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In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) using peroxydisulfate has become more popular in the remediation of soils and shallow groundwater contaminated with organic chemicals. Researchers have studied the chemistry of peroxydisulfate and the oxidative species produced upon its decomposition (i.e., sulfate radical and hydroxyl radical) for over five decades, describing reaction kinetics, mechanisms, and product formation in great detail. However, if this information is to be useful to practitioners seeking to optimize the use of peroxydisulfate in the remediation of hazardous waste sites, the relevant conditions of high oxidant concentrations and the presence of minerals and solutes that affect radical chain reactions must be considered. The objectives of this Review are to provide insights into the chemistry of peroxydisulfate-based ISCO that can enable more efficient operation of these systems and to identify research needed to improve understanding of system performance. By gaining a deeper understanding of the underlying chemistry of these complex systems, it may be possible to improve the design and operation of peroxydisulfate-based ISCO remediation systems.

Aim Methods Results Conclusion Research on the effects of methylphenidate on female fertility is limited. This study evaluated the effects of methylphenidate on reproductive function, oxidants, antioxidants, proinflammatory cytokines, prolactin, and cortisol in female rats.Forty‐eight albino Wistar female rats were divided into four groups consisting of 12 rats, which were given pure water orally once daily for 7 days (HG‐1), 10 mg/kg methylphenidate orally once daily for 7 days (MP‐1), pure water orally once daily for 30 days (HG‐2), and 10 mg/kg methylphenidate orally once daily for 30 days (MP‐2). At the end of the treatment periods, tail vein blood was collected from six rats per group for prolactin and cortisol determination. Subsequently, euthanasia was performed and the ovaries were removed. Ovaries were analyzed for malondialdehyde (MDA), total glutathione (tGSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β), and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), and immunohistochemically. For breeding, the remaining six rats were mated with male rats for 1 month. Rats that failed to give birth were classed as infertile.A comparison of MP‐1 and MP‐2 groups to healthy controls revealed an elevation in MDA and corticosterone levels, and a decline in tGSH, SOD, and CAT levels (p < 0.001). Methylphenidate did not affect prolactin, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α levels (p > 0.05). MP‐1 and MP‐2 exhibited immunopositivity for 8‐hydroxy‐2'‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHDG). MP‐2 rats developed 66.7% infertility while MP‐1, HG‐1, and HG‐2 rats did not.In ovaries, methylphenidate caused oxidative stress, but did not induce inflammation. Long‐term use of methylphenidate caused increased cortisol levels and infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-cost stainless-steel electrodes can activate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by converting it into a hydroxyl radical (•OH) and other reactive oxidants. At an applied potential of +0.020 V, the stainless-steel electrode produced •OH with a yield that was over an order of magnitude higher than that reported for other systems that employ iron oxides as catalysts under circumneutral pH conditions. Decreasing the applied potential at pH 8 and 9 enhanced the rate of H2O2 loss by shifting the process to a reaction mechanism that resulted in the formation of an Fe(IV) species. Significant metal leaching was only observed under acidic pH conditions (i.e., at pH

Abstract The aim of the present research was to investigate the presence of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd) in blood samples from cows raised with irrigated wastewater, as well as in the wastewater itself, in the North-western region of Pakistan. A total of 60 blood samples were collected from five different locations in Kohat, namely Tappi Road (TR), Pindi Road (PR), Gul Malik Road (GMR), Markaz Road (MR), and a control group. The samples of both i.e. cow blood and wastewater were analyzed for the concentrations of heavy metals. The highest concentration of Cd was detected in the MR site with a mean value of 0.03 mg/L, and the highest concentration of Cu (0.04 mg/L) was recorded in the TR site, while the lowest level was found in the control group with a mean of 0.002 mg/L in blood samples. The highest Cr and Pb concentrations were found at the PR site, with mean values of 0.03 and 0.07 mg/L, respectively, whereas the control group had the lowest concentrations, with mean values of 0.002 and 0.01 mg/L. Similarly, heavy metal concentrations were analyzed in wastewater used for irrigation in the study area. Results indicated elevated concentrations of Cu and Cr in wastewater, although they remained below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended values except for Cr (0.13 mg/L) in the GMR site, which exceeded permissible limits. Cd and Pb concentrations in wastewater were relatively low, but Cd concentration surpassed WHO limits, particularly with a mean concentration of 0.08 mg/L in the TR site. Comparison between heavy metal concentrations in blood and wastewater revealed higher values of Cd and Pb in blood samples than in wastewater, while Cu and Cr concentrations were higher in water compared to blood. Additionally, elevated levels of Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD), antioxidant enzyme Catalase (CAT), and oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected in blood samples. Cluster and principal component analyses were employed to assess heavy metal toxicity among the groups, indicating potential long-term adverse health effects on animals, transfer to humans, and toxicity in living organisms.

The α‐hydroxy‐β‐dicarbonyl motif is essential in many biologically active compounds, sparking significant interest in their synthesis. This review comprehensively examines the advancements in the α‐hydroxylation of β‐dicarbonyl compounds, systematically categorizing the methods based on the types of oxidants employed and highlighting advances in asymmetric α‐hydroxylation. It evaluates the substrate scope, advantages, and disadvantages of each approach, summarizing the possible intermediates involved and the types of reaction mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Preeclampsia (PE) is a dangerous condition that affects 3-5% of pregnancies and has a substantial risk of death and morbidity for both mothers and newborns. The processes behind the etiology of PE are not entirely known, despite the fact that it is the primary cause of illness and death among mothers globally. In order to further understand the correlations between these parameters, this study will look at the levels and presence of anti-carbonicanhydrase (CA) I and II antibodies, total oxidant capacity (TOC), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in early PE. Material and Method: The research analyzed 30 pregnant women with early PE and 30 normal pregnant women as the control group. Serum levels of anti-CAI (pg/mL), anti-CAII (ng/mL), MDA (nmol/mL), TOS (U/mL), T-AOC (U/mL) were measured and compared between the two groups. Results: Significant variations were noted in the amount of anti-CA I, anti-CA II, MDA, TOS, and T-AOC (both p<0.05) between the control group and the early PE group. More specifically, oxidative stress indicators were changed and increased levels of anti-CA I and anti-CA II were seen in the early PE group in comparison with the control group. Conclusion: The findings show that elevated amounts of anti-CAI and anti-CAII antibodies may serve as predictive markers for early PE. The significant differences in oxidative stress parameters further support the oxidative stress involvement in the pathogenesis of early PE. However, more extensive Research is required to validate these results and clarify the mechanisms underlying PE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A selective deelectronation reagent with very high potential of +2.00 (solution)/+2.41 V (solid‐state) vs. Fc+/0 and based on a room temperature stable perfluoronaphthalene (naphthaleneF) radical cation salt was developed and applied. The solid‐state deelectronation of commercial naphthaleneF with [NO]+[F{Al(ORF)3}2]− generates [naphthaleneF]+⋅[F{Al(ORF)3}2]− (ORF=OC(CF3)3) in gram scale. Thermochemical analysis unravels the solid‐state deelectronation potential of the starting [NO]+‐reagent to be +2.34 V vs. Fc+/0 with [F{Al(ORF)3}2]− counterion, but only +1.14 V vs. Fc+/0 with the small [SbF6]− ion. Selective reactions demonstrate the selectivity of [naphthaleneF]+⋅ for deelectronation of a multitude of organ(ometall)ic molecules and elements in solution: providing the molecular structures of the acene dications [tetracene]2+, [pentacene]2+ or spectroscopic evidence for the carbonyl complex of the ferrocene dication [Fc(CO)]2+, the [P9]+ cation from white phosphorus, the solvent‐free copper(I) salt starting from copper metal and the dicationic Fe(IV)‐scorpionate complex [Fe(sc)2]2+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypothyroidism is the most commonly diagnosed endocrine disease in dogs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in the redox status in canine hypothyroidism using whole blood (WB) and red blood cell (RBCs) lysates. For this purpose, a panel of five antioxidants and five oxidants biomarkers was measured in WB and RBCs lysates of 30 dogs with hypothyroidism, 26 dogs with non-thyroidal illnesses and 15 healthy dogs. The antioxidants measured were cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), thiol and paraoxonase type-1 (PON-1). Oxidants measured include the total oxidant status (TOS), peroxide-activity (POX-Act), reactive oxygen-derived metabolites (d-ROMs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). WB showed a significant decrease of the antioxidants CUPRAC, TEAC and thiol, and also an increase in TBARS and a decrease in AOPP in dogs with hypothyroidism compared to healthy dogs. Meanwhile, RBCs lysates showed a significant increase in FRAP and PON-1 in dogs with hypothyroidism. The changes in the redox biomarkers in this study show that WB in canine hypothyroidism had a higher number of changes in biomarkers of the redox status than RBCs lysates, making it a promising sample type for the evaluation of the redox status in this disease. In addition, WB is easier and simpler to process than RBCs lysates and unlike serum, it does not have any hemolysis interference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of evidence suggests that elevated sucrose intake may contribute to the development of neurological disorders. Recognizing that regular exercise has the potential to reduce the occurrence of neuromuscular disorders, the present research investigated the impact of exercise on the redox status of the hypothalamus in mitigating the adverse effects associated with high sucrose intake. Forty Wistar albino rats were subjected to a high sucrose diet, with some groups engaging in exercise for a duration of 3 months. The exercise regimen was found to sustain the redox balance in the hypothalamus. In summary, the consumption of a high sucrose diet resulted in the disturbance of the histological morphology of the hypothalamus, accompanied by an increased percentage of caspase-3 positive cells. Additionally, the high sucrose diet disrupted the oxidant/antioxidant ratio in favor of oxidants, leading to elevated levels of AOPPs and AGEP. Conversely, exercise was effective in restoring most of these values to levels approximating the control group, indicating a potential protective effect of regular exercise against the detrimental impacts of high sucrose dietary consumption on the hypothalamus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present research was to investigate the presence of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd) in blood samples from cows raised with irrigated wastewater, as well as in the wastewater itself, in the North-western region of Pakistan. A total of 60 blood samples were collected from five different locations in Kohat, namely Tappi Road (TR), Pindi Road (PR), Gul Malik Road (GMR), Markaz Road (MR), and a control group. The samples of both i.e. cow blood and wastewater were analyzed for the concentrations of heavy metals. The highest concentration of Cd was detected in the MR site with a mean value of 0.03 mg/L, and the highest concentration of Cu (0.04 mg/L) was recorded in the TR site, while the lowest level was found in the control group with a mean of 0.002 mg/L in blood samples. The highest Cr and Pb concentrations were found at the PR site, with mean values of 0.03 and 0.07 mg/L, respectively, whereas the control group had the lowest concentrations, with mean values of 0.002 and 0.01 mg/L. Similarly, heavy metal concentrations were analyzed in wastewater used for irrigation in the study area. Results indicated elevated concentrations of Cu and Cr in wastewater, although they remained below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended values except for Cr (0.13 mg/L) in the GMR site, which exceeded permissible limits. Cd and Pb concentrations in wastewater were relatively low, but Cd concentration surpassed WHO limits, particularly with a mean concentration of 0.08 mg/L in the TR site. Comparison between heavy metal concentrations in blood and wastewater revealed higher values of Cd and Pb in blood samples than in wastewater, while Cu and Cr concentrations were higher in water compared to blood. Additionally, elevated levels of Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD), antioxidant enzyme Catalase (CAT), and oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected in blood samples. Cluster and principal component analyses were employed to assess heavy metal toxicity among the groups, indicating potential long-term adverse health effects on animals, transfer to humans, and toxicity in living organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the intricate dynamics of DNA methylation in the hours following CD8+ T cell activation, during a critical yet understudied temporal window. DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification central to regulation of gene expression and directing immune responses. Our investigation spanned 96-h post-activation and unveils a nuanced tapestry of global and site-specific methylation changes. We identified 15,626 significant differentially methylated CpGs spread across the genome, with the most significant changes occurring within the genes ADAM10, ICA1, and LAPTM5. While many changes had modest effect sizes, approximately 120 CpGs exhibited a log2FC above 1.5, with cell activation and proliferation pathways the most affected. Relatively few of the differentially methylated CpGs occurred along adjacent gene regions. The exceptions were seven differentially methylated gene regions, with the Human T cell Receptor Alpha Joining Genes demonstrating consistent methylation change over a 3kb window. We also investigated whether an inflammatory environment could alter DNA methylation during activation, with proliferating cells exposed to the oxidant glycine chloramine. No substantial differential methylation was observed in this context. The temporal perspective of early activation adds depth to the evolving field of epigenetic immunology, offering insights with implications for therapeutic innovation and expanding our understanding of epigenetic modulation in immune function.

Diabetes in humans a chronic metabolic disorder characterised by hyperglycaemia, it is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, disruptions to metabolism and vascular functions. It is also linked to oxidative stress and its complications. Its role in vascular dysfunctions is generally reported without detailed impact on the molecular mechanisms. Potassium ion channel (K+ channels) are key regulators of vascular tone, and as membrane proteins, are modifiable by oxidant stress associated with diabetes. This review manuscript examined the impact of oxidant stress on vascular K+ channel functions in diabetes, its implication in vascular complications and metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• OBS is an indicator that assesses the oxidative/antioxidant status of an organism. • Mediation analysis was used to evaluate the role of inflammatory factors. • OBS is associated with a low prevalence of COPD. The occurrence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with oxidative stress. Oxidation Balance Score (OBS) can evaluate the oxidation and antioxidant status of the body. However, we found no studies that examined the association between the two. To assess the association between OBS and COPD prevalence, and to explore dietary and lifestyle patterns aimed at preventing and delay COPD in adults. We included 13,909 participants using data from the NHANES. Weighted logistic regression model and weighted restricted cubic spline curve were used to explore the relationship between OBS and COPD. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were used to determine the stability of results. Mediation analysis was employed to assess the effect of inflammatory factors. In logistic regression model, compared with the lowest quartile of OBS, the highest quartile of OBS, diet OBS, lifestyle OBS and COPD had odd ratios OR(95%CI)=0.67 (0.51, 0.89), OR (95% CI) = 0.71 (0.55, 0.93), and OR (95% CI) = 0.39 (0.26, 0.58) respectively. The restricted cubic spline curve reveals that OBS and dietary OBS exhibit an L-shaped curve in relation to COPD prevalence, while lifestyle OBS shows a negative correlation curve with COPD prevalence. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis proved the robustness of the association. Mediation analysis demonstrated that inflammatory factors mediate the association of OBS on the prevalence of COPD. The increase of OBS, dietary OBS, and lifestyle OBS was associated with a decrease in the prevalence of COPD, but excessive OBS and dietary OBS were associated with an inapparent decrease or even increased risk of COPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This review focused on the progress catalysts, redox couples, mediators and oxidants have made in the power generation of direct biomass redox flow fuel cell (DBRFFC), identifying the challenges associated with them, and the approach toward resolving the issues to improve the power output of the direct biomass redox flow fuel cell. Ferric chloride and polyoxometalates currently used as catalysts with some redox couples, mediators, and oxidants provide less than 10% of the total harvestable electrons from the biomass degradation for power generation in DBRFFC. They are also inorganic toxic non-renewable catalysts that do not selectively break down the biomasses completely into simple reducing sugars for further oxidation into carbon dioxide and water only during electricity generation in the cell. By-products are produced which trap more electrons that would have been released for improved power generation if complete biomass oxidation were achieved. This challenge can be addressed by developing and combining organic catalyst with less quantity of the inorganic ones for more efficient biomass hydrolysis and oxidation. This review discussed biomass degradation in DBRFFC by thermo-chemical and photo-chemical means and the performances that have been achieved with the catalysts, redox couples, mediators and oxidants that were applied. Drawing from the knowledge will shape the future research direction toward reducing the usage of the non-renewable catalysts by designing and developing efficient renewable catalysts that can act in synergy with the inorganic ones for the biomass hydrolysis and oxidation for improved power generation of the DBRFFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the release process of antimony from stibnite under the leaching effect of rain and snow in Hunan Xikuangshan(XKS) mining area, some important environmental factors are selected: dissolved oxygen, Fe(III) and Pseudomonas sp. AO-1 (referred to as AO-1). The one-factor batch sequence experimental method is adopted to study the change law of pH, Sb(III), Sb(V) under different oxidizing conditions. The results show that dissolved oxygen, Fe(III) and AO-1 all can promote the dissolution and release of antimony, in which dissolved oxygen and AO-1 mainly affected the release process of antimony, while Fe(III) mainly affected the oxidation process of antimony. During the process, biomineralization occurs and produces (NH4)Mg(PO4)-6H2O and NaSb(OH)6. The common effect of AO-1 and Fe(III) can obviously promote the dissolution and oxidation of stibnite. The release rate of antimony under different oxidizing agents are as follows: AO-1&Fe(III) > Fe(III) > AO-1 > Dissolved Oxygen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial condition affecting the ocular surface. It is characterized by loss of tear film homeostasis and accompanied by ocular symptoms that may potentially result in damage to the ocular surface and even vision loss. Unmodifiable risk factors for DED mainly include aging, hormonal changes, and lifestyle issues such as reduced sleep duration, increased screen exposure, smoking, and ethanol consumption. As its prevalence continues to rise, DED has garnered considerable attention, prompting the exploration of potential new therapeutic targets. Recent studies have found that when the production of ROS exceeds the capacity of the antioxidant defense system on the ocular surface, oxidative stress ensues, leading to cellular apoptosis and further oxidative damage. These events can exacerbate inflammation and cellular stress responses, further increasing ROS levels and promoting a vicious cycle of oxidative stress in DED. Therefore, given the central role of reactive oxygen species in the vicious cycle of inflammation in DED, strategies involving antioxidants have emerged as a novel approach for its treatment. This review aims to enhance our understanding of the intricate relationship between oxidative stress and DED, thereby providing directions to explore innovative therapeutic approaches for this complex ocular disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: It has recently been highlighted how a short healthy life-style program (LSP) can improve the functional outcomes of older people admitted to a Long-Term Care (LTC) facility. Although it is known that life-style medicine-based interventions can exert anti-aging effects through the modulation of oxidative stress and mitochondrial function, the mechanisms underlying the aforementioned effects have not been clarified, yet. For this reason, in this study, the outcomes were focused on the investigation of the possible mechanisms underlying the benefits of a short LSP in older people. This was achieved by examining circulating markers of oxidative stress and immunosenescence, such as Tymosin β (Tβ4), before and after LSP and the effects of plasma of older people undergone or not LSP on endothelial cells. Methods: Fifty-four older people were divided into two groups (n = 27 each): subjects undergoing LSP and subjects not undergoing LSP (control). The LSP consisted of a combination of caloric restriction, physical activity, and psychological intervention and lasted 3 months. Plasma samples were taken before (T0) and after LSP (T1) and were used to measure thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG), 8-Isoprostanes (IsoP), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and Tβ4. In addition, plasma was used to stimulate human vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC), which were examined for cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial ROS (MitoROS) release. Results: At T1, in LSP group we did not detect the increase of plasma TBARS and IsoP, which was observed in control. Also, plasma levels of 8OHdG were lower in LSP group vs control. In addition, LSP group only showed an increase of plasma GSH and SOD activity. Moreover, plasma levels of Tβ4 were more preserved in LSP group. Finally, at T1, in HUVEC treated with plasma from LSP group only we found an increase of the mitochondrial membrane potential and a reduction of ROS and MitoROS release in comparison with T0. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that a short LSP in older persons exerts antiaging effects by modulating oxidative stress also at cellular levels. Implications of those findings could be related to both prognostic and therapeutic strategies, which could be pursued as antiaging methods.

In addition to traditional approaches, dentists are increasingly integrating physical therapy methods into their clinical repertoire. Ozone therapy in dentistry represents a natural, non-invasive treatment option for addressing various common dental ailments. Its distinctive attributes include immunostimulatory, analgesic, antihypnotic, detoxifying, antimicrobial, bioenergetic, and biosynthetic properties. This therapy employs pure ozone, ozonated water, or ozonated oil to effectively eradicate microorganisms in the mouth and manage minor tooth decay, also known as dental caries. Ozone treatment offers numerous benefits, such as promoting remineralization, combating periodontal disease, and alleviating tooth sensitivity, without the side effects or discomfort associated with invasive procedures. Unlike treatments requiring anesthesia, ozone therapy does not require numbing and does not contain harmful chemicals that may compromise the immune system. This literature review aims to assess the clinical significance and potential applications of ozone in contemporary dental practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sulfate anion radical (SO4•-) is a reactive oxidant formed in the autoxidation chain of sulfur dioxide, among other sources. Recently, new formation pathways toward SO4•- and other reactive sulfur species have been reported. This work investigated the second-order rate coefficients for the aqueous SO4•- oxidation of the following important organic aerosol compounds (kSO4): 2-methyltetrol, 2-methyl-1,2,3-trihydroxy-4-sulfate, 2-methyl-1,2-dihydroxy-3-sulfate, 1,2-dihydroxyisoprene, 2-methyl-2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-dinitrate, 2-methyl-1,2,4-trihydroxy-3-nitrate, 2-methylglyceric acid, 2-methylglycerate, lactic acid, lactate, pyruvic acid, pyruvate. The rate coefficients of the unknowns were determined against that of a reference in pure water in a temperature range of 298-322 K. The decays of each reagent were measured with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS). Incorporating additional SO4•- reactions into models may aid in the understanding of organosulfate formation, radical propagation, and aerosol mass sinks.

Type I cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGIs) are important components of various signaling pathways and are canonically activated by nitric oxide- and natriuretic peptide-induced cGMP generation. However, some reports have shown that PKGIα can also be activated in vitro by oxidizing agents. Using in vitro kinase assays, here, we found that purified PKGIα stored in PBS with Flag peptide became oxidized and activated even in the absence of oxidizing agent; furthermore, once established, this activation could not be reversed by reduction with DTT. We demonstrate that activation was enhanced by addition of Cu2+ before storage, indicating it was driven by oxidation and mediated by trace metals present during storage. Previous reports suggested that PKGIα Cys43, Cys118, and Cys196 play key roles in oxidation-induced kinase activation; we show that activation was reduced by C118A or C196V mutations, although C43S PKGIα activation was not reduced. In contrast, under the same conditions, purified PKGIβ activity only slightly increased with storage. Using PKGIα/PKGIβ chimeras, we found that residues throughout the PKGIα-specific autoinhibitory loop were responsible for this activation. To explore whether oxidants activate PKGIα in H9c2 and C2C12 cells, we monitored vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation downstream of PKGIα. While we observed PKGIα Cys43 crosslinking in response to H2O2 (indicating an oxidizing environment in the cells), we were unable to detect increased vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation under these conditions. Taken together, we conclude that while PKGIα can be readily activated by oxidation in vitro, there is currently no direct evidence of oxidation-induced PKGIα activation in vivo.

Sulphur containing amino acids, methionine and cysteine are highly prone to oxidation. Reduction of oxidized methionine (Met-SO) residues to methionine (Met) by methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msrs) enhances the survival of bacterial pathogens under oxidative stress conditions. S. Typhimurium encodes two types (cytoplasmic and periplasmic) of Msrs. Periplasmic proteins, due to their location are highly vulnerable to host-generated oxidants. Therefore, the periplasmic Msr (MsrP) mediated repair (as compared to the cytoplasmic counterpart) might play a more imperative role in defending host-generated oxidants. Contrary to this, we show that in comparison to the Δ msrP strain, the mutant strains in the cytoplasmic Msrs (Δ msrA and Δ msrAC strains) showed many folds more susceptibility to chloramine-T and neutrophils. Further Δ msrA and Δ msrAC strains accumulated higher levels of ROS and showed compromised fitness in mice spleen and liver. Our data suggest the pivotal role of cytoplasmic Msrs in oxidative stress survival of S. Typhimurium. [Display omitted] • Methionine sulfoxide reductases repair oxidized methionine residues, thus aid in survival of the bacterial pathogens. • Compared to Δ msrP mutant, Δ msrA and Δ msrAC mutants show increased sensitivity to chloramine-T and neutrophils. • Δ msrA and Δ msrAC strains showed defective fitness in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) are strategic metals that have found applications in a wide range of metallurgical and industrial uses. In this study, the dissolution of a mixed nickel–cobalt hydroxide precipitate using organic acids (citric, oxalic, and malic acid) was investigated. Citric acid was found to be the best leaching agent yielding the following dissolution rates: 91.2% Ni, 86.8% Co, and 90.8% Mn. Oxalic acid resulted in low dissolution, which is likely due to the formation of insoluble metal oxalates. The impact of acid concentration, leaching time, and temperature on metal dissolution was systematically examined. The optimal dissolution conditions were identified as 0.5 M citric acid at 30 °C for 30 min, utilizing a 1/20 solid/liquid ratio and a stirring speed of 400 revolutions per minute (rpm). The attempt to use oxidants, such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), to achieve selective dissolution in an organic acid environment was not successful, which was different from that in the sulfuric acid case. As for the leaching kinetics in the organic acids, it seems that the leaching of Ni correlates with the Shrinking Core Model, specifically regarding porous-layer diffusion control. Based on the experimental results, the activation energy for the leaching of Ni was estimated to be 3.1 kJ/mol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater activities are characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS) and antioxidant mechanisms, which can be associated with an inflammatory response, depending on O2 availability. This review explores the oxidative stress mechanisms and related inflammation status (Oxy-Inflammation) in underwater activities such as breath-hold (BH) diving, Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) and Closed-Circuit Rebreather (CCR) diving, and saturation diving. Divers are exposed to hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions, amplified by environmental conditions, hyperbaric pressure, cold water, different types of breathing gases, and air/non-air mixtures. The "diving response", including physiological adaptation, cardiovascular stress, increased arterial blood pressure, peripheral vasoconstriction, altered blood gas values, and risk of bubble formation during decompression, are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brain's unique characteristics make it exceptionally susceptible to oxidative stress, which arises from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, reactive nitrogen species (RNS) production, and antioxidant defense mechanisms. This review explores the factors contributing to the brain's vascular tone's vulnerability in the presence of oxidative damage, which can be of clinical interest in critically ill patients or those presenting acute brain injuries. The brain's high metabolic rate and inefficient electron transport chain in mitochondria lead to significant ROS generation. Moreover, non-replicating neuronal cells and low repair capacity increase susceptibility to oxidative insult. ROS can influence cerebral vascular tone and permeability, potentially impacting cerebral autoregulation. Different ROS species, including superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, exhibit vasodilatory or vasoconstrictive effects on cerebral blood vessels. RNS, particularly NO and peroxynitrite, also exert vasoactive effects. This review further investigates the neuroprotective effects of antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), vitamin C, vitamin E, and the glutathione redox system. Various studies suggest that these antioxidants could be used as adjunct therapies to protect the cerebral vascular tone under conditions of high oxidative stress. Nevertheless, more extensive research is required to comprehensively grasp the relationship between oxidative stress and cerebrovascular tone, and explore the potential benefits of antioxidants as adjunctive therapies in critical illnesses and acute brain injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The objective of this study was to assess oxidative stress in small for gestational age (SGA) newborns and their mothers by evaluating intra- and extracellular thiol homeostasis and the quantification of major oxidants and antioxidants. Methods A total of 75 mothers and their 75 newborns (43 SGA) were enrolled in this study. Thiol-disulfide homeostasis, serum myeloperoxidase, catalase, total oxidant, and antioxidant status were analyzed. Additionally, erythrocytic glutathione (GSH) homeostasis was measured. Results Although native and total thiol levels were decreased, disulfide levels were increased in SGA groups. Additionally, myeloperoxidase activity and total oxidant status levels were significantly elevated whereas total antioxidant status levels and enzymatic antioxidant systems were diminished in SGA groups. Similarly, intra-erythrocytic GSH homeostasis was shifted in favor of oxidants in SGA groups. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that insufficient antioxidant systems in mothers and a robust source of oxidative stress in SGA might contribute to the pathophysiology of SGA births. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A transition metal‐free cascade synthesis of amides from alcohols was developed. Various alcohols reacted with N‐hydroxyimides by tert‐butyl nitrite to generate N‐hydroxyimide esters. The resulting active esters were subsequently reacted with amines to generate amides in one pot. Further, we have illustrated the application of the developed protocol in synthesizing anti‐Alzheimer compounds. A detailed mechanistic exploration was also carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the evidence of a significant communication and connection pathway between the bone and immune systems, a new science has emerged: osteoimmunology. Indeed, the immune system has a considerable impact on bone health and diseases, as well as on bone formation during grafts and its stability over time. Chronic inflammation induces the excessive production of oxidants. An imbalance between the levels of oxidants and antioxidants is called oxidative stress. This physio-pathological state causes both molecular and cellular damage, which leads to DNA alterations, genetic mutations and cell apoptosis, and thus, impaired immunity followed by delayed or compromised wound healing. Oxidative stress levels experienced by the body affect bone regeneration and maintenance around teeth and dental implants. As the immune system and bone remodeling are interconnected, bone loss is a consequence of immune dysregulation. Therefore, oral tissue deficiencies such as periodontitis and peri-implantitis should be regarded as immune diseases. Bone management strategies should include both biological and surgical solutions. These protocols tend to improve immunity through antioxidant production to enhance bone formation and prevent bone loss. This narrative review aims to highlight the relationship between inflammation, oxidation, immunity and bone health in the oral cavity. It intends to help clinicians to detect high-risk situations in oral surgery and to propose biological and clinical solutions that will enhance patients' immune responses and surgical treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of alkanes, whereby hydrogen is removed to form unsaturated compounds, is an important process, particularly in the petrochemical industry. The ODH of lighter alkanes (C3–C6) is well-reported in the literature, and while there are several reports on the ODH of n-octane (C8), there is no reported review of the important findings in the literature. This review discusses the gas-phase ODH of n-octane occurring at high temperatures (300–550 °C). The mechanisms via which the n-octane ODH of occurs are also briefly discussed. The oxidants (mainly O2 and CO2) and catalysts (supported and unsupported metal oxides) are discussed as well as the effect of these and the temperature on the type of products formed and their various distributions. Furthermore, the review looks at the acid–base and redox properties of the catalysts and how they affect product formation. Some challenges as well as perspectives of the ODH process are also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the oxidative stress status between the patients with mucopolysaccharidosis who received and did not receive enzyme replacement therapy and healthy control group. Material and Methods: A retrospective study of mucopolysaccharidosis patients with analysis of the total oxidant and antioxidant capacity levels. Results: We included 29 mucopolysaccharidosis patients aged between 1-18 years and 50 healthy children. Total antioxidant capacity and total oxidant capacity parameters between this patients and healthy control group were compared. The median age of the patients who were included in the study was 9.0 years and the median age of the cases included in the control group was 8.0 years. Total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant capacity and Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) values did not differ significantly in patients receiving enzyme replacement therapy compared to patients who did not receive enzyme replacement therapy. A comparison of the oxidant and antioxidant system parameters between the patient and control groups revealed a distinct difference, with the control group exhibiting a considerably higher total antioxidant capacity than mucopolysaccharidosis patients, and the patient group showing a significantly higher total oxidant capacity and OSI. Conclusion: In this study, it was observed that the antioxidant defence system decreased in patients with mucopolysaccharidoses. It is thought that, in addition to standard treatments, the administration of antioxidant treatments and supporting nutrition in mucopolysaccharidosis patients will increase the quality of life of the patients. Regular sleep, eating healthy foods and doing regular exercise would also increase the effectiveness of these supplements [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity affects crop growth by modulating cellular ionic concentrations and generation of reactive oxygen species. Application of silicon (Si) has proved beneficial in ameliorating salinity-triggered plant growth and yield retardations. Leaf roll explants of three sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) genotypes (HSF-240, CPF-246, CPF-250) were cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with K2SiO3. In vitro regenerated plantlets were acclimatised and grown in natural saline soil. In absence of Si, cv. CPF-246 exhibited better salt tolerance as indicted by maximum chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents, rate of photosynthesis and root K+ uptake along with Handling Editor: less cellular hydrogen peroxide content. Silicon restricted root Na+ uptake but assisted in K+, Muhammad Waseem Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe2+ accretion in roots and their translocation towards shoots. Cv. HSF-240 and cv. CPF-250 exhibited more increase in photosynthetic pigment content, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate after addition of 25 or 50 mg L-1 Si than control group. Optimum phenolic content and antioxidant enzyme activity along with decreased lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide content were recorded in all three sugarcane genotypes raised in presence of 25 or 50 mg L-1 Si. These findings signify Si supplementation (50 mg L-1) in tissue culture medium and plant adaptation in saline soil. Further in vitro studies involving Si-mediated gene expression modulations in sugarcane protoplasts shall assist in deciphering cross-talk between Si uptake and cellular responses. The application of Si can further be tested for other plant species to devise strategies for improved crop growth and utilisation of saline areas for crop cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The oxidant/antioxidant balance is disrupted in anemia. Antioxidant capacity depends on antioxidant enzyme activity and some trace elements. This study aimed to evaluate oxidant/antioxidant status and its correlation with red blood cell indices and anemia severity in anemic patients. Methods: Blood samples were taken from 90 anemic patients and 95 healthy people. Circulatory miR-122 was assayed by real-time PCR. Malondialdehyde (MDA), pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance (PAB), supper oxide demitasse (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPxs) activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and zinc were measured by colorimetric method. Selenium was also determined using atomic absorption. Results: Selenium and zinc decreased significantly in the case group (**P=0.004 and ***P=0.000). The amount of miR-122 up-regulated in the anemia (**P=0.003). MDA was significantly raised in the case vs control (***P=0.0002). PAB was higher in the case group (**P=0.005). SOD and GPxs activity was decreased along with TAC in anemic patients (*P=0.02, **P=0.008, *P=0.038). Zinc and PAB levels correlated with some red blood cell indices. PAB was associated with anemia severity. Conclusion: Increased PAB and decreased zinc/selenium increased oxidant levels in anemic patients. RBC indices and anemia severity were correlated with oxidant/antioxidant somewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The placenta plays a critical role in nutrient-waste exchange between the maternal and fetal circulation, and thus impacts fetal growth and development. We have previously shown that nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) inhalation exposure during gestation decreased fetal female pup and placenta mass [1], which persists in the following generation [2]. In utero exposed females, once mated, their offspring's placentas had increased capacity for H2O2 production. Generation of oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), have been shown to impact cyclooxygenase activity, specifically metabolites such as prostacyclin (PGI2) or thromboxane (TXA2). Therefore, we hypothesized that maternal nano-TiO2 inhalation exposure during gestation results in alterations in placental production of prostacyclin and thromboxane mediated by enhanced H2O2 production in a sexually dimorphic manner. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to nano-TiO2 aerosols or filtered air (sham-control) from gestational day (GD) 10–19. Dams were euthanized on GD 20, and fetal serum and placental tissue were collected based on fetal sex. Fetal placental zones (junctional zone (JZ) and labyrinth zone (LZ)) were assessed for xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activity, H2O2, and catalase activity, as well as 6-keto-PGF1α and TXB2 levels. Nano-TiO2 exposed fetal female LZ demonstrated significantly greater XOR activity compared to exposed males. Exposed fetal female LZ also demonstrated significantly diminished catalase activity compared to sham-control females. Exposed fetal female LZ had significantly increased abundance of 6-keto-PGF1α compared to sham-control females and increased TXB2 compared to exposed males. In the aggregate these data indicate that maternal nano-TiO2 inhalation exposure has a greater impact on redox homeostasis and PGI2/TXA2 balance in the fetal female LZ. Future studies need to address if treatment with an XO inhibitor during gestation can prevent diminished fetal female growth during maternal nano-TiO2 inhalation exposure.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the treatment efficiency according to the oxidant types for dissolved manganese in the inflow of raw water into the water treatment plant in Korea. Methods Three types of oxidant were selected: chlorine, ozone, and potassium permanganate. Experimental factors influencing manganese removal efficiency were determined as dissolved manganese concentration in raw water, dose, water temperature, pH, and contact time. In addition, total experimental schemes were designed according to the design of experiments method. According to the designed analysis method, the mentioned factors were used as multi variables on which evaluate the manganese removal efficiency. Results and Discussion When using chlorine, the effect of pH was the greatest, followed by dose, water temperature, and contact time in order to have a significant effect on removal efficiency. In the case of using ozone, the pH effect was relatively large at low concentration of dissolved manganese, and the dose effect was found to be greater as the concentration was increased. Also, when potassium permanganate was used, the effect of pH, contact time and temperature was insignificant, while the effect of dose was the greatest for manganese removal. Conclusion The optimum dose of chlorine is about three times to secure a removal rate of about 40 to 80%. The optimum dose of ozone was 1.0 to 1.6 mg/L, and it was found that a removal rate of at least 40% or more could be secured. Also, the optimum dose of potassium permanganate is 1.7 to 2.5 times of the dissolved manganese concentration, and it is possible to secure a removal rate of at least 60%.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects up to 20% of the world's population. Overactivation of the angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1) contributes to metabolic dysfunction and increased oxidant production, which are associated with NAFLD and impaired hepatic lipid metabolism. Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulates the expression of antioxidant phase II genes by binding to the antioxidant response element (ARE); however, the mechanisms by which AT1 contributes to this pathway during the progression of NAFLD remain unresolved. To investigate hepatic Nrf2 response to a hyperglycemic challenge, we studied three groups of rats (male, 10-weeks-old): (1) untreated, lean Long Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO), (2) untreated, obese Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF), and (3) OLETF + angiotensin receptor blocker (OLETF + ARB; 10 mg olmesartan/kg/d × 6 weeks). Livers were collected after overnight fasting (T0; baseline), and 1 h and 2 h post-oral glucose load. At baseline, chronic AT1 blockade increased nuclear Nrf2 content, reduced expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic (GCLC) subunit, glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), mitochondrial catalase activity, and hepatic 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) content. The expression of hepatic interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and collagen type IV, which are associated with liver fibrosis, were decreased with AT1 blockade. Glucose increased Nrf2 translocation in OLETF but was reduced in ARB, suggesting that glucose induces the need for antioxidant defense that is ameliorated with ARB. These results suggest that overactivation of AT1 promotes oxidant damage by suppressing Nrf2 and contributing to hepatic fibrosis associated with NAFLD development.

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) composed of atomically dispersed metal‐active sites embedded in supporting substrates are attracting increasing attention in liquid‐phase selective oxidation reactions with joint merits of both advanced catalytic efficiency and high stability. Co‐based SACs present superior performance in several model oxidative reactions against many other metals, thus they are recognized as a promising solution to the current high‐cost noble‐metal catalysts required for the synthesis of fine chemicals. In this review, the up‐to‐date research on the synthesized Co–SACs in selective oxidation applications is summarized. The strategies of the preparation of Co–SACs with diverse Co‐loading levels and well‐tuned morphologies and chemical structures are showcased, as well as the characterization techniques of the SACs. The applications of Co–SACs in a series of selective oxidation reactions and the influence of different oxidants on the overall reaction efficiency are discussed. In addition, the progress of the mechanism exploration involving active‐site identification, catalytic activation of oxidants, and oxidation pathway elucidation is highlighted. Meanwhile, the existing challenges and the future efforts for the development of the Co–SAC reaction system in selective oxidation processes are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The in vitro production of mammalian embryos generates oxidative molecules known as reactive oxygen species that damage the cells developed in in vitro cultures because of the culture system itself and other biotechnologies commonly used for animal- assisted reproduction, such as cryopreservation of embryos by vitrification. That is why antioxidants must be added to the in vitro system. Thus, we evaluated if the addition of a particular antioxidant (resveratrol) to the oocytes when they were matured in vitro and then used for producing embryos by in vitro fertilization and vitrification could protect the embryos from the damage caused by vitrification. The results showed that resveratrol, when added to the culture media of oocytes matured in vitro, protects embryos produced by in vitro fertilization from damage caused by vitrification by decreasing reactive oxygen species levels and facilitating the generation of the embryo antioxidant enzymes like glutathione. This means that resveratrol can be used to help embryos overcome vitrification damage. The in vitro production and cryopreservation of mammalian embryos generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to conditions of the system that can overcome their antioxidant protection. Resveratrol is an antioxidant used in in vitro systems to improve blastocyst rates, but its effect on antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione (GSH) in embryos produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF) after vitrification has not been reported. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of resveratrol on the in vitro maturation medium (IVM) of sheep oocytes (Ovis aries) on the levels of ROS and GSH in embryos produced by IVF subjected to vitrification. Resveratrol was added at 0 µM, 0.25 µM, 0.5 µM, and 1 µM during oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM). Matured oocytes were fertilized with thawed ram sperm. Embryos were cultured in sequential media until blastocysts, were then vitrified for 24 h, and, after heating, they were stained with DCFH-DA (2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) to determine the presence of ROS and with Cell Tracker Blue® for the presence of GSH. The quantitative values of ROS and GSH were obtained through the Image J image processor. The results showed that resveratrol increased GSH and decreased ROS production (p < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. It is concluded that its use in sheep oocytes during IVM has a beneficial effect on embryos produced by IVF subjected to vitrification by decreasing reactive oxygen species levels and facilitating the generation of embryo antioxidant enzymes like glutathione. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an endogenous molecule that is ubiquitously found throughout the cellular composition of the human organism. The aforementioned substance plays a crucial function in the production of energy and serves as a potent antioxidant, safeguarding cells against harm induced by free radicals. As individuals progress in age, there is a tendency for the amounts of CoQ10 in their bodies to diminish, resulting in a range of health consequences. Research has indicated that the addition of CoQ10 through supplementation can yield a multitude of advantageous outcomes. Research has demonstrated that it can enhance energy production in cardiac cells and mitigate oxidative stress, so contributing to the improvement of heart health. Furthermore, CoQ10 has demonstrated potential in the management of several illnesses such as hypertension, migraines, and fibromyalgia, attributed to its capacity to enhance mitochondrial activity and alleviate inflammation. Moreover, existing research indicates that the utilization of this particular coenzyme may potentially enhance fertility through the improvement of sperm quality, as well as contribute to the maintenance of good skin by facilitating collagen synthesis. Notwithstanding these possible advantages, it is essential to get guidance from a healthcare practitioner prior to commencing any supplementation protocol due to the potential variability of individual requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direct conversion of gaseous methane to energy‐dense liquid derivatives such as methanol and ethanol is of profound importance for the more efficient utilization of natural gas. However, the thermo‐catalytic partial oxidation of this simple alkane has been a significant challenge due to the high C−H bond energy. Exploiting electrocatalysis for methane activation via active oxygen species generated on the catalyst surface through electrochemical water oxidation is generally considered as economically viable and environmentally benign compared to energy‐intensive thermo‐catalysis. Despite recent progress in electrochemical methane oxidation to alcohol, the competing oxygen evolution reaction (OER) still impedes achieving high faradaic efficiency and product selectivity. In this review, an overview of current progress in electrochemical methane oxidation, focusing on mechanistic insights on methane activation, catalyst design principles based on descriptors, and the effect of reaction conditions on catalytic performance are provided. Mechanistic requirements for high methanol selectivity, and limitations of using water as the oxidant are discussed, and present the perspective on how to overcome these limitations by employing carbonate ions as the oxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to evaluate both dynamic thiol-disulfide homeostasis and oxidative stress (OS) levels in patients with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). A total of 129 infants of <34 weeks gestational age were enrolled in the present study. The thiol-disulfide homeostasis was determined by using the new, cost-effective and fully automated colorimetric method. Total antioxidant status (TAS), Total oxidant status (TOS) and Oxidative stress index (OSI) levels were evaluated. We found serum TAS levels were lower while serum TOS and OSI levels were significantly higher in patients with ROP compare to the without ROP group (p <.05). However, native, total and disulfide values were not statistically significant between the groups (p >.05). In addition, we also evaluated the native, total and disulfide levels in patients with ROP according to grades and no statistically significant results were found (p >.05). Low birth weight (p =.001), gestational age (p =.001) and 5-min Apgar score were significantly lower in the ROP group. This study revealed that dynamic thiol-disulfide homeostasis was changed in patients with ROP. Increased TOS and decreased TAS levels may be associated with functional reduction of the antioxidant system due to increased OS. This indicate that ROP patients are highly sensitive to OS. The dynamic thiol-disulfide homeostasis may conduce to the pathophysiological mechanism and disease follow-up in patients with ROP. The results of this study show that ROP patients are highly sensitive to oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Takeaways: The effectiveness of powdered activated carbon (PAC) at removing cyanotoxins depends on the specific toxin(s), water pH, and PAC source. A study showed that wood–lignite PAC adsorbed more cyanotoxin than bituminous coal–based PAC, and cyanotoxin removal was more effective at a higher pH. In this study, removal costs decreased as toxin concentration increased, and saxitoxin removal was less expensive when it was present with microcystin‐LR. A decision tree that balances treatment costs with toxin removal efficiency was developed to help water utilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating tumor type where a very high proportion of people diagnosed end up dying from cancer. Surgical resection is an option for only about 20% of patients, where the 5-year survival increase ranges from 10 to 25%. In addition to surgical resection, there are adjuvant chemotherapy schemes, such as FOLFIRINOX (a mix of Irinotecan, oxaliplatin, 5-Fluorouraci and leucovorin) or gemcitabine-based treatment. These last two drugs have been compared in the NAPOLI-3 clinical trial, and the NALIRIFOX arm was found to have a higher overall survival (OS) (11.1 months vs. 9.2 months). Despite these exciting improvements, PDAC still has no effective treatment. An interesting approach would be to drive ferroptosis in PDAC cells. A non-apoptotic reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent cell death, ferroptosis was first described by Dixon et al. in 2012. ROS are constantly produced in the tumor cell due to high cell metabolism, which is even higher when exposed to chemotherapy. Tumor cells have detoxifying mechanisms, such as Mn-SOD or the GSH-GPX system. However, when a threshold of ROS is exceeded in the tumor cell, the cell's antioxidant systems are overwhelmed, resulting in lipid peroxidation and, ultimately, ferroptosis. In this review, we point out ferroptosis as an approach to consider in PDAC and propose that altering the cellular ROS balance by combining oxidizing agents or with inhibitors of the main cellular detoxifiers triggers ferroptosis in PDAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress, the alteration of mitochondrial function, and the neurovascular unit (NVU), play a role in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) pathogenesis. We aimed to demonstrate the changes in the plasma redox system and nitric oxide (NO) in 32 new ALS-diagnosed patients in treatment with Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR) compared to healthy controls. We also evaluated the effects of plasma on human umbilical cord-derived endothelial vascular cells (HUVEC) and astrocytes. The analyses were performed at the baseline (T0), after three months (T1), and after six months (T2). In ALS patients at T0/T1, the plasma markers of lipid peroxidation, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and 4-hydroxy nonenal (4-HNE) were higher, whereas the antioxidants, glutathione (GSH) and the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were lower than in healthy controls. At T2, plasma TBARS and 4-HNE decreased, whereas plasma GSH and the GPx activity increased in ALS patients. As regards NO, the plasma levels were firmly lower at T0–T2 than those of healthy controls. Cell viability, and mitochondrial membrane potential in HUVEC/astrocytes treated with the plasma of ALS patients at T0–T2 were reduced, while the oxidant release increased. Those results, which confirmed the fundamental role of oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and of the NVU in ALS pathogenesis, can have a double meaning, acting as disease markers at baseline and potential markers of drug effects in clinical practice and during clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) composed of atomically dispersed metal‐active sites embedded in supporting substrates are attracting increasing attention in liquid‐phase selective oxidation reactions with joint merits of both advanced catalytic efficiency and high stability. Co‐based SACs present superior performance in several model oxidative reactions against many other metals, thus they are recognized as a promising solution to the current high‐cost noble‐metal catalysts required for the synthesis of fine chemicals. In this review, the up‐to‐date research on the synthesized Co–SACs in selective oxidation applications is summarized. The strategies of the preparation of Co–SACs with diverse Co‐loading levels and well‐tuned morphologies and chemical structures are showcased, as well as the characterization techniques of the SACs. The applications of Co–SACs in a series of selective oxidation reactions and the influence of different oxidants on the overall reaction efficiency are discussed. In addition, the progress of the mechanism exploration involving active‐site identification, catalytic activation of oxidants, and oxidation pathway elucidation is highlighted. Meanwhile, the existing challenges and the future efforts for the development of the Co–SAC reaction system in selective oxidation processes are outlined.

Abstract The direct conversion of gaseous methane to energy‐dense liquid derivatives such as methanol and ethanol is of profound importance for the more efficient utilization of natural gas. However, the thermo‐catalytic partial oxidation of this simple alkane has been a significant challenge due to the high C−H bond energy. Exploiting electrocatalysis for methane activation via active oxygen species generated on the catalyst surface through electrochemical water oxidation is generally considered as economically viable and environmentally benign compared to energy‐intensive thermo‐catalysis. Despite recent progress in electrochemical methane oxidation to alcohol, the competing oxygen evolution reaction (OER) still impedes achieving high faradaic efficiency and product selectivity. In this review, an overview of current progress in electrochemical methane oxidation, focusing on mechanistic insights on methane activation, catalyst design principles based on descriptors, and the effect of reaction conditions on catalytic performance are provided. Mechanistic requirements for high methanol selectivity, and limitations of using water as the oxidant are discussed, and present the perspective on how to overcome these limitations by employing carbonate ions as the oxidant.