were tested for their antifungal activities against FOL race 1 and race 2. In terms of half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values, octanol was found to be the most inhibitory compound for both pathogenic races, with the smallest EC50 values of 8.1 and 9.3 ng/mL for race 1 and race 2, respectively. In the biofumigation experiment, the lowest disease severity of tomato plants and smallest conidial population of race 1 and race 2 were found in trans-2-hexenal and octanol treated soil, while octanal had an inhibitory effect only on race 2. Therefore, our study demonstrated the effectiveness of volatile octanol and trans-2-hexenal on the control of the mycelial growth of two races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and may have potential for the future development of novel biofumigants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diesel engines are very popular prime movers, however, they are also a major producer of environmental pollution. Ternary fuel blends of diesel, biodiesel, and octanol can be a suitable solution to the problem. In the present work, different ternary fuel blends were formulated and used in a diesel engine. Brake thermal efficiency and brake specific energy consumption of the blend containing 10% octanol, 10% biodiesel, and 80% diesel were found better than diesel owing to more oxygen content and comparable properties. Moreover, lower emissions (carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxide, and smoke opacity) and better combustion of the blends was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1-octanol is a valuable molecule in the chemical industry, where it is used as a plasticizer, as a precursor in the production of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), and as a growth inhibitor of tobacco plant suckers. Due to the low availability of eight-carbon acyl chains in natural lipid feedstocks and the selectivity challenges in petrochemical routes to medium-chain fatty alcohols,1-octanol sells for the highest price among the fatty alcohol products. As an alternative, metabolic engineers have pursued sustainable 1-octanol production via engineered microbes. Here, we report demonstration of gram per liter titers in the model bacterium Escherichia coli via the development of a pathway composed of a thioesterase, an acyl-CoA synthetase, and an acyl-CoA reductase. In addition, the impact of deleting fermentative pathways was explored E. coli K12 MG1655 strain for production of octanoic acid, a key octanol precursor. In order to overcome metabolic flux barriers, bioprospecting experiments were performed to identify acyl-CoA synthetases with high activity towards octanoic acid and acyl-CoA reductases with high activity to produce 1-octanol from octanoyl-CoA. Titration of expression of key pathway enzymes was performed and a strain with the full pathway integrated on the chromosome was created. The final strain produced 1-octanol at 1.3 g/L titer and a >90% C 8 specificity from glycerol. In addition to the metabolic engineering efforts, this work addressed some of the technical challenges that arise when quantifying 1-octanol produced from cultures grown under fully aerobic conditions where evaporation and stripping are prevalent. • An C8 specific thioesterase was used to engineer 1-octanol production via fatty acid biosynthesis. • Bioprospecting and gene expression levels were used to optimize pathway performance. • A plasmid-free strain expressing the full pathway produced 1.3 g/L 1-octanol in shake flask. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research work, phase behaviour of the synthesized Schizochytrium algae biodiesel, diesel and octanol was studied with water in oil emulsions (Quaternary blend). The effects of different hydrophilic lipophilic balance were investigated by varying the ratio of Span 80 and Tween 80 (20–100%) in the quaternary blend to find an optimum HLB number. The optimum fuel blend of HLB number 12 (Span 20%: Tween 80%) showed no phase separation for 25 days. The influence of hydrogen addition in quaternary blend (QB20) and biodiesel blend (B20) under variable hydrogen flow rates (1 l/min and 2 l/min) was investigated to improve the engine parameters using dual fuel mode of operation. The dual fuel mode of operation increased the brake thermal efficiency from 29.71% for quaternary blend to 32.01% with the addition of 2 l/min hydrogen. In terms of emission, UHC was reduced by 30% and 5% for QB20 + 1 l/m H2 and QB20 + 2 l/m H2, respectively. The maximum of 11% CO emission was reduced by the hydrogen inducted QB20 + 2 l/m H2 blend. • Hydrogen – Quaternary blend dual fuel combustion engine increased the BTE from 29.71% to 32.01%. • Hydrogen addition in quaternary blend reduced UHC and CO by 5% and 58%, respectively. • Inducting hydrogen in both biodiesel blend and quaternary blend improved the engine performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohols are naturally occurring substances that are mainly used to prepare aldehydes through oxidation/dehydrogenation processes (such as coupling transfer dehydrogenation reactions), where unsaturated organic compounds are used as an oxidants. In the industrial field, various homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts are used for the oxidation of alcohols and the formation of aldehydes in a short period of time, greater chemical conversion, high yields and higher selectivity. In this work, silica and ceria nanoparticles have been synthesized by sol–gel and co-precipitation methods, where silica is used as a support material for catalytically active nano-sized ceria. Catalyst calcined at 600 °C and characterized by FT-IR, TEM, SEM and XRD was used for liquid-phase oxidation of primary alcohols. Maximum percentage conversion with high selectivity of octanol to octanal was obtained at 60 °C in 1 h with respect to 0.5 g catalytic dose. In the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst, the percentage conversion and selectivity of octanol to octanal was found to increase over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work details the effects of injection of higher order alcohols, namely hexanol (Hex) and octanol (Oct) as secondary fuels in a CI engine. The last decade has seen an exponential increase in the carbon emission chief of which have been contributed by fossil fuels. Vegetable oils provide a viable alternative to the current scenario as they can be synthesized easily from nature and can be readily adapted for use in CI engines. Neem oil (NO) is non-edible and widely available and hence taken as a base fuel for this research. The poor properties of neem oil were improved by the addition of novel low viscous biofuel, namely wintergreen oil (WGO). During the course of this research work, a blend containing a mixture of 50% of neat neem oil and 50% of wintergreen oil (NO50-WGO50) was optimized based on trial tests and taken as pilot fuel while Hex and Oct were injected along with intake air as secondary fuels. The alcohols were injected into the engine successively in the 10%, 20%, and 30% (by mass) ratios. Experiments were conducted in a single-cylinder CI engine fabricating 5.2-kW power at a constant speed of 1500 rpm at varying load conditions. It is observed that inferior performance of NO led to more smoke, HC, and CO in comparison to diesel at all the loads and these are improved with NO50-WGO50 blend. Nevertheless, a minor increase in NOx emission was perceived with the blend. Addition of higher order alcohol promoted reduction of both NOx and smoke emission without affecting performance. Among the various combinations, NO50-WGO50 + Hex30 and Oct30 reduced NOx emission by 12% and 9.5% and smoke emission by 13% and 19% respectively. These results are on par with the diesel performance and emission characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates on the impact of octanol with neem biodiesel (NBD) on diesel engine characteristics. Two different fuel blends are prepared by changing the n-octanol content in NBD from 10 to 20% on a volume basis. Results from this work revealed that with an increase in volume percentage in NBD generated a higher heat release rate and in-cylinder pressure at premixed combustion. Further, with an increase in volume percentage in NBD improved BTE than neat NBD. Fuel consumption has lowered by 2.4% with higher octanol content in NBD. The excess oxygen present in octanol lowered CO, HC, NO and smoke emissions by 5.7%, 6.2%, 4.4% and 6.7% respectively when compared to NBD. Overall, adding 20% of octanol to NBD improved the performance aspects with lowered emissions. This research work reveals that 20% of Octanol and 80% of BD can optimize diesel engine emissions, combustion, and performance with undergoing any modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Activation of gap junction channels can induce neuropathic pain. Octanol can limit the conductance of gap junctions containing connexin 43 proteins. Thus, this study focused on the roles of octanol in chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced peripheral neuropathy in mice and its mechanisms of action., Methods: Male mice were assigned into control, sham, CCI, CCI + Octanol-20 mg/kg, CCI + Octanol-40 mg/kg and CCI + Octanol-80 mg/kg groups. CCI was performed by applying three loose ligations to mouse sciatic nerve, and the mice with CCI was administered with 20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, or 80 mg/kg octanol. The neuropathic pain development was examined by assessing thermal withdrawal latency, paw withdrawal mechanical threshold, and sciatic functional index. Histopathological changes were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was examined by western blotting. The expression of Akt and mTOR was also evaluated by immunofluorescence staining., Results: Octanol alleviated the CCI-induced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia and sciatic functional loss. Additionally, octanol relieved the CCI-induced abnormal histopathological changes. Mechanistically, octanol inactivated the Akt/mTOR pathway in the mice with CCI., Conclusion: In conclusion, octanol can alleviate CCI-induced peripheral neuropathic by regulating the Akt/mTOR pathway and might be a novel pharmacological intervention for neuropathic pain., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

The synthesis of Na-Fe-Silicalite-1(80), Na-Fe-Silicalite-1(128), Na-Fe-ZSM-5(78) and Na-Fe-ZSM-5(126) was conducted using the isomorphic substitution method. These catalysts were further modified by the process of silanisation to yield Na-Fe-Silicalite-1(80:Sil), Na-Fe-Silicalite-1(128:Sil), Na-Fe-ZSM-5(78:Sil), and Na-Fe-ZSM-5(126:Sil) (The numbers in brackets represent the Si/Fe molar ratio and Sil represents silanization). The XRD analyses show that only the ZSM-5 phase was present in all the catalysts. These catalysts were tested in the oxidation of n-octane in MeCN using H2O2 as an oxidant. It was found that the selectivity to terminal products increased with increasing the volume of MeCN. Thus, e.g. terminal C8 selectivities could be improved from 17 to 28% using the Na-Fe-Silicalite-1(80) catalyst by increasing the volume of solvent. Furthermore, the Na-Fe-Silicalite-1(80), Na-Fe-Silicalite-1(80:Sil), Na-Fe-Silicalite-1(128) and Na-Fe-Silicalite-1(128:Sil) show terminal selectivities of 28.1, 14.3, 17.6 and 12.3% respectively. In contrast Na-Fe-ZSM-5(78), Na-Fe-ZSM-5(126), Na-Fe-ZSM-5(78:Sil), and Na-Fe-ZSM-5(126:Sil) show terminal selectivities of 24.5, 25.7, 21.3 and 27.3% respectively. Results also showed that the Na-Fe-ZSM-5 catalyst has better selectivity to terminal products than Na-Fe-Silicalite-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caffeic acid (CAF)has numerous health benefits mainly due to its antioxidant, antibacterial and fungicide properties. However, its incorporation in skin care products as anti-aging and the photoprotective agent is still limited due to its solubility and stability in oily matrices or solutions balanced with the skin pH. In this research, CAF–ethyl cellulose (EC) microparticles were produced by water-in-oil-water double emulsion solvent evaporation encapsulation technique using a biocompatible polymer, EC, as a coating material and a surfactant, polyvinyl alcohol, as a stabilizer of the double emulsion. The study assessed the influence of formulation parameters as the solubility of the polymer in organic solvents and the polymer concentration on microparticles final characteristics. CAF–EC microparticles were characterized by product yield, encapsulation efficiency, mean particle size, particle size distribution and polydispersity and imaged by scanning light microscopy. In vitro release profiles were obtained in water and octanol to mimic oily based and water-based matrices balanced with the skin pH. In vitro release kinetics studies were carried out to investigate the release pattern of CAF in simulated cosmetic formulations. Both the product yield and the encapsulation efficiency were found to be dependent on the solubility of the polymer in the organic phase. The product yield was mainly affected by operational factors such as the sticking and the agglomeration of the polymer to the walls and the magnet stirring during microparticles hardening and results from the encapsulation efficiency revealed that an increase of the polymer concentration led to an increase of the encapsulation efficiency. The usage of a water-soluble solvent contributed to a decrease in the mean particle size and reduction of polydispersity with higher polymer concentrations. The polymer concentration, the polymer solubility in the organic phase and the amount of CAF entrapped shown to affect the release in water, whereas the release in octanol was mainly independent of the amount of CAF entrapped in EC microparticles. The double emulsion solvent evaporation technique and the assessment of the selected formulation conditions have given significant and innovative insights on the microencapsulation of bioactive ingredients for cosmetics formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

n-Octanol is a promising biofuel synthesized from biomass with several properties closer to diesel than the more popularly researched n-butanol. This study investigates the effects of injection timing (2°CA advance & retard), EGR (up to 30%) and Oct30 (30% by vol. of n-octanol in diesel) on combustion, performance, and emissions of a DI diesel engine. Results in comparison with diesel indicated Oct30 blend presented an enhanced premixed combustion phasing with higher peaks of pressure and HRR. BSFC was found to be slightly higher for Oct30 blend at all EGR rates. Further, when the injection timing is advanced, the blend produced better BSFC. Oct30 delivered better BTE at all injection timings. NOx and smoke emissions are lower for Oct30 at all conditions. Oct30 could overcome the trade-off between smoke and NOx emissions at a combination of certain EGR and injection timings. It was found that at advanced injection, the reduction in NOx and smoke density was 19.02% and 57.14%, respectively, while BTE increased by 4.6% and BSFC increased by 1.3%. At late injection, a reduction of 50.87% in NOx emissions and 15.87% in smoke density was achieved with a slight drop in BTE by 3.5% and an increase in BSFC by 9.7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a supramolecular solvent was formed from reverse micelle aggregates of octanol. The proposed supramolecular solvent was used for rapid extraction of some antidepressants drugs including amitriptyline, imipramine, desipramine, maprotiline, sertraline, and doxepin from biological samples. Alkanol‐based supramolecular solvents have a unique array of physicochemical properties, making them a very attractive alternative to replace organic solvents in analytical extractions. The parameters affecting the extraction of target analytes (i.e., the volume of tetrahydrofuran and octanol as the major components comprising the supramolecular solvent, chain length of alkanols, sample solution pH, salt addition, and ultrasonic time) were investigated and optimized by factor by factor optimization method. Under the optimum conditions, preconcentration factors of 470, 490, 460, 385, 370, and 430 were obtained for amitriptyline, doxepin, imipramine, desipramine, maprotiline, and sertraline, respectively. The linear ranges and coefficients of determination (R2) were obtained in the range of 0.01–100 μg/L and 0.9974–0.9991, respectively. Also the limits of detection (S/N = 3) of 0.003–0.03 μg/L, and precisions (n = 5) of 4.9–8.9% were calculated. Finally, the method was successfully applied for the extraction of antidepressant drugs in biological samples, and relative recoveries in the range of 91–102% were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The structure of octanol had an impact on the synergism of the BHA/alcohol binary system. • Mixed BHA/2-OCT exhibited higher selectivity and collecting ability for ilmenite flotation. • 2-OCT was conducive to the formation of hydrogen bonds and synergistic adsorption layers. • Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions were the main causes of synergism. The structure–activity relationship of alcohol in the synergism between benzohydroxamic acid (BHA) and alcohol as mixed collectors was investigated. Microflotation results showed that an appropriate molecular structure of alcohol was advantageous for ilmenite flotation with BHA/alcohol collectors. In the optimal BHA/1-octanol (1-OCT) and BHA/2-octanol (2-OCT) systems, the recoveries of ilmenite were 63.81% and 66.37%, while those of titanaugite were only 12.19% and 13.01%, respectively. The positive synergism was observed in BHA/alcohol systems at the gas–liquid intersurface and liquid phase. Mixed micelles were formed through hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions between BHA and three octanol molecules. At the solid–liquid intersurface, BHA/1-OCT contributed to a significant difference in the surface hydrophobicity between ilmenite and titanaugite. Ilmenite exhibited the strongest surface hydrophobicity in BHA/2-OCT system. As detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation, BHA could selectively react with Fe and Pb active sites of ilmenite surfaces through chemisorptions, then 2-OCT co-adsorbed onto the ilmenite surface through hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions, increasing the hydrophobicity layer. However, BHA/2-OCT weakly adsorbed onto titanaugite surfaces. The synergism of BHA/alcohol at the gas–liquid-solid intersurface of ilmenite enlarged its hydrophobicity, resulting in the floatability difference between ilmenite and titanaugite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The adhesion ability of different octanol solutions and the wrap angle of coal dust on the droplet surface were studied. • The wetting ability of different solutions was studied. • The surface energy difference between coal dust and octanol solution was studied. Using the high-speed motion acquisition system, we studied the adhesion ability and wetting ability of coal dust under the effect of four octanol solutions. The adhesion ability followed the order: 2-Octanol > 4-Octanol > 1-Octanol > 3-Octanol. The wrap angle of coal dust on the octanol surface exhibited an increasing trend with the rise in coal proportion of dust. The observed behavior was substantiated by the interaction force, ascertained through molecular dynamic simulations. The interaction force between coal dust and 3-Octanol was the smallest leading to the weakest adhesion ability by the 3-Octanol solution. The contact angle of octanol solution droplet at the coal dust surface under the same octanol concentration was investigated to follow the order: 2-Octanol > 4-Octanol > 1-Octanol > 3-Octanol. The wetting velocity decreased as the coal proportion of dust increased. The wetting ability followed the order: 2-Octanol < 4-Octanol < 1-Octanol < 3-Octanol. The surface energy of dust increased as the coal proportion decreased. The dedusting efficient under the effect of octanols depended on the difference in surface energy between the coal dust and the octanol solution. The greater the Δ γ (difference between the surface energy of the dust and solution), the weaker the adhesion ability, and the stronger the wetting ability. The findings of our study can offer valuable insights for the development of dedusting reagent design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the copper anode slime was leached in chloride media. Then, pregnant leach solution (PLS) was purified using solvent extraction method and Octanol-kerosene solution. HAuCl4.2L was determined as the extracted macromolecule, and separation of impurities, such as copper, iron and selenium was done in the presence of gold. McCabe-Thiele diagram of Au–HCl (3 M)– Octanol (40% v/v) in O/A=3/4 showed that Au concentration in aqueous phase decreased from the initial value of 200 to 7 mg/L, after 5 stages. Ammonia solution was proposed as the stripper and McCabe-Thiele diagram was presented to obtain the number of gold stripping steps by ammonia solution

In this study, a natural type of zeolite, Clinoptilolite (CLI), is used as a support for TiO2. First, TiO2-supported heterogeneous catalysts originated from the high temperature calcination of TiCl4 groups, which were thermally immobilized on clinoptilolite, were obtained. Powder-XRD and EDX analyzes showed that the oxide form of Ti-immobilized on dealuminated clinoptilolite were formed in the anatase phase, and the zeolite structure was preserved. As seen in TGA/DTA analyzes, this catalyst could be efficient and have high stability for many reactions. Second, the esterification reaction of 1-octanol with acetic acid is used as a reference reaction for this catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • CD-assisted Ni-Pd bimetallic catalysts were prepared by different impregnation routes. • The best method involves the pre-adsorption of CD on Al 2 O 3 before adding metal salts. • High dispersion of surface Ni nanoparticles (5–6 nm) along with surface Pd enrichment. • A 71% yield to n-octylamine was achieved in the reaction of 1-octanol with ammonia. Abstract This paper reports the use of β-cyclodextrin as a pre-shaping agent for the preparation of low-metal xNi-yPd/Al 2 O 3 catalysts (x = 2, 5 wt% and y = 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 wt%) targeting the direct amination of 1-octanol with ammonia. Six different preparation methods were used aiming at tuning the Ni-Pd interaction. The catalysts were finely characterized by XRD, H 2 -TPR, CO pulse chemisorption, STEM-EELS/EDS-SDD and XPS, while the elementary interaction between Ni-Pd-cyclodextrin was assessed by marrying ESI-MS experiments with DFT calculations. Among the different methods studied, the most outstanding effect was obtained when β-cyclodextrin was pre-adsorbed on γ-Al 2 O 3 before impregnating the Ni and Pd nitrate precursors. At such conditions, the best formulation (5Ni-0.5Pd/Al-CD_M4) afforded 90% conversion and 71% yield to 1-octylamine (TON = 93) in the amination of 1-octanol with ammonia at 160 °C for 4 h, which places it among the most active and selective Ni catalysts reported in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste plastic in municipal solid wastes degrade very slowly over several years and poses a serious challenge for sustainable environment. Hydrocarbons embodied in waste plastic could be converted into liquid fuel. Recycling waste plastic oil (WPO) in diesel engines offers a sustainable solution for ecological safety and energy security. However WPO produces carcinogenic smoke emissions in diesel engines that have to be controlled. This study attempts to minimize these emissions with the aid of oxygenated three high-carbon alcohols and also provides a comparative analysis on the effects of their addition to WPO individually on emissions and performance of a single cylinder diesel engine. A response surface methodology (RSM) based optimization using a 3-factor × 3-level full factorial experimental design was employed to find the optimum combination of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), injection timing and alcohol with an objective to minimize NOx and smoke emissions with minimum BSFC. Three injection timings (21°, 23° and 25°CA bTDC) and three EGR rates (10, 20 and 30%) were used. Multiple regression models developed using RSM for NOx, smoke density and BSFC were found to be statistically significant. Interactive effects between injection timing and EGR on responses for all blends were compared. From desirability approach, WPO70P30 injected at 21° CA bTDC with 10% EGR delivered optimum emission and performance characteristics with a maximum desirability of 0.968. Pentanol was found to be the best among n-hexanol and n-octanol for this purpose. Confirmatory tests validated the models to be adequate with an error in prediction within 6%. With reference to diesel, n-pentanol with WPO injected at 21° CA bTDC with 10% EGR reduced smoke emissions by 76.8% and increased NOx emissions by 32% with an improvement in BSFC by 17.8%. With respect to neat WPO, the same blend reduced smoke emissions by 74.2% and increased NOx emissions by 9.7% with an improvement in BSFC by 3.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out to obtain molecular level insights on the behavior of Cs+/Na+ ions at the water–ionic liquid and water–octanol interface in the presence of dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) ionophore with an aim to compare an ionic liquid (IL) to a octanol as receiving organic solvent phase. It was observed that the rate of phase separation for the octanol system was rapid as compared to the IL system. The free crown ethers (CE) were found to be highly solvated by the IL phase. A dual cationic exchange mechanism was observed at the [BMIM]/water interface. The [BMIM]+ cation was found to exchange with both the metal ions in aqueous phase as well as with the metal ion aided by the ionophore. The self-diffusion coefficient of the 1:2 complex (0.07×10−9 m2/s) at the octanol/water interface were found to be smaller than that of 1:1 complex (0.37 and 0.14×10−9 m2/s). It was observed that the surface tension of ILs decreased in the presence of complexes and free CE, whereas the surface tension of water was found to increase in presence of salts (Cs+NO3− and Na+NO3−). The experimentally determined value of DCs was found to be quite high in IL phase (1.595) compared to the octanol phase (0.139) in presence of CE. The kinetics of Cs+ was found to be very fast having rate with values of k 1 ^ $\widehat {{k_1}}$ =1.79×10−12 s−1 and k 2 ^ $\widehat {{k_2}}$ =0.205×10−12 s−1 in IL and water phase, respectively. The present results may help us in understanding the role of diluents in the assisted metal ion extraction but also in the future design of diluents and ionophore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

n-Octanol (C 8 H 17 OH) is an advanced biofuel derived from ligno-cellulosic biomass that is suitable for compression ignition technology with several properties closer to fossil diesel. This study analyses the performance and emissions of a direct-injection (DI) diesel engine fueled with n-octanol/diesel blends containing 10% (OCT10), 20% (OCT20) and 30%(OCT30) by volume of n-octanol using a 3 × 3 full-factorial experimental design matrix that considers blend composition of n-octanol in diesel, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates of 10%, 15% and 20% and injection timings of 19°, 21° and 23° crank angle (CA) before top dead centre (bTDC) as factors. Models for oxides of nitrogen (NOx), smoke, brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were developed using response surface methodology (RSM) and were found to be significant statistically. The variation of EGR had a considerable effect on both BTE and BSFC of the engine followed by blend composition and injection timing. Best performance (BTE = 37.06%, BSFC = 0.23kg/kWh) was delivered by OCT10 at 10% EGR and 23°CA while the lowest performance (BTE = 30.95%, BSFC = 0.28kg/kWh) was by OCT30 at 20% EGR and 19°CA. Injection timing was found to have the highest effect on NOx emissions while EGR affected smoke opacity to the maximum. NOx was found to decrease from 1790 ppm (for OCT10 at 10% EGR and 23°CA) to as low as 410 ppm (for OCT30 at 20% EGR and 19°CA). Smoke opacity was found to decrease from 94.2% (for OCT10 at 20% EGR and 19°CA) to as low as 43% (for OCT30 at 10% EGR and 23°CA). Desirability approach was used to determine the best combination of blend composition of n-octanol, EGR and injection timing for minimising smoke, NOx and BSFC simultaneously. 17% by volume of n- octanol/diesel blend injected at 20° CA bTDC and 10% EGR was predicted to be optimum which delivered a simultaneous reduction of NOx (−47.4%), smoke (−21.08%) and BSFC (−8%) during confirmatory tests with a reasonable accuracy of within 4%. This method is robust and could be employed to other small engines for developing models that can predict engine characteristics with reasonable accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]