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[Display omitted] Remarkable progress has been made in tumour immunotherapy in recent decades. However, the clinical outcomes of therapeutic interventions remain unpredictable, largely because of inefficient immune responses. To address this challenge and optimise immune stimulation, we present a novel administration route for enhancing the bioavailability of immunotherapeutic drugs. Our approach involves the development of an oral tumour vaccine utilising virus-like particles derived from the Hepatitis B virus core (HBc) antigen. The external surfaces of these particles are engineered to display the model tumour antigen OVA, whereas the interiors are loaded with cytosine phosphoguanosine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN), resulting in a construct called CpG@OVAHBc with enhanced antigenicity and immune response. For oral delivery, CpG@OVAHBc is encapsulated in a crosslinked dextran hydrogel called CpG@OVAHBc@Dex. The external hydrogel shield safeguards the biomimetic virus particles from degradation by gastric acid and proteases. Upon exposure to intestinal flora, the hydrogel disintegrates, releasing CpG@OVAHBc at the intestinal mucosal site. Owing to its virus-like structure, CpG@OVAHBc exhibits enhanced adhesion to the mucosal surface, facilitating uptake by microfold cells (M cells) and subsequent transmission to antigen-presenting cells. The enzyme-triggered release of this oral hydrogel ensures the integrity of the tumour vaccine within the digestive tract, allowing targeted release and significantly improving bioavailability. Beyond its efficacy, this oral hydrogel vaccine streamlines drug administration, alleviates patient discomfort, and enhances treatment compliance without the need for specialised injection methods. Consequently, our approach expands the horizons of vaccine development in the field of oral drug administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted virus, whose persistent infection is the main reason for invasive cervical cancer (ICC), which is the fourth most common type of cancer in women, with more than 500 000 new cases every year. After infection, various alterations occur in the host, facilitating the virus's evasion of immune system clearance and promoting its proliferation. Oral probiotic consumption can influence the whole body's immunity, inflammatory reflection, neural, endocrine humoral, metabolic pathways and other organs by adjusting the components of gut microbiota (GM). Some evidence shows there is a tight connection between GM and vaginal microbiota (VM), which is referred to as the gut‐vaginal axis. This review investigates the potential role of probiotics in clearing HPV via the gut‐vagina axis, emphasizing the effectiveness of Lactobacillus in preventing vaginal diseases and suggesting its potential for HPV clearance. Understanding the role of probiotics in the gut‐vagina axis could pave the way for new strategies to reduce and eliminate HPV and related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C2 (SEC2), a classical superantigen, is an antitumor immunotherapy agent. However, the injectable formulation of SEC2 limits its clinical application. Here, it is reported that oral administration of SEC2 activates the intestinal immune system and benefits intestinal health in a mouse model. These results indicate that intact SEC2 is detected in the stomach, intestine, and serum after oral administration. Continuous oral administration of SEC2 activates immune cells in gut‐associated lymphoid tissues, promoting extensive differentiation and proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and CD19+ B cells, leading to increased production of cytokines and secretory immunoglobulin A. SEC2 also enhances intestinal barrier function, as demonstrated by an increased villus length/crypt depth ratio and elevated expression of mucins and tight junction proteins. Additionally, SEC2 indirectly influenced gut microbiota, reinforcing potential probiotics and short‐chain fatty acid synthesis. Enhanced differentiation of T and B cells in the spleen, coupled with elevated serum interleukin‐2 levels, suggests systemic immune enhancement following oral administration of SEC2. These findings provide a scientific basis for the development of SEC2 as an oral immunostimulant for immune enhancement and anti‐tumor immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tadalafil cream, a topically administered phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor (PDE5), presents a potential alternative to oral PDE5 inhibitors like tadalafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). This study evaluates the non-inferiority and potential superiority of tadalafil cream compared to oral tadalafil. Methods: This randomized controlled trial employed a cross-over design with two treatment periods of two weeks each, separated by a one-week washout phase. Thirty-five male participants aged 18–75 with diagnosed ED (International Index of Erectile Function–Erectile function: IIEF-EF score < 26) were randomized to receive either tadalafil cream or oral tadalafil. Tadalafil cream was applied topically, while tadalafil was taken orally. The primary endpoint was IIEF-EF, and secondary endpoints were measured using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) domain scores. Adverse events and treatment preferences were also assessed. Results: Tadalafil cream showed a higher increase in sexual function across all IIEF domains compared to oral tadalafil. The lower bounds of the confidence interval [improvement: final−baseline scores between tadalafil cream and oral tadalafil 0.72 (95% CI −2.72–4.15)] were above the non-inferiority margin of −3.22, confirming tadalafil cream's non-inferiority in the erectile function domain. In the intercourse satisfaction domain, tadalafil cream was superior to oral tadalafil. At the end of the trial, 88.57% of participants preferred tadalafil cream (95% CI 73.26%–96.79%), a result significantly above the non-inferiority margin that indicated superiority (p < 0.001). No systemic adverse events were reported for tadalafil cream, and significant differences in dizziness, headache, nasal congestion, and erythema were observed between the two treatments. Conclusions: Tadalafil cream is a safe and effective treatment for erectile dysfunction, demonstrating non-inferiority and potential superiority over oral tadalafil, with a high patient preference. Its topical administration offers a promising alternative for patients, particularly those with cardiovascular diseases where oral PDE5 inhibitors are contraindicated or less well tolerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a prevalent metabolic disease, posing a considerable threat to public health. Oligonucleotide drugs have proven to be a promising field of therapy for the diseases. In this study, we reported that a herbal small RNA (sRNA), JGL‐sRNA‐h7 (B34735529, F1439.L002444.A11), could exhibit potent hypoglycemic effects by targeting glucose‐6‐phosphatase. Oral administration of sphingosine (d18:1)‐JGL‐sRNA‐h7 bencaosomes ameliorated hyperglycemia and diabetic kidney injury better than metformin in db/db mice. Furthermore, glucose tolerance was also improved in sphingosine (d18:1)‐JGL‐sRNA‐h7 bencaosomes‐treated beagle dogs. Our study indicates that JGL‐sRNA‐h7 could be a promising hypoglycemic oligonucleotide drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: Salmonella typhimurium A1-R has been shown to target and inhibit many types of cancers in mouse models without continuous infection of normal tissue. The objective of the present study was to determine the effective dose of orally-administered Salmonella typhimurium A1-R, expressing-green fluorescent protein (GFP), on an HT1080 human-fibrosarcoma nude-mouse model. Materials and Methods: The HT1080-human- fibrosarcoma nude-mouse models were randomized into the following three groups: G1: untreated control; G2: Oral Salmonella typhimurium A1-R (5x107 colony forming units [CFU]/body, twice a week, 2 weeks); G3: Oral Salmonella typhimurium A1-R (3.3x108 CFU/body, twice a week, 2 weeks). Each group comprised five mice. Body weight and tumor volume were measured twice a week. The number of colonies of Salmonella typhimurium A1-R-GFP in excised tumors and excised livers in groups G2 and G3 were determined on day 3, day 7 and 14 by growth on agar plates. Tukey-Kramer analysis was used to examine the relationships between variables. Statistically-significant results are defined as those with p≤0.05. Results: Salmonella typhimurium A1-R was administered orally at a dose of 3.3x108 CFU, which successfully regressed the HT1080 tumor in nude mice. However, this effect was not observed at a lower dose of 5x107 CFU. After administering Salmonella typhimurium A1-R at 3.3x108 CFU, tumors and liver tissues were harvested, homogenized, and cultured on days 3, 7 and 14. Resulting GFP-expressing Salmonella typhimurium A1-R colonies were then counted. The number of GFP-bacterial colonies derived from excised tumors at intervals of 3, 7, and 14 days increased over time post-administration of oral GFP-Salmonella typhimurium. Conversely, the number of GFP-Salmonella typhimurium A1-R colonies that could be grown from excised livers decreased over time, following oral administration of GFP-Salmonella typhimurium. Additionally, the GFP-bacterial colonies grown from the excised tumors were significantly larger than those grown from the excised livers. Conclusion: The present study showed that an aggressive fibrosarcoma could be regressed by orallyadministered Salmonella typhimurium A1-R which accurately targeted tumors without continuous growth in normal organs. The present results suggested the potential of orally-administered Salmonella typhimurium A1-R as a probiotic to treat aggressive soft-tissue sarcoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Metal–organic framework (MOF) is a porous material composed of metal ions/clusters and organic ligands. It has attracted much attention due to its high specific surface area, good biocompatibility, chemical modifiability, and diversity of components. Among many MOFs, zirconium‐based MOFs are particularly suitable for biological applications due to their optimal stability and low toxicity to hydrolysis. However, due to the weak coordination bonds between many metal clusters and organic ligands, most MOFs are prone to collapse in acidic environments, and the stability of MOFs as drug carriers cannot be guaranteed so that they cannot be widely used as oral drug carriers. This study synthesized the three MOFs using metal Zr ion clusters as the center and different nitrogen‐containing organic ligands, which are stable in gastric acid, namely, UiO‐66‐PDC, UiO‐66‐NH2, and UiO‐66‐NO2. The anionic drug loxoprofen (LOX) was loaded and characterized using scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and x‐ray diffraction. The adsorption and release behaviors of LOX and the three MOFs were studied from the molecular point of view by computer simulation. A series of behaviors and mechanisms of pH‐responsive nitrogen‐containing MOFs as oral drug carriers were further explored through rat pharmacokinetic experiments, the everted gut sac experiments, and intestinal absorption mechanism experiments. The experimental results show that there is a strong electrostatic interaction between anionic drug LOX and UiO‐66‐PDC under simulated gastric acid environment, which prolongs the half‐life of the drug, proving that LOX@UiO‐66‐PDC is a promising new oral drug delivery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Treatment with topotecan is standard-of-care therapy for relapsed small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Both oral and intravenous administrations of topotecan have been extensively researched and are found to be equally effective with less adverse events in the oral group. Case Presentation: We report a case of a patient with SCLC, who had previously received oral topotecan, with radiological stable disease with no changes in tumor or metastasis diameter size after two administrations. Subsequently, this patient received intravenous topotecan instead of oral due to supply difficulties. After one administration of intravenous topotecan, we saw significant disease regression. Conclusion: This is to our knowledge the first reported case of better response of intravenous topotecan than oral topotecan. Multiple extrinsic (e.g., food, medication) factors were investigated but could not deliver an explanation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Metformin (Met), an oral drug used to treat type II diabetes, is known to control blood glucose levels. Metformin carbon quantum dots (MetCQDs) were prepared to enhance the bioavailability and effectiveness of metformin. Several studies have shown that carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have attractive properties like small particle size, high penetrability, low cytotoxicity, and ease of synthesis. CQDs are made from a carbon source, namely, citric acid, and a heteroatom, such as nitrogen. The active molecule can be a carbon source or a heteroatom, as reported here. Methods: This study aims to produce MetCQDs from an active molecule. MetCQDs were successfully produced by microwave-based production methods and characterized. The effect of the MetCQDs was tested in Wistar albino rats following a Streptozocin-induced diabetic model. Results: The results show that the products have a particle size of 9.02 ± 0.04 nm, a zeta potential of −10.4 ± 0.214 mV, and a quantum yield of 15.1 ± 0.045%. Stability studies and spectrophotometric analyses were carried out and the effectiveness of MetCQDs evaluated in diabetic rats. The results show a significant reduction in blood sugar levels (34.1–51.1%) compared to the group receiving only metformin (37.1–55.3%) over a period of 30 to 360 min. Histopathological examinations of the liver tissue indicate improvement in the liver health indicators of the group treated with MetCQDs. Conclusions: Based on these results, the products have potential therapeutic advantages in diabetes management through their increased efficacy and may have reduced side effects compared to the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objective: It is not uncommon for elderly patients to experience difficulties with feeding and swallowing. In the simple suspension method, tablets are dissolved and suspended in warm water without prior crushing or decapsulation, and then administered via a tube. Despite the prevalence of this method, the pharmacokinetics of suspended tablet dosage forms remain poorly understood. Methods: Verapamil was employed in dissolution tests following both the simple suspension and crushing methods. A pharmacokinetics study was conducted on healthy adult males. Results: The resultant dissolution profiles from the two methods exhibited notable dissimilarities. Drug release from the crushed product commenced earlier than that from the simple suspension and intact tablet. Furthermore, the area under the curve for verapamil during the initial 24 h period was 1.7 and 1.3 times greater in the crushed and simple suspension groups, respectively, than in the tablet group. Conclusions: The crushing and simple suspension methods are safe techniques for administering medications to patients with dysphagia, thereby preventing aspiration. Nevertheless, the processing of medications may result in an increased frequency of adverse effects. It is recommended that the processing of medicines prior to administration be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is inflammatory intestinal disorders associated with dysregulated gut microbiota. Bacteriotherapy that leverages bacteria as therapeutics has shown tremendous promise in resolving gut dysbiosis and reducing inflammatory mediators to treat IBD. Orally delivered probiotics, such as Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN), can produce beneficial ingredients, competitively inhibit the proliferation of pathogens, and promote the restoration of gut microbiome homeostasis. However, environmental stresses (such as gastric acids) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract pose an enormous challenge to the probiotics following oral administration, leading to decreases in viability and activity of probiotics. Meanwhile, the inferior mucoadhesive capability of probiotics results in low colonization efficacy, further compromising their therapeutic effect. Coating probiotics with functional biomaterials may protect them from elimination and prolong their retention in the GI tract. Here, we developed a facile double-layer electrostatic assembly technique to encapsulate EcN bacteria in protective layers of mucoadhesive chitosan (CS) and immunomodulatory hyaluronic acid (HA) to generate HA-CS-EcN. These biomaterials confer the coated EcN resistance to environmental assault and enhanced mucoadhesion in the GI tract. The probiotics equipped with the multifunctional shield can thus suppress inflammation and reshape the intestinal microenvironment to enhance therapeutic efficacy for the prevention and treatment of IBD. Collectively, this study presents a novel probiotic coating strategy to augment the outcome of bacteriotherapy to combat IBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the safety and convenience of oral administration, poorly water-soluble drugs compromise absorption and bioavailability. These drugs can exhibit low dissolution rates, variability between fed and fasted states, difficulty permeating the mucus layer, and P-glycoprotein efflux. Drug nanocrystals offer a promising strategy to address these challenges. This review focuses on the opportunities to develop orally administered nanocrystals based on pharmacokinetic outcomes. The impacts of the drug particle size, morphology, dissolution rate, crystalline state on oral bioavailability are discussed. The potential of the improved dissolution rate to eliminate food effects during absorption is also addressed. This review also explores whether permeation or dissolution drives nanocrystal absorption. Additionally, it addresses the functional roles of stabilizers. Drug nanocrystals may result in prolonged concentrations in the bloodstream in some cases. Therefore, nanocrystals represent a promising strategy to overcome the challenges of poorly water-soluble drugs, thus encouraging further investigation into unclear mechanisms during oral administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: In a previous report, our group showed that oral administration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Pantoea agglomerans can prevent the progression of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes-related cognitive dysfunction (DRCD) in mice without causing significant sideeffects. However, the treatment effects of oral administration of LPS to DRCD remain unknown. Materials and Methods: We modified our previous animal experimental model to investigate whether oral administration of LPS can recover cognitive function after DRCD onset. Results: The Morris water maze (MWM) revealed a significant decrease in learning and memory abilities at 13 days after intracerebroventricular administration of STZ, thereby providing evidence of the occurrence of DRCD in the animal model. Oral administration of LPS (1 mg/kg per day) started after cognitive impairment was observed. After 28 days of treatment, mice receiving LPS via the oral route showed significant recovery of spatial learning ability, a symptom of early dementia, while only a trend toward recovery was seen for spatial memory compared to the untreated group. Conclusion: These results, limited to MWM, suggest that oral administration of LPS is a promising therapeutic strategy for restoring decreased spatial learning ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Treatment with topotecan is standard-of-care therapy for relapsed small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Both oral and intravenous administrations of topotecan have been extensively researched and are found to be equally effective with less adverse events in the oral group. Case Presentation: We report a case of a patient with SCLC, who had previously received oral topotecan, with radiological stable disease with no changes in tumor or metastasis diameter size after two administrations. Subsequently, this patient received intravenous topotecan instead of oral due to supply difficulties. After one administration of intravenous topotecan, we saw significant disease regression. Conclusion: This is to our knowledge the first reported case of better response of intravenous topotecan than oral topotecan. Multiple extrinsic (e.g., food, medication) factors were investigated but could not deliver an explanation.

Oral administration is the most simple, noninvasive, convenient treatment. With the increasing demands on the targeted drug delivery, the traditional oral treatment now is facing some challenges: 1) biologics how to implement the oral treatment and ensure the bioavailability is not lower than the subcutaneous injections; 2) How to achieve targeted therapy of some drugs in the gastrointestinal tract? Based on these two issues, drug delivery microrobots have shown great application prospect in oral drug delivery due to their characteristics of flexible locomotion or driven ability. Therefore, this paper summarizes various drug delivery microrobots developed in recent years and divides them into four categories according to different driving modes: magnetic-controlled drug delivery microrobots, anchored drug delivery microrobots, self-propelled drug delivery microrobots and biohybrid drug delivery microrobots. As oral drug delivery microrobots involve disciplines such as materials science, mechanical engineering, medicine, and control systems, this paper begins by introducing the gastrointestinal barriers that oral drug delivery must overcome. Subsequently, it provides an overview of typical materials involved in the design process of oral drug delivery microrobots. To enhance readers' understanding of the working principles and design process of oral drug delivery microrobots, we present a guideline for designing such microrobots. Furthermore, the current development status of various types of oral drug delivery microrobots is reviewed, summarizing their respective advantages and limitations. Finally, considering the significant concerns regarding safety and clinical translation, we discuss the challenges and prospections of clinical translation for various oral drug delivery microrobots presented in this paper, providing corresponding suggestions for addressing some existing challenges.

Objective: This study aims to compare the safety and efficacy of misoprostol administered orally and vaginally in obese pregnant women at term with either gestational hypertension or diabetes. Methods: A total of 264 pregnant women were enrolled and categorized into two groups based on their primary condition: hypertension (134 cases) or diabetes mellitus (130 cases) and were further divided into subgroups for misoprostol administration: orally (Oral group) or vaginally (Vaginal group). The primary outcomes measured were changes in the Bishop score following treatment, induction of labor (IOL) success rates, requirement for oxytocin augmentation, duration of labor, mode of delivery, and cesarean section rates. Results: Significant enhancements in Bishop scores, decreased cesarean section rates and increased success rates of IOL were noted in both administration groups. The incidence of vaginal delivery within 24 h was significantly higher in the Vaginal group compared to the Oral group. Adverse effects, including nausea, uterine overcontraction, hyperfrequency of uterine contraction and uterine hyperstimulation without fetal heart rate deceleration, were significantly more prevalent in the Vaginal group than in the Oral group. Conclusion: Misoprostol administration, both orally and vaginally, proves effective for labor induction in obese pregnant women with hypertension or diabetes. However, the oral route presents a lower risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, suggesting its preference for safer labor induction in this demographic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By observing the possible toxic reactions and deaths of titanium dioxide nanoparticles given by oral gavage to Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats at 2, 10, and 50 mg/kg once a day for 94 consecutive days due to accumulation, as well as the recovery of the drug for 30 days after stopping the administration of the drug, we identified the possible target organs of the toxic reactions and determined the dose of its non-toxic reaction in SD rats, in order to provide reference information for evaluating the clinical use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and the safety of the drug. The results showed that there was no significant abnormality in body weight gain or food intake in all groups of animals during the administration period or the recovery period after drug withdrawal. Hematology, blood biochemistry, and urine indicators did not exceed the normal range, and there was no obvious toxicity. Meanwhile, when analyzed together with the histopathological results, the vital organs such as the heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, spleen, and brain did not show any obvious lesions related to the test substance. No obvious local toxicity lesions were observed in the buccal region of the mouth or the mucous membrane of the tongue at the site of drug administration. In conclusion, the non-toxic dose of titanium dioxide nanoparticles by oral gavage for 94 days in SD rats under the conditions of this test was initially determined to be 50 mg/kg/day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a new preparation to protect probiotic cells from adverse environmental conditions and improve their livability, which is called Lactobacillus casei-Sodium alginate-Chitosan (LSC). The LSC was prepared by mixing probiotics with sodium alginate-chitosan sol. The preparation contained complex calcium ions, which were released in the acidic environment of gastric juice, thus crosslinking to form in-situ gel. Different proportions of sodium alginate-chitosan were prepared to add to simulate gastrointestinal fluid to get the best ratio. The optimal ratio of LSC preparation was compared with traditional gel microspheres to observe the survival effect of probiotics in gastrointestinal fluid environment. Compared with sodium alginate sol, the porosity of sodium alginate-chitosan sol is lower, which is beneficial to the protection of probiotics. When the ratio of chitosan to sodium alginate is 1.5: 1.5 (w/v), the protective effect is the best. The protective ability of LSC is 64 times that of traditional microspheres, and it has the potential of synergistic anti-tumor. A probiotic preparation with simple preparation process and better protection effect compared with traditional microspheres was prepared, which has joint anti-tumor potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several nanotechnology-based formulation strategies have been reported for the oral administration of biological drugs. However, a prerequisite often overlooked in developing these formulations is their adaptation to a solid dosage form. This study aimed to incorporate a freeze-drying step, using either mannitol or sucrose laurate (SLAE), into the formulation of new insulin-zinc nanocomplexes to render them resistant to intestinal fluids while maintaining a high protein loading. The resulting freeze-dried insulin-zinc nanocomplexes exhibited physicochemical properties consistent with the target product profile, including a particle size of ∼ 100 nm, a zeta potential close to neutrality (∼ -15 mV) and a high association efficiency (> 90%). Importantly, integrating the freeze-drying step in the formulation significantly improved the colloidal stability of the system and preserved the stability of the insulin molecules. Results from in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that the insulin activity remained fully retained throughout the entire formulation and freeze-drying processes. In brief, we present a novel protein formulation strategy that incorporates a critical freeze-drying step, resulting in a dry powder enabling efficient protein complexation with zinc and optimized for oral administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mingtang Zeng,1,&ast; Maozhu Liu,2,&ast; Xuelin Tao,1,&ast; Xi Yin,1 Chao Shen,1 Xueyan Wang1 1Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China; 2Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Xueyan Wang, Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China, Email wxy1226@126.comAbstract: Inflammation involves complex immune responses where cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 promote vasodilation and increased vascular permeability to facilitate immune cell migration to inflammation sites. Persistent inflammation is linked to diseases like cancer, arthritis, and neurodegenerative disorders. Although oral anti-inflammatory drugs are favored for their non-invasiveness and cost-effectiveness, their efficacy is often compromised due to gastrointestinal degradation and limited bioavailability. Recent advancements highlight the potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as nanocarriers that enhance drug delivery by encapsulating therapeutic agents, ensuring targeted release and reduced toxicity. These EVs, derived from dietary sources and cell cultures, exhibit excellent biocompatibility and stability, presenting a novel approach in anti-inflammatory therapies. This review discusses the classification and advantages of orally administered EVs (O-EVs), their mechanism of action, and their emerging role in treating inflammatory conditions, positioning them as promising vectors in the development of innovative anti-inflammatory drug delivery systems.Keywords: extracellular vesicles, anti-inflammatory, drug delivery systems, food, oral administration

Abstract Background Microsponges are one of the advanced drug delivery systems that facilitates precise and controlled release of active ingredients that are suitable for topical and oral use. These porous microspheres are typically sized between 5 and 300 μm, offer benefits including controlled release, stability, and minimized side effects. Manufacturing techniques like quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion and liquid–liquid suspension polymerization are usually employed to prepare microsponges, although various challenges arise from the use of potentially hazardous organic solvents. Main body Microsponges possess distinct traits such as extended drug release, formulation flexibility, and high drug loading capacity. Entrapment of drugs requires considerations of solubility, stability, and miscibility, while evaluation methods encompass production yield and particle size analysis. Their applications range from dermatological to biopharmaceutical delivery, with diverse products utilizing this technology. Ongoing innovations about microsponges are evident in patents concerning medical dressings and hyaluronic acid delivery systems. Conclusion Microsponges present a promising avenue in drug delivery, despite many challenges. Current review addresses on limitations and diverse products highlighting commercial viability. Patent activity signifies continued interest, suggesting significant potential for enhancing patient care.

Three hyperimmune egg-based formulations rich in immunoglobulin Y (IgY) were orally administered (daily, for up to 90 days) to C57BL/6 mice that were not microbially challenged. The serum levels of 32 cytokines were quantified every 30 days. Histopathology, hematology, and serum biochemistry investigations were also performed. As a sign of increased immune activity, lymphohistiocytic infiltrates were detected in the digestive tract and the liver after 30, 60, and 90 days of treatment. These infiltrates were also present in the lungs after 30 and 60 days, but not at 90 days. Blood analysis indicated systemic inflammation after 30 days of treatment: increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines, glycemia, total serum proteins, ALT, and ALP. After 60 and 90 days of treatment, the analyzed blood parameters showed mixed signs of both increased and decreased inflammation. The increased cytokines, which varied with formulation and time of exposure, indicated a combination of mostly Th17- and Th2-type immune responses. As the mice were healthy and housed in standardized sanitary conditions, and were not microbially challenged, the data were consistent with an interaction of IgY with the gut-associated lymphoid tissue as the main mechanism of action. This interaction generated a local immune response, which subsequently induced a systemic response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In vivo-evaluated 5-ASA-HbNPs as a colon-specific prodrug for treatment of experimental colitis. • HbNPs conjugation is an efficient way to increase the therapeutic effect and to reduce the adverse effects of 5-ASA. • HbNPs acted as not only a pro-moiety but also a therapeutically active agent. • Mucoadhesive property of this colonic nano-delivery system contributed to the treatment of IBD. The oral formulation design for colon-specific drug delivery brings some therapeutic benefits in the ulcerative colitis treatment. We recently reported the specific delivery of hemoglobin nanoparticles-conjugating 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA-HbNPs) to the inflamed site. In the current study, the therapeutic effect of the 5-ASA-HbNPs formulation was confirmed in vivo. This evaluation of 5-ASA-HbNPs not only shows longer colonic retention time due to adhesive properties, also provides full support for it as compared with free 5-ASA. It was considered as a suitable bio-adhesive nanoparticle with mucoadhesive property to pass through the mucus layer and accumulate into the mucosa. In UC model mice, a two-fold decrease in the disease activity indexes and colon weight/length ratios was significantly observed in the group treated with 5-ASA-HbNPs. This group received one percent of the standard dosage of 5-ASA (50 μg/kg), while, a similar result was observed for a significant amount of free 5-ASA (5 mg/kg). Furthermore, microscopic images of histological sections of the extracted colons demonstrated that the 5-ASA-HbNPs and 5-ASA groups displayed instances of inflammatory damage within the colon. However, in comparison to the colitis group, the extent of this damage was relatively moderate, suggesting 5-ASA-HbNPs improved therapeutic efficacy with the lower dosage form. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gut microbiota is closely associated with human health, and alterations in gut microbiota can influence various physiological and pathological activities in the human body. Therefore, microbiota regulation has become an important strategy in current disease treatment, albeit facing numerous challenges. Nanomaterials, owing to their excellent protective properties, drug release capabilities, targeting abilities, and good biocompatibility, have been widely developed and utilized in pharmaceuticals and dietary fields. In recent years, significant progress has been made in research on utilizing nanomaterials to assist in regulating gut microbiota for disease intervention. This review explores the latest advancements in the application of nanomaterials for microbiota regulation and offers insights into the future development of nanomaterials in modulating gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), a spice and food coloring agent in food preparation, contains a carotenoid pigment called curcumin. Curcumin has attracted extensive research interest owing to its health benefits, ranging from neuroprotection to chemoprevention and antioxidation. It also exhibits anti-cancer effects due to its capacity to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and stimulate apoptosis. However, the health-promoting effects of curcumin are limited by its poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability. This article presents an overview of the latest understanding of the biological effects of curcumin and its use as a food additive in the development of functional food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of different functional stabilizers on in vitro/in vivo drug performances after oral administration of drug nanocrystals. Quercetin nanocrystals (QT-NCs) respectively stabilized by five types of functional stabilizers, including hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose E15 (HPMC E15), poloxamer 407 (P407), poloxamer 188 (P188), D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS), and glycyrrhizin acid (GL), were fabricated by wet media milling technique. The particle size, morphology, physical state, drug solubility, drug dissolution in vitro, and orally pharmacokinetic behaviors of all QT-NCs were investigated. All QT-NCs with similar particle size about 200 nm were obtained by controlling milling speed and milling time. No significant differences in particles shape and crystalline nature were found for QT-NCs stabilized by different functional stabilizers. But the solubility and dissolution of QT-NCs were significantly influenced by the different functional stabilizers. The AUC0∼t of all QT-NCs after oral administration was in the following order: QT-NCs/P188 ≈ QT-NCs/HPMC E15 > QT-NCs/GL > QT-NCs/P407 ≈ QT-NCs/TPGS, and the Cmax showed an order of QT-NCs/P407 > QT-NCs/P188 ≈ QT-NCs/GL > QT-NCs/HPMC E15 > QT-NCs/TPGS. Both of QT-NCs/P407 and QT-NCs/TPGS exhibited faster oral absorption with Tmax at 0.5 h and 0.83 h, respectively, while the other three QT-NCs (QT-NCs/P188, QT-NCs/GL and QT-NCs/HPMC E15) showed a relatively slow absorption with same Tmax at 5.33 h. The longest MRT0∼t (11.72 h) and t1/2z (32.22 h) were observed for QT-NCs/HPMC E15. These results suggested that the different functional stabilizers could significantly influence on drug solubility, drug dissolution in vitro and orally pharmacokinetic behavior of QT-NCs, and it is possible to alter the drug dissolution in vitro, oral absorption and drug retention in vivo by changing the type of functional stabilizers in NCs preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reproductive performance of captive tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) is a crucial aspect of sustainable aquaculture. This study explores the potential of Cyperus spp. extract components (CE) to enhance the reproductive performance of captive tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. Our methods involved feeding captive tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon with feed enriched with 0, 300, 400, and 500 µg CE/g Body Weight (BW) over a 60-day rearing period. Eyestalk ablation was used as a positive control. Post-feeding experiments, we observed the shrimp for their reproductive performance. The results were promising: the male broodstock exhibited the highest molting percentage when fed with feed enriched with 400 µg CE/g BW, while females showed the highest molting percentage at 500 µg CE/g BW. The highest percentage of males carrying spermatophores and mating females was observed at 500 µg CE/g BW. Broodstockfed feed enriched with 500 µg CE/g BW produced 337,339 eggs with an average egg diameter of 289.5 µm, yielding 16,175 nauplii. The highest expression of vitellogenin and spermatogenesis was found in the 400-500 µg/g BW range. These findings suggest that the optimal dose of CE for promoting gonadal maturation in captive shrimp broodstock is 400-500 µg/g BW. The potential of this study to increase larval production in aquaculture practices is significant. By utilizing environmentally friendly plant-derived hormones like CE, we can develop more sustainable aquaculture methods, thereby reducing the environmental impact associated with traditional hormone induction strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single‐domain antibodies (sdAbs), such as VHHs, are increasingly being developed for gastrointestinal (GI) applications against pathogens to strengthen gut health. However, what constitutes a suitable developability profile for applying these proteins in a gastrointestinal setting remains poorly explored. Here, we describe an in vitro methodology for the identification of sdAb derivatives, more specifically divalent VHH constructs, that display extraordinary developability properties for oral delivery and functionality in the GI environment. We showcase this by developing a heterodivalent VHH construct that cross‐inhibits the toxic activity of the glycosyltransferase domains (GTDs) from three different toxinotypes of cytotoxin B (TcdB) from lineages of Clostridium difficile. We show that the VHH construct possesses high stability and binding activity under gastric conditions, in the presence of bile salts, and at high temperatures. We suggest that the incorporation of early developability assessment could significantly aid in the efficient discovery of VHHs and related constructs fit for oral delivery and GI applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Microsponges are one of the advanced drug delivery systems that facilitates precise and controlled release of active ingredients that are suitable for topical and oral use. These porous microspheres are typically sized between 5 and 300 μm, offer benefits including controlled release, stability, and minimized side effects. Manufacturing techniques like quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion and liquid–liquid suspension polymerization are usually employed to prepare microsponges, although various challenges arise from the use of potentially hazardous organic solvents. Main body: Microsponges possess distinct traits such as extended drug release, formulation flexibility, and high drug loading capacity. Entrapment of drugs requires considerations of solubility, stability, and miscibility, while evaluation methods encompass production yield and particle size analysis. Their applications range from dermatological to biopharmaceutical delivery, with diverse products utilizing this technology. Ongoing innovations about microsponges are evident in patents concerning medical dressings and hyaluronic acid delivery systems. Conclusion: Microsponges present a promising avenue in drug delivery, despite many challenges. Current review addresses on limitations and diverse products highlighting commercial viability. Patent activity signifies continued interest, suggesting significant potential for enhancing patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research aimed at assessing the effects of different levels of Thymol on blood, feeding and survival factors in Oncorhinchus mykiss against Yersinia ruckeri. In this order, three experimental treatments including control (fed with commercial food), first treatment (commercial food with 0.5 percent Thymol) and second treatment (commercial food with one percent Thymol) were used with three replications for each treatment within a factorial analysis for completely randomized design. Then, fish were fed for seven weeks using associated diets. The result showed that different levels of Thymol had no significant effect on survival rate of Oncorhinchus mykiss (P>0.05). Regarding blood indices before the challenge, we found that the 0.5 percent Thymol had no significant effect, however, the one percent Thymol treatment showed significant difference (P<0.05) which caused an increase in the amount of hemoglobin and the concentration of intraglobulin hemoglobin. Measuring blood indices after the challenge, however, showed no significant different. The comparison of growth indices among different Thymol treatments showed that the 0.5 percent Thymol had significant effect on final weight, weight gain, special growth rate, protein yield ratio and food conversion factor compared to the control and one percent Thymol treatments. The result from current study showed that Thymol stimulates growth and improves nutritional conditions in fish, especially rainbow trout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The therapeutic potential of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a primary cannabinoid in the cannabis plant, has led to its development into oral medical products for treating various conditions. However, THC, being a psychoactive substance, can lead to addiction if taken in inappropriate amounts. Thus, studying the pharmacokinetics of THC is crucial for understanding how the drug behaves in the body after administration. This study aims to develop a multi-compartmental model to investigate the pharmacokinetics of medical THC and its metabolites after oral administration. Using the law of mass action, the model was converted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to describe the rate of concentration changes of THC and its metabolites in each compartment. The nonstandard finite difference (NSFD) method was then applied to construct numerical solution schemes, which were implemented in MATLAB along with estimated pharmacokinetic rate constants. The results demonstrate that the simulation curves depicting the plasma concentration–time profiles of THC and 11-hydroxy-THC (THC-OH) closely resemble actual data samples, indicating the model's accuracy. Moreover, the model predicts the pharmacokinetics of THC and its metabolites in various tissues. Consequently, this model serves as a valuable tool for enhancing our understanding of the pharmacokinetics of THC and its metabolites, guiding dosage adjustments, and determining administration durations for oral medical THC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) and acetyl triethyl citrate (ATEC) are widely used as plasticizers, but their metabolites as exposure biomarkers for biomonitoring, as well as approximate human metabolic pathways, are not well understood. This study addresses this knowledge gap by conducting suspect screening to propose specific metabolites in human urine as potential biomarkers of exposure and explore their kinetic profiles. Ten volunteers were administered deuterium labeled ATBC (ATBC-d3) and seven received ATEC or deuterium labeled ATEC (ATEC-d3), with urine samples collected over 48 h post-administration. Employing ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-qTOF/MS), six metabolites of ATBC were consistently detected, including (OH)3-ATBC-d3, ADBC-d3, OH-ADBC-d3, DBC, OH-DBC, and OH-DBA. For ATEC, four metabolites were identified: ADEC-d3, AMEC-d3, OH-ADEC-d3, and DEC. Based on their high detection frequency, relative response, and specificity to their parent compounds, ADBC-d3 and OH-ADBC-d3 were identified as promising candidate biomarkers for ATBC exposure, while ADEC-d3 emerged as a suitable biomarker for ATEC. Estimated urinary elimination half-lives ranged from 1.0 to 9.9 h for ATBC metabolites and 1.6 to 3.0 h for ATEC metabolites. One-compartment kinetic modeling provided preliminary insights into metabolite kinetics. This research advances the understanding of ATBC and ATEC metabolism in humans, providing a foundation for future exposure assessments and toxicological studies. The identified biomarkers and preliminary metabolic profiles offer valuable starting points for biomonitoring and risk assessment of these alternative plasticizers.

Bioactive peptides hold significant potential for enhancing human health, however, their limited oral bioavailability poses a substantial barrier to their widespread use in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This article reviews the key factors influencing the absorption efficiency of oral bioactive peptides, including issues related to bitter taste perception, challenges in gastrointestinal environmental stability, and limitations in transmembrane transport. Furthermore, it highlights the latest technologies, such as osmotic technology, chemical modification, and advanced delivery systems, and discusses their advantages in enhancing the stability of bioactive peptides and facilitating intestinal absorption. In addition, the application and challenges of common delivery systems such as liposomes, emulsions, polymer nanoparticles, and hydrogels in oral bioactive peptide delivery are also discussed. This paper aims to provide a theoretical foundation for scientific research and practical applications of oral delivery of bioactive peptides, thereby promoting the further development of bioactive peptides in the context of human health.

Abstract Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C2 (SEC2), a classical superantigen, is an antitumor immunotherapy agent. However, the injectable formulation of SEC2 limits its clinical application. Here, it is reported that oral administration of SEC2 activates the intestinal immune system and benefits intestinal health in a mouse model. These results indicate that intact SEC2 is detected in the stomach, intestine, and serum after oral administration. Continuous oral administration of SEC2 activates immune cells in gut‐associated lymphoid tissues, promoting extensive differentiation and proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and CD19+ B cells, leading to increased production of cytokines and secretory immunoglobulin A. SEC2 also enhances intestinal barrier function, as demonstrated by an increased villus length/crypt depth ratio and elevated expression of mucins and tight junction proteins. Additionally, SEC2 indirectly influenced gut microbiota, reinforcing potential probiotics and short‐chain fatty acid synthesis. Enhanced differentiation of T and B cells in the spleen, coupled with elevated serum interleukin‐2 levels, suggests systemic immune enhancement following oral administration of SEC2. These findings provide a scientific basis for the development of SEC2 as an oral immunostimulant for immune enhancement and anti‐tumor immunotherapy.

Abstract Objective Uncooperative behavior in pediatric dentistry is one of the most common manifestations of dental anxiety. Managing anxious patients can be attained by moderate sedation. This study aimed to compare the effect of sedation by dexmedetomidine-ketamine combination (DEX-KET) versus dexmedetomidine (DEX) on behavior of uncooperative pediatric dental patients. Methodology In total, 56 uncooperative healthy children (3–5 years old) requiring dental treatment were divided randomly into two groups: Group I (study group), which received buccal dexmedetomidine (2 μg/kg) and ketamine (2 mg/kg), and Group II (control group), which received only buccal dexmedetomidine (4 μg/kg). Drugs effects were assessed in terms of hemodynamic parameters, patient’s drug acceptance, child behavior, postoperative effect of sedation, amnesic effect, incidence of adverse events, as well as procedural induced stress measured by salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (s-IgA). Results Hemodynamic results did not reveal a statistically significant difference between the two study groups (P>0.05). There was a significant difference in patient’s acceptance to sedative drug between both groups, favoring DEX (p=0.005). Children who received DEX-KET showed significantly better behavior than those who received DEX for local anesthesia (p=0.017) and during operative procedure (p=0.037). Adverse events, post-operative and amnesic effects of drugs were comparable in both groups (p>0.05). Moreover, the mean difference in the salivary s-IgA levels between initial and final value was not statistically significant between both groups (p=0.556). Conclusion Both DEX-KET combination and DEX alone are effective in providing hemodynamic stability. DEX-KET combination significantly improved the behavior of sedated children compared to DEX alone but the drug acceptance was decreased in the DEX-KET group. Both regimens did not have a negative effect on postoperative behavior of children and had comparable amnesic effect with no significant adverse events. Salivary s-IgA is not considered a potential stress biomarker in sedated children.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effect of oral administration of strontium (Sr) on the regeneration of a critical bone defect. Twenty Wistar rats were divided into two groups, assessed at 15 and 60 days postoperatively: GSr - oral administration of Sr; and CG - without oral administration of Sr. At 15 and 60 days, blood was collected to measure Sr and calcium (Ca), and the calvaria was removed for histomorphological and histomorphometric analyses. Sr+2 plasmatic concentrations were higher in GSr than in CG. The dosage of Ca+2 showed a small increase in the CG about the GSr. In all evaluated groups, new bone formation was restricted to the edges of the defect, and the residual area was filled with fibrous connective tissue. The oral administration of Sr associated with HA microspheres substituted by the metal, in a concentration of 23 mol%, did not affect the formation of the osteoid matrix.

ABSTRACT: Mucosal vaccination strategies are easier to implement than others in large-scale poultry farming. However, the adjuvants that are approved for veterinary use, which are predominantly aluminum- and oil-emulsion-based adjuvants, are not suitable for mucosal vaccination and carry a risk of adverse reactions. In this study, we engineered a novel Lactobacillus plantarum NC8 strain that co-expresses chicken interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-17B, which we designated NC8-ChIL2-17B, and evaluated its potential as an oral immunoadjuvant. The immunomodulatory properties of NC8-ChIL2-17B were evidenced by its ability to activate macrophages and inhibit the proliferation of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in vitro. We then confirmed its immunoadjuvant activity in vivo by orally administering NC8-ChIL2-17B along with a commercial IBV vaccine to chicks. The results indicated that NC8-ChIL2-17B enhanced the immune response elicited by the IBV vaccine and increased the levels of IBV-specific IgG and sIgA antibodies produced in response to IBV infection. Additionally, administration of NC8-ChIL2-17B promoted weight gain and beneficially modulated the gut microbiota, resulting in improved chicken performance. These findings suggest that oral administration of NC8-ChIL2-17B is a promising strategy to enhance the immune efficacy of the IBV vaccine in chickens, offering an efficacious alternative adjuvant.

Oral delivery of an inexpensive COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) vaccine could dramatically improve immunization rates, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Previously, we described a potential universal COVID-19 vaccine, rLVS ΔcapB/MN, comprising a replicating bacterial vector, LVS (live vaccine strain) ΔcapB, expressing the highly conserved SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) membrane and nucleocapsid (N) proteins, which, when administered intradermally or intranasally, protects hamsters from severe COVID-19-like disease after high-dose SARS-CoV-2 respiratory challenge. Here, we show that oral administration of the vaccine also protects against high-dose SARS-CoV-2 respiratory challenge; its protection is comparable to that of intradermal, intranasal, or subcutaneous administration. Hamsters were protected against severe weight loss and lung pathology and had reduced oropharyngeal and lung virus titers. Protection against weight loss and histopathology by the vaccine, which in mice induces splenic and lung cell interferon gamma in response to N protein stimulation, was correlated in hamsters with pre-challenge serum anti-N TH1-biased IgG (IgG2/3). Thus, rLVS ΔcapB/MN has potential as an oral universal COVID-19 vaccine. IMPORTANCE The COVID-19 pandemic continues to rage into its fourth year worldwide. To protect the world's population most effectively from severe disease, hospitalization, and death, a vaccine is needed that is resistant to rapidly emerging viral variants of the causative agent SARS-CoV-2, inexpensive to manufacture, store, and transport, and easy to administer. Ideally, such a vaccine would be capable of oral administration, especially in resource-poor countries of the world where there are shortages of needles, syringes and trained personnel to administer injectable vaccines. Here, we show that oral administration of a bacterium-vectored vaccine meeting all these criteria protects naturally susceptible Syrian hamsters from severe COVID-19-like disease, including severe weight loss and lung pathology, after high-dose SARS-CoV-2 respiratory challenge. As the vaccine is based upon inducing immunity to highly conserved SARS-CoV-2 membrane and nucleocapsid proteins, as opposed to the rapidly mutating Spike protein, it should remain resistant to newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Abstract Radiation-induced intestinal injury is the most common side effect during radiotherapy of abdominal or pelvic solid tumors, significantly impacting patients’ quality of life and even resulting in poor prognosis. Until now, oral application of conventional formulations for intestinal radioprotection remains challenging with no preferred method available to mitigate radiation toxicity in small intestine. Our previous study revealed that nanomaterials derived from spore coat of probiotics exhibit superior anti-inflammatory effect and even prevent the progression of cancer. The aim of this work is to determine the radioprotective effect of spore coat (denoted as spore ghosts, SGs) from three clinically approved probiotics (B.coagulans, B.subtilis and B.licheniformis). All the three SGs exhibit outstanding reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging ability and excellent anti-inflammatory effect. Moreover, these SGs can reverse the balance of intestinal flora by inhibiting harmful bacteria and increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus. Consequently, administration of SGs significantly reduce radiation-induced intestinal injury by alleviating diarrhea, preventing X-ray induced apoptosis of small intestinal epithelial cells and promoting restoration of barrier integrity in a prophylactic study. Notably, SGs markedly improve weight gain and survival of mice received total abdominal X-ray radiation. This work may provide promising radioprotectants for efficiently attenuating radiation-induced gastrointestinal syndrome and promote the development of new intestinal predilection.

Adequate bowel preparation is a prerequisite for colonoscopy， and chronic constipation （CC） is one of the important influencing factors. In recent years， scholars have paid more and more attention to bowel preparation for CC. In this article， the selection of intestinal detergents before colonoscopy for CC was summarized according to literature review. The effectiveness and safety of each protocol were assessed to provide reference for clinical practice， improve the quality of bowel preparation for CC and deliver timely tertiary prevention for colorectal cancer.

Radiation-induced intestinal injury is the most common side effect during radiotherapy of abdominal or pelvic solid tumors, significantly impacting patients' quality of life and even resulting in poor prognosis. Until now, oral application of conventional formulations for intestinal radioprotection remains challenging with no preferred method available to mitigate radiation toxicity in small intestine. Our previous study revealed that nanomaterials derived from spore coat of probiotics exhibit superior anti-inflammatory effect and even prevent the progression of cancer. The aim of this work is to determine the radioprotective effect of spore coat (denoted as spore ghosts, SGs) from three clinically approved probiotics (B.coagulans, B.subtilis and B.licheniformis). All the three SGs exhibit outstanding reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging ability and excellent anti-inflammatory effect. Moreover, these SGs can reverse the balance of intestinal flora by inhibiting harmful bacteria and increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus. Consequently, administration of SGs significantly reduce radiation-induced intestinal injury by alleviating diarrhea, preventing X-ray induced apoptosis of small intestinal epithelial cells and promoting restoration of barrier integrity in a prophylactic study. Notably, SGs markedly improve weight gain and survival of mice received total abdominal X-ray radiation. This work may provide promising radioprotectants for efficiently attenuating radiation-induced gastrointestinal syndrome and promote the development of new intestinal predilection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world with complex etiology, high tumor heterogeneity, and low efficacy of treatment. The establishment of an animal model that is close to the clinical situation of hepatocellular carcinoma and can be successfully modeled many times is of great significance to the study of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. We used Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) to induce hepatocellular carcinoma in rodents and compared four models of DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Group C (Control): rats were fed a standard laboratory rat diet and freely drank normal water. Group P (Peritoneal injection): rats were administered an IP injection (50 mg/kg/week) between 5 and 23 weeks after birth. Ten microliter of DEN solution would be injected per g of rat. Group O (DEN-Fed group): rats were allowed unrestricted access to water contaminated with 0.01 % DEN between the ages of 7 and 15 weeks. 0.2 mL of DEN drinking water was consumed per gram of rat. Group P+O (Combined peritoneal injection and Oral feeding): rats were administered an IP injection (50 mg/kg) at weeks 3 and 5 post-birth, and they freely drank water contaminated with 0.012 % DEN between weeks 7 and 14 post-birth. We used an ultrasound scan, biochemical testing, haematoxylin, and eosin staining, Masson staining, Wolf scarlet staining, Ki67, CD34, a-SMA, CD8, and CD68 staining to compare between groups. Liver dissection and ultrasound scan showed that compared to other groups, the liver of Group P+O was darker in color, with more grey-white cancer nodules and larger localized tumors, and the structure of the tumors was slightly disorganized, with the elastography hardness of the middle lobe and the right lobe was slightly increased. The alanine aminotransferase and total bilirubin of Group P+O were higher than those of Group O but lower than those of Group P. Haematoxylin and eosin staining showed that the tumors of Group P+O were large, with large tumor cords and pseudo-glandular, the degree of differentiation was medium and surrounded by more fatty lesions. We conclude that combined DEN treatment is more effective, stable, and has the advantage of multiple modalities, leading to faster tumor formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aeromonas hydrophila is one of the major freshwater fish pathogens. In the current study, a cocktail of D6 and CF7 phages was given orally to Labeo rohita to assess phage survival in fish organs as well as to determine the therapeutic efficacy of phage treatment against fish mortality caused by A. hydrophila. In the phage-coated feed, prepared by simple spraying method, phage counts were quite stable for up to 2 months with a decline of ≤ 0.23 log10 and ≤ 1.66 log10 PFU/g feed during 4 oC and room temperature storage. Throughout the experimental period of 7 days, both phages could be detected in the gut of fish fed with phage-coated feed. Besides, both CF7 and D6 phages were also detected in fish kidneys indicating the ability of both the phage to cross the intestinal barrier. During challenge studies with LD50 dose of A. hydrophila, phage cocktail doses of 1 × 106 – 1 × 108 PFU/g feed prevented the mortality in L. rohita with relative percentage survival (RPS) of 8.7–65.2. When challenged with LD90 dose of A. hydrophila, an RPS value of 28.6 was obtained at a phage cocktail dose of 1 × 108 PFU/g feed. The RPS data showed that orally-fed phage cocktail protected the fish against the mortality caused by A. hydrophila in a dose-dependent manner. Simple practical approaches for phage cocktail development, medicated feed preparation and oral administration along with phage survival and protection data make the current study useful for farmer-level application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, increasing interest has been accorded to polyester-based polymer microstructures, driven by their promising potential as advanced drug delivery systems. This study presents the preparation and characterization of new polymeric microparticles based on poly(ethylene brassylate-co-squaric acid) loaded with norfloxacin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Polymacrolactone was synthesised in mild conditions through the emulsion polymerization of bio-based and renewable monomers, ethylene brassylate, and squaric acid. The microparticles were obtained using the precipitation technique and subsequently subjected to comprehensive characterization. The impact of the copolymer/drug ratio on various properties of the new system was systematically evaluated, confirming the structure of the copolymer and the encapsulation of norfloxacin. The microspheres are approximately spherical and predominantly homogeneously distributed. The average hydrodynamic diameter of the microparticles falls between 400 and 2000 nm, a decrease that is observed with the increase in norfloxacin content. All samples showed good encapsulation efficiency and drug loading capacity, with the highest values obtained for microparticles synthesised using an equal ratio of copolymer and drug. In vitro drug release results disclose that norfloxacin molecules are released in a sustained biphasic manner for up to 24 h. Antimicrobial activity was also studied, with samples showing very good activity against E. coli and moderate activity against S. aureus and E. faecalis. In addition, HDFA human fibroblast cell cultures demonstrated the cytocompatibility of the microparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adequate bowel preparation is a prerequisite for colonoscopy, and chronic constipation (CC) is one of the important influencing factors. In recent years, scholars have paid more and more attention to bowel preparation for CC. In this article, the selection of intestinal detergents before colonoscopy for CC was summarized according to literature review. The effectiveness and safety of each protocol were assessed to provide reference for clinical practice, improve the quality of bowel preparation for CC and deliver timely tertiary prevention for colorectal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of oral bovine serum albumin (BSA) on plasma amino acid profile and growth performance in blunt snout bream fed high‐fat and high‐energy diets. A total of 360 fish (average weight: 45.84 ± 0.07 g) were randomly divided into three groups in four replicates and fed with the control, high‐fat diet (HFD), and high‐energy diet (HED), respectively. After 12 weeks of feeding, fish were orally administered with 10% BSA for 10 h, with the blood and liver sample obtained at 10 h. The results showed no remarkable difference (p > 0.05) in final weight, weight gain rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and daily growth rate among dietary treatments. However, fish fed HFD and HED obtained significantly higher energy and nitrogen retention content than the control. Plasma valine and histidine content were more prevalent in fish fed the control diet than in HFD and HED groups. However, BSA significantly enhanced this content with higher values observed in arginine and alanine content than in control diets at 10 h. Significantly higher liver and plasma Aspartate aminotransferase, Xanthine oxidase, and Glutamate dehydrogenase content were found in the HFD than in the control group. However, the administration of BSA at 10 h improved these parameters similar to the control. Meanwhile, protease, Lipase, aminopeptidase N, carboxypeptidase A, and Na+ K+‐ATPase were influenced significantly (p < 0.001) by sampling time, dietary treatments, and their interaction. Fish fed with the HFD and HED significantly downregulated (p < 0.05) the akt, bcat2, 4e‐bp1, s6k1, and tor expression compared to the control. However, BSA administration at 10 h improved these genes similar to the control. This study indicated that oral BSA administration could benefit plasma amino acid through the TOR signaling pathway in blunt snout bream fed high‐fat and high‐energy diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orismilast is a novel oral phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) B/D inhibitor being investigated as a potential treatment for moderate-to-severe psoriasis. To evaluate efficacy and safety of orismilast modified-release formulation in moderate-to-severe psoriasis. This multicenter, randomized (1:1:1:1 to 20, 30, 40 mg orismilast or placebo, twice daily), double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2b, 16-week, dose-ranging study evaluated orismilast in adults with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis (NCT05190419). Efficacy end points were analyzed using multiple imputation. Of 202 randomized patients, baseline characteristics were balanced across arms, except greater severe disease proportions for orismilast vs placebo. Orismilast showed significant improvements in the primary end point, percentage change in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), from baseline to week 16 (orismilast –52.6% to –63.7% and placebo, –17.3%; all P <.001). Greater proportions receiving orismilast achieved PASI75 (39.5%-49.0%; P <.05) and PASI90 (22.0%-28.3%; P <.05 for 20 and 40 mg) vs placebo (PASI75, 16.5% and PASI90, 8.3%) at week 16. Safety findings were as expected with PDE4 inhibition; dose-dependent tolerability effects observed. Small sample size, disease severity imbalance between groups, limited duration and diversity in study population. Orismilast demonstrated greater efficacy vs placebo and a safety profile in line with PDE4 inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Janus kinase 1 inhibition may alleviate hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)-associated inflammation and improve symptoms. To assess efficacy and safety of povorcitinib (selective oral Janus kinase 1 inhibitor) in HS. This placebo-controlled phase 2 study randomized patients with HS 1:1:1:1 to receive povorcitinib 15, 45, or 75 mg or placebo for 16 weeks. Primary and key secondary end points were mean change from baseline in abscess and inflammatory nodule count and percentage of patients achieving HS Clinical Response at week 16. Of 209 patients randomized (15 mg, n = 52; 45 mg, n = 52; 75 mg, n = 53; placebo, n = 52), 83.3% completed the 16-week treatment. At week 16, povorcitinib significantly reduced abscess and inflammatory nodule count from baseline (least squares mean [SE] change: 15 mg, –5.2 [0.9], P =.0277; 45 mg, –6.9 [0.9], P =.0006; 75 mg, –6.3 [0.9], P =.0021) versus placebo (–2.5 [0.9]). More povorcitinib-treated patients achieved HS Clinical Response at week 16 (15 mg, 48.1%, P =.0445; 45 mg, 44.2%, P =.0998; 75 mg, 45.3%, P =.0829) versus placebo (28.8%). A total of 60.0% and 65.4% of povorcitinib- and placebo-treated patients had adverse events. Baseline lesion counts were mildly imbalanced between groups. Povorcitinib demonstrated efficacy in HS, with no evidence of increased incidence of adverse events among doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium bicarbonate is used as an ergogenic supplement to enhance people's performances in various exercises. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of intestinal delivery of sodium bicarbonate on bicarbonate absorption and associated side effects in an experimental human trial. After preparing and assessing enteric-coated and uncoated sodium bicarbonate tablet formulations, pharmacokinetic analysis and gastrointestinal symptom tests were performed after oral administration in the human body. The dose required to increase blood bicarbonate concentration over 5 mmol∙L−1 for the purpose of improving performance during high-intensity exercise was also determined. Enteric-coated tablet formulation protects sodium bicarbonate under acidic conditions and releases bicarbonate in the intestine. Enteric-coated tablet formulation also reduced the oral dose required to achieve a blood bicarbonate concentration over 5 mmol∙L−1 from 300 mg∙kg−1 of uncoated tablet formulation to 225 mg∙kg−1. Gastrointestinal discomfort was significantly decreased for the group given 225 mg∙kg−1 enteric-coated tablets compared to that given 300 mg∙kg−1 uncoated tablets. These results suggest that enteric-coated tablet formulation could reduce the oral dose required in order to achieve a blood bicarbonate concentration over 5 mmol∙L−1 by 25%, from 300 mg∙kg−1 to 225 mg∙kg−1, along with its ability to reduce gastrointestinal discomfort associated with the dosage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Schistosomiasis significantly impacts public health, as it causes severe morbidity. Infections caused by Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) can be treated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). This study aims to determine the most effective route of AuNPs administration and the magnitude of its anti-fibrotic effect. Methods: In the five groups' in vivo assay design, AuNPs were administered intraperitoneally (1 mg/kg) and orally (1 mg/100 g) to S. mansoni-infected mice. Biochemical parameters (serum levels of albumin and liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured. The histological changes of the liver in distinct groups were evaluated using Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson's trichrome, and immunohistochemical stains. Results: Infection with S. mansoni was associated with substantial changes in the histological architecture of liver tissue and abnormal levels of hepatic function tests (albumin, AST, and ALT). Schistosoma infected hepatocytes exhibited an abnormal microscopic morphology, granuloma formation and aggressive fibrosis. AuNPs restored the liver histological architecture with a highly significant anti-fibrotic effect and significantly corrected hepatic function test levels. Intraperitoneal administration of AuNPs resulted in the most significant anti-fibrotic effect against hepatic S. mansoni infection as observed in all histological sections with Masson's trichrome being the best stain to represent this fact. Conclusion: For treating S. mansoni-induced chronic liver fibrosis, intraperitoneal administration of AuNPs is a successful and effective route of administration that can be recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]