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Introduction: Pressure ulcers pose a significant challenge to the healthcare system. Nurses can contribute to reducing the frequency of pressure ulcers if they possess up-to-date knowledge in this area. The use of a reliable research tool to assess nurses' knowledge of pressure ulcer prevention and treatment provides opportunities to identify knowledge deficits in this area, leading to the implementation of evaluative actions. Aim of the research: Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Test (PZ-PUKT) in a group of nurses. Material and methods: The study included 82 nurses practicing in primary healthcare settings during postgraduate training sessions. The PZ-PUKT, developed by Pieper and Zulkowski in the 2021 version, was utilised. The test was translated into Polish by 2 independent translators and subsequently evaluated for content validity based on Polish and international guidelines (the Polish Wound Management Society (PTLR) and the National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAP)). Results: The level of knowledge among the participants was assessed as above average, with the accuracy of responses in the test exceeding 60%. The psychometric properties of the PZ-PUKT test were determined, and an analysis of item and internal consistency was conducted (Cronbach's α = 0.726). Conclusions: The PZ-PUKT questionnaire meets the basic norms regarding the consistency and quality of question construction. It is recommended that the PZ-PUKT questionnaire be used for assessing the knowledge of nursing students and practicing nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Pressure sores, a common consequence of long-term immobilisation, significantly burden healthcare systems, particularly in the context of an ageing population. Patients aged 65 and older are at a higher risk of developing challenging-to-heal wounds due to medical conditions such as diabetes, vascular disease, or malnutrition. This patient group is particularly at risk of developing pressure ulcers due to factors such as reduced mobility, residence in care facilities, poor hygiene, or ill-fitting medical supplies. With 2-4% of the healthcare budget allocated to chronic wound care in Poland, determining the effectiveness of medical interventions for preventing and caring for pressure ulcers is a significant healthcare challenge. This article reviews the scientific literature published between 2013 and 2023, focusing on dressings used in the treatment of pressure sores, with a focus on products used in the prevention and treatment of infections. The text below outlines the evolution of wound care strategies, highlighting recent advances, clinical outcomes, and emerging trends in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pressure injuries are a serious medical problem that both negatively affects the patient's quality of life and results in significant healthcare costs. In cases where a patient doesn’t receive appropriate treatment and care, death may result. Nurses play critical roles in the prevention, care, and treatment of pressure injuries as members of the healthcare team who closely monitor the health status of the patient. Today, the use of artificial intelligence is becoming more prevalent in healthcare, as in many other areas. Artificial intelligence is a method that aims to solve complex problems by using computers to mathematically simulate the way the brain works. In this article, we compile and share information about a deep learning model developed for the detection and classification of pressure injuries. Deep learning can operate on many types of data. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) prefer images because they can handle 2D arrays. In this case, the images, annotated according to the National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel pressure injury classification system, have been fed into a deep learning model using CNN. The developed CNN model has a 97% success in detecting and classifying pressure injuries, and as more images are collected and fed into the CNN, the prediction accuracy will increase. This deep learning model allows for the automatic detection and classification of pressure injuries, an indicator of health outcomes, at an early stage and for quick and accurate intervention. In this context, it is expected that the quality of nursing care will increase, the prevalence of pressure injury will decrease, and the economic burden of this health problem will decrease.

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Copyright of Polish Journal of Wound Management / Leczenie Ran is the property of Evereth Publishing Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Family Medicine Forum / Forum Medycyny Rodzinnej is the property of VM Medica-VM Group (Via Medica) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Health Problems of Civilization is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Journal of Wound Management / Leczenie Ran is the property of Evereth Publishing Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Journal of Wound Management / Leczenie Ran is the property of Evereth Publishing Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Journal of Wound Management / Leczenie Ran is the property of Evereth Publishing Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bee honey is characterized by the following properties: antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, alleviating pain, cleansing wounds from dead tissues, deodorizing, stimulating granulation, accelerating epithelization and enhancing the cicatrization process. Thanks to these beneficial properties, it has been used to treat infections, both topical and internal. In the form of compresses and dressings, it is used to treat wounds, burns, abscesses and ulcers. It is also very effective in the treatment of infections that cannot be treated with conventional preparations, including those caused by antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Good effects are obtained when honey treats burn wounds, decubitus sores, varicose veins of the shank and diabetic wounds. The advantages of this type of treatment include: ease of removal of dressings from the wound surface, lack of allergic reactions, better preparation of wounds for surgical operations and skin transplants, shorter hospitalization of patients and a much cheaper treatment process compared to antibiotic therapy. Honey is also successfully used to treat internal diseases, especially gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections. Good results are obtained in the treatment of gastroenteritis and cystic fibrosis. On this basis, it can be assumed that honey is a valuable drug that is successfully used in the therapy of topical and internal diseases, especially difficult to treat by classical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of the study: To evaluate the impact of selected factors on the risk of the development of pressure ulcers and their incidence in the perioperative period in patients treated with hip joint alloplasty. Material and methods: A total of 105 patients aged 42-90 years were qualified for proper studies according to the selection criteria. The patients underwent hip joint alloplasty. The method employed in the study was observing and estimating with the use of our own research protocol designed for the purposes of gathering information about the patients and their health conditions. This data was obtained from the medical records. The following clinical scales were used: ASA, Carpini, Waterlow, Torrance, and NPUAP. The differences between the variables were estimated using the 2 test of independence, Mann-Whitney test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The risk of pressure ulcers development, assessed by Waterlow score, concerned 41% of the entire grou The risk of pressure ulcer development in the postoperative period was determined according to the Waterlow scale and concerned all the patients. The postoperative examination confirmed stage I/II pressure ulcers in 32.4% of the patients. Conclusions: The surgery procedure and the waiting time determine the risk of development of pressure ulcers and their location. Pressure ulcers were more common in patients who had undergone urgent surgery due to injury and in patients operated two days or more following admission than in patients who had planned surgery and waited no longer than a day for the operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radzimińska Agnieszka, Stettler Dorota, Weber-Rajek Magdalena, Zimmermann Agnieszka Anna, Sowała Krzysztof, Goch Aleksander, Zukow Walery. Metody fizykalne w terapii odleżyn = Physical methods for the treatment of bedsores. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(4):405-414. ISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.38244 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%284%29%3A405-414 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/685685 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 25.03.2015. Revised 05.04.2015. Accepted: 26.04.2015. Metody fizykalne w terapii odleżyn Physical methods for the treatment of bedsores Agnieszka Radzimińska1, Dorota Stettler2, Magdalena Weber-Rajek1, Agnieszka Anna Zimmermann3, Krzysztof Sowała4, Aleksander Goch1, Walery Zukow5 • 1. Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy, Katedra Fizjoterapii, Bydgoszcz, Polska • 2. Bydgoska Szkoła Wyższa, Bydgoszcz, Polska • 3. Wyższa Szkoła Gospodarki, Bydgoszcz, Polska • 4. Szpital Polski, Sztum, Polska • 5. Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy, Bydgoszcz, Polska Adres do korespondencji: dr n. med. Agnieszka Radzimińska Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu Collegium Medicum im. Ludwika Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy Katedra Fizjoterapii ul. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz e-mail: agnieszka.radziminska@gmail.com Streszczenie Odleżyny (obok zakażeń szpitalnych) to najpoważniejsze powikłania występujące u pacjentów hospitalizowanych. Od lat poszukuje się najskuteczniejszych metod leczenia zachowawczego odleżyn. Wśród tych metod należy zwrócić uwagę na metody leczenia fizykalnego, a wśród nich: fototerapię, elektroterapię, magnetoterapię i sonoterapię. Summary Pressure ulcers (next to nosocomial infections) are the most serious complications occurring in hospitalized patients. For years he sought the most effective methods of conservative treatment of pressure ulcers. Among these methods, you must pay attention to the methods of physical treatment, among them: phototherapy, electrotherapy, magnetic fields and sonotherapy. Słowa kluczowe: metody fizykalne; terapia; odleżyny. Keywords: physical methods; therapy; bedsores.

Copyright of Polish Journal of Wound Management / Leczenie Ran is the property of Evereth Publishing Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim of the study: The aim of this work was the identification of chosen bedsores risk factors among patients in whom bedsores developed during hospitalisation. Material and methods: The tests were carried in four chosen hospital wards. The tested group constituted of 95 patients among whom bedsores developed during hospitalisation, and 683 patients from the risk group among whom bedsores did not develop. The analysis underwent registers of all patients endangered with bedsore development and their medical documentation. The criterion for introducing to the test were: bedsore development risk in the Norton scale, bedsores developed during hospitalisation, and an observation period of at least five days. Results: Among patients with bedsores there were significantly more people with hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, arteriosclerosis, limited movement condition, higher temperature, and oedema (p < 0.05). Among constant variables the significant factors protecting from bedsore development were higher concentration of protein and haemoglobin. In terms of physical and mental state, mobility, and total Norton scale points, patients with bedsores that developed during hospitalisation achieved significantly lower results (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Occurrence of concurrent diseases (hypertension, diabetes, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and symptoms connected with health state (higher temperature, oedema, limited movement) significantly influenced bedsore development among patients during hospitalisation. Low laboratory parameter values (protein and haemoglobin concentration) are risk factors for bedsore development. The risk of bedsore development decreases with the increase of point parameter values assessed in the Norton scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper pressure ulcer prophylaxis reduces the occurrence of bed sores in patients with impaired overall health status. Circulatory and respiratory failure associated with patients hospitalized at the intensive care units (ICU) significantly increases the risk of pressure ulcers. Nursing care, the use of appropriate skincare products and mattresses or the way patients are fed, can dramatically reduce the number of pressure ulcers in ICU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Medical Rehabilitation / Rehabilitacja Medyczna is the property of Medical Rehabilitation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Journal of Wound Management / Leczenie Ran is the property of Evereth Publishing Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the past two decades, the incidence of pressure ulcers has dramatically increased, and health care workers have dif- ficulties in providing effective preventive and curative measures, especially in the case of elderly, chronically and terminally ill patients. Currently, medical care emphasises the use of "evidence-based practice." Both in Poland and throughout the world, care guidelines are being elaborated. All of them emphasise the importance of identifying patients who are at risk of development of pressure ulcers and placing them under comprehensive prevention. The literature lists over 100 different risk factors for developing pressure sores. Diagnosis of a patient who is at risk of pressure ulcers should be based primarily on the SIA independent predictors specified on the basis of surveys of the literature and meta-analyses. In this paper, selected risk factors and recommendations for comprehensive care of patients at risk and with bedsores have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chrzan Elżbieta, Chrzan Paweł, Zukow Walery, Napierała Marek, Eksterowicz Jerzy. Rola pielęgniarki w profilaktyce i leczeniu odleżyn = The role of the nurse in the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(12):123-170. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.192461 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4041 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 02.11.2016. Revised 22.11.2016. Accepted: 03.12.2016. Rola pielęgniarki w profilaktyce i leczeniu odleżyn The role of the nurse in the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers Elżbieta Chrzan1, Paweł Chrzan1, Walery Zukow2, Marek Napierała2, Jerzy Eksterowicz2 1Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Radomska Szkoła Wyższa, Radom, Polska 2Wydział Kultury Fizycznej, Zdrowia i Turystyki, Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego, Bydgoszcz, Polska Słowa kluczowe: rola pielęgniarki, odleżyny, regresja. Key words: the role of nurses, bed sores, regression. Streszczenie Profilaktyka i leczenie odleżyn stanowią niezmiernie istotny problem w opiece pielęgniarskiej. Odleżyny są powodem dodatkowych komplikacji zdrowotnych pacjenta, są źródłem bólu i cierpienia, a także często kłopotów finansowych. Celem niniejszej pracy jest rozpoznanie roli, jaką pełni pielęgniarka w zapobieganiu i leczeniu odleżyn i odpowiedź na postawione pytania problemowe: • Problem główny: Jakie znaczenie ma opieka pielęgniarska w profilaktyce i leczeniu odleżyn? • Problemy szczegółowe: • Jaki zakres czynności prewencyjnych może podjąć pielęgniarka w zakresie zapobiegania odleżynom? • Jaką rolę pełni pielęgniarka w leczeniu odleżyn? • Czy płeć, wiek i rozpoznanie mają znaczenie w leczeniu odleżyn? • Czy długość pobytu pacjenta w szpitalu ma wpływ na postępy w leczeniu odleżyn? • Co wnosi standaryzacja profilaktyki przeciwodleżynowej w opiece stacjonarnej? W odpowiedzi na powyższe pytania przyjęłam następujące hipotezy: • Hipoteza główna: Pielęgniarka pełni wiodącą rolę w profilaktyce przeciw odleżynowej i leczeniu odleżyn. • Hipotezy szczegółowe: • Rzetelna na wysokim poziomie opieka pielęgniarska skutecznie zapobiega wystąpieniu u chorych odleżyn. • Pielęgniarka ma znaczący wpływ na efekty terapeutyczne w procesie leczenia odleżyn. • Wiek, płeć i rozpoznanie u pacjenta są zmiennymi, mającymi istotny wpływ na leczenie odleżyn. • Długość hospitalizacji, rozumiana jako czas specjalistycznego, kompleksowego, indywidualnego i wielostronnego leczenia odleżyn, ma korzystny wpływ na postępy w leczeniu odleżyn. • Standaryzacja opieki pielęgniarskiej w zakresie profilaktyki i leczenia odleżyn podnosi jakość świadczonych usług medycznych. W pracy zastosowano 3 metody: metodę analizy literatury medycznej oraz metodę analizy dokumentów medycznych, tj. zbiorczej karty profilaktyki odleżynowej, prowadzonej na Oddziale Medycyny Paliatywnej w Szpitalu Specjalistycznym w Puławach w roku 2010. W analizie statystycznej ujęto 124 pacjentów zagrożonych odleżynami. Główną metoda badawcza zastosowano Metodę Wnioskowania statystycznego, model regresji liniowej wielokrotnej. W podsumowaniu końcowym dokonano weryfikacji hipotez. Wszystkie hipotezy są prawdziwe z wyjątkiem hipotezy 3. Wiek i płeć są zmiennymi, które nie mają wpływu na leczenie odleżyn, zaś zmienna rozpoznanie jest statystycznie istotna. We wnioskach końcowych ustalono, że: • Pielęgniarki doskonale realizują proces pielęgnowania w zakresie profilaktyki i leczenia odleżyn. • Wprowadzenie standardów profilaktyki przeciwodleżynowej przynosi znaczną poprawę jakości świadczonych usług medycznych. • Monitorowanie profilaktyki przeciwodleżynowej w postaci rzetelnie prowadzonej dokumentacji zabezpiecza pielęgniarki przed skutkami roszczeń pacjentów. • Ogólnie przyjęte zasady leczenia odleżyn przynoszą coraz lepsze wyniki terapeutyczne. • Programy profilaktyki i leczenia odleżyn powinny być wdrażane we wszystkich szpitalach, zakładach opiekuńczo-leczniczych i domach opieki. • Konieczne jest wprowadzenie kompleksowej edukacji przeciwodleżynowej w środowisku rodzinnym pacjenta, gdyż większość odleżyn powstaje w domu chorego. • Świadomość ponoszonych kosztów leczenia odleżyn powinna skłonić menadżerów służby zdrowia do zwiększenia środków finansowych na prewencję odleżyn i ich leczenie według najnowszych osiągnięć nauki. • Wyraźnie brakuje w literaturze naukowej pielęgniarskich prac empirycznych z zakresu problematyki i leczenia odleżyn, które pozwoliłyby na weryfikację skuteczności sposobów i metod postępowania w praktyce zawodowej. Summary Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers are extremely significant problem in nursing care. Bed sores are a source of additional health complications of the patient, are a source of pain and suffering, as well as common financial problems. The purpose of this work is to identify the role played by the nurse in the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers and the response to the questions of concern: the root Problem: the importance of nursing care in the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers? Specific problems: what range of preventive activities may take a nurse in preventing pressure ulcers? What is the role of the nurse in the treatment of pressure ulcers? Whether gender, age and diagnosis are important in the treatment of pressure ulcers? Whether the patient's length of stay in hospital has an impact on the progress in the treatment of pressure ulcers? What brings standardization against bed sores stationary care prevention? In response to the above questions it took the following hypothesis: Hypothesis: Nurse full leading role in in prevention against bed sores. and treatment of pressure ulcers. Hypothesis: Sound at a high level of nursing care effectively prevents patients with pressure ulcers. Nurse has a significant impact on therapeutic effects in the process of treatment of pressure ulcers. Age, sex and diagnosis of the patient are variables, which have a significant impact on the treatment of pressure ulcers. Duration of hospitalization, understood as a time of specialized, comprehensive, individual and multilateral treatment of pressure ulcers, has a beneficial effect on progress in the treatment of pressure ulcers. Standardization of nursing care in prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers raises the quality of medical services. In the work uses 3 methods: method medical literature analysis and method of analysis of medical documents. cumulative bed sores prevention card, conducted in palliative medicine in a Hospital Specialized in Puławy in 2010. In the statistical analysis included 124 patients at risk of pressure ulcer. The main test method uses a method of statistical inference, multiple linear regression model. In summary, the final was made the verification of hypotheses. All hypotheses are true except for hypothesis 3. Age and gender are variables, which do not affect the treatment of pressure ulcers, and diagnosis of variable is statistically significant. In the conclusions it was found that: Nurse perfectly carry out the process of nurture in the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers. The introduction of the standards of prevention against bed sores brings a significant improvement in the quality of medical services. Monitoring the prevention against bed sores in the form of fairly conducted documentation protects nurses against the claims of patients. Generally accepted rules for the treatment of pressure ulcers to bring you more and better therapeutic results. Prevention programs and treatment of pressure ulcers should be implemented in all educational establishments, hospitals and nursing homes. It is necessary to introduce a comprehensive education against bed sores in the family environment of the patient, as most pressure ulcers arise in the House. Awareness of the costs of treatment of pressure ulcers should prompt health care managers to increase financial resources for prevention of pressure ulcers and their treatment according to the latest scientific advances. Clearly missing in the scientific literature of empirical work nursing from the scope of the problems and treatment of pressure ulcers, that would allow for the verification of the effectiveness of ways and practices in professional practice.

The incidence of wounds including pressure ulcers before his death is largely unknown, but is estimated to be wound appear in at least one-third of patients in hospice. Healthcare providers need to help the patient in the end of life, in whom pressure ulcers appeared and decide what action need to be taken. Is the main goal is to be intensified preventive and curative measures that focus on the healing of pressure ulcers or taking the patient palliative care. It is important to consider that the approach of palliative care does not negate the possibility of a cure pressure ulcers before his death. However, there are several differences between the general principles of prevention and treatment in palliative care and the optimal treatment plan pressure ulcers. For example, in palliative care, above all, it is important to take care, symptoms control and improve quality of life of the patient. Any action to prevent the formation of pressure ulcers should be tailored to the individual abilities of the patient, eg. the tolerance being in the position used. It is important to avoid skin exposure to wound exudate. Also the use of proper dressings in order to reduce the number of potentially painful replacement. In palliative care, risk factors for the development of pressure ulcers typically involve limited mobility and physical activity in patients. They represent a serious challenge for the staff, but above all they are very stressful for the patient. The terminally ill patient with a pressure ulcer covered by palliative care should be so cherish and treat to minimize pain and odor and pay particular attention to the dignity of the patient and their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) is a term that was introduced in order to identify skin lesions, caused by prolonged exposure to urine and feces on the skin. Such changes in the skin are common in hospitalized patients. On the other hand, this problem is rarely presented in the Polish medical publications. Very often this type of dermatitis is confused by doctors and nurses with pressure ulcer. That is why it is important to be able to assess, properly diagnose and distinguish IAD from pressure ulcers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of this study is to assess the nurses' knowledge in the field of pressure ulcers prevention and treatment, while taking into consideration level of their qualifications. Material and methods: The study consisted of 400 nurses participating in postgraduate training organized by OKPPiP in the Podkarpackie, Małopolskie and Mazowieckie vivoidships. Calculations were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20. The reliability of the scales was rated using α Cronbach coefficient, and the verification of differences between variables were performed using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The level of significance α = 0.05 (p < 0.05). Results: A "Wounds treatment" specialist course was completed by 31.8% of respondents. Respondents' knowledge, concerning the treatment of chronic wounds, assessed on a 0-10 scale amounted to an average of 5.85 point. Nurses with higher education, who have completed the "Wounds treatment" course received significantly higher scores (p = 0.0351) compared to the group with secondary education (p = 0.0317). The general level of knowledge about bedsores among the respondents was 24.40 ±6.72, with a range-point scale from 0 to 49 points. Conclusions: The studied group present unsatisfactory level of knowledge about wounds' prevention and treatment in relation to the PTLR recommendations. Completing the "Wound treatment" course had a significant impact on the level of knowledge respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses how important is the mobility of the patient, the programme of early start in five steps, and how to improve the quality of the life of a patient who had the early start. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Present scientific research indicates that the occurrence of decubitus ulcers among hospitalized patients is still a great medical problem, which has the influence on both, the quality and cost of medical care. In Poland, for years, some actions have been taken within the scope of decubitus ulcers' prevention and modern methods of their treatment. The effectiveness of those activities can be influenced by early diagnosis of the risk o of occurrence of decubitus ulcers. Research aim. The aim of the research was the assessment of risk and occurrence of decubitus ulcers in the group of patients accepted for hospital treatment on conservative wards. Material and method. The research comprised of 10,507 patients on admission day for treatment to the following wards: Allergology, Gastroenterology, Geriatrics, Cardiology, Neurology, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation. In order to collect data the following methods were used:analysis of medical records, Norton scale for assessment of decubitus ulcers' risk and Torrance scale for assessment of ulcer's degree. Data analysis was conducted on the basis of program "Statistica - version 8". Results. The risk of decubitus ulcers development was observed in 12% of all the patients admitted for treatment. It was the highest among patients admitted to Rehabilitation Ward (50%) and Neurology Ward (34%). Occurrence of decubitus ulcers was confirmed among 7% of all the examined patients, including above 3% of II/2nd degree. The highest percentage (27%) of decubitus ulcers was confirmed among the patients accepted to Rehabilitation Ward. Conclusions. Diagnosing occurrence of decubitus ulcers at admittance to hospital and proper assessment of the risk of their occurrence allows for implementation of appropriate prophylactic procedures and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is a therapeutic technique using a vacuum dressing to promote healing in acute or chronic wounds. In this article and an illustrative case series, author introduce this method for bedsores treatment at the home hospice. It shows, that NPWT may be valuable and possible cure at patient's house. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Journal of Wound Management / Leczenie Ran is the property of Evereth Publishing Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Journal of Wound Management / Leczenie Ran is the property of Evereth Publishing Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Journal of Wound Management / Leczenie Ran is the property of Evereth Publishing Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bedsores are a common complication occurring in chronically and terminally ill people. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of some risk factors on bedsores formation in the patients of Palliative Care Unit on the basis of the analysis of Standard of Bedsores Prevention and Treatment documentation. Data analysis was carried out on the basis of the questionnaire comprising information from case histories of 100 consecutively admitted patients. To analyse the risk of bedsores formation Waterlow scale was used. The study results were subjected to statistical analysis with the use of U Mann- Whitney test. Spearman's coefficient of correlation was also measured. Among 10 assessed factors having the impact on the occurrence of the risk of bedsores in the group of patients with new bedsores the most common were: lowered motor activity (11 patients), improper skin condition (11 patients), urinary and fecal incontinence (9 patients), and undertreated pain and/ or dyspnoea (9 patients). None of the factors were gender-dependent. Significant positive correlation between age and bedsores was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]