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Transporting viscous oils through pipelines is usually challenging due to their very high viscosity. Significant friction reduction in the transportation of viscous oils through pipelines using an ecologically friendly way is the most appealing feature of the core annular Flow (CAF) technique. An experimental study has been conducted to investigate the flow patterns and pressure gradient of viscous oil-water two-phase flow in a horizontal acrylic pipe with a 50 mm inner diameter. The test section was equipped with a fluid lubrication injector element to artificially provide CAF. The pressure gradient measurements were focused on the CAF pattern. The prediction models of the CAF pressure gradient were reviewed and evaluated. An empirical prediction model of CAF pressure gradient was developed, relying on both the present and previously published experimental results. The flow patterns were classified into five patterns. It was observed that the CAF occupied a large region in the constructed flow pattern map and its frictional pressure gradient closely resembles that of water flowing alone. It was found that the developed empirical model provided quite good predictions of the experimental pressure gradients and significantly outperformed the original model. The reviewed prediction models in this area for CAF either overpredicted or underpredicted the experimental pressure gradients. Some of these models considered the extensive effect of viscous oil adhered to the inner wall of the pipe, while others neglected the effect entirely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The petroleum sector is essential to supplying the world's energy demand, but it also involves numerous environmental problems, such as soil pollution and oil spills. The review explores biosurfactants' potential as a new tool for the petroleum sector. Comparing biosurfactants to their chemical equivalents reveals several advantages. They are ecologically sustainable solutions since they are renewable, nontoxic, and biodegradable. Biosurfactants are used in a variety of ways in the petroleum sector. They can improve the mobilization and extraction of trapped hydrocarbons during oil recovery procedures. By encouraging the dispersion and solubilization of hydrocarbons, biosurfactants also assist in the cleanup of oil spills and polluted locations by accelerating their breakdown by local microorganisms. The review gives insights into alternative methods for the petroleum industry that are more viable and cost-effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The petroleum sector is essential to supplying the world’s energy demand, but it also involves numerous environmental problems, such as soil pollution and oil spills. The review explores biosurfactants’ potential as a new tool for the petroleum sector. Comparing biosurfactants to their chemical equivalents reveals several advantages. They are ecologically sustainable solutions since they are renewable, nontoxic, and biodegradable. Biosurfactants are used in a variety of ways in the petroleum sector. They can improve the mobilization and extraction of trapped hydrocarbons during oil recovery procedures. By encouraging the dispersion and solubilization of hydrocarbons, biosurfactants also assist in the cleanup of oil spills and polluted locations by accelerating their breakdown by local microorganisms. The review gives insights into alternative methods for the petroleum industry that are more viable and cost-effective.

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• The GO-PA coating has been demonstrated for the first time to inhibit wax. • Superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic property was achieved via GO-PA coating on carbon steel surface. • Optimised GO-PA carbon steel surface showed up to 89.5 % enhancement in oil passing speed in pipe transportation. • Wax inhibition efficiency of 95.8% was achieved with the optimised GO-PA carbon steel surface. • Mechanical and chemical stable GO-based coating was achieved via one-step low-cost approach. Wax deposition in pipelines is a global issue during the production and transportation of oil. Recently, superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic coatings have garnered much attention due to their wax inhibition potential based on water film theory. Herein, carbon steel (CS) substrates were made superhydrophilic by coating phytic acid (PA) functionalised graphene oxide (GO) materials prepared by very simple process. The superhydrophilic GO-PA coatings induced the formation of a hydration layer on the surface, thus inherently showing underwater superoleophobic properties in a water-contained waxy oil system. The optimised GO-PA/CS surface possessed a water contact angle of nearly 0° and an underwater oil contact angle of ∼ 160°. This coating demonstrated up to 89.5 % enhancement in oil passing speed during the oil transportation test. This enhancement is particularly significant for reducing wax deposition in laminar and transitional flow regimes. Moreover, in the cold-finger wax deposition tests, a wax inhibition efficiency of 95.8 % was achieved with the optimised GO-PA/CS surface in the laminar flow regime. Therefore, this research provides insights into a mechanically and chemically stable GO-based coating achieved via a facile one-step functionalisation, which has not been previously reported in the literature for applications in waxy oil transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to increase the efficiency of implementing the emergency response measures, the emergency response plan drawing up, revision and implementation at oil production enterprises, it is expedient to use an analogue of the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, which generates an interactive mode that allows interaction with the person in charge for localizing and eliminating the consequences of accidents that negatively affect, inter alia, the environmental situation. The SCADA system was developed on the basis of the approved document “Emergency Response Plan” and provides for data exchange with the automated systems of the enterprise to form a complete description of the situation for the person in charge for localizing and eliminating the consequences of accidents. The automated system application software was developed using high-level programming languages (Embarcadero Delphi or analogues) and technologies for direct access to the Oracle database management system. The use of an automated system is feasible for large enterprises of the extractive and processing industries with the possibility of integration into the automated Manufacturing Execution System (MES-systems) of an enterprise.

The relevance of the research is justified by the fact that when managing oil transportation through trunk pipelines, it becomes necessary to determine and select the optimal operating modes of the pipeline units, taking into account the vagueness of some part of the initial information. In this regard, the formulation and solution of the problems of multi-criteria selection of effective operating modes of technological objects of the oil pipeline system, which are often described in a fuzzy information environment based on the mathematical apparatus of fuzzy sets, is an urgent scientific and practical task. The main aim of the research is to formulate the problem statements of the multi-criteria selection of operating modes of technological objects with fuzzy initial information based on the adaptation of various principles of optimality and develop heuristic methods for their solution, which are based on attracting a decision maker in solving the problem. Implement the proposed fuzzy approach to solving the problem of selecting the optimal operating mode for the oil heating station of the Uzen–Samara trunk oil pipeline in Atyrau. Objects: technological units of the main oil pipeline, which are characterized by multi-criteria and unclear certain restrictions. Methods: methods of theories of fuzzy sets, methods of multicriteria choice, heuristic methods, methods of fuzzy mathematical programming. Results. The authors have stated the problems of multi-criteria selection of operating modes of technological units of main oil pipelines in the conditions of fuzziness of some part of the initial information and developed the heuristic methods for their solution. The proposed heuristic methods of multi-criteria selection in a fuzzy environment are developed based on the application of experience and knowledge of the decision maker and modification of various optimality principles for working in a fuzzy environment. To ensure that the decision maker can choose a more convenient method of solving the choice problem depending on the availability and accessibility of the source information, the current situation, a set of statement of the choice problem is proposed by applying various principles of optimality (compromise decision-making schemes) and their combination. The proposed approach was implemented in formulating and solving the problem of multi-criteria selection of operating modes of the pipeline with the aim of optimally controlling the process of pumping oil through the Uzen–Atyrau–Samara trunk pipeline (Kulsary–Atyrau section) with the involvement of a person, i. e. applying fuzzy information in the form of his/her experience, knowledge and intuition. The obtained results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed approach to solving the tasks.

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to increase the efficiency of implementing the emergency response measures, the emergency response plan drawing up, revision and implementation at oil production enterprises, it is expedient to use an analogue of the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, which generates an interactive mode that allows interaction with the person in charge for localizing and eliminating the consequences of accidents that negatively affect, inter alia, the environmental situation. The SCADA system was developed on the basis of the approved document “Emergency Response Plan” and provides for data exchange with the automated systems of the enterprise to form a complete description of the situation for the person in charge for localizing and eliminating the consequences of accidents. The automated system application software was developed using high-level programming languages (Embarcadero Delphi or analogues) and technologies for direct access to the Oracle database management system. The use of an automated system is feasible for large enterprises of the extractive and processing industries with the possibility of integration into the automated Manufacturing Execution System (MES-systems) of an enterprise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with the problems of realization of transportation of raw materials on the pipeline infrastructure of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. One of the key ways to increase the economic efficiency of developing subsoil plots in Eastern Siberia and the Far East is to optimize the system for transporting raw materials through the pipeline infrastructure. A new impulse acquires a synergy from the implementation of investment projects on the basis of joint (shared) use of transport infrastructure.

To make their business profitable, oil multinationals have to include in their strategies the transport of crude oil from production sites to markets. This article focuses on Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (Eni), the Italian state-owned oil company – a significant firm in the oil industry in the second half of the twentieth century – to show how oil businesses have overcome trading limitations by establishing transportation systems comprising ships, ports and pipelines. Initially, the article focuses on the relationship between oil market growth and the development of oil transport from 1945 until the early 1970s. Secondly, it analyses the growth of Eni's fleet and the increase in ship size, emphasising limitations and constraints in an international perspective. Finally, the development of ports and pipelines – vital links in the oil supply chain – is assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a fully passive, wireless solution for out-of-sight pipeline monitoring is presented. By predicting corrosion before its occurrence, a proactive response may be taken to mitigate the chance of an environmental disaster. The chipless radio-frequency identification system is a combination of a tag ID, consisting of an array of six rectangular spiral resonators, and a tag antenna consisting of two cross-polarized novel patch antennas etched on a skin-thin microwave laminate. The tags are grounded on a carbon steel pipeline coated with 3 mm Teflon (polyethylene-like electrical characteristics). The proposed system exhibits robust capability to create frequency signatures to detect and monitor defects underneath the pipeline coating owing to water ingress that could eventuate to corrode the pipeline. The reader antenna above the pipeline comprises two identically cross-polarized log periodic dipole antennas with the intent to remotely capture resonances of the tag ID in real-time for early detection and prediction of potential pipeline exposure to moisture. The proposed structure provides low-cost real-time solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the contracting behaviour of participants in the spot freight market for tankers by analysing the positioning of vessels at the time of fixture. For that purpose, we create a new dataset obtained by merging spatial ship positions, commercial fixtures and technical vessel specifications. Using quantile and quantile fixed effect regressions, we show how market conditions, vessel characteristics and charterers' preferences affect the fixture location. Our main result is that oil buyers secure tonnage earlier during strong tanker markets and that the geography of trade creates natural decision points that dominate in the spatial distribution of fixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this work, we investigate the dynamics mechanism of oil transportation in nanochannel using molecular dynamics simulations. It is demonstrated that the interaction between oil molecules and nanochannel has a great effect on the transportation properties of oil in nanochannel. Because of different interactions between oil molecules and channel, the center of mass (COM) displacement of oil in a 6-nm channel is over 30 times larger than that in a 2-nm channel, and the diffusion coefficient of oil molecules at the center of a 6-nm channel is almost two times more than that near the channel surface. Besides, it is found that polarity of oil molecules has the effect on impeding oil transportation, because the electrostatic interaction between polar oil molecules and channel is far larger than that between nonpolar oil molecules and channel. In addition, channel component is found to play an important role in oil transportation in nanochannel, for example, the COM displacement of oil in gold channel is very few due to great interaction between oil and gold substrate. It is also found that nano-sized roughness of channel surface greatly influences the speed and flow pattern of oil. Our findings would contribute to revealing the mechanism of oil transportation in nanochannels and therefore are very important for design of oil extraction in nanochannels.

The transportation of oil is the final step that the oil is taken before it is distributed to consumer. Road transport is a type of oil transportation methods, and transfers between facilities of primary and secondary bases are carried out by tanker trucks. A particular advantage of tanker trucks is that they provide direct travel from the source to the destination. However, road transport involves possible hazards for population and environment. At this point, this study presents a fuzzy-based risk assessment model for the routes in an oil transportation company. Fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, which is a commonly used multi-criteria decision-making method, is applied in weighting nine criteria related to the road characteristics. Then, risk scores for eleven different routes which the tanker trucks of the company followed are determined by using a basic multi-criteria scoring method. Results of the case study emerge that the most important criterion is narrow road. The riskiest route for the company has been determined. In order to reduce risks to an acceptable level, a number of control measures are suggested such as to assign experienced drivers for this route, provide regular training for drivers, make regular vehicle maintenance and transport large quantities at one time as possible. To demonstrate validity, a comparison is also provided between the proposed approach and Pythagorean fuzzy analytic hierarchy process-based risk scoring model. In conclusion, this study contributes to the applicability of fuzzy analytic hierarchy process to assess riskiness for routes in oil transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two diesel oil-in-water emulsions were formed by using positively charged alumina nanoparticles solely and negatively charged silica nanoparticls solely as emulsifier, respectively. The formal systems are typical Pickering emulsions in which alumina nanoparticles adsorb at oil/water interface endowing droplets very good stability, whereas the later systems are non-Pickering emulsions in which silica nanoparticles do not adsorb at oil/water interface but distribute in aqueous phase surrounding the droplets endowing droplets temporary stability. Trace amounts of anionic surface-active materials in the diesel oil are responsible for the formation of two different emulsions. In the Pickering emulsions they adsorb at alumina particle surface to endow particle surface activity via in situ hydrophobization, whereas in the non-Pickering emulsions they adsorb at oil/water interface constituting a novel emulsion co-stabilized by like charged surfactants and nanoparticles at very low concentrations. By addition of trace amount of extra anionic surfactant, such as 0.1 mM sodium dodecyl benzene sulfate (SDBS), the novel diesel oil-in-water emulsions with good temporary stability can be formed by using silica nanoparticles at a concentration as low as 0.01 wt%. The emulsions can be demulsified easily by addition of trace amount (0.06∼0.1 mM) of a cationic surfactant such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), or a low concentration (0.6∼3.0 mM) of divalent electrolyte such as CaCl 2 , and therefore have potential applications in oil transportation. On the other hand the Pickering diesel oil-in-water emulsions are relatively difficult to demulsify, and suitable demulsification protocols need to be developed for their applications in oil transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine transportation, the primary mode for oil and petroleum shipments, could result in oil spill episodes. Fortunately, catastrophic events such as Exxon Valdez, which resulted in enormous socioeconomic and environmental costs, are rare though smaller operational spills are rather frequent. Interestingly, most of the risk assessment engagements have focused on local geographical areas, thus not suitable for intercontinental transportation because of major variations in spill-related socio-economic and environmental costs around the world. We propose a risk assessment methodology that not only encapsulates the Formal Safety Assessment guidelines proposed by the International Maritime Organization, but also takes into consideration the location-specific economic and environmental costs. The methodology, which involves an expected consequence approach applied over a segmented route, is applied to solve a realistic size problem instance, which is then analysed to gain managerial insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Superoleophobic/superhydrophilic surfaces have incomparable advantages for oil–water separation and oil droplet manipulation; however, such surfaces are difficult to obtain on the basis of surface tension theory, and existing attempts are either not fully functional or are nondurable. Here, a solution to achieve the combination of superoleophobicity and superhydrophilicity by emphasizing the polar component of surface tension is proposed. The developed surfaces can be flexibly applied to almost any solid substrate and exhibit superoleophobic and instantaneous superhydrophilic property. The surfaces applied to certain substrates can be used for controllable oil transport, oil–water separation, and emulsion demulsification. Furthermore, a novel ferroconcrete‐like structure to substantially increase the durability of the developed surfaces without affecting the superwettability is developed. The coated steel meshes preserve the ability of the material to separate oil–water mixtures even after over 400 m abrasion, which can be a significant step toward its widespread application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper covers the current state of maritime oil transportation in the Baltic Sea and the development of oil transportation in the 2000s, as well as estimations of transported oil volumes in 2020 and 2030 in the Gulf of Finland. The scenarios were formulated on the basis of a current state analysis, energy and transportation strategies and scenarios and expert assessments. The study showed that the volumes of oil transportation in the Gulf of Finland will increase only moderately compared to the current status: 9.5-33.8 %, depending on the scenario. Green energy policy favours renewable energy sources, which can be seen in the smaller volumes of transported oil in the 2030 scenarios compared to the 2020 scenarios. In the Slow development 2020 scenario, oil transport volumes for 2020 are expected to be 170.6 Mt (million tonnes), in the Average development 2020 187.1 Mt and in the Strong development 2020 201.5 Mt. The corresponding oil volumes for the 2030 scenarios were 165 Mt for the Stagnating development 2030 scenario, 177.5 Mt for the Towards a greener society 2030 scenario and 169.5 Mt in the Decarbonising society 2030 scenario.

In this work, we investigate the dynamics mechanism of oil transportation in nanochannel using molecular dynamics simulations. It is demonstrated that the interaction between oil molecules and nanochannel has a great effect on the transportation properties of oil in nanochannel. Because of different interactions between oil molecules and channel, the center of mass (COM) displacement of oil in a 6-nm channel is over 30 times larger than that in a 2-nm channel, and the diffusion coefficient of oil molecules at the center of a 6-nm channel is almost two times more than that near the channel surface. Besides, it is found that polarity of oil molecules has the effect on impeding oil transportation, because the electrostatic interaction between polar oil molecules and channel is far larger than that between nonpolar oil molecules and channel. In addition, channel component is found to play an important role in oil transportation in nanochannel, for example, the COM displacement of oil in gold channel is very few due to great interaction between oil and gold substrate. It is also found that nano-sized roughness of channel surface greatly influences the speed and flow pattern of oil. Our findings would contribute to revealing the mechanism of oil transportation in nanochannels and therefore are very important for design of oil extraction in nanochannels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]