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India presently depends on imports of crude oil from overseas sources. However, the increasing demand for fossil fuels and the depletion of these finite resources are contributing to a rise in the costs associated with these imports. There has been a pressing demand for the development of cost-effective, renewable, and environmentally sustainable solutions. Biofuels, which are obtained from a wide range of biomass sources such as plants, animals, and microbes, present a potentially viable answer. Microorganisms exhibiting the ability to accumulate lipids in excess of 20% in the form of triacylglycerols and wax esters are commonly denoted as "oleaginous". The primary objective of this work was to isolate and screen bacterial strains with high lipid accumulation potential from soil samples collected along riverbanks. A total of fourteen strains were isolated and subjected to screening in order to assess their lipid production capabilities. Among these strains, Bacillus velezensis strain DAA1 exhibited the highest level of lipid synthesis. Response Surface Methodology was used to optimize carbon and salt concentrations. The experimental findings indicated that the utilization of carbon at a concentration of 12.5 g/L with salt concentration of 17.07 g/L, resulted in a noteworthy lipid content of 79%. The major fatty acid found through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for lipid characterization was determined to be 12-methyltetradecanoic acid, constituting 41% of the overall lipid composition. This work highlights the potential of Bacillus velezensis DAA1 as a promising alternative for lipid production, with possible implications for biofuel generation in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present study, potential oleaginous Mucorales fungi that have been isolated from fruits from local markets in Sleman, Indonesia, were screened for lipid production. A total of six fungal cultures were isolated and screened using a semisynthetic medium with glucose as a carbon source and a limited nitrogen supply. The highest lipid content was observed in isolate JR 1.1, up to 43.46% and 3.28 g/L lipid yield. Therefore, it was selected for molecular identification and fatty acid analysis. The result showed that JR 1.1 was identified as Mucor irregularis. The fatty acid profile of JR 1.1 showed 16.89% palmitoleic acid, 4.85% oleic acid, 45.22% linolenic acid, 30.79% gamma-linolenic acid, and 2.25% other fatty acids. It can be concluded that M. irregularis JR 1.1 is a potential strain to be used as a lipid producer for biodiesel feedstock. Further studies are recommended to optimize lipid productivity and improve fatty acid composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debaryomyces hansenii is considered an unconventional yeast with a strong biotechnological potential, which can produce and store high amounts of lipids. However, relatively little is known about its lipid metabolism, and genetic tools for this yeast have been limited. The aim of this study was to explore the fatty acid β-oxidation pathway in D. hansenii. To this end, we employed recently developed methods to generate multiple gene deletions and tag open reading frames with GFP in their chromosomal context in this yeast. We found that, similar as in other yeasts, the β-oxidation of fatty acids in D. hansenii was restricted to peroxisomes. We report a series of experiments in D. hansenii and the well-studied yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that show that the homeostasis of NAD+ in D. hansenii peroxisomes is dependent upon the peroxisomal membrane protein Pmp47 and two peroxisomal dehydrogenases, Mdh3 and Gpd1, which both export reducing equivalents produced during β-oxidation to the cytosol. Pmp47 is the first identified NAD+ carrier in yeast peroxisomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study measured the effect of the association between agronomic traits related to the yield of canola grains grown at different sowing dates through path analysis. Another objective was to obtain a method to predict the oil content in the grains, fitting a multivariate model through near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy analysis. The experiment was conducted in the field using a randomized block design in plots subdivided by time, with four plots (sowing dates), six subplots (canola hybrids), and four replicates. In each hybrid, phenological observations were performed, and the grain yield was determined. The data were subjected to analysis of variance in the R environment using the F test at 5% probability. The oil content in the grains was determined by the traditional chemical method, and based on the NIR spectral signature of the grain samples, partial least squares regression (PLS-R) was established to estimate the oil content in the canola grains. The sowing dates influenced the production components and oil content of the grains of all hybrids. The trait number of grains in five plants (0.6857) and their height (0.4943) had greater estimates of positive correlations with grain yield, as well as higher values of positive direct effects on yield (0.2494 and 0.1595, respectively). The NIR technique combined with PLS-R was able to predict the oil content in the grains, resulting in good predictive models (R2 of 0.86 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.56 in external validation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii is a major model for dinoflagellate cell biology, and a major industrial producer of docosahexaenoic acid, a key nutraceutical and added pharmaceutical compound. Despite these factors, the family Crypthecodiniaceae is not fully described, which is partly attributable to their degenerative thecal plates, as well as the lack of ribotype-referred morphological description in many taxons. We report here significant genetic distances and phylogenetic cladding that support inter-specific variations within the Crypthecodiniaceae. We describe Crypthecodinium croucheri sp. nov. Kwok, Law and Wong, that have different genome sizes, ribotypes, and amplification fragment length polymorphism profiles when compared to the C. cohnii. The interspecific ribotypes were supported by distinctive truncation-insertion at the ITS regions that were conserved at intraspecific level. The long genetic distances between Crypthecodiniaceae and other dinoflagellate orders support the separation of the group, which includes related taxons with high oil content and degenerative thecal plates, to be ratified to the order level. The current study provides the basis for future specific demarcation-differentiation, which is an important facet in food safety, biosecurity, sustainable agriculture feeds, and biotechnology licensing of new oleaginous models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oleaginous yeasts are typically defined as those able to accumulate more than 20% of their cell dry weight as lipids or triacylglycerides. Research on these yeasts has increased lately fuelled by an interest to use biotechnology to produce lipids and oleochemicals that can substitute those coming from fossil fuels or offer sustainable alternatives to traditional extractions (e.g., palm oil). Some oleaginous yeasts are attracting attention both in research and industry, with Yarrowia lipolytica one of the best‐known and studied ones. Oleaginous yeasts can be found across several clades and different metabolic adaptations have been found, affecting not only fatty acid and neutral lipid synthesis, but also lipid particle stability and degradation. Recently, many novel oleaginous yeasts are being discovered, including oleaginous strains of the traditionally considered non‐oleaginous Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the face of this boom, a closer analysis of the definition of "oleaginous yeast" reveals that this term has instrumental value for biotechnology, while it does not give information about distinct types of yeasts. Having this perspective in mind, we propose to expand the term "oleaginous yeast" to those able to produce either intracellular or extracellular lipids, not limited to triacylglycerides, in at least one growth condition (including ex novo lipid synthesis). Finally, a critical look at Y. lipolytica as a model for oleaginous yeasts shows that the term "oleaginous" should be reserved only for strains and not species and that in the case of Y. lipolytica, it is necessary to distinguish clearly between the lipophilic and oleaginous phenotype. Take‐away: The term "oleaginous yeast" has mainly instrumental value for biotechnology.Oleaginicity is a property of strains, not species.Yeasts secreting lipids should also be considered oleaginous.Yeasts producing other lipids than TAGs should also be considered oleaginous.Yeasts showing oleaginicity in any condition should be considered oleaginous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ABSTRACT: This study measured the effect of the association between agronomic traits related to the yield of canola grains grown at different sowing dates through path analysis. Another objective was to obtain a method to predict the oil content in the grains, fitting a multivariate model through near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy analysis. The experiment was conducted in the field using a randomized block design in plots subdivided by time, with four plots (sowing dates), six subplots (canola hybrids), and four replicates. In each hybrid, phenological observations were performed, and the grain yield was determined. The data were subjected to analysis of variance in the R environment using the F test at 5% probability. The oil content in the grains was determined by the traditional chemical method, and based on the NIR spectral signature of the grain samples, partial least squares regression (PLS-R) was established to estimate the oil content in the canola grains. The sowing dates influenced the production components and oil content of the grains of all hybrids. The trait number of grains in five plants (0.6857) and their height (0.4943) had greater estimates of positive correlations with grain yield, as well as higher values of positive direct effects on yield (0.2494 and 0.1595, respectively). The NIR technique combined with PLS-R was able to predict the oil content in the grains, resulting in good predictive models (R2 of 0.86 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.56 in external validation).

Debaryomyces hansenii is considered an unconventional yeast with a strong biotechnological potential, which can produce and store high amounts of lipids. However, relatively little is known about its lipid metabolism, and genetic tools for this yeast have been limited. The aim of this study was to explore the fatty acid β-oxidation pathway in D. hansenii. To this end, we employed recently developed methods to generate multiple gene deletions and tag open reading frames with GFP in their chromosomal context in this yeast. We found that, similar as in other yeasts, the β-oxidation of fatty acids in D. hansenii was restricted to peroxisomes. We report a series of experiments in D. hansenii and the well-studied yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that show that the homeostasis of NAD+ in D. hansenii peroxisomes is dependent upon the peroxisomal membrane protein Pmp47 and two peroxisomal dehydrogenases, Mdh3 and Gpd1, which both export reducing equivalents produced during β-oxidation to the cytosol. Pmp47 is the first identified NAD+ carrier in yeast peroxisomes.

Jatropha curcas is a common species in Brazil, potentially being an option to produce oil for bioenergetic purposes. Around the world, J. curcas has been cultivated in areas of low fertility, in the presence of salts, and with the use of brackish groundwater. Salt stress can hinder the absorption of nutrients and allow entry of ions in toxic concentrations, affecting the development and productivity of plants. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of salinity on the gaseous exchange and the dynamics of some mineral nutrients in the leaves, stems and roots of J. curcas, subjected to two levels of NaCl (0 and 150 mM) in four genotypes: CNPAE183 (tolerant-like), JCAL171 (sensitive-like) and CNPAE133 and CNPAE266 (confused responses to tolerance). Salt treatment promotes a strong reduction in photosynthesis and plant height in all genotypes, although more drastic in CNPAE266 (77.5% and 70% respectively). Additionally, NaCl reduced the content of manganese, calcium, potassium and phosphorus in the leaves, elements linked to gas exchange. The salt-tolerant-like (CNPAE183) and salt-sensitive-like (JCAL171) transcriptome matched the applied sequences, with few chimeric sequences and novel transcripts with no similarities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the histological characteristics in the digestive and renal systems of lambs fed diets containing coconut by-product (CB). A total of 35 male lambs with an initial weight of 16.9 ± 2.93 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with five levels of CB in the diet (0; 4.8; 9.6; 14.4 and 19.2% in total dry matter). Samples of the liver, kidney, rumen, and intestine were histomorphometrically evaluated, and the data were submitted to regression analysis, at a 5% error probability. The inclusion of CB linearly decreased the dry matter intake and caused a quadratic effect for the height of ruminal papillae, absorption area, epithelium thickness, as well as for average daily gain. The inclusion of CB linearly increased the mucous layer and reduced the submucosal layer, as well as promoted a decrease in goblet cells in the small intestine. The inclusion of CB did not influence hepatic glycogen; additionally, the histopathological examination did not reveal liver damage or congestion, vacuolization, and necrosis of the renal tissue. Therefore, our results indicate that CB can be included in lambs diet up to the level of 7.2% without causing changes in the histomorphometry characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract and changes in liver and kidney tissue that compromise animal performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being difficult to regenerate and maintain the seeds, the oleaginous bottle gourd was investigated using nine agromorphological traits and 31 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Specifically, the study was conducted to determine the intra-specific variability of a total of 173 accessions, which were identified from five agro-ecological regions from Côte d'Ivoire (Centre, East, North and South). Then, the genetic diversity and relationships within accessions were studied using AFLP markers. This characterization using both morphological and AFLP markers was realized in order to ultimately build a reliable core collection. The discriminant analysis, using nine quantitative traits, reveals plant length and seeds number per fruit as discriminating characteristics. From the accessions used for the agromorphological study, 148 were able to be differentiated by the AFLP markers. A range of 52 to 113 bands were amplified per primer combination. As revealed by the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), 28% of the total variation resides among accessions and 72% occurs within populations. The AMOVA computed in order to differentiate cultivars, displayed the same trends when no prior grouping of accessions was considered. The differentiation within cultivar (97%) was more than that, among cultivars (3%). Tree topologies inferred by neighbour-joining analysis reflected no clear cut off grouping. To group accessions, we used a Bayesian clustering analysis which exhibited two clusters. Using the informativeness of the primer combinations analysed in the present study, an orientation was given for the choice of the accessions which would be used to build a core collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jatropha (Jatrophacurcas L.) is an oleaginous potential, howetever, some studies report that there is low genetic diversity in Brazilian genotypes. Estimating genetic diversity are the essential factors to ensure success in the management of genetic resources, planning and adoption of strategies for genetic breeding. The hypothesis of our study is: do Brazilian Jatropha breeding populations have sufficient genetic variability to select individuals within? The objective of this paper is to determine the genetic diversity of 573 genotypes of five populations of Jatropha curcas structured based on the characteristics of yield, resistance to powdery mildew and toxicity, using Single-nucleotide polymorphism molecular markers. The results shows moderate variability among the genotypes analyzed, confirming the initial hypothesis of this study. We recommended using a greater number of individuals per family rather than the number of families in breeding programs in order to exploit the greater variability within populations and hence obtain higher gains with selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the addition of increasing cottonseed cake contents in the diet. The diets were composed of corn silage (500 g kg− 1) and concentrate feed (500 g kg− 1) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The treatments consisted of the substitution of 0, 140, 280, and 420 g kg− 1 soybean meal to cottonseed cake in the DM of concentrate feed. Four rams of the Santa Inês breed, average age of 12 months and average weight of 27.77 ± 3.87 kg, were distributed in a Latin square design (4 × 4) in a split-split-plot design, with diets in the plots and as subplots were 5 days of collection and the collection times. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and regression at 5% probability. The soybean meal substitution contents by cottonseed cake in the concentrate increased linearly the pH (P = 0.019). Ruminal ammonia–nitrogen concentration decreased linearly by 0.0137 mg dL− 1 at each 10 g/kg of substitution and the time after feeding promoted the same effect (P < 0.001) decreased linearly by 0.6204 mg dL− 1 at each hour after feeding. There was an increased linearly of 0.0116 mmol mL− 1 at the concentration of propionic (P = 0.008) and a reduction of 0.0062 mmol mL− 1 at the concentration of butyric (P = 0.009) with cottonseed cake content; however, the substitution did not influence the others short-chain fatty acids. Replacement of soybean meal with cottonseed cake in the sheep feed did not significantly alter the blood parameters, promoting minor changes in the ruminal parameters mainly in the ruminal ammonia–nitrogen without affecting the animal’s health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to optimize some culture conditions to increase lipid production from Yarrowia lipolytica B9 in crude glycerol-based medium. The experiments displayed that too high concentrations of ammonium sulfate, KH2PO4, and MgSO4 increased cell growth but inhibited lipid synthesis. In contrast, more synthesis of lipids was determined to be achived at high concentrations of NaCl. The optimum concentrations of glycerol, ammonium sulfate, KH2PO4, MgSO4, and NaCl for lipid synthesis were determined as 50, 3, 1.5, 1 and 5 g/L, respectively. The optimal incubation time for lipid synthesis was found to be 6 days. Lipid concentration of 2.69 g/L and lipid content of 60.1%, were reached under optimal culture conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the addition of increasing cottonseed cake contents in the diet. The diets were composed of corn silage (500 g kg−1) and concentrate feed (500 g kg−1) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The treatments consisted of the substitution of 0, 140, 280, and 420 g kg−1 soybean meal to cottonseed cake in the DM of concentrate feed. Four rams of the Santa Inês breed, average age of 12 months and average weight of 27.77 ± 3.87 kg, were distributed in a Latin square design (4 × 4) in a split-split-plot design, with diets in the plots and as subplots were 5 days of collection and the collection times. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and regression at 5% probability. The soybean meal substitution contents by cottonseed cake in the concentrate increased linearly the pH (P = 0.019). Ruminal ammonia–nitrogen concentration decreased linearly by 0.0137 mg dL−1 at each 10 g/kg of substitution and the time after feeding promoted the same effect (P < 0.001) decreased linearly by 0.6204 mg dL−1 at each hour after feeding. There was an increased linearly of 0.0116 mmol mL−1 at the concentration of propionic (P = 0.008) and a reduction of 0.0062 mmol mL−1 at the concentration of butyric (P = 0.009) with cottonseed cake content; however, the substitution did not influence the others short-chain fatty acids. Replacement of soybean meal with cottonseed cake in the sheep feed did not significantly alter the blood parameters, promoting minor changes in the ruminal parameters mainly in the ruminal ammonia–nitrogen without affecting the animal’s health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main product of commercial interest produced by Copaifera species is oleoresin, one of the most important vegetable oils marketed in the northern region of Brazil. However, production is influenced by a number of factors such as the low population density of the species and the variability among individuals. Thus, that study is aimed to analyze the variation of the amount of oleoresin produced in Brazil from 2001 to 2017 and its respective production value. For that, a case study was carried out, with indirect data collection in the automatic recovery system of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data were filtered, tabulated and evaluated by means of descriptive statistics and exploratory analysis, with the aid of Excel® v. 2019 and SigmaPlot® v. 11. A bibliographical survey was also carried out regarding the subject matter for a theoretical basis. Significant oscillations in local production were evident. After a period of frank expansion, a peak was experienced in 2010, with 579 tons traded, presented a negative increase of 63.55% in the following year. However, the North region continues as the main producer, especially the Amazon, which in 2017 was responsible for 83.9% of the total produced in the country. The results can contribute to the planning actions by presenting an overview of the stocks and the market behavior of oleoresin. Further studies are needed to determine the real causes and effects of variation in oleoresin production and pricing. oleaginous,extractivism, phytotherapic,

The heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii is a major model for dinoflagellate cell biology, and a major industrial producer of docosahexaenoic acid, a key nutraceutical and added pharmaceutical compound. Despite these factors, the family Crypthecodiniaceae is not fully described, which is partly attributable to their degenerative thecal plates, as well as the lack of ribotype-referred morphological description in many taxons. We report here significant genetic distances and phylogenetic cladding that support inter-specific variations within the Crypthecodiniaceae. We describe Crypthecodinium croucheri sp. nov. Kwok, Law and Wong, that have different genome sizes, ribotypes, and amplification fragment length polymorphism profiles when compared to the C. cohnii. The interspecific ribotypes were supported by distinctive truncation-insertion at the ITS regions that were conserved at intraspecific level. The long genetic distances between Crypthecodiniaceae and other dinoflagellate orders support the separation of the group, which includes related taxons with high oil content and degenerative thecal plates, to be ratified to the order level. The current study provides the basis for future specific demarcation-differentiation, which is an important facet in food safety, biosecurity, sustainable agriculture feeds, and biotechnology licensing of new oleaginous models.

Abstract Background Efficient and economically viable production of biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass is dependent on mechanical and chemical pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of plant material. These processing steps yield simple sugars as well as plant-derived and process-added organic acids, sugar-derived dehydration products, aldehydes, phenolics and other compounds that inhibit the growth of many microorganisms. Lipomyces starkeyi is an oleaginous yeast capable of robust growth on a variety of sugars and lipid accumulation on pretreated lignocellulosic substrates making it attractive as an industrial producer of biofuels. Here, we examined gene expression during batch growth and lipid accumulation in a 20-L bioreactor with either a blend of pure glucose and xylose or pretreated corn stover (PCS) that had been enzymatically hydrolyzed as the carbon sources. Results We monitored sugar and ammonium utilization as well as biomass accumulation and found that growth of L. starkeyi is inhibited with PCS hydrolysate as the carbon source. Both acetic acid and furfural are present at concentrations toxic to L. starkeyi in PCS hydrolysate. We quantified gene expression at seven time-points for each carbon source during batch growth and found that gene expression is similar at physiologically equivalent points. Analysis of promoter regions revealed that gene expression during the transition to lipid accumulation is regulated by carbon and nitrogen catabolite repression, regardless of carbon source and is associated with decreased expression of the translation machinery and suppression of the cell cycle. We identified 73 differentially expressed genes during growth phase in the bioreactor that may be involved in detoxification of corn stover hydrolysate. Conclusions Growth of L. starkeyi is inhibited by compounds present in PCS hydrolysate. Here, we monitored key metabolites to establish physiologically equivalent comparisons during a batch bioreactor run comparing PCS hydrolysate and purified sugars. L. starkeyi’s response to PCS hydrolysate is primarily at the beginning of the run during growth phase when inhibitory compounds are presumably at their highest concentration and inducing the general detoxification response by L. starkeyi. Differentially expressed genes identified herein during growth phase will aid in the improvement of industrial strains capable of robust growth on substrates containing various growth inhibitory compounds.

ABSTRACT The use of alternative fuels in diesel engines has been the subject of research that seeks new fuels to expand the energy matrix. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the stationary engine with the use of mixtures of biodiesel from soybean and castor bean added to diesel (S500) in two proportions (25% and 40%), evaluating the torque, effective power observed and specific consumption. The five biodiesel mixtures of soybean (S) and castor bean (C) analyzed were: S100C0, S75C25, S50C50, S25C75 and S0C100, which were added to the diesel in proportions B25 and B40, totaling ten treatments, plus the control with diesel S500 (B7). The stationary engine was subjected to the rotations of 3000, 2700, 2400, 2100, 1800 and 1500 rpm. The performance of the engine was similar for all biodiesel mixtures of soybean and castor bean, and commercial diesel (B7). The B40 S100C0 and B40 S75C25 provide better performance in terms of effective power observed and torque at 2700 rpm. The highest effective maximum power (3000 rpm) was obtained with the use of B7 diesel. In the lower rotations, it was possible to identify a similar performance result of the biodiesel mixtures with the B7, in addition to providing better torque and consumption performance compared to the commercial diesel.

The exploration of cold-adapted microalgae offers a wide range of biotechnological applications that can be used for human, animal, and environmental benefits in colder climates. Previously, when the polar marine microalga Chlamydomonas malina RCC2488 was cultivated under both nitrogen replete and depleted conditions at 8°C, it accumulated lipids and carbohydrates (up to 32 and 49%, respectively), while protein synthesis decreased (up to 15%). We hypothesized that the cultivation temperature had a more significant impact on lipid accumulation than the nitrogen availability in C. malina. Lipid accumulation was tested at three different temperatures, 4, 8, and 15°C, under nitrogen replete and depleted conditions. At 4°C under the nitrogen replete condition C. malina had the maximal biomass productivity (701.6 mg L–1 day–1). At this condition, protein content was higher than lipids and carbohydrates. The lipid fraction was mainly composed of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the polar lipid portion, achieving the highest PUFA productivity (122.5 mg L–1 day–1). At this temperature, under nitrogen deficiency, the accumulation of carbohydrates and neutral lipids was stimulated. At 8 and 15°C, under both nitrogen replete and depleted conditions, the lipid and carbohydrate content were higher than at 4°C, and the nitrogen stress condition did not affect the algal biochemical composition. These results suggest that C. malina is a polar marine microalga with a favorable growth temperature at 4°C and is stressed at temperatures ≥8°C, which directs the metabolism to the synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates. Nevertheless, C. malina RCC2488 is a microalga suitable for PUFA production at low temperatures with biomass productivities comparable with mesophilic strains.

The crucial need for alternative oil sources due to increasing energy demand has motivated research to find alternatives resources. In the current study, different fungal groups were isolated from diverse Egyptian localities for oil production screening as well as sugarcane bagasse management. A total of 499 fungal isolates were recovered from soil and dung samples; one isolate was identified as Mortierella wolfii AH12 using morphological and molecular techniques and was demonstrated to produce high lipid concentrations. Taguchi design was used to obtain higher lipid productivity. Accordingly, dry biomass, total lipids, and lipid percentage were 3.81 g l−1, 1.57 g l−1, and 41.2%, respectively, under the optimized culture conditions: 40 g glucose, 5 g peptone, pH 5 at 30 0°C for 10 days. Non-pretreated sugarcane bagasse was not only utilized as an alternative carbon source, but it was also an effective source of nutrients for mold sprouting and lipid biosynthesis using solid-state fermentation (SSF) technique. Promising fatty acid profile was deduced, where palmitic (PA) and oleic acid (OA) were predominant. Moreover, unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs) as linoleic acid (LA), Gamma linolenic acid (GLA), Dihomo gamma linolenic acid (DGLA), arachidonic acid (ARA) were present in low quantities according to GC–MS analysis. The study offers a promising result that serves in the management of agricultural waste, converting it into lipids with a promising profile which could be considered as a precursor for biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivating oleaginous organisms in non-sterile conditions can reduce the energy and cost of microbial oil production. Recent studies use strategies that enable non-sterile cultivation without affecting bioprocess productivity. This forum article discusses the trends, strategies, and prospects of non-sterile cultivation, as successful non-sterile cultivation could make microbial oil production economically viable., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The fixed oil from the inner mesocarp of Caryocar coriaceum Wittm. is used in the Chapada do Araripe region of Brazil for the treatment of genitourinary candidiasis. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, antifungal activity, reduction of fungal virulence, and the preliminary toxicity of the fixed oil from the inner mesocarp of C. coriaceum tested against three Candida yeasts. The oil was characterized by gas chromatography (GC-MS and GC-FID). Antifungal activity was assessed using the serial microdilution method. Additionally, the potential of the oil as an enhancer of fluconazole action was tested at sub-inhibitory concentrations (MIC/8). The mechanism of action of C. coriaceum fixed oil was determined by evaluating the inhibition of morphological transition in Candida spp. The chemical composition of the fixed oil of C. coriaceum comprised both unsaturated and saturated fatty acids. Oleic (61 %) and palmitic (33 %) acids were the major constituents. Regarding its anti-Candida activity, the oil inhibited the growth of C. albicans (IC 50 : 371 μg/mL) and C. tropicalis (IC 50 : 830 μg/mL). Furthermore, the oil reversed the antifungal resistance of C. albicans and C. tropicalis, restoring the susceptibility to fluconazole and reducing their IC 50 from 12.33 μg/mL and 362 μg/mL to 0.22 μg/mL and 13.93 μg/mL, respectively. The fixed oil of C. coriaceum completely inhibited the morphological transition of C. albicans and C. tropicalis at a concentration of 512 μg/mL, but exhibited limited low antifungal potential against C. krusei. The observed antifungal activity may be attributed to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Additionally, the oil showed no toxic effect on the Drosophila melanogaster in vivo model. The fixed oil from the inner mesocarp of C. coriaceum emerge as a strong candidate for the development of new pharmaceutical formulations to treat infections caused by Candida spp., (© 2024 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

The exploration of cold-adapted microalgae offers a wide range of biotechnological applications that can be used for human, animal, and environmental benefits in colder climates. Previously, when the polar marine microalga Chlamydomonas malina RCC2488 was cultivated under both nitrogen replete and depleted conditions at 8°C, it accumulated lipids and carbohydrates (up to 32 and 49%, respectively), while protein synthesis decreased (up to 15%). We hypothesized that the cultivation temperature had a more significant impact on lipid accumulation than the nitrogen availability in C. malina. Lipid accumulation was tested at three different temperatures, 4, 8, and 15°C, under nitrogen replete and depleted conditions. At 4°C under the nitrogen replete condition C. malina had the maximal biomass productivity (701.6 mg L–1 day–1). At this condition, protein content was higher than lipids and carbohydrates. The lipid fraction was mainly composed of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the polar lipid portion, achieving the highest PUFA productivity (122.5 mg L–1 day–1). At this temperature, under nitrogen deficiency, the accumulation of carbohydrates and neutral lipids was stimulated. At 8 and 15°C, under both nitrogen replete and depleted conditions, the lipid and carbohydrate content were higher than at 4°C, and the nitrogen stress condition did not affect the algal biochemical composition. These results suggest that C. malina is a polar marine microalga with a favorable growth temperature at 4°C and is stressed at temperatures ≥8°C, which directs the metabolism to the synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates. Nevertheless, C. malina RCC2488 is a microalga suitable for PUFA production at low temperatures with biomass productivities comparable with mesophilic strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to evaluate the response of sunflower cultivars submitted to increasing levels of phosphate fertilization in two crops. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replicates in subdivided plots, where five doses of simple superphosphate (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha-1 P2O5) were allocated to the plots and three sunflower cultivars (Aguará 06, Altis 99, and Embrapa 122-V2000) were assigned to the subplots. The variables evaluated were the P content in the diagnostic leaf, number of achenes per capitulum, achene yield (kg ha-1), oil content (%) and oil yield. The phosphorus doses increased the components of production. The dose that provided the best sunflower performance varied for the different cultivars. Among the doses studied, fertilization with 100 kg ha-1 P2O5 in the 2016 agricultural crop and 150 kg ha-1 P2O5 in the 2017 agricultural crop provided the best conditions for sunflower cultivation. The cultivar Aguará 06 produced more achenes and oil than the other cultivars analyzed in the agricultural crops.

The aluminum in high levels in the soil affects the emergence, growth, and development of various species. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the emergence and physiological behavior of four provenances of Jatropha curcas subjected to different levels of aluminum. The experiment was performed in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design, with four levels of aluminum in the soil (8.2, 16.5, 24.0 mmolc·dm-3 and control) and four provenances of J. curcas seeds (P1 = Dourados-MS, P2 = Montes Claros-MG, P3 = Alta Floresta-MT, and P4 = Petrolina-PE); the effects of aluminum toxicity were investigated in 25, 50, 75, and 100 days after emergence. The levels of aluminum in the soil were collected from the initial soil correction, which featured an aluminum level of 24.0 mmolc dm-3. The seedling emergence was not affected by treatment with aluminum; however, the height and leaf area of P1, P2, and P3 were reduced with increasing levels of aluminum. The emergence and vigor of J. curcas seeds were not influenced by the differences in the origins of the seeds or by the aluminum levels evaluated. Gas exchanges were affected negatively by aluminum and the responses of the chlorophyll a fluorescence indicate harmful effect in the photosynthetic apparatus. The seeds of origin P4 (Petrolina-PE) has increased tolerance to stress conditions.

The characterization of the physical–chemical properties and the thermal behavior of oilseed fruits for biofuels production has gained interest in the scientific community and society more generally, in particular with regard to their use as partial replacements for fossil fuels and for the possible reduction of air pollutants that cause problems for human health, animals, and plants. These oilseed fruits, which are rich in lipids, triglycerides, fatty acids, carotenoids, and other greasy compounds, can be transformed into solid, liquid, and gaseous products by different thermochemical conversion processes (conventional combustion, pyrolysis, oxy‐fuel combustion, gasification and transesterification). This review investigates the different oleaginous feedstocks commonly found in the forests and plantations of Brazil – for example, olive stones, palm fruits, babassu coconut, macauba fruits, tucumã seeds and soybeans, and the respective residues generated from biofuel production and manufacturing processes. The main opportunities and challenges associated with the use of biofuels produced from these oilseed fruits lie in the fact that internal combustion engines using fossil fuels do not need to undergo modifications and mechanical adaptations to operate, and there is no corrosion risk and / or deterioration of metallic parts. Biofuels produce less greenhouse gas, or their pollution is considered neutral. Finally, the native forests of Brazil and the world present a vast number of different oleaginous species that still need be studied because they have excellent potential to be used as biofuels, as they are renewable energy sources and are sustainably eco‐friendly. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades, microbial oils have been extensively investigated as a renewable platform for biofuel and oleochemical production. Offering a potent alternative to plant-based oils, oleaginous microorganisms have been the target of ongoing metabolic engineering aimed at increasing growth and lipid yields, in addition to specialty fatty acids. Discovery proteomics is an attractive tool for elucidating lipogenesis and identifying metabolic bottlenecks, feedback regulation, and competing biosynthetic pathways. One prominent microbial oil producer is Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus, due to its broad feedstock catabolism and high lipid yield. However, this yeast has a recalcitrant cell wall and high cell lipid content, which complicates efficient and unbiased protein extraction for downstream proteomic analysis. Optimization efforts of protein sample preparation from C. oleaginosus in the present study encompasses the comparison of 8 lysis methods, 13 extraction buffers, and 17 purification methods with respect to protein abundance, proteome coverage, applicability, and physiochemical properties (pI, MW, hydrophobicity in addition to COG, and GO analysis). The optimized protocol presented in this work entails a one-step extraction method utilizing an optimal lysis method (liquid homogenization), which is augmented with a superior extraction buffer (50 mM Tris, 8/2 M Urea/Thiourea, and 1% C7BzO), followed by either of 2 advantageous purification methods (hexane/ethanol or TCA/acetone), depending on subsequent applications and target studies. This work presents a significant step forward towards implementation of efficient C. oleaginosus proteome mining for the identification of potential targets for genetic optimization of this yeast to improve lipogenesis and production of specialty lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glutamate dehydrogenases (GDHs) are fundamental to cellular nitrogen and energy balance. Yet little is known about these enzymes in the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. The YALI0F17820g and YALI0E09603g genes, encoding potential GDH enzymes in this organism, were examined. Heterologous expression in gdh‐null Saccharomyces cerevisiae and examination of Y. lipolytica strains carrying gene deletions demonstrate that YALI0F17820g (ylGDH1) encodes a NADP‐dependent GDH whereas YALI0E09603g (ylGDH2) encodes a NAD‐dependent GDH enzyme. The activity encoded by these two genes accounts for all measurable GDH activity in Y. lipolytica. Levels of the two enzyme activities are comparable during logarithmic growth on rich medium, but the NADP‐ylGDH1p enzyme activity is most highly expressed in stationary and nitrogen starved cells by threefold to 12‐fold. Replacement of ammonia with glutamate causes a decrease in NADP‐ylGdh1p activity, whereas NAD‐ylGdh2p activity is increased. When glutamate is both carbon and nitrogen sources, the activity of NAD‐ylGDH2p becomes dominant up to 18‐fold compared with that of NADP‐ylGDH1p. Gene deletion followed by growth on different carbon and nitrogen sources shows that NADP‐ylGdh1p is required for efficient nitrogen assimilation whereas NAD‐ylGdh2p plays a role in nitrogen and carbon utilization from glutamate. Overexpression experiments demonstrate that ylGDH1 and ylGDH2 are not interchangeable. These studies provide a vital basis for future consideration of how these enzymes function to facilitate energy and nitrogen homeostasis in Y. lipolytica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Microbial lipids derived from oleaginous fungi are considered as an alternative feedstock for biodiesel production. We attempt to isolate a cellulolytic oleaginous fungi as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. Methods: The fungus was identified by 5.8 S-ITS rRNA gene sequencing. The extracellular enzyme activities were recorded after every 24 h for 7 days. Nile red staining and fluorescence microscopy was used to visualise the lipid bodies within the fungal hyphae. A renewable heterogeneous base catalyst derived from Musa balbisiana cola peels was used for the transesterification of Penicillium citrinum PKB20 derived oil into biodiesel. GC-MS analysis was used to analyse the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) profile of the transesterified lipids. Results: Penicillium citrinum PKB20 was isolated from detritus rich soil of Assam, India. The endoglucanase, xylanase and β-glucosidase enzyme activities were found to be 292.83 ± 0.29, 111.72 ± 0.45 and 6.54 ± 0.13 U/mg respectively. The specific enzyme activity for extracellular lipase was found to be 3.12 ± 0.16 U/mg. It could accumulate up to 60.61% of lipids in nitrogen-limited medium (7.34 ± 0.45 g/L biomass production). The extracted lipids were converted to biodiesel with 89.3% conversion efficiency. The predominant fatty acids were oleic acid (30.09%), palmitic acid (20.25%) and linoleic acid (33.14%) suggesting a balance between oxidative stability and cold flow properties for suitable biodiesel quality. Conclusion: Penicillium citrinum PKB20 was found to be a potential feedstock for biodiesel production with desirable fuel properties. The cellulolytic nature could be utilised for simultaneous lipid production directly on cellulosic substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Production cost of biodiesel from microbial oils is clearly impeding progress. • Waste cooking oils (WCO) in the medium as the carbon source was examined. • Supplemental WCO can enhance cell growth and increase the lipid content. Abstract The microbial oil from oleaginous Rhodotorula glutinis is considered to be a promising raw material for biodiesel production because it shares a fatty acid composition similar to that of vegetable oil. To enhance lipid accumulation and also reduce production costs, the use of supplemental waste cooking oils (WCO) in the medium as the carbon source was examined. The results indicated that supplemental WCO can enhance cell growth and increase the lipid content as compared to the control batch with crude glycerol only. The average lipid content in the batch with supplemental WCO was 46 ± 5% as compared to 39 ± 4% in the control batch with crude glycerol only. Due to a consideration of the immiscibility of WCO in the medium, the provision of higher mixing effects and greater shear force in the agitation tank can enhance the digestion of WCO. The estimated average cell growth rate were found to be 0.156 and 0.125 g/L hr in the agitation tank and in the airlift bioreactor, respectively. The supplemental WCO in the agitation tank with crude glycerol was found conclusively to have the potential for being utilized as an efficient way to obtain lipid accumulation in oleaginous R. glutinis. Graphical abstract Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • ISSR detected medium to high variability in the evaluated full-sib families of J. curcas. • UPGMA dendrogram grouped all the accessions into four clusters. • The 108 full-sib accessions of the Jatropha curcas showed a mean distance of 61%. • Most of the genetic variations existed within families and family 1 is the most divergent. Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity between and within of six full-sib families of Jatropha through ISSR molecular markers. Six genitors were selected based on oil and seed potentiality. A set of 20 ISSR markers was used. The genetic distances were estimated based on Jaccard similarity coefficient and the descriptive statistics of populations for estimation of genetic parameters were also performed. A total of 177 polymorphic bands were obtained. The polymorphism within full-sib families ranged from 22 to 51.6% for families 2 and 5, respectively. The similarity analysis between families presented an average distance of 61%. The effective number of alleles varied from 0.56 to 1.86. The lowest value for Nei's gene diversity index was 0.34 and the largest was 0.46 and the Shannon information index ranged from 0.51 to 0.65. The genetic variability analysis, by ISSR molecular markers showed low genetic dissimilarity within of full-sib families of Jatropha. However, the evaluation between the full-sib families demonstrated that the accessions belonging to family 1 are the most divergent, and should be considered in future artificial hybridations strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Higher sesame productive performance with good manipulation of cultivars and Nitrogen doses. • Sesame oil content can be increased with Nitrogen doses. • Sesame protein content can be increased with Nitrogen doses and cropping season. Abstract Sesame is an oleaginous plant that requires suitable management in the field to achieve satisfactory production; however, to better understand the requirements of the culture, it is necessary to obtain more information on the behavior of sesame cultivars, in relation to the nutrition and edaphoclimatic factors that can interfere with its response. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the production components of fertirrigated sesame cultivars, in the northeastern semi-arid region of Brazil, as a function of nitrogen (N) fertilization in two crops. The experiments were conducted at the Rafael Fernandes Experimental Farm, which belongs to the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), from February to May (first crop) and July to October (second crop), in the year 2016. The experimental design was of a randomized complete blocks type with four replications, with the treatments arranged in a split plots scheme, where in the plots were assigned five rates of N (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg ha−1) and in the subplots four sesame cultivars (CNPA G2, CNPA G3, CNPA G4, and BRS Seda). The evaluated variables were N content in the diagnostic leaf (NCDL), number of capsules per plant (NC), plant dry mass (PDM), seed yield (SY), oil content (OC), and protein content (PC). The maximum values of the variables studied were obtained at a rate of 120 kg ha−1 of N. The cultivar CNPA G4 presented the highest productive performance in comparison to the other cultivars, and the cultivar BRS Seda had the highest oil content in the seed. The second crop (July to October) obtained the best agronomic performance for the sesame. Regarding the protein content, the cultivars CNPA G3 and CNPA G4 obtained the highest at a rate of 120 kg ha−1 of N. The second harvest also provided higher levels of protein in the seed, independent of the cultivar evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphatidate (PA) phosphatase dephosphorylates the membrane phospholipid PA to diacylglycerol (DAG) that can be used for the synthesis of the storage lipid triacylglycerol (TAG). In Yarrowia lipolytica, TAG biosynthesis is induced during the lipogenic phase, which results in the accumulation of this lipid in cells. The accumulation of TAG during lipogenesis requires the supply of DAG, but the source of this DAG is not known in Y. lipolytica. In this study, the regulation of PA phosphatase during lipogenesis and its contribution to TAG biosynthesis was examined in Y. lipolytica. Lipogenesis was triggered by growing cells in high‐glucose media, whereas control cultures were grown in low‐glucose media. PA phosphatase activity increased in a time‐dependent manner as high‐glucose cells progressed in the lipogenic phase. In contrast, the activity decreased in low‐glucose cells that did not accumulate lipids. An analysis of the subcellular localization of the PA phosphatase activity showed that the membrane‐associated activity increased during lipogenesis. The significance of this increase can be explained by the fact that only the membrane‐associated PA phosphatase activity is responsible for the production of DAG. Taken together, these results indicate that PA phosphatase is involved in TAG biosynthesis during lipogenesis in Y. lipolytica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Oleaginous microorganisms are characterized by their ability to store high amounts of triacylglycerol (TAG) in intracellular lipid droplets (LDs). In this work, we characterized a protein of the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica that is associated with LD and plays a role in the regulation of TAG storage. This protein is required for the oleaginous phenotype of Y. lipolytica because deletion of the coding gene results in a strongly reduced TAG content of the mutant. Therefore, we named it Oleaginicity Inducing LD protein, Oil1. Furthermore, a mutant overexpressing OIL1 accumulates more TAG than the wild type and is delayed in TAG lipolysis when this process is stimulated. We found that Oil1p plays a role in protecting the TAG content of the LD from degradation through lipases under conditions where the cell aims at building up its TAG reserves. Heterologous expression studies showed that Oil1p rescued the phenotype of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant deleted for the perilipin-like protein Pln1p and that its expression in COS-7 cells resulted in increased TAG accumulation, similar to the phenotype of a perilipin 1 expressing control strain. Despite this phenotypical parallels to mammalian perilipins, Oil1p is not a member of this protein family and its activity does not depend on phosphorylation. Rather, our results suggest that ubiquitination might contribute to the function of Oil1p in Y. lipolytica and that a different mechanism evolved in this species to regulate TAG homeostasis. Highlights • Loss of Oil1 impairs ability of Yarrowia lipolytica to store high amounts of fat. • Overexpression of Oil1 delays mobilization of triacylglycerols through lipases. • Oil1 induces triacylglycerol storage in baker's yeast and in COS-7 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urgent need to reduce the use of fossil sources, whether agricultural inputs or fuels, and to promote a more sustainable means of production has become an incessant search worldwide. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can be an important alternative once they act in the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients in the soil and in the maintenance of soil and plant health and quality. Crambe abyssinica has been recognized as an important crop for the production of high-quality biodiesel. The identification of specific PGPR are of great importance for the production of sustainable and low-cost biodiesel. The effect of four different PGPR and its mixture, on the growth and yield of Crambe was assessed in a greenhouse setting. Six treatments were used: Azospirillum brasilense (strain Ab-V5), Methylobacterium komagatae (strain ZM), Rhizobium sp. (strain 8.1.2.1), Azomonas sp. (strain 4.3.1.2), a mixture of these four and no inoculation. Plant height and stem diameter, the area of roots, and yield were evaluated. M. komagatae, Azomonas sp. and Rhizobium sp. provided an average of 102% greater root area compared to uninoculated crambe. However, only M. komagatae provided a significant yield increase (108%). The positive responses of a bacterium not previously reported as growth-promoting enables also a series of study possibilities such as the elucidation of the mechanisms of association and testing in other plantas, particularly other Brassicaceae . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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