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Background/Objectives: Acne is the most prevalent dermatological condition among humans, affecting approximately 80% of adolescents during puberty. To date, numerous compounds have been used for acne treatment, including erythromycin ointments and antiseptics, with varying degrees of success. The emergence of erythromycin-resistant C. acnes strains has spurred the search for new antimicrobial agents, particularly from natural sources. Methods: Propolis collected in Rwanda was extracted and fractionated by flash chromatography and tested against C. acnes growth by using NCLSI recommendations. Results: In our research, we identified a molecule, 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) which inhivbited the C. acnes growth at a concentration of 16 µg/mL. Based on these results, we formulated an ointment (1%) using OFAP18 and petroleum jelly for the potential treatment of acne using a mouse model. Conclusions: In vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that 2,4-DTBP has anti-inflammatory properties and could effectively manage the overgrowth of C. acnes as well as serve as a potent alternative for the formulation of an active propolis ointment for acne treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Using medicinal plants in Indonesia still needs to be optimized. Almost all parts of the Kawista plant have been traditionally used to treat various ailments such as antioxidants, antidiabetic, wound healing, and controlling uric acid levels. Existing research on Kawista fruit peel as an acne antibacterial includes studies on the ethyl acetate extract of Kawista fruit peel against Propionibacterium acnes, which falls into the moderate to strong category. In Indonesia, Kawista fruit is limited to the flesh and is used to make syrup and dodol (a traditional sweet). In contrast, the fruit's peel remains a waste product. Objective: This study aims to develop a formula for an ethyl acetate extract ointment of Kawista fruit peel (Limonia acidissima L.) as an antibacterial agent against Propionibacterium acnes with good physical quality. Methods: The fruit peel extract was obtained using the maceration method with 96% ethanol. The extract was then formulated into ointment preparations with concentration variations of 6.25% (F1), 12.50% (F2), and 25% (F3). The physical stability tests for the ointment included organoleptic parameters, homogeneity, spreadability, and pH value tests. The data were analyzed to determine the effect of the extract concentration and storage time on the ointment's physical stability. Result: The test results showed that the ointment formulation of Kawista fruit peel extract (Limonia acidissima L.) could be successfully formulated into an ointment form and met the required evaluation criteria, including organoleptic testing, homogeneity testing, pH testing, and spreadability testing. Conclusion: Based on the study, it can be concluded that the Kawista fruit peel extract ointment (Limonia acidissima L.) can be successfully formulated into an ointment and meets the required evaluation criteria, including organoleptic testing, homogeneity testing, pH testing, and spreadability testing. A skin irritation test is required to determine whether any irritation occurs after applying the ointment.

Wound repair is the practice of repairing the skin and other soft tissues after an injury. An inflammatory response is activated after an injury, and cells below the dermis (deepest skin layer) begin to produce more collagen (connective tissue). A scientific assessment was made for the wound-healing potential of Ipomoea staphylina leaves extract, using ethanol. The crude extract was made into a 2.5% and 5% (w/w) ointment and tested for wound healing activity in Wistar rats using excision and incision wound models. In the excision wound model, the period of epithelialization was reduced and an increase in wound contraction rate was observed in the extract treated groups (III and IV). On the tenth day, tissue from the excision wound area was taken and processed for the assessment of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α), and it was found that there was a notable decrease in the TNF-α concentration in the extract-treated animals. In an incision wound model, the breaking strength was significantly increased in animals treated with 2.5% and 5% (w/w) ointment of I. staphylina leaves extract. The extract significantly promoted fibroblast migration in an in vitro experiment (scratch assay), which may have been caused by the presence of flavonoids.

Abstract Topical tapinarof is used to treat plaque psoriasis (a skin disease in which red and scaly patches form are appeared on some areas of the body). The goal of the current research is to establish a facile and rapid fluorimetric technique for tapinarof analysis. The approach relied on the reaction between the drug and zinc ion through metal complexation to produce a highly-fluorescent product. The fluorescence was further enhanced by adding sodium dodecyl sulfate, and it was observed at 542 nm following excitation at 497 nm. With a correlation coefficient of 0.9997, the association between emission intensity and tapinarof concentration was linear between 2.0 and 120 ng mL−1. 1.021 ng mL−1 was the quantitation limit while 0.366 ng mL−1 was the detection limit. The buffer type, pH and concentration, type of surfactant and concentration, and finally the diluting solvent were among the reaction conditions that were closely examined and it was found that the optimum conditions were obtained upon employing teorell-stenhagen buffer optimized at pH 6.0, 1.38 × 10–2 M SDS and distilled water as a solvent are the suitable choice. With great precision and reliability, the drug under study was quantified using this method in ointment formulations. The proposed method's level of greenness was assessed using two methodologies: the analytical greenness metric (AGREE) and the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), with good recovery results ensuring high efficiency of the proposed approach on analysis of ointment without any interference from additives and excipients.

Background: Burns are one of the most common accidental injuries in the community. Improper treatment of burns can lead to disability and even death. Applying topical therapy aims to reduce excessive collagen repositioning and accelerate healing. We tried treating burn wounds with an ointment that uses a combination of cherry leaf extract and manuka honey to test the effectiveness of wound healing. Case presentation: We report two cases of superficial burns that underwent wound treatment using an ointment containing cherry leaf extract and manuka honey. Conclusion: Wound treatment with an ointment containing cherry leaf extract and manuka honey can speed up the healing process in patients with superficial second-degree burns.

Crisaborole has broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory activity by mainly targeting phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) enzyme that is a key regulator of inflammatory cytokine production. As this enzyme is expressed in keratinocytes and immune cells, crisaborole mediates an anti-inflammatory effect on almost all inflammatory cells. Topical application of this drug is useful as it potentiates the localization of this drug in the skin and this anti-inflammatory activity is in the low micromolar range. The objective of present research work is to enhance the aqueous solubility of poorly water soluble drug Crisaborole using Co-solvency technique. The prepared formulation was evaluated for physical characteristics, drug content and drug release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an incurable and overwhelming disease accompanied with serve disability and huge financial burden, where the overproduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) can exacerbate the secondary injury, leading to massive apoptosis of neurons. In this study, β-cyclodextrin (CD)-capped hyperbranched polymers containing selenium element (HSE-CD) were crosslinked with CD-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-CD) and amantadine-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-AD) to obtain a ROS-responsive ointment (R-O). The structures of synthesized polymers were characterized with 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and the properties of ointment were investigated with rheology and antioxidation. Compared to non-ROS-responsive ointment (N-O), the R-O ointment had stronger efficiency in decreasing the ROS level in BV2 cells in vitro. In a controlled rat cortical impact (CCI) model, the R-O ointment could relieve the DNA damage and decrease apoptosis in injured area via reducing the ROS level. Besides, after the R-O treatment, the rats showed significantly less activated astrocytes and microglia, a lower level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a higher ratio of M2/M1 macrophage and microglia. Moreover, compared to the TBI group the R-O ointment promoted the doublecortin (DCX) expression and tissue structure integrity around the cavity, and promoted the recovery of nerve function post TBI. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an incurable and overwhelming disease, leading to severe disability and huge social burden, where reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered as one of the most significant factors in the secondary injury of TBI. A ROS responsive supramolecular ointment containing di-selenide bonds was injected in rats with controlled cortical impact. It relieved the DNA damage and decreased apoptosis in the injured area via reducing the ROS levels, downregulated neuroinflammation, and improved neurological recovery of TBI in vivo. This designed self-adaptive biomaterial effectively regulated the pathological microenvironment in injured tissue, and achieved better therapeutic effect. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topical tapinarof is used to treat plaque psoriasis (a skin disease in which red and scaly patches form are appeared on some areas of the body). The goal of the current research is to establish a facile and rapid fluorimetric technique for tapinarof analysis. The approach relied on the reaction between the drug and zinc ion through metal complexation to produce a highly-fluorescent product. The fluorescence was further enhanced by adding sodium dodecyl sulfate, and it was observed at 542 nm following excitation at 497 nm. With a correlation coefficient of 0.9997, the association between emission intensity and tapinarof concentration was linear between 2.0 and 120 ng mL−1. 1.021 ng mL−1 was the quantitation limit while 0.366 ng mL−1 was the detection limit. The buffer type, pH and concentration, type of surfactant and concentration, and finally the diluting solvent were among the reaction conditions that were closely examined and it was found that the optimum conditions were obtained upon employing teorell-stenhagen buffer optimized at pH 6.0, 1.38 × 10–2 M SDS and distilled water as a solvent are the suitable choice. With great precision and reliability, the drug under study was quantified using this method in ointment formulations. The proposed method's level of greenness was assessed using two methodologies: the analytical greenness metric (AGREE) and the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), with good recovery results ensuring high efficiency of the proposed approach on analysis of ointment without any interference from additives and excipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of a patent-pending ointment containing plant extracts from Eucalyptus globulus, Curcuma longa, Hamamelis virginiana, Echinacea purpurea, and Zingiber officinale were evaluated. Methods: Plant extracts were chemically characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. The antinociceptive activity of the ointment was assessed using the hot plate, tail flick, and formalin tests, whereas the anti-inflammatory activity was measured using the acute and chronic TPA-induced ear edema tests. Mechanisms of action were evaluated using inhibitors from signaling pathways related to pain response and by using histological analysis and assessing the expression and activity of pro-inflammatory mediators. Results: The ointment showed antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects like those observed with diclofenac gel (1.16% v/v) and ketoprofen gel (2.5% v/v). The antinociceptive actions of the ointment are mediated by the possible participation of the opiodergic system and the nitric oxide pathway. The anti-inflammatory response was characterized by a decrease in myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and by a reduction in ear swelling and monocyte infiltration in the acute inflammation model. In the chronic model, the mechanism of action relied on a decrease in pro-inflammatory mediators such as COX-2, IL-1β, TNF-α, and MPO. An in-silico study with myristic acid, one of the compounds identified in the ointment's plant mixture, corroborated the in vivo results. Conclusions: The ointment showed antinociceptive activities mediated by the decrease in COX-2 and NO levels, and anti-inflammatory activity due to the reduction in IL-1β and TNFα levels, a reduction in MPO activity, and a decrease in NF-κB and COX-2 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Difamilast is the first selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor approved for atopic dermatitis (AD) in Japan. A phase 3, 52-week, open-label study is ongoing to establish efficacy and safety of difamilast ointments in infants with AD aged 3 to < 24 months because a clinical study has not been conducted in this population. Methods: This study consisted of a 4-week primary evaluation period in which difamilast 0.3% ointment was applied twice daily to Japanese infants aged 3 to < 24 months (n = 41) and an ongoing 48-week long-term extension period in which difamilast 0.3% or 1% ointment was applied based on existing symptoms. The data on efficacy and safety of difamilast were obtained as of an interim report in the study period. Results: The response rate in Investigator's Global Assessment score was 45.0% at week 1, which was maintained at 56.1% at week 4 and 63.4% at the interim report. Infants achieved the response rate in Eczema Area and Severity Index 75 (improvement of ≥ 75%) of 47.5% at week 1, which further improved to 82.9% at week 4 and 78.1% at the interim report. Adverse events (AEs) were reported in 22 (53.7%) infants in the primary evaluation period: of those the most frequent AE was nasopharyngitis (19.5%) followed by dermatitis contact (7.3%). As of the interim report, 36 (87.8%) infants experienced AEs: of those, nasopharyngitis (70.7%) and gastroenteritis (22.0%) were most frequently observed. The total AEs were mostly mild or moderate in severity. No investigational medicinal product-related AEs and no AEs leading to discontinuation were reported. Conclusion: Difamilast ointments applied twice daily to Japanese infants with AD aged 3 to < 24 months is effective and well tolerated as of the interim report in the study period. The final results will be reported in the near future. Clinical Trial Registration: Clinical Trials. gov identifier: NCT05372653. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Difamilast is the first selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor approved for atopic dermatitis (AD) in Japan. A phase 3, 52-week, open-label study is ongoing to establish efficacy and safety of difamilast ointments in infants with AD aged 3 to

Diabetic patients with poor blood glucose control are highly susceptible to developing secondary infections, which can lead to the development of prolonged diabetic ulcers. Therefore, a suitable medication that may effectively prevent the occurrence of secondary infections is crucial to shorten the closure of diabetic ulcers. Red betel leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) is reported to possess antimicrobial activity due to the presence of flavonoids. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of red betel leaf (EERBL) ointments against the most prevalent bacteria associated with diabetic foot ulcers (DFU): Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The EERBL was prepared by macerating powdered red betel leaf with 96% ethanol and was screened for the presence of flavonoids and the determination of total flavonoid content (TFC) by thin layer chromatography and UV-Vis spectrophotometry, respectively. This study examined three hydrophilicbased ointments containing 10%, 20%, and 30% EERBL, respectively, followed by characterization for pH, spreadability, adhesivity, and viscosity. The EERBL ointments' effect on the bacteria was evaluated using the well-diffusion method by observing inhibition zone formation after 24-hour incubation. The results showed that varying the EERBL concentrations in the formulations led to different spreadability, adhesivity and viscosity (p

A topical antimicrobial ointment was developed from the fruit extract of Oroxylum indicum and was evaluated for its antibacterial and wound-healing effects and acute toxicity in animal models. O. indicum fruit and seed extracts exhibited antibacterial activities against clinically isolated bacteria and showed in vitro antioxidant activities. To develop a topical antimicrobial ointment from the fruit extract of O. indicum and evaluate for its antibacterial and wound-healing effects. O. indicum fruit extract ointment was prepared and qualitatively controlled. Acute toxicity of the extract was evaluated in the animal model. Antibacterial effects and healing effects of the ointment to the dog wound were investigated. The results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The ointment exhibited in vitro antibacterial effects. A single daily application of the ointment to a dog’s wound exhibited a wound-healing effect with complete epithelialization within 7 days while the wound was completely healed with the removal of the scabs, the size was decreased to 14% of the original size within 12 days. The ointment was found no acute toxicity in the animal model. O. indicum ointment promoted in vitro antibacterial activity and wound-healing effect in dogs with no acute toxicity.

A topical antimicrobial ointment was developed from the fruit extract of Oroxylum indicum and was evaluated for its antibacterial and wound-healing effects and acute toxicity in animal models. O. indicum fruit and seed extracts exhibited antibacterial activities against clinically isolated bacteria and showed in vitro antioxidant activities. To develop a topical antimicrobial ointment from the fruit extract of O. indicum and evaluate for its antibacterial and wound-healing effects. O. indicum fruit extract ointment was prepared and qualitatively controlled. Acute toxicity of the extract was evaluated in the animal model. Antibacterial effects and healing effects of the ointment to the dog wound were investigated. The results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The ointment exhibited in vitro antibacterial effects. A single daily application of the ointment to a dog's wound exhibited a wound-healing effect with complete epithelialization within 7 days while the wound was completely healed with the removal of the scabs, the size was decreased to 14% of the original size within 12 days. The ointment was found no acute toxicity in the animal model. O. indicum ointment promoted in vitro antibacterial activity and wound-healing effect in dogs with no acute toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr., an herb found in Southeast Asia and China, has been used in traditional medicine for treatment at a wide range of health ailments. Several biological activities were reported including wound healing activity. The previous studies revealed that ethanolic G. procumbens leaves extract contained chlorogenic acid as the major compound, which exhibited antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wound healing potential. In this study, we aimed to develop topical formulations of G. procumbens extract and evaluate wound healing activity in mice. G. procumbens was extracted with 95% ethanol. Phytochemicals were investigated and quantified using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. The analysis of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay were performed by spectrophotometric techniques. Topical ointment of G. procumbens leaves extract for further pharmaceutical purposes was developed. The stability and shelf life of these formulations, as well as the crude extract, underwent evaluation in accordance with ASEAN guideline. Assessments were carried out at 0, 3, and 6 months under specified storage conditions. The effect of an ethanolic G. procumbens extract on wound healing activity in murine subjects was investigated. A full thickness excisional skin wound was generated on the shaved dorsum of eight-week-old C57BL/6 mice. G. procumbens ointment (0.5 or 2%w/w) or ointment base was applied once daily for 7 days. The wound size was monitored once a day for 14 days. Our results showed that ethanolic G. procumbens leaves extract contained total phenolic and total flavonoid at 43.80 ± 1.79 μg GAE and 132.67 ± 1.40 μg QE in 1 g extract, respectively. For DPPH radical scavenging activity, the extract exhibited IC50 of 181.70 ± 0.76 μg/mL. Formulations of topical G. procumbens ointment with 0.5% and 2% w/w extract were developed. Stability study revealed that G. procumbens ointment formulas and crude extract unstable under accelerated stored at 40℃ ± 2℃/75% RH ± 5% RH in tightly closed container for 6 months. All phytochemical contents decreased approximately 4-27%. For in vivo wound healing study, topical G. procumbens ointment showed a good appearance and smooth texture when applied on dorsal back of mice but did not significantly accelerated wound closure compared to the ointment base-treated controls. Therefore, although G. procumbens extract trend to potential for antioxidant and wound healing activity, it is imperative to conduct further studies on the chemical degradation pathways that could compromise the potency and quality of drug products. Additionally, employing larger sample sizes in these studies is recommended to ensure accuracy and reliability of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ketoconazole and Minocycline based ointment for Combating Fungal and bacterial infections. As the global burden of infectious diseases continues to rise, innovative therapeutic approaches are essential. The proposed based ointment offers a promising solution, capitalizing on the synergistic antimicrobial properties of ketoconazole and minocycline.The development process involves a comprehensive exploration of various pharmaceutical parameters, including formulation strategies, physicochemical characterization, stability assessment, and biopharmaceutical considerations. By integrating these components, this review provide potential overview of ketoconazole,minocycline based ointment as a versatile therapeutic option.Formulation Strategies the article discusses the formulation techniques used to create a stable and efficacious ointment, taking into account factors such as excipient selection, particle size, and compatibility of active ingredients.Physicochemical Characterization an in-depth analysis of the physical and chemical properties of the based ointment is presented, including particle size distribution, morphology, crystallinity, and drug release profiles.Stability assessment the long-term stability of the powder is critically evaluated, examining factors like moisture sensitivity, photostability, and shelf-life considerations, ensuring its suitability for clinical use.Biopharmaceutical Considerationsthe pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of ketoconazole and minocycline in the ointment formulation are discussed, highlighting their bioavailability and potential drug-drug interactions.Antimicrobial Efficacy the antimicrobial activity of the powder against fungal and bacterial pathogens is assessed, shedding light on its potential as a broad-spectrum therapeutic agent.clinical relevance: The article explores the clinical implications of this novel formulation, including its applicability in treating various infectious diseases and potential to minimize drug resistance.Future perspectives a forward-looking perspective discusses the future directions and challenges in the development of ointment for infectious diseases, emphasizing the need for further research and clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkanna orientalis is known as a wound healing herb in Persian medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the ointment prepared from the extract of A. orientalis roots on the treatment of grade 1 and 2 burn injuries. Methods: This study was performed over one year in Sina hospital of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Patients, based on inclusion criteria, were divided into two categories of control and intervention groups. The control group received the current protocol of burn care of Sina hospital, while the case group received the routine treatment protocol alongside the herbal formulation for burn injury. The parameters indicating the efficacy of the herbal ointment were studied in both groups. Results: this study was performed on 60 patients (30 males and 30 females). The results showed that the patients who received herbal ointment formulation experienced a shorter duration of treatment and better therapeutic response. Also, the application of herbal formulation prevented the progression of wounds to higher grades. The duration of epithelial layer formation at the wound bed in control and intervention groups was 6.5±0.2 and 3.4±0.3 days (P-value<0.05), respectively. Successively, the rate of complete recovery of wound in control and intervention groups was 46.7% and 73.3% (P-value<0.05). The herbal ointment accelerated the recovery by 3.1±0.1 days (P-value<0.05). Conclusion: the results of this pilot study illustrated the efficacy of the prepared formulation on burn injuries which could be used alongside the conventional treatment protocol of burn care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Acne is the most prevalent dermatological condition among humans, affecting approximately 80% of adolescents during puberty. To date, numerous compounds have been used for acne treatment, including erythromycin ointments and antiseptics, with varying degrees of success. The emergence of erythromycin-resistant C. acnes strains has spurred the search for new antimicrobial agents, particularly from natural sources. Methods: Propolis collected in Rwanda was extracted and fractionated by flash chromatography and tested against C. acnes growth by using NCLSI recommendations. Results: In our research, we identified a molecule, 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) which inhivbited the C. acnes growth at a concentration of 16 µg/mL. Based on these results, we formulated an ointment (1%) using OFAP18 and petroleum jelly for the potential treatment of acne using a mouse model. Conclusions: In vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that 2,4-DTBP has anti-inflammatory properties and could effectively manage the overgrowth of C. acnes as well as serve as a potent alternative for the formulation of an active propolis ointment for acne treatment.

Better, safe, and effective alternative antimicrobial agents are needed in the light of the growing interest in antimicrobial resistance. The Indian subcontinent is home to the fast-growing, drought-resistant Moringa oleifera tree, which is widely utilized in South and Southeast Asia. It is a member of the Moringaceae family. The leaves of Moringa oleifera were collected, identified, pulverized and extracted with the aid of the Soxhlet apparatus, utilizing water as the extraction solvent. Standard protocol was followed in the phytochemical evaluation of the extract. Agar plate diffusion technique was used in the antimicrobial assay to determine the Inhibition Zone Diameter (IZD) of the aqueous extract (600 mg/ml & 800 mg/ml) and ointment formulations of Moringa oleifera aqueous leaf extract against the test organisms: A. niger, C. albicans, B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. Wound healing activities of the ointment formulations of Moringa oleifera aqueous leaf extract were studied using five groups of adult albino rats weighing above 120 g each. Groups 1, 2 and 3 received 1, 2 and 5 % ointment formulations respectively while groups 4 and 5 received Cicatrin ointment formulation and blank ointment as the positive and negative controls respectively. The aqueous extract and ointment formulations of Moringa oleifera aqueous leaf extract were found to possess antimicrobial effect with the 5% ointment formulation having an IZD of 5 mm against C. albicans. The ointment formulations had a very significant wound healing activity with the 5 % ointment formulation of Moringa oleifera aqueous leaf extract having the percentage wound contractions of 97.14, 99.04 & 100.00 % in the last three days (Day 16, 18 and 20) respectively which was higher than that of the standard Cicatrin ointment used which gave 90.69, 96.27 & 98.60 % respectively. The antimicrobial and wound healing properties of the ointment formulations of Moringa oleifera aqueous leaf extract were thus, established. This study, therefore, contributes a nuanced understanding of both the antimicrobial and wound healing properties of ointment formulations of Moringa oleifera aqueous leaf extract, shedding light on its potential therapeutic applications. It is recommended that further exploration on its potential therapeutic properties be done to increase its broad application in pharmaceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge of wound healing is significantly compounded by the risk of infections, notably those caused by the pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus. Oregano (Oregano vulgaris) is a plant with strong antibacterial effects mostly due to its thymol and carvacrol components. There are attempts to employ this plant in novel ways. The present study was conducted to formulate and evaluate a hydrocarbon-based herbal ointment derived from oregano, as well as evaluate its antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Dried Oregano vulgaris leaves were extracted with 96% ethanol by maceration and oregano oil is obtained using the distillation method. The extract was further subjected to phytochemical screening. The ointment was formulated at 3, 6, and 9% concentrations. The formulated ointment was evaluated for physical properties and organoleptic characteristics, such as pH, homogeneity, spreadability, viscosity, and adhesion. The antibacterial activity against S. aureus at various concentrations (ranging from 1.5x105 to 1.5x108 CFU/ml) was also evaluated. Remarkably, the results revealed a positive correlation between the concentration of the herbal ointment and its antibacterial activity against S. aureus. The 3% Oregano vulgaris herbal ointment demonstrated ideal physical properties and antibacterial activity. The findings of the study suggest the effectiveness of oregano as a novel, natural therapeutic agent for treating skin wound infections caused by S. aureus. Future studies must seek clinical validation and formulation optimization to harness its full therapeutic benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound healing poses a challenging therapeutic scenario, requiring diverse clinical approaches. This study aims to assess the wound-healing potential of Salix aegyptiaca' s flower ointment compared to phenytoin, considering the active constituents of S. aegyptiaca and its traditional usage. Initially, the active components of S. aegyptiaca were isolated and identified through the GC-MS technique. Subsequently, for the experimental intervention, thirty-five rats were divided into five distinct groups: control (C), phenytoin (F), and three S. aegyptiaca ointment groups at different concentrations (5 % - S5, 25 % - S25, and 50 % - S50). Anesthesia was administered, and wounds were induced on the animals' necks following a standard procedure. These wounds were then treated for a duration of 21 days. Wound healing progress was quantified, and histopathological assessments were conducted using hematoxylin and eosin staining and Mason's trichrome staining. The main active compounds of S. aegyptiaca , namely n-hexadecanoic acid and oleic acid, were identified via GC-MS analysis. Although the initial group weights did not show a significant difference (P = 0.271), a significant variation was observed in the final weights (P = 0.003). The S50 group exhibited a lower wound healing rate than the S25 group on the 7th and 14th days but surpassed it on the 21st day (C < F < S5≈S25

Background and Aim: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is mainly characterized by its antioxidant and healing properties. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of an ointment based on S. tuberosum L. “papa tumbay” on burns induced in Balb/c mice (Mus musculus). Materials and Methods: The experimental animals were divided into four groups (n = 5/group) 48 h before second-degree burns were inducted. After epilating the loin areas of the mice and anesthetizing them with ketamine/xylazine (80 mg/kg/10 mg/kg) through intraperitoneal (i.p.) route, a round metal rod (0.7 cm in diameter) was placed on the depilated skin at a temperature of 100°C for 5 s. Group I was not given any treatment, Group II was treated with silver sulfadiazine (1%), and the other two groups (III and IV) were treated with the ointment formulated based on S. tuberosum L. “papa tumbay” at 1% and 2%, respectively. After performing the treatment for 21 days, the mice were euthanized using i.p. sodium pentobarbital (185 mg/kg) to obtain skin samples. The samples were preserved in 10% neutral-buffered formalin and subjected to histopathological analysis. Results: We found statistically significant differences in the histopathological sections between the groups (p < 0.05). The abundant collagen and fibroblasts observed in the direction of the dermis in Groups III and IV indicate that the phytoconstituents present in the potato might promote the healing of the second-degree burns until day 21 of treatment. Conclusion: Our findings showed that the ointments based on the ethanolic extracts of S. tuberosum L. “papa tumbay,” especially the 2% ointment, might accelerate the healing of second-degree burns induced in Balb/c mice.

Background/Objectives: The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of a patent-pending ointment containing plant extracts from Eucalyptus globulus, Curcuma longa, Hamamelis virginiana, Echinacea purpurea, and Zingiber officinale were evaluated. Methods: Plant extracts were chemically characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. The antinociceptive activity of the ointment was assessed using the hot plate, tail flick, and formalin tests, whereas the anti-inflammatory activity was measured using the acute and chronic TPA-induced ear edema tests. Mechanisms of action were evaluated using inhibitors from signaling pathways related to pain response and by using histological analysis and assessing the expression and activity of pro-inflammatory mediators. Results: The ointment showed antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects like those observed with diclofenac gel (1.16% v/v) and ketoprofen gel (2.5% v/v). The antinociceptive actions of the ointment are mediated by the possible participation of the opiodergic system and the nitric oxide pathway. The anti-inflammatory response was characterized by a decrease in myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and by a reduction in ear swelling and monocyte infiltration in the acute inflammation model. In the chronic model, the mechanism of action relied on a decrease in pro-inflammatory mediators such as COX-2, IL-1β, TNF-α, and MPO. An in-silico study with myristic acid, one of the compounds identified in the ointment’s plant mixture, corroborated the in vivo results. Conclusions: The ointment showed antinociceptive activities mediated by the decrease in COX-2 and NO levels, and anti-inflammatory activity due to the reduction in IL-1β and TNFα levels, a reduction in MPO activity, and a decrease in NF-κB and COX-2 expression.

Hibiscus is a plant that has been shown to contain substances that may be used as sunscreen to protect the skin from UV radiation. In terms of their potential as sunscreens, flavonoids, tannins, and quinone chemicals are crucial because they are antioxidants that can reduce the negative effects of UV radiation and boost photoprotective activity. This study aimed to investigate the acute dermal toxicity potential of hibiscus leaves simplicial ointment 40% on female albino rats. The evaluation method refered to The OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals – No. Test: 402, Acute Dermal Toxicity-Fixed Doses Procedure. Based on the Globally Harmonized System compared to this study reported that acute dermal median lethal dose (LD50) was > 2000 mg/kg. It can be concluded that hibiscus leaves simplicial ointment 40% has safe to apply topically and doesn't produce acute skin toxicity.

Abstract Background Diabetic foot ulcers often affect tendon tissue. Consequently, the infection may spread proximally along the tendon, leading to amputation or even the death of patients. Exposed, degenerated, and necrotic tendons are key factors affecting the healing of diabetic foot ulcers. The effective treatment of the tendon involvement may positively affect the prognosis. In clinical practice, treatment with Shengji ointment and bromelain induces islands of granulation tissue on the denatured tendon surface, which gradually grows and merges. Ideally, the exposed tendon is covered entirely by granulation tissue. This trial aims to assess the effect of a combined treatment regime of Shengji ointment, which has been shown to regenerate muscle tissue and pineapple protease in preventing the loss of function and amputation caused by tendon necrosis. This trial will provide high-quality evidence for the effectiveness of this combination in healing diabetic ulcers with tendon necrosis. Methods The sample size will be 180 patients who will be randomly assigned 1:1 to a treatment group (90 patients) using Shengji ointment combined with bromelain and a control group (90 patients) using hydrocolloid dressing. Both groups will continue their conventional treatments, such as blood glucose and blood pressure medication, lipid regulation, antiplatelets, and others. The primary outcome will be the wound coverage with granulation tissue. Secondary outcomes will be the wound healing rate, amputation extent (where needed), time to granulation, and the Maryland Foot Score. Other efficacy outcomes will be the time to debridement of necrotic tendon tissue and granulation tissue score. Discussion This study will treat patients with diabetic foot ulcers with exposed, degenerated, and necrotic tendons with Shengji ointment and bromelain. The trial aims to promote regeneration and healing, to preserve the limb and its function, and to develop a comprehensive and effective protocol that can be applied to promote the healing of exposed tendons in diabetic foot wounds. Trial registration ChiCTR2000039327 ; date of registration: 2020-10-23.

Objective: Concepts related to health, illness and physician are frequently encountered in folk songs, which are one of the cultural products. In this study, it is aimed to analyze the concepts of "wound" and "ointment" in folk songs about physician and health and to reveal the relationship between disease-treatment-culture. Material and Method: The study is a descriptive study. The folk songs in the book "Medicine & Health-Related Folk Songs in Folk Songs", in which the words "wound" and "ointment" are mentioned, were analyzed by the method of document analysis. The folk songs in the book "Physician in Folk Songs & Health Related Folk Songs", in which the words "wound" and/or "ointment" are mentioned, were analyzed by the method of document analysis. Results: The words "wound" and/or "ointment", which have different literal and figurative meanings and different spelling styles, were found in a total of 88 of the folk songs in the examined book. It has been determined that the regions of these folk songs are mostly Central and Eastern Anatolia. The word "wound" is mostly used in figurative meanings such as "pain, trouble, grief, terminal illness, betrayal, misfortune, etc". The word "ointment" was used in literal and figurative meanings such as "ointment, remedy, cure, consolation". It has been determined that the Anatolian people expressed some of the negativities they experienced with the concepts of "wound" and "ointment" in folk songs. Discussion and Conclusion: The reason why these concepts are used to describe the negativities experienced by the Anatolian people is based on the fact that the "wound", which is one of the dermatological lesions, affects people psychologically and socially and its treatment is mainly done with "ointment". As a result of this, the relationship between "trouble" and "remedy" finds a cultural expression in folk songs. In addition, when the folk songs in which these concepts are used are examined according to their region, it is concluded that they are not used on the basis of any cultural difference, and that they are used as a common cultural expression of Anatolia in terms of the meaning they carry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is mainly characterized by its antioxidant and healing properties. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of an ointment based on S. tuberosum L. “papa tumbay” on burns induced in Balb/c mice (Mus musculus). Materials and Methods: The experimental animals were divided into four groups (n = 5/group) 48 h before second-degree burns were inducted. After epilating the loin areas of the mice and anesthetizing them with ketamine/xylazine (80 mg/kg/10 mg/kg) through intraperitoneal (i.p.) route, a round metal rod (0.7 cm in diameter) was placed on the depilated skin at a temperature of 100°C for 5 s. Group I was not given any treatment, Group II was treated with silver sulfadiazine (1%), and the other two groups (III and IV) were treated with the ointment formulated based on S. tuberosum L. “papa tumbay” at 1% and 2%, respectively. After performing the treatment for 21 days, the mice were euthanized using i.p. sodium pentobarbital (185 mg/kg) to obtain skin samples. The samples were preserved in 10% neutral-buffered formalin and subjected to histopathological analysis. Results: We found statistically significant differences in the histopathological sections between the groups (p < 0.05). The abundant collagen and fibroblasts observed in the direction of the dermis in Groups III and IV indicate that the phytoconstituents present in the potato might promote the healing of the second-degree burns until day 21 of treatment. Conclusion: Our findings showed that the ointments based on the ethanolic extracts of S. tuberosum L. “papa tumbay,” especially the 2% ointment, might accelerate the healing of second-degree burns induced in Balb/c mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and evaluate their antibacterial and wound healing effects against wounds infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Methods: ZnONPs were prepared by sol-gel method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A total of 18 rabbits were divided into three groups: the ZnONPs group, the gentamicin group and the control group. A wound of 3 cm² was inflicted on each rabbit and contaminated with MRSA inoculum. Treatment was started from the fourth day post-surgery. Wound healing, microbiological analysis, and histopathological analysis were performed to assess the efficacy of ZnONPs ointment. Results: XRD analysis confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure of the ZnONPs with an average crystallite size of 29.23 nm. SEM revealed discoid-shaped ZnONPs with a rough surface and an average size of 48.36 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis confirmed the purity of ZnONPs. Moreover, the particle size ranged from 100-700 nm with a high agglomeration trend. Treatment with ZnONPs promoted MRSA-infected wound healing. In addition, ZnONPs showed a good antibacterial effect as evidenced by a dosedependent increase in the zone of inhibition. Conclusions: ZnONPs accelerate the healing of MRSA-infected wounds. Therefore, it can be explored for the treatment of MRSA infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ointments, creams and gels in experimental and clinical oncology The treatment of oncology patients is most often identified with the use of chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy. Due to the safety of use of the semi-solid formulations, compared to classical systemic therapy in oncology, are gaining more and more interest among researchers. Effective topical pharmacotherapy in oncology using semi-solid formulations is a technological challenge for pharmacists. The structure of the epidermis makes it difficult for hydrophilic anticancer substances to penetrate into the deeper parts of the skin. Active substances remain in the stratum corneum, which is a physiological barier of the skin. Due to technological problems a small number of externally applied preparations, which are indicated for anticancer treatment have been registrated so far. The aim of this study was to assess the availability of oncological drugs applied in semi-solid preparations, mainly ointments, creams and gels. The paper reviews the literature for experimental studies, clinical trials as well as data from the Polish Patent Office and the European Patent Office verifying the usefulness of semi-solid formulations were review in this article. Attention was paid to the physicochemical properties of the active substances. Also in this article was evaluated the pharmaceutical form as well as to the characteristics of the excipients. The research focuses on drug forms such as creams (60%), gels (25%) and ointments (15%). The topical application of drugs with anticancer activity promotes increased therapeutic efficacy. Use of external pharmacotherapy, it is possible to minimise systemic side effects, to target the tumour lesion directly and to achieve an optimal concentration of the therapeutic substance at the target site. Semi-solid forms can be recommended for patients who are not eligible for surgery or systemic chemotherapy. Of particular interest are creams and gels containing well recognised cytostatics in oncology, such as 5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel, tamoxifen.

Introduction: Efficient postoperative pain control is important after hemorrhoidal surgery. Although several locally applied medications have been used, current evidence regarding the optimal strategy is still conflicting. This network meta-analysis assessed analgesic efficacy and safety of the various topical medications in patients submitted to excisional procedures for hemorrhoids. Methods: The present study followed the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and the PRISMA guidelines. The last systematic literature screening was performed at 15 June 2023. Comparisons were based on a random effects multivariate network meta-analysis under a Bayesian framework. Results: Overall, 26 RCTs and 2132 patients were included. Regarding postoperative pain, EMLA cream (surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) 80.3%) had the highest ranking at 12-h endpoint, while aloe vera cream (SUCRA 82.36%) scored first at 24 h. Metronidazole ointments had the highest scores at 7 and 14 days postoperatively. Aloe vera had the best analgesic profile (24-h SUCRA 84.8% and 48-h SUCRA 80.6%) during defecation. Lidocaine (SUCRA 87.9%) displayed the best performance regarding overall morbidity rates. Conclusions: Due to the inconclusive results and several study limitations, further RCTs are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetic foot ulcers often affect tendon tissue. Consequently, the infection may spread proximally along the tendon, leading to amputation or even the death of patients. Exposed, degenerated, and necrotic tendons are key factors affecting the healing of diabetic foot ulcers. The effective treatment of the tendon involvement may positively affect the prognosis. In clinical practice, treatment with Shengji ointment and bromelain induces islands of granulation tissue on the denatured tendon surface, which gradually grows and merges. Ideally, the exposed tendon is covered entirely by granulation tissue. This trial aims to assess the effect of a combined treatment regime of Shengji ointment, which has been shown to regenerate muscle tissue and pineapple protease in preventing the loss of function and amputation caused by tendon necrosis. This trial will provide high-quality evidence for the effectiveness of this combination in healing diabetic ulcers with tendon necrosis. Methods: The sample size will be 180 patients who will be randomly assigned 1:1 to a treatment group (90 patients) using Shengji ointment combined with bromelain and a control group (90 patients) using hydrocolloid dressing. Both groups will continue their conventional treatments, such as blood glucose and blood pressure medication, lipid regulation, antiplatelets, and others. The primary outcome will be the wound coverage with granulation tissue. Secondary outcomes will be the wound healing rate, amputation extent (where needed), time to granulation, and the Maryland Foot Score. Other efficacy outcomes will be the time to debridement of necrotic tendon tissue and granulation tissue score. Discussion: This study will treat patients with diabetic foot ulcers with exposed, degenerated, and necrotic tendons with Shengji ointment and bromelain. The trial aims to promote regeneration and healing, to preserve the limb and its function, and to develop a comprehensive and effective protocol that can be applied to promote the healing of exposed tendons in diabetic foot wounds. Trial registration: ChiCTR2000039327; date of registration: 2020-10-23. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was aimed to evaluate effect of bell pepper alcoholic extract ointment in wound healing of male wistar rats. Twenty for male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four experimental groups. Experimental wound was induced on the anterior dorsal side of each Wistar rat. Group A served as control and received basal formulation ointment. Groups B, C and D received 2 and 4 and 6 percentage of bell pepper alcoholic extract. Wound healing activity as a closure percentage was determined on days five, 15 and 25 post operations. The number of fibroblast and macrophages, collagen deposition and neovascularization were assessed on 4, 8, 15 and 25 days after wound incision. Data showed that the wound area significantly decreased in bell pepper alcoholic extract treated groups compared to control group on days five, 15 and 25 post operations, respectively (P=0.05). Application of bell pepper alcoholic extract, increased fibroblast and macrophages distribution and up regulated the new vessels formation and collagen deposition on days 4, 8, 15 and 25 and 30 after wound induction significantly (P=0.05). In conclusion we suggested that the bell pepper alcoholic extract application at 2, 4, and 6 percentages was useful for wound healing in male Wistar rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the natural ingredients that have the potential to accelerate wound healing is snakehead fish. Researchers opt to add a stabilizer in the form of a humectant agent to increase stability through long-term stability tests (real-time). Thus, it encourages researchers to optimize the humectant agent, determine the ointment in long-term stability tests, to produce a stable herbal-based ointment product with the nutritional content of the fish extract. This study aims to determine the shelf life of the ointment with the best formula composition for the product from snakehead fish extract with a humectant agent as a wound-healing drug product that is effective, safe, and comfortable to use by the public. Based on the physical stability test of the snakehead fish extract ointment at the 0th, 1st, and 3rd months with the intermediate stability test method carried out at a temperature of 30° ± 2°C/RH 65% ± 5%, the resulting ointment was brownish green and had a distinctive smell of cloves and betel nut. All ointment preparations have good homogeneity, adhesion, and spreadability and meet the test requirements for good ointment preparations. The results of statistical analysis of all formulas until the 3rd-month test showed that the results of the paired sample T-test on all formulas showed a significant difference in pH values. Based on the results of the chemical stability test, an increase and decrease in protein content in the preparation were obtained during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hibiscus is a plant that has been shown to contain substances that may be used as sunscreen to protect the skin from UV radiation. In terms of their potential as sunscreens, flavonoids, tannins, and quinone chemicals are crucial because they are antioxidants that can reduce the negative effects of UV radiation and boost photoprotective activity. This study aimed to investigate the acute dermal toxicity potential of hibiscus leaves simplicial ointment 40% on female albino rats. The evaluation method refered to The OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals – No. Test: 402, Acute Dermal Toxicity-Fixed Doses Procedure. Based on the Globally Harmonized System compared to this study reported that acute dermal median lethal dose (LD50) was > 2000 mg/kg. It can be concluded that hibiscus leaves simplicial ointment 40% has safe to apply topically and doesn't produce acute skin toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manufacturing process for ointments typically involves a series of heating, cooling, and mixing steps. Precise control of the level of mixing through homogenization and the cooling rate, as well as temperature at different stages, is important in delivering ointments with the desired quality attributes, stability, and performance. In this work, we investigated the influence of typical plant processing conditions on the microstructure, stability, and sensorial properties of a model ointment system through a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach. Homogenization speed at the cooling stage after the addition of the solvent (propylene glycol, PG) was found to be the critical processing parameter that affects stability and the rheological and sensorial properties of the ointment. A lower PG addition temperature was also found to be beneficial. The stabilization of the ointment at a lower PG addition temperature was hypothesized to be due to more effective encapsulation by crystallizing mono- and diglycerides at the lower temperature. The in vitro release profiles were found to be not influenced by the processing parameters, suggesting that for the ointment platform studied, processing affects the microstructure, but the effects do not translate into the release profile, a key performance indicator. Our systematic study represents a Quality-by-Design (QbD) approach to the design of a robust manufacturing process for delivering stable ointments with the desired performance attributes and properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In vitro release testing (IVRT) is a widely used tool for evaluating the quality and performance of drug products. However, standardized sample adaptors or drug release apparatus setups for IVRT studies are still lacking for ophthalmic ointments. The aim of this study was to provide a better understanding of the impact of apparatus and sample adaptor setups on IVRT of ophthalmic ointments. Methods: Dexamethasone (DEX), a steroidal ingredient commonly used in ophthalmic drug products, was selected as a model drug. Ointments were prepared by mixing DEX in white petrolatum using a high shear mixer. A novel two-sided adapter was developed to increase the drug release surface area. DEX ointment was placed in one-sided or two-sided release adaptors coupled with 1.2 μm polyethersulfone membrane, and the drug release was studied in different USP apparatuses (I, II, and IV). Results: The sample adaptor setups had a minimal impact on cumulative drug release amount per area or release rate while USP IV apparatus with agitated flow enhanced drug release rates. The USP apparatus I with a two-sided semisolid adapter, which uses membranes on both sides, showed dramatically higher cumulative drug release and discriminative release profiles when evaluating ophthalmic formulations. Conclusions: USP apparatuses and sample adaptors are critical considerations for IVRT. Two-sided semisolid adapter provides higher cumulative release, facilitating the discrimination between low drug content ophthalmic ointment formulations with good sensitivity and repeatability without affecting the drug release rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this endeavor was to make preparations for an ointment from aqueous extract from Hammada scoparia. two formulations with different percentages of Hammada scoparia: 10% and 3% were prepared. The antioxidant activity of lyophilisate was established in vitro and assessed in vivo by observing the process of wound healing. Data revealed that Hammada scoparia formulation showed the most substantial antioxidant potency in vitro and after twelve days of therapy, dramatically accelerated wound healing, as evidenced by a greater wound percentage of areas closure (98%) confirmed by histological analysis, in comparison to the control, Mebo, and pure vaseline groups. In general, these results showed that the 10% Hammada scoparia formulation had a greater capacity for wound healing, which was confirmed by its significant in vitro antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Topical treatments and botulinum toxin injections are valid options for the management of patients with chronic anal fissures (CAF), but little is known about the efficacy of these techniques in long-term follow-up. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effectiveness, given to clinical outcomes, of medical treatments with calcium antagonists, nitroglycerin, and botulinum toxin on CAF treatment in adults. Method: A systemic review and meta-analysis developed according to PRISMA [PLoS Med. 2009 Jul 21;6(7):e1000100; BMJ. 2010 Mar 23;340:c332] and registered in PROSPERO (Registration number: CRD42020120386). A systematic literature search was conducted through MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases. Randomized control trials that compared medical treatment were identified; publications had to have a clinical definition of CAF with at least one of the following signs or symptoms: visible sphincter fibers at the base of the fissure, anal papillae, sentinel piles, and indurated margins. The symptoms had to be chronic for at least 4 weeks. Data were independently extracted for each study, and a meta-analysis was drawn using fixed- and random-effects models. Results: 17 randomized trials met the inclusion criteria. Diltiazem showed a superior effect compared with glycerin (RR = 1.16 [95% CI = 1.05–1.30]; I2 = 18%) and with fewer adverse effects (RR = 0.13 [95% CI = 0.04–0.042]; I2 = 87%). Similar results were evidenced with the use of nifedipine compared with lidocaine (RR = 4.53 [95% CI = 2.99–6.86]; I2 = 28%). Botulinum toxin did not show statistically significant differences compared to glycerin (RR = 0.81 [95% CI = 0.02–29.36]; I2 = 93%) or isosorbide dinitrate (RR = 1.45 [95% CI = 0.32–6.54]; I2 = 85%). Regarding recurrence, nifedipine was superior to lidocaine (RR = 0.18 [95% CI = 0.08–0.44]; I2 = 31%). Conclusions: Calcium channel blockers performed well regarding the healing of CAF when compared to others in long-term follow-up. The superiority of botulinum toxin was not evidenced compared to topical treatments. More studies are needed to better assess recurrence rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safe and effective long-term topical treatments for atopic dermatitis (AD) remain limited. In this phase 2a, single-center, intrapatient, and vehicle-controlled study, we examine the mechanism of action of crisaborole 2% ointment, a topical nonsteroidal PDE4 (phosphodiesterase-4) inhibitor, in a proteomic analysis of 40 adults with mild to moderate AD and 20 healthy subjects. Within the AD cohort, 2 target lesions were randomized in an intrapatient (1:1) manner to double-blind crisaborole/vehicle applied twice daily for 14 days. Punch biopsy specimens were collected for biomarker analysis at baseline from all participants, then from AD patients only at day 8 (optional) and day 15. Compared to the vehicle, crisaborole significantly reversed dysregulation of the overall lesional proteome and of key markers and pathways (eg, Th2, Th17/Th22, and T-cell activation) associated with AD pathogenesis toward both nonlesional and normal skin. Significant clinical correlations were observed with markers associated with nociception and Th2, Th17, and neutrophilic activation. Study limitations include predominance of white patients in the cohort, relatively short treatment time, and regimented administration of crisaborole. Our results demonstrate crisaborole-induced normalization of the AD proteome toward a nonlesional molecular phenotype and further support topical PDE4 inhibition in the treatment of mild to moderate AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeThe usefulness of topical antibiotic prophylaxis for routine oculofacial plastic surgery is not well established. Given concerns such as contact dermatitis, antibiotic resistance, and healthcare costs in conjunction with a low baseline rate of surgical site infections, the investigators sought to determine the frequency of infection with and without the use of topical antibiotic prophylaxis.DesignRandomized, controlled, unmasked clinical trial.ParticipantsAdult patients undergoing routine periocular surgery without prior history of periocular surgical site infection, need for perioperative oral or parenteral antibiotics, or allergy to all study medications.MethodsParticipants were randomized before surgery to receive either antibiotic or placebo (mineral oil and petrolatum-based) ointment after surgery. Outcomes were measured at the first postoperative visit. The 2-tailed Fisher exact test was used to compare outcomes between groups.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was the incidence of surgical site infections. The secondary outcomes included stratification of infections by patient risk characteristics, incidence of allergic contact dermatitis, and incidence of wound complications.ResultsFour hundred one participants were enrolled and randomized, and 13 participants did not proceed with surgery or were lost to follow-up. High-risk features for infection were identified in 24% of the placebo group and 21% of the antibiotic group. Surgical site infections were more common in the placebo group (2.7% vs. 0.0%; P = 0.025). The rate of contact dermatitis was similar (0.5% vs. 0.5%; P = 1.00), as was the rate of wound dehiscence (2.7% vs. 3.5%; P = 0.77). Among the placebo group, the incidence of infections in the low- and high-risk participants was 2.9% and 2.2%, respectively. Infections were treated with oral or topical antibiotics and resolved without complication, except in 1 patient who required 2 subsequent surgeries to address the sequelae.ConclusionsAfter routine oculofacial plastic surgery, patients treated with a topical antibiotic ointment showed a lower risk of surgical site infection compared with patients treated with a nonantibiotic ointment.

Synthetic biologically active compounds are the active pharmaceutical ingredients of various dosage forms that are widely used in both human and veterinary medicine. Nowadays the development of new effective antimicrobial and antifungal drugs remains a actual problem. This fact has a reasoned explanation in connection with the increase in infectious diseases of microbial and fungal etiology and the ever-growing resistance of microorganisms and fungi to various drugs. The aim of this research was to develop and validate a new spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of 4-((5-(decylthio)-4-methyl-4-H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methyl)morpholine in 7% ointment by intrinsic absorption. At the stage of development of the quantitative determination method, the solvent was selected based on the solubility of the active substance. According to the data provided, 4-((5-(decylthio)-4-methyl-4-H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methyl)morpholine is insoluble in water, but soluble in ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, dioxane, and dimethyl sulfoxide. Ethanol was chosen as the most accessible and less toxic solvent for the development of this method. Studied 4-((5-(decylthio)-4-methyl-4-H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methyl)morpholine dissolved in ethanol is introduced into the ointment base as a solution. The quantitative content of substances subject to chemical control in soft dosage forms should be between 90% and 110% of the nominal content. On this basis, the maximum permitted analytical uncertainty can be determined, which is 3.20. During the procedure the main validation characteristics were determined, such as: linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. Thus, a new sensitive, economical and easy-to-use spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of 4-((5-(decylthio)-4-methyl-4-H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methyl)morpholine in a soft dosage form for external use (7% ointment) by the intrinsic absorption method was developed. According to the main validation characteristics (linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness), the proposed method is valid and meets the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine.

Propionibacterium acnes is bacteria that is commonly found on healthy human skin. However, unbalanced hormonal conditions can lead to excessive growth of P. acnes, a bacteria causing acne. Previous research reported that Ocimum basilicum L. essential oil (BEO) has activity against P. acnes. Therefore, this study aims to make BEO into cream, ointment, and emulgel forms to determine its properties and antibacterial activity on those topical drug delivery systems. The preparations consisted of variations in BEO concentrations of 5%; 10%; and 15%. The three preparations were evaluated based on organoleptic, homogeneity, pH value, adhesion, and spreadability. The antibacterial activity test of the three preparations against P. acnes was carried out by the good diffusion method with the observation of the diameter of the inhibition zone (in mm). The produced cream, ointment, and cream had a typical BEO aroma, yellowish white color, and homogeneous. Based on organoleptic consistency, the texture of the thicker and longer adhesion was ointment > emulgel > cream, respectively. The pH value of the topical preparation was 5-6 and easily leveled. Antibacterial activity against P. acnes from the strongest was ointment > cream > emulgel, with a value of 14,30 + 0,30 mm; 10,54 + 0,01 mm; 3,90 + 0,04 mm, respectively.

The edible nest swiftlets are suspected to contain sialic acid that can increase the process of cell growth that can reduce the formation of scar tissue and accelerate wound healing. This study aimed to determine the effect and the optimal dosage of edible nest swiftlets ointment on skin histopathology of diabetes mellitus rats that suffered a scratch wound. This study used 25 male white rats, divided into 5 groups, all groups were treated with betadine and the intervention of group 1 was vaseline only (control group), group 2, 3, and 4 were edible nest swiftlets (ENS) ointment with 10%, 20%, and 30% concentration and group 5 were the sanoskin as control positive. The rats were injured in the back area and given the treatment according to the group once a day for 14 days. Skin tissue was taken to make histopathologic preparations for observation on the 0th, 7th, and 14th days. The parameters observed included the number of macrophages, neo-capillarization, and fibroblasts. The result on the 14th day showed that the number of macrophages in the control group, sanoskin group, and ENS 10%, 20%, and 30% group was 3.8±5.019; 3.2±2.489; 1.84±2.387; 1.8±2.049 and 1.2±1.095. The result of neocapillilization were 1.28±1.673; 1.4±1.673; 2.8±1.778; 5.4±4.159; and 15±30.773. The conclusion showed there was a significant difference and there was the effect of edible nest swiftlets ointment on the number of macrophages, the number of neocapillilization, and the density of fibroblasts on the rats with diabetes mellitus that suffered a scratch wound.

Objective: To synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and evaluate their antibacterial and wound healing effects against wounds infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Methods: ZnONPs were prepared by sol-gel method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A total of 18 rabbits were divided into three groups: the ZnONPs group, the gentamicin group and the control group. A wound of 3 cm2 was inflicted on each rabbit and contaminated with MRSA inoculum. Treatment was started from the fourth day post-surgery. Wound healing, microbiological analysis, and histopathological analysis were performed to assess the efficacy of ZnONPs ointment. Results: XRD analysis confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure of the ZnONPs with an average crystallite size of 29.23 nm. SEM revealed discoid-shaped ZnONPs with a rough surface and an average size of 48.36 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis confirmed the purity of ZnONPs. Moreover, the particle size ranged from 100-700 nm with a high agglomeration trend. Treatment with ZnONPs promoted MRSA-infected wound healing. In addition, ZnONPs showed a good antibacterial effect as evidenced by a dose-dependent increase in the zone of inhibition. Conclusions: ZnONPs accelerate the healing of MRSA-infected wounds. Therefore, it can be explored for the treatment of MRSA infection.

Centella asiatica or Brahmi~Gotu Kola is a plant used since ancient times as a medicinal plant in countries such as India, Nepal, China, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar. The plant is considered to be one of the most useful plants for revitalizing nerve cells, which is why in India it is known as the "brain plant" or used to treat skin conditions and heal wounds. The plant is still often used in two traditional branches of Indian medicine, Ayurveda and Unani. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Centella asiatica extract ointment in thermally injured mice. This study was performed on a total of 12 Balb/c mice aged 24-26 weeks, which were divided into two groups: one experimental and one control. The duration of the experiment was 14 days, with collections of biological material on days 3, 7, and 14 of the experiment. In the case of the tested ointment, clinical healing occurred after the 9th day of treatment by debridement of the formed crust and highlighting a regeneration epithelium