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Copyright of Journal of Petroleum Research & Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The most commonly used method for measuring the density of liquids is based on Archimedes' law. Lubricating oil generally has a defined density standard to show the quality of the oil. The purpose of this study is to determine oil density simply by applying Archimedes' law. This research was conducted in three steps. First, the measurement of the empty pycnometer. Second, the measurement of the pycnometer mass containing distilled water and oil. Third, measurement of copper mass in the medium of air, distilled water and oil. From the results of measurements and calculations, the obtained density of distilled water is (0.995 ± 3,582 x 10-4) gr/cm3 whose value is very close to the value of 1 gr/cm3 so that the distilled water used in this study is suitable as a reference/standard in finding volume copper; oil density is (0.868 ± 2.14 x 10-3) gr/cm3 whose value is very close to the value of oil density measured and calculated with a pycnometer of (0.875 ± 4.637 x 10-4) gr/cm3.

The separation of oil and water is an important technology for solving a wide range of water‐related problems such as purification of industrial wastewater. Herein, the fabrication of an extremely thin oil–water separation membrane is reported by precisely controlling the wettability of a honeycomb (HC) porous membrane. The developed membrane can easily separate water and oil by gravity and capillary force. The method of wettability control by UV–O3 treatment and the resultant change in the separated liquid are discussed. Amphiphilic perforated HC films with controlled wettability can be used in membranes that can separate different liquids according to their densities when the initial liquid added to the surface of the HC film is changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was carried out on tractors type KOTI model 2013 belongs to North Oil Company/Kirkuk to study the effect of operating time at several levels: 100, 500, 1000, 10000 and 15000 hours of work in some hydraulic oil properties In the tractors. These properties included: oil density, kinetic viscosity, viscosity index, water content for oil, flash point, volumetric ratio of sediment, ratio of solids - ash content, spill point, acidity. The data were analyzed using CRD design with 3 replicates for all time factor levels. The results showed that the hydraulic oil density decreased by increasing working hours and reached 0.834 g/cm3 at 15000 working hours. The less kinetic density of hydraulic oil SWE20 Appeared at 100 Co, as started to collapse gradually by increasing working hours until it reached a minimum level for it 4.92 cts at 15000 Hour, while the least viscosity index reached to 121 at 15000 hours of work despite its declining, The moisture content was nil ppm, which is the best ratio of oils used to lubricate the hydraulic system. The increasing of working hours showed stability in the flash point at 170 Co for the oil, The results indicated an increase in the percentage of sediment by increasing working hours by 0.079% at 15000 working hours, The ratio of solids and ash content increased with increasing working hours which is reached 0.328% at 15,000 hours. The results showed that the oil doesn't affected by increasing working hours and kept its spillage values low and stable at extent –30 Co. While the acidity increased by increasing working hours and the minimum value for acidity reached to 1.78 mg KOH/g oil at 100 working hours, In addition, the machines that works permanently within gas pollution zones led to increase the acidity in hydraulic oil and that affected to the all of the properties of hydraulic oil..

It should be noted that in recent years, solutions with liquid components have a very wide distribution in the art and are used in many industrial processes, heat exchanging devices. They are also used as the working fluid, fuels, oxidizers, reducing agents, protective devices, cooling and heating media, solvents, propellants, surfactants and other functional substances and materials used in all industries. Therefore, we experimentally investigated the density of sunflower oil depending on the concentration of n-hexane in the temperature range from 293-539,2 and To a pressure 0,101-9.81 MPa. To measure the density of solutions of the sunflower oil + n-hexane used method of hydrostatic weighing and thermal conductivity by a cylindrical bikalorimetr regular thermal regime.

Copyright of Kirkuk University Journal for Scientific Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Depth of reservoirs of Hungarian oil fields and related oil density data were collected from the database of the Hungarian Mineral Resource Inventory. The purpose of the investigation was to point out the correlation between oil density and reservoir depth in some of the Hungarian hydrocarbon productive regions. Oil density related to reservoir depth in a particular area is generally linked to the migration mechanism. Zala Basin trends show a different migration process regionally and locally; tertiary migration by overflow mechanism can be supposed for the latter case. In the case of the Szeged-Kiskunság region, locally and regionally, migration along carrier beds through semipermeable sediments is present, with faults playing a significant role. In the Nagykunság region, the migration processes are similar to those in Zala, but the presence of faults seems more important. At depths below 2,000 m, the Bihar region trends are similar to those of the Szeged-Kiskunság region. In the shallower zone, hydrodynamic effects are recognizable. In two studied regions, the Battonya-Pusztaföldvár High and the Hungarian Paleogene Basin, the density of crude oil data does not show any significant variability and trend. Biodegradation and water washing were recognizable in the depth sections shallower than 2,000 m below surface. In karstic reservoirs of the Zala Basin (Nagylengyel, Sávoly), alteration is presumed at greater depths due to the karst water flow. The presented results show several trends of oil migration in the explored areas, which can be used for future estimation of the hydrocarbon potential in the Hungarian part of the Pannonian Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the oil production also involves the production of water, gas and suspended solids, which are separated from the oil on three-phase separators. However, the control strategies of an oil separator are limited due to unavailability of suitable multi-interface level sensors. This paper presents a description of the multi-phase level problem on the oil industry and a review of the current technologies for multi-interface level assessment. Since optical fiber sensors present chemical stability, intrinsic safety, electromagnetic immunity, lightweight and multiplexing capabilities, it can be an alternative for multi-interface level measurement that can overcome some of the limitations of the current technologies. For this reason, Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) based optical fiber sensor system for multi-interface level assessment is proposed, simulated and experimentally assessed. The results show that the proposed sensor system is capable of measuring interface level with a relative error of only 2.38%. Furthermore, the proposed sensor system is also capable of measuring the oil density with an error of 0.8 kg/m 3 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shale oil generated by the lower member of the Lucaogou Formation, which was deposited under saline lacustrine conditions within the Jimusaer Sag of the Junggar Basin (NW China), is generally characterized by high density and viscosity. However, a strong spatial heterogeneity of physical properties is observed as well. In this paper, these spatial variations and their controlling mechanisms are evaluated from the perspective of the primary depositional environment, source rock thermal evolution and fractionation effects of primary migration. Based on a detailed organic petrological and geochemical characterization of the target interval within the key well JHBE, hydrous pyrolysis experiments conducted on representative source rock samples from well JHBE, as well as established methods of oil-source correlation subjected to oil samples from several regionally distributed producing shale oil wells, a predictive model of density and viscosity changes of crude oil was established. According to the findings of this study, the thermal evolution and sedimentary environment of source rocks are the main factors affecting the quality of crude oil, and the fractionation effect of primary migration has little effect. Crude oil density and viscosity at first increase up to peak oil maturity, followed by a decrease with further increasing thermal evolution of the source rock. Furthermore, if the source rocks experienced similar thermal histories, it was discovered that relatively low density and corresponding viscosity values are characteristic for crudes from source rocks which were formed in a relatively high salinity environment. In contrast, hydrocarbon generation of source rocks formed under relatively low salinity environments is slightly retarded in direct comparison, and the density and viscosity of the generated crude oil are both relatively high. This highlights that a detailed organic petrographical and geochemical evaluation of the target formation is crucial for the assessment of shale oil potential and production sweet spots in alginite-dominated lacustrine sedimentary environments. • Oil-source correlation of the lower member in the Lucaogou Formation are conducted. • Crude oil density and viscosity control by thermal evolution are discussed from a new sight. • The higher salinity is, the lower density of crude oil is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to investigate the oil potential of peanuts for domestic and commercial uses. Peanut oil yield and the physico-chemical properties of extracted oil were investigated on different temperatures (50, 55, 60 and 65 °C) and sun drying. Results showed maximum oil yield of 47.2 % at sun drying and lowest values of 37.0 % at 65 °C. Highest and lowest acid values are 25.52 and 5.89 mg/KOH/g at 60 °C and 50 °C respectively. The Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content were obtained 12.76 and 2.94 mg/g at 60 °C and 50 °C, while saponification values were 61.71 and 32.25 mg/KOH/g at 60 °C and 50 °C respectively. The highest Peroxide value of 92 mg/KOH/g was recorded at 55 °C which dropped to 43.4 mg/KOH/g at 65 °C. Refractive index (RI) and density were not changed significantly (p≤0.05) on all temperatures, while pH was somewhat higher on 50 °C. The moisture content was found lowest up to 3.0 % on 65 °C while highest was 5 % on 50 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Evaluate the existing density and viscosity correlations. [•] Conducting PVT analysis at reservoir conditions. [•] Measuring oil density and viscosity at different reservoir conditions. [•] Develop new empirical correlations. [•] Test accuracy of developed correlations by statistical and graphical error means. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Ordovician is the most important exploration target in the Tabei Uplift of the Tarim Basin, which contains a range of petroleum types including solid bitumen, heavy oil, light oil, condensate, wet gas and dry gas. The density of the black oils ranges from 0.81 g/cm3 to 1.01 g/cm3 (20 °C) and gas oil ratio (GOR) ranges from 4 m3/m3 to 9300 m3/m3. Oil-source correlations established that most of the oils were derived from the Mid-Upper Ordovician marine shale and carbonate and that the difference in oil properties is mainly attributed to hydrocarbon alteration and multi-stage accumulation. In the Tabei Uplift, there were three main periods of hydrocarbon accumulation in the late Caledonian stage (ca. 450–430 Ma), late Hercynian stage (ca. 293–255 Ma) and the late Himalayan stage (ca. 12–2 Ma). The oil charging events mainly occurred in the late Caledonian and late Hercynian stage, while gas charging occurred in the late Hercynian stage. During the late Caledonian stage, petroleum charged the reservoirs lying east of the uplift. However, due to a crustal uplifting episode in the early Hercynian (ca. 386–372 Ma), most of the hydrocarbons were transformed by processes such as biodegradation, resulting in residual solid bitumen in the fractures of the reservoirs. During the late Hercynian Stage, a major episode of oil charging into Ordovician reservoirs took place. Subsequent crustal uplift and severe alteration by biodegradation in the west-central Basin resulted in heavy oil formation. Since the late Himalayan stage when rapid subsidence of the crust occurred, the oil residing in reservoirs was exposed to high temperature cracking conditions resulting in the production of gas and charged from the southeast further altering the pre-existing oils in the eastern reservoirs. A suite of representative samples of various crude oils including condensates, lights oils and heavy oils have been collected for detailed analysis to investigate the mechanism of formation. Based on the research it was concluded that the diversity of hydrocarbon physical and chemical properties in the Tabei Uplift was mainly attributable to the processes of biodegradation and gas washing. The understanding of the processes is very helpful to predict the spatial distribution of hydrocarbon in the Tabei Uplift and provides a reference case study for other areas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An accurate evaluation of fluid density and bulk modulus is essential for predicting the operation of hydraulic systems and components. Among the models reported in literature to describe fluid properties, of particular success in the fluid power field are the continuous methods that assume the gas and liquid phases to be the same fluid. However, these models are typically based on steady-state equilibrium relations and, consequently, they fail in correctly predicting the dynamic features of both air release and air absorption processes. These phenomena are particularly important for machines based on open-system hydraulic circuits, in which a significant part of the system can operate with a fluid below the saturation pressure. This paper addresses this topic by proposing a novel approach suitable to describe the dynamic features of both vaporization and air release processes. The approach is based on simplified transport equations to evaluate the phase change rate amt the air release/dissolve rate. These transport equation are obtained from the well-known theoretical "full cavitation model" previously developed for computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Specific tests were performed to validate particularly as concerns the air release/absorption features using a standard ISO32 mineral oil. Comparisons between model predictions and measurement data are presented for compression/decompression cycles as concerns transient fluid density and bulk modulus, and a good agreement between the two trends is found, showing the potentials of the new approach to describe typical cavitation phenomena in hydraulic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing methods of measurement of the density of a flow of petroleum traveling through an oil pipeline are analyzed. An information measurement system that enables real-time measurement of the density of a control flow and introduction of corrections into the result of measurements of flow rate are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Density and viscosity data as a function of temperature (5-100 °C) were collected for oils (normal and high-oleic) from nine cultivars of peanut. Density decreased linearly (R² ≥ 0.99) with increasing temperature for all oils, whereas viscosity (dynamic or kinematic) decreased exponentially with increasing temperature. At any particular temperature, dynamic viscosity increased linearly (R² ≥ 0.95) with decreasing oil density among the various oils. Slopes of the linear fits (with units of kinematic viscosity) for dynamic viscosity versus density plots decreased in an exponential fashion as the measurement temperature decreased. High-oleic oils had both the lowest densities and highest viscosities, with viscosity differences being most apparent at cooler temperatures. Increasing contents of oleic acid, decreasing contents of linoleic acid, and decreasing contents of palmitic acid were each associated with decreased density and increased viscosity among the oils. Two of the three high-oleic oils had the significantly (p<0.05) highest content of total tocopherols, while the other high-oleic oil was statistically grouped with the oils having the 2nd highest total tocopherol content. This suggests a link between increased total tocopherols and high-oleic peanut oils; however, no obvious linear correlations were observed in tocopherol content and oil physical properties (density or viscosity). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study methane generation yields from different types of crude oil within reservoirs and from residual bitumen within source rocks during thermal cracking process and to determine natural gas genetic types，pyrolysis experimental results in closed gold tube system have been systematically evaluated in the present study. Correlation between methane yields and heating temperatures has been established. Physical properties of crude oil exert critical influence on gas generation temperature and potential. Initial temperatures of gas generation from heavy oil and bitumen are lower than these from light oil and normal oil. In the early stage of oil cracking，methane yield from heavy oil is higher than that from normal oil and light oil. In the main oil cracking stage，methane yield from light oil exceeds normal oil and heavy oil rapidly and becomes the major contributor to gas inventory. Such difference is caused by their chemical compositions.Heavy oil is rich in resins and asphaltenes which have low activation energies so that its cracking to gas is easy，while its low methane yield is controlled by low H/C ratio. Light oil is rich in saturated hydrocarbons which have high activation energies so that its cracking to gas is difficult and starts at Easy% RO=1.5%，whereas its high methane yield is governed by high H/C ratio. The cracking of kerogen and residual bitumen within source rocks share some similarity as crude oils. Methane yield is controlled by H/C ratios with an order of Ⅰ>Ⅱ>Ⅲ in all situations. The chemical compositions of residual bitumen are similar to heavy oil，which is prone to crack at relatively low temperature due to lower activation energy. Meanwhile，clay minerals in source rocks can take a rule as catalyst，which can further facilitate thermal cracking process.Simulation results suggest that thermal cracking of residual bitumen starts at Easy% RO=1.0%. Such difference has significant impact on gas genetic type determination and resource potential evaluation in over matured petroleum systems like Sichuan Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No presente trabalho, faz-se uma análise metrológica das incertezas associadas às medições da densidade de óleo de cozinha por dois métodos distintos, a saber, o de medição direta (razão massa-volume) e o método de tubo em U. A idéia é ajudar o professor na montagem de experimentos de baixo custo. Em relação ao método de medição utilizando um tubo em U, melhorias são propostas com a substituição do tubo de vidro por um tubo transparente flexível e de baixo custo. Os autores definem o fator de vantagem de um experimento, Fv, como sendo o produto da incerteza da grandeza física (δ) pelo seu custo (C), que pode ser utilizado como um critério para decidir o impasse entre a qualidade dos resultados obtidos e o custo de um determinado experimento.