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Previous investigations of the effect of competition on creativity have not taken into account whether competitors belong to the same group as participants (in-group competition) or whether they are members of an outside group (out-group competition). However, these two types of competition affect participants' intrinsic motivation in different ways. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the extent to which performing against in-group or out-group competitors might be beneficial or detrimental with regard to creativity and how these social contexts modulate motivation. Accordingly, participants completed a creative task as well as a series of questionnaires after being assigned to an in-group competition condition (which featured a competition with other participants from the same university who were present in the experimental room), an out-group competition condition (which featured a competition with other participants from another university) or a control condition. The major findings that emerged from this investigation were the following: 1) out-group competition is beneficial for creativity, leading to higher expansivity scores than were observed among the control and in-group competition groups; 2) in-group competition has no significant effect on creativity; and 3) the influence of competition on motivation is insufficient to explain these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches / İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ran-Ran Zhang,1,2,* Yu-Qing Meng,1,* Yan Tian,1 Tao Zou3 1School of Medical Humanities, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, 550004, People’s Republic of China; 2Researcher, Guizhou Health Development Research Center, Guizhou, 550004, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, 550004, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Tao Zou, Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, 550004, People’s Republic of China, Tel +8613985400734, Email zoutaozou@tom.comPurpose: Most studies have supported the view that individuals prefer to reward the in-group and discriminate against the out-group in response to unfair offers in the Ultimatum Game. However, the current study advanced a different view, that is, the “black sheep effect”, in which in-group members were punished more severely compared with out-group members. This study aimed to incorporate proposer identity and allocation motive as possible explanations for offer rejection.Methods: In the current study, the in-group and out-group identities were distinguished by their health condition, and the allocation motive was defined according to its benefit maximization. With a total of 89 healthy college student participants, a mixed design of 2 (proposer identity: out-group vs in-group) × 2 (allocation motive: selfish vs random) × 2 (offer type: unfair vs fair) was used in the Ultimatum Game. Event-related potential (ERP) technology was used, and ERPs were recorded while participants processed the task.Results: The behavioral result showed that the “black sheep effect” was found on the fair offer when a random allocation motive was used. Our ERP result suggested that feedback-related negativity (FRN) and P300 were modulated by proposer identity but not by allocation motive. However, the allocation motive interacted with proposer identity affecting FRN and P300 when the fair offer was proposed.Conclusion: These findings demonstrated that the “black sheep effect” was related to the experience of the out-group member, such as disadvantage or distress, but it was also modulated by allocation motive. Meanwhile, the out-group (depressed college students) captured more attention because they violated individual expectations, according to the P300. This finding plays an integral role in understanding the mechanism of response to the “black sheep effect”.Plain Language Summary: People prefer to receive fair offers compared to unfair offers, but they are more tolerant to in-group members compared with out-group members when facing unfair offers. However, what would you do if you knew the in-group members were making you the smallest offer possible with a self-interested motive to maximize their own gains? We used the Ultimatum Game (UG) to explore this issue. We invited 89 colleges to participate in this study, and they were randomly divided into in-group member, out-group member, selfish motive, and random motive groups. Then, we used event-related potential (ERP) technology to examine cognitive processing. We found the “back sheep effect” on the fair offer, which means that people prefer to accept the out-group member’s offer when they had a random motive. We also found different feedback-related negativity (FRN) and P300 between the in-group and out-group members. In addition, the “black sheep effect” was found in the fair offers when the proposer presented a random motive. This finding plays an important role in understanding the mechanism of response to fair or unfair offers.Keywords: in-group, out-group, ultimatum game, event-related potential technique, allocation motive, feedback-related negativity, P300

Although the intergroup sensitivity effect has indicated that people are more defensive to out-group members' criticism compared to in-group members' criticism, it is still unclear how people react when they criticize their in-group and others validate their criticism. In two studies, we applied the tripartite model of self and social identity theory to investigate how people respond to such validation when the validation was from an out-group member compared to when it was from an in-group member. We found that even though participants initiated the criticism of their in-group, they perceived the out-group validation more as a criticism of their selves than the in-group validation. Consequently, their relationship with the person who validated was negatively influenced when the person was an out-group member compared to an in-group member. Furthermore, the effect was moderated by their psychological closeness to the in-group. Specifically, when participants felt closer to the in-group, they perceived the out-group (vs. in-group) validation more as a criticism of their selves, and thus their relationship with the person who validated was more negatively influenced. However, these effects disappeared (Study 1) or became smaller (Study 2) when participants felt less close to the in-group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implicit learning refers to the fact that people acquire new knowledge (structures or rules) without conscious awareness. Previous studies have shown that implicit learning is affected by feedback. However, few studies have investigated the role of social feedback in implicit learning concretely. Here, we conducted two experiments to explore how in-group and out-group facial feedback impact different difficulty levels of implicit rule learning. In Experiment 1, the Chinese participants in each group could only see one type of facial feedback, i.e., either in-group (East Asian) or out-group (Western) faces, and learned the implicit rule through happy and sad facial expressions. The only difference between Experiment 2 and Experiment 1 was that the participants saw both the in-group and out-group faces before group assignment to strengthen the contrast between the two group identities. The results showed that only in Experiment 2 but not Experiment 1 was there a significant interaction effect in the accuracy of tasks between the difficulty levels and groups. For the lowest difficulty level, the learning accuracy of the in-group facial feedback group was significantly higher than that of the out-group facial feedback group, whereas this did not happen at the two highest levels of difficulty. In conclusion, when the contrast of group identities was highlighted, out-group feedback reduced the accuracy of the least difficult task; on the contrary, there was no accuracy difference between out-group and in-group feedback conditions. These findings have extensively important implications for our understanding of implicit learning and improving teaching achievement in the context of educational internationalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parochialism, by which we mean in-group preferences and out-group prejudice, has the potential to influence public policy. In-group preferences and out-group prejudice can lead individuals to evaluate a policy based on how that policy affects the groups they belong to rather than on the basis of their ideological priors or the impact of that policy on society at large. Unchecked, parochialism likely leads to problematic policies and perverse social outcomes. While the evidence suggests that this bias can be mitigated if issues are framed in ways that encourage reflection as opposed to unreflective immediate responses, policy makers face incentives to leverage parochialism rather than combat it. The solution may instead require limiting policy makers and our ability to make decisions for others and promoting an institutional environment that encourages our interacting with diverse others rather than insularity. Stated another way, limited government and open society may be the path beyond our parochialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to previous studies of theory of mind (ToM), social environment and cultural background affect individuals' cognitive ability to understand other people's minds. There are cross-group differences in ToM. The present study aimed to examine whether social environment and culture affect the ToM in Uygur and Han groups and whether the individual's cognitive ToM and affective ToM show in-group advantages. Han and Uygur college students were recruited as participants. The "self/other differentiation task" was used to measure cognitive ToM (Study 1), and the "Yoni task" was used to measure both cognitive and affective ToM (Study 2). We found that Han participants processed the cognitive and affective states of others faster and more accurately than Uygur ones. Uygur and Han participants processed in-group members' cognitive and affective states faster and more accurately. Furthermore, Uygur participants were more accurate in the cognitive ToM processing of in-group members, while Han participants were faster in the affective ToM processing of in-group members. The findings indicated that ethnic culture and group identify might influence ToM processing. Strengthening exchanges between ethnic groups may enable individuals to better process out-group members' psychological states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract According to previous studies of theory of mind (ToM), social environment and cultural background affect individuals’ cognitive ability to understand other people’s minds. There are cross-group differences in ToM. The present study aimed to examine whether social environment and culture affect the ToM in Uygur and Han groups and whether the individual’s cognitive ToM and affective ToM show in-group advantages. Han and Uygur college students were recruited as participants. The “self/other differentiation task” was used to measure cognitive ToM (Study 1), and the “Yoni task” was used to measure both cognitive and affective ToM (Study 2). We found that Han participants processed the cognitive and affective states of others faster and more accurately than Uygur ones. Uygur and Han participants processed in-group members’ cognitive and affective states faster and more accurately. Furthermore, Uygur participants were more accurate in the cognitive ToM processing of in-group members, while Han participants were faster in the affective ToM processing of in-group members. The findings indicated that ethnic culture and group identify might influence ToM processing. Strengthening exchanges between ethnic groups may enable individuals to better process out-group members’ psychological states.

The purpose of this research is to examine how the topic of migration is viewed under the political lenses of the European Parliament, and how the identity of both the in-group (characterised by the European Community) and the out-groups (represented by Ukrainian and Syrian refugees) are negotiated in parliamentary discourse. The corpus comprises 20 follow-up interventions dealing with the refugee crisis (from 2015 to 2023). To address these aspects, the paper is based on a multidisciplinary approach rooted in fields such as Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and pragma-rhetoric. Looking at how collective identities are projected through pronominal references provides a better understanding of the plurality of voices that shape the process of identity formation. Based on the findings, the last part of the research will draw a comparison between how the identities of the in-group and outgroup are discursively constructed and co-constructed and will draw attention to the subsequent strategic effects of group categorising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract needs to be written in English, Times New Roman, Font 6. The abstract should be no longer than 10 lines, alignment to blocks. Abstract: This research paper investigates the role of power dynamics and social status in shaping ingroup and out-group behaviour in Indian Multinational Corporations (MNCs) and examines their impact on perceived individual performance outcomes. Using a qualitative and quantitative research approach, data is collected from employees in Indian MNCs and analysed through thematic and quantitative analysis to identify power dynamics and social status and explore their influence on in-group and outgroup behaviour. The study assesses the impact of such behaviour on perceived individual performance outcomes, considering prior research highlighting its negative effects on employee engagement, job satisfaction, and overall organizational performance. The findings can help managers develop effective diversity management strategies, promoting an inclusive work environment and improving individual performance outcomes. The paper concludes by emphasizing the study's significance and potential contributions to theory and practice. By exploring the role of power dynamics and social status in shaping in-group and out-group behaviour and its impact on individual performance outcomes, this research offers valuable insights into the complexities of managing a diverse workforce in Indian MNCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Participants showed lower malevolent creativity (MC) and higher benevolent creativity (BC) toward in-group members than out-group members. • Participants showed lower MC and higher BC when primed by the in-group identity than the out-group identity. • Establishing and priming a common ingroup identity could reduce participants' MC and enhance BC. • Group categorization and common ingroup identity did not influence neutral creativity (NC). Group categorization creates intergroup bias. However, the influence of group categorization on malevolent creativity (MC), benevolent creativity (BC), and neutral creativity (NC) remains unclear. First two studies explored this influence. In Study 1 (N = 79), participants generated lower MC and higher BC toward in-group members than out-group members. In Study 2 (N = 102), lower MC and higher BC were generated when participants were primed by in-group identity than by out-group identity. Furthermore, group composition is not static but rather a dynamic process. Individuals may establish a common ingroup identity with out-group members while altering their groups, which can mitigate intergroup bias and promote harmonious intergroup relationships, potentially influencing individuals' MC, BC, and NC. Therefore, last two studies explored this influence. Study 3 (N = 134) first validated the findings of Study 1. Then, by recategorizing existing groups to establish a common ingroup identity among different groups' members, finding a common ingroup identity could reduce MC and enhance BC towards out-group members. Study 4 (N = 123) further extended this influence to the priming effect and found even when individuals were primed by different group identities, priming a common ingroup identity can reduce MC and enhance BC toward others. In all studies, NC remained consistently unaffected. In conclusion, group categorization and common ingroup identity can affect MC and BC, but not NC. The AMORAL model, intergroup bias, and common ingroup identity model were used to explain our findings, while limitations and future research directions were discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People are eager to update their beliefs, such as a perceived risk, if they receive information that is better than expected but are reluctant to do so when the evidence is unfavourable. When estimating the likelihood of future outcomes, this phenomenon of asymmetrical belief update helps generate and maintain personal optimism bias. In this study, we investigated whether asymmetrical belief update also extends to estimating the future of other individuals. Specifically, we prompted respondents to assess the perceived likelihood of three social targets experiencing future positive and negative events: An in-group, a mild out-group, and an extreme out-group. We then provided the respondents with feedback about the base rates of those events in the general population and prompted them to re-assess their initial estimates for all social targets. Respondents expected more positive than negative outcomes for the in-group and the mild out-group, but more negative outcomes for the extreme out-group. We also found an asymmetrical update of beliefs contingent on the valence of the future event and the social target. For negative outcomes, respondents updated more following good news than bad news, particularly for the mild out-group. For positive outcomes, respondents equally updated their beliefs following good news and bad news for the in-group and the mild out-group. However, they updated their beliefs significantly more following bad news than good news for the extreme out-group member. Our data thus reveal the strong influence of social stereotypes on future expectancies for others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hitherto unidentified underlying basis of the globally ubiquitous demographic transition is suspected from causality-testing economic models, problems with anthropological hypotheses, and the longstanding opacity of aetiology unrelieved by integrating theory from different fields. Given a newly found main factor of population density, there is an apparent biological basis that rather than out-breeding depression is likely the now-replicated finding of chronic crowding stress of male mammals epigenetically transmitted to female offspring only, triggering multi-generational fertility decline and aberrant reproduction-related behaviours. The mechanistic core is found in humans. It's adaptive in aiding natal-group survival of neighbouring-group hostility, through exogamous natal-group females severely compromising out-group male reproduction, without impeding that of natal-group males; this complementing apparent female clique-based facultative co-operative breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Group-living primates exhibit variable reactions to intergroup encounters (or IGEs), reflecting species-specific strategies and individual motivations. In chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), dominating in IGEs provides fitness benefits. Less is known about responses to IGEs in bonobos (Pan paniscus) despite their equal relevance for understanding the origins of human intergroup relations. We observed the Bompusa West (WBp) bonobo community at LuiKotale during a 2-month shift in ranging resulting in frequent IGEs with the smaller Bompusa East (EBp) community. We tested whether incursions provided ecological benefits, and whether responses to IGEs were consistent with inter-community dominance or tolerance. We measured fruit availability and collected activity scans from 26 mature WBp community members when in their core ranging area, during incursions into the EBp ranging area, and during IGEs. We collected data on sexual interactions and aggression with in-group and out-group members during 19 independent IGEs. During their shift in ranging, fruit availability was greater in the EBp ranging area, and WBp bonobos consumed more fruit during incursions than when in their core ranging area. Coalitionary intergroup aggression occurred during nine IGEs, and outcomes were consistent with imbalances in fighting power, in that larger WBp parties supplanted smaller EBp parties from the immediate area. However, communities reformed associations following 70% of coalitionary conflicts, and prolonged IGEs facilitated out-group sexual interactions and female transfers. The WBp community shift in ranging was likely motivated by ecological factors and responses to increased IGEs reflected a mixture of competitive and tolerant strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across vertebrate species, intergroup conflict confronts individuals with a tension between group interests best served by participation in conflict and personal interest best served by not participating. Here, we identify the neurohormone oxytocin as pivotal to the neurobiological regulation of this tension in distinctly different group-living vertebrates, including fishes, birds, rodents, non-human primates and humans. In the context of intergroup conflict, a review of emerging work on pro-sociality suggests that oxytocin and its fish and birds homologues, isotocin and mesotocin, respectively, can elicit participation in group conflict and aggression. This is because it amplifies (i) concern for the interests of genetically related or culturally similar 'in-group' others and (ii) willingness to defend against outside intruders and enemy conspecifics. Across a range of social vertebrates, oxytocin can induce aggressive behaviour to 'tend-and-defend' the in-group during intergroup contests. This article is part of the theme issue 'Intergroup conflict across taxa'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gossip plays an essential role in our societies, and individuals gossip about others' behavior for various reasons. While previous studies have consistently demonstrated that individuals are more willing to gossip about norm deviations, existing research has understudied the potential role of the group membership of gossip target (i.e. a person who is gossiped about) and gossip recipient (a person who is gossiped to) on the tendency to instigate gossip about norm deviation. We conducted a study (N = 1038) in which we orthogonally manipulated the group membership of a gossip target and a gossip recipient as well as types of target behavior (normative, negative norm deviation, and positive norm deviation), and tested several preregistered hypotheses regarding the willingness to gossip and gossip motivations. We found that individuals were more willing to gossip about negative and positive norm deviations compared to normative behavior regardless of the group membership of a gossip target and recipient, except when they consider gossiping about in-group negative norm deviation toward an out-group member. Gossip motivations substantially varied depending on the valence of norm deviation and the group membership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the peculiarities of explicating the dichotomy "in-group – out-group" in the languages and folklore of the Eastern, Western and Southern Slavs. The authors conclude that the traditional attitudes to foreigners as out-group members can be considered in the context of the opposition "human – non-human" as a special case of the "in-group – out-group" polarity, which permeates all levels of being from etiological legends to everyday routines. All Slavic languages demonstrate the most universal motives that characterize the "non-human" image of an out-group member. First of all, these are beliefs about their bestial or animal-like nature, close connection with the devil, lack of speech, and violation of ethical norms.

This empirical case study provides a new approach to the understanding of discursively constructed Quaker identity in the seventeenth century, from the point of view of those opposed to the dissenting Christian movement. This article asks how others may have viewed adherents to the Quaker communities in England. The findings illustrate a range of negative and denigrating discourses that go beyond abstract religious controversy to sow manufactured fear of the Quaker community. Overt and covert linguistic mechanisms used by anti-Quaker writers reveal expressions of emerging moral panic underlying unsubstantiated accusations attacking the minority Quaker community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Human Sciences (19922876) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many COVID-19 conspiracy theories implicate China and its agents, whether implicitly or explicitly, as conspirators with potentially malicious intent behind the current pandemic. We set out to explore whether Chinese people believe in pandemic-related conspiracy theories, and if so, how do their secure (in-group identification) and defensive (collective narcissism) in-group positivity predict their conspiracy beliefs. We hypothesized that national identification would negatively predict the tendency to attribute responsibility to an in-group, thus predicting less risk-rejection conspiracy theory beliefs (e.g., COVID-19 is a hoax). In contrast, national collective narcissism would positively predict the tendency to attribute responsibility for the pandemic to an out-group, which in turn would validate conspiracy theories that acknowledge the risk of the pandemic (e.g., COVID-19 is a bioweapon). To test these predictions, we collected data in China (n = 1,200) in April 2020. Supporting our predictions, national identification was negatively associated with risk-rejection conspiracy beliefs via in-group attribution, whereas national collective narcissism was positively associated with risk-acceptance conspiracy beliefs via out-group attribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animals across phyla can detect early cues of infection in conspecifics, thereby reducing the risk of contamination. It is unknown, however, if humans can detect cues of sickness in people belonging to communities with whom they have limited or no experience. To test this, we presented Western faces photographed 2 h after the experimental induction of an acute immune response to one Western and five non-Western communities, including small-scale hunter–gatherer and large urban-dwelling communities. All communities could detect sick individuals. There were group differences in performance but Western participants, who observed faces from their own community, were not systematically better than all non-Western participants. At odds with the common belief that sickness detection of an out-group member should be biased to err on the side of caution, the majority of non-Western communities were unbiased. Our results show that subtle cues of a general immune response are recognized across cultures and may aid in detecting infectious threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been growing concern about the role social media plays in political polarization. We investigated whether out-group animosity was particularly successful at generating engagement on two of the largest social media platforms: Facebook and Twitter. Analyzing posts from news media accounts and US congressional members (n = 2,730,215), we found that posts about the political out-group were shared or retweeted about twice as often as posts about the in-group. Each individual term referring to the political out-group increased the odds of a social media post being shared by 67%. Out-group language consistently emerged as the strongest predictor of shares and retweets: the average effect size of out-group language was about 4.8 times as strong as that of negative affect language and about 6.7 times as strong as that of moral-emotional language--both established predictors of social media engagement. Language about the out-group was a very strong predictor of "angry" reactions (the most popular reactions across all datasets), and language about the in-group was a strong predictor of "love" reactions, reflecting in-group favoritism and out-group derogation. This out-group effect was not moderated by political orientation or social media platform, but stronger effects were found among political leaders than among news media accounts. In sum, out-group language is the strongest predictor of social media engagement across all relevant predictors measured, suggesting that social media may be creating perverse incentives for content expressing out-group animosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key prediction of motivational theories of automatic imitation is that people imitate in-group over out-group members. However, research on this topic has provided mixed results. Here, we investigate the possibility that social group modulations emerge only when people can directly compare in- and out-group. To this end, we conducted three experiments in which we measured automatic imitation of two simultaneously shown hands: one in-group and one out-group hand. Our general hypothesis was that the in-group hand would be imitated more than the out-group hand. However, even though both explicit and implicit manipulation checks showed that we succeeded in manipulating participants' feelings of group membership, we did not find support for the predicted influence of group membership on automatic imitation. In contrast to motivational theories, this suggests that group membership does not influence who we do or do not imitate, not even in a contrastive multi-agent paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moral hypocrisy (MH) occurs when people fail to practice what they preach. Despite the prevalence of the effect of social identity on an individual’s MH, few empirical studies have explored contextual factors that may help reduce MH. By conducting two experiments based on the research paradigm of real stranger presence, we examined how in-group and out-group strangers’ presence and moral behavior may contribute to reducing MH. The results of experiment 1 demonstrated that compared with the presence of out-group strangers, the presence of in-group strangers could effectively inhibit MH (no significant difference between participants reported and actual donation proportions was obtained). The results of experiment 2 replicated and extended the results of experiment 1, first by showing that the presence of in-group strangers could effectively inhibit MH and then by revealing the influence of present strangers’ behavior (moral or hypocritical) on MH. The results indicated that strangers’ moral behavior could effectively eliminate participants’ MH, especially in the presence of in-group strangers. However, when present strangers exhibited hypocritical behavior, they exhibited no effect on participants’ MH, irrespective of the condition of in-group and out-group strangers. The current study provides empirical support for theories related to MH and moral decision-making and contributes to the literature on in-group and out-group effects on MH and decision-making.

Cladistics analysis was carried out to find the correct phylogenetic relationship of the four genera of Calycanthaceae. Morphological and anatomical information from all aspect of the data were considered for the analysis. Siparuna guianensis (Siparunaceae) and Cinnamomum malabatrum (Lauraceae) were considered as out-group. Characters were selected mainly for reasonable argument of the similarity. Character-state transformation and discrimination of the genera were decided based upon the out-group comparison method. PAUP* (ver. 4.0) program was used for the dataset analysis and to make phylogenetic tree. The genera split into two separate genera Idiospermum + Chimonanthus and Sinocalycanthus + Calycanthus. Chimonanthus + Idiospermum are supported strict consensus tree with f-value calculation. Furthermore, Sinocalycanthus and Calycanthus are separated genera. Therefore, Calycanthaceae be redefined wide circumscriptions of the characters. The detailed investigation of the cladistics analysis revealed that the Sinocalycanthus and Calycanthus are the sole genus. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3908965 Keywords: Calycanthaceae, Characters and characters state, Cladistics, Out-group, Phylogeny

People often view out-groups as less human than their in-group. Some media video content is heart-warming and leaves one feeling touched or moved. Recent research indicates that this reflects a positive social emotion, kama muta, which is evoked by a sudden increase in interpersonal closeness, specifically by the relational model of communal sharing. Because forming strong, close, and communal bonds exemplifies valued human qualities, and because other humans are our primary target partners of communal sharing, we predicted that feeling kama muta in response to observing communal sharing among out-group strangers would make people view out-groups as more human. In Study 1, we replicated a model obtained through a large exploratory preliminary study which indicated that videos depicting out-group members enacting communal sharing evoked kama muta and increased protagonist humanization. This, in turn, led to decreased blatant dehumanization of the entire out-group via perceived out-group warmth and motivation to develop a communal sharing relationship with the protagonist. The preregistered Study 2 further tested our model, demonstrating (1) that the relationship between protagonist humanization and kama muta is bidirectional such that baseline humanization of the protagonist also increases feelings of kama muta in response to acts of communal sharing; (2) that watching videos of communal sharing, as compared to funny videos, increased protagonist humanization; and (3) that kama muta videos, compared to funny videos, had an indirect effect on the reduction of out-group blatant dehumanization, which was mediated by protagonist humanization and out-group warmth.

Consumers tend to have more favorable attitudes for their in-group brands than their out-group brands. However, little is known regarding how brand managers can overcome consumers' negative attitudes toward out-group brands. Drawing on the moral identity literature, the authors theorize that moral identity may enhance out-group (but not in-group) brand attitudes through decreased psychological distance. Four studies demonstrate that moral identity increases out-group brand attitudes. The authors also identify two important boundary conditions of this moral identity effect. These findings suggest that brand managers who want to overcome the less-than-favorable perceptions associated with out-group brands may benefit from drawing on consumers' moral identity in marketing communications. Theoretically, this research establishes that moral identity extends beyond prosocial behaviors to influence marketplace judgments (i.e., brand attitudes and categorization). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research presented in the article is the theoretical and empirical study of the content of the subject field of discriminatory attitudes. The study is based on the sample ( N = 168), the average age is 27.63 years, the sample is predominantly female (78.6%). The following approaches were used in the study: “Scale of basic beliefs” by R. Janoff-Bullman adapted by M.A. Padun and A.V. Kotelnikova (Padun, Kotelnikova, 2008); the characteristics of the discriminatory attitudes and attributes were collected using a specifically developed questionnaire. The ratio of the expressiveness of the fundamental beliefs was analysed in the study. It generally indicates the subjects’ beliefs in the benevolence of the surrounding world, in the value of their own Self against the background of doubting the world’s justice and the ability to control life events. The fact of the situational manifestation of the discriminatory attitudes is recorded. The content characteristics of the discriminatory attributes of the cross-group discrimination are established, including “ Unusual behaviour ”, “ That he/she does something worse than I do ”, “ That he/she does something better than I do ”, the content of which is described as “ Danger to people ”, “ He/she does everything badly ”, “ Disingenuity ” (respectively). The content characteristics of “the subject field” of discriminatory attitudes are identified including the unusual behaviour of the Others different from the generally accepted social norms, the supremacy of “my group”, adherence to a different culture or subculture. A significant “contribution” to the content of discriminatory attitudes - the fundamental belief “conviction of the need for control” - has been revealed in relation to the “unusual behaviour” described by the subjects as socially dangerous. The applied aspect of the investigated problem can be realized in the development of the preventive programs to reduce the risk of discriminatory behavior.

This research examines the distinctiveness of two components of identification with media characters: cognitive and affective. It also explores how these components are differentially affected by the viewing environment. In an experiment, Jewish and Arab Israelis watched a clip depicting the Israeli–Palestinian conflict with either one or two Jewish or Arab co-viewers. As hypothesized, these components of identification loaded on different factors and showed different relationships when referring to in-group and out-group characters. Moreover, the Jewish participants showed more affective identification with the Jewish protagonist when watching with two Arabs, which, in turn, affected their attitudes about the in-group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cladistics analysis was carried out to find the correct phylogenetic relationship of the four genera of Calycanthaceae. Morphological and anatomical information from all aspect of the data were considered for the analysis. Siparuna guianensis (Siparunaceae) and Cinnamomum malabatrum (Lauraceae) were considered as out-group. Characters were selected mainly for reasonable argument of the similarity. Character-state transformation and discrimination of the genera were decided based upon the out-group comparison method. PAUP* (ver. 4.0) program was used for the dataset analysis and to make phylogenetic tree. The genera split into two separate genera Idiospermum + Chimonanthus and Sinocalycanthus + Calycanthus. Chimonanthus + Idiospermum are supported strict consensus tree with f-value calculation. Furthermore, Sinocalycanthus and Calycanthus are separated genera. Therefore, Calycanthaceae be redefined wide circumscriptions of the characters. The detailed investigation of the cladistics analysis revealed that the Sinocalycanthus and Calycanthus are the sole genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People often view out-groups as less human than their in-group. Some media video content is heart-warming and leaves one feeling touched or moved. Recent research indicates that this reflects a positive social emotion, kama muta , which is evoked by a sudden increase in interpersonal closeness, specifically by the relational model of communal sharing. Because forming strong, close, and communal bonds exemplifies valued human qualities, and because other humans are our primary target partners of communal sharing, we predicted that feeling kama muta in response to observing communal sharing among out-group strangers would make people view out-groups as more human. In Study 1, we replicated a model obtained through a large exploratory preliminary study which indicated that videos depicting out-group members enacting communal sharing evoked kama muta and increased protagonist humanization. This, in turn, led to decreased blatant dehumanization of the entire out-group via perceived out-group warmth and motivation to develop a communal sharing relationship with the protagonist. The preregistered Study 2 further tested our model, demonstrating (1) that the relationship between protagonist humanization and kama muta is bidirectional such that baseline humanization of the protagonist also increases feelings of kama muta in response to acts of communal sharing; (2) that watching videos of communal sharing, as compared to funny videos, increased protagonist humanization; and (3) that kama muta videos, compared to funny videos, had an indirect effect on the reduction of out-group blatant dehumanization, which was mediated by protagonist humanization and out-group warmth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]